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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Classical Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_explorers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_explorers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 European explorers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_explorers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Egyptology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Egyptology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Modern Egyptology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Egyptology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bias_in_Egyptology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bias_in_Egyptology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Bias in Egyptology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bias_in_Egyptology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Academic discipline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Egyptology</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologie" title="Egiptologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egiptologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptologie" title="Ägyptologie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ägyptologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم المصريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم المصريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiptolox%C3%ADa" title="Exiptoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exiptoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египтология – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Египтология" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir%C5%9F%C3%BCnasl%C4%B1q" title="Misirşünaslıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Misirşünaslıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="মিশরতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশরতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Ai-ki̍p-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Егіпталогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Егіпталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эгіпталёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эгіпталёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египтология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египтология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologia" title="Egiptologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Egiptologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologie" title="Egyptologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egyptologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifftoleg" title="Eifftoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eifftoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologi" title="Egyptologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Egyptologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptologie" title="Ägyptologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ägyptologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%BCptoloogia" title="Egüptoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Egüptoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αιγυπτιολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιγυπτιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptolog%C3%ADa" title="Egiptología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Egiptología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologio" title="Egiptologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egiptologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologia" title="Egiptologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مصرشناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصرشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gyptologie" title="Égyptologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Égyptologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89igipteola%C3%ADocht" title="Éigipteolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éigipteolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiptolox%C3%ADa" title="Exiptoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exiptoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8%ED%95%99" title="이집트학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եգիպտագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եգիպտագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologija" title="Egiptologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egiptologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologio" title="Egiptologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Egiptologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologi" title="Egiptologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Egiptologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypsk_fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Egypsk fræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Egypsk fræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egittologia" title="Egittologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egittologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אגיפטולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגיפטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეგვიპტოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგვიპტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египтология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Египтология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misirnas%C3%AE" title="Misirnasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Misirnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египтология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Египтология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptologus" title="Aegyptologus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aegyptologus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A3iptolo%C4%A3ija" title="Eģiptoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eģiptoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologija" title="Egiptologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egiptologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptol%C3%B3gia" title="Egyiptológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyiptológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Египтологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Египтологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipt%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Ejiptôlôjia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ejiptôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ഈജിപ്റ്റോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈജിപ്റ്റോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეგვიპტოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეგვიპტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مصرولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصرولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_pengetahuan_Mesir" title="Ilmu pengetahuan Mesir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ilmu pengetahuan Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologie" title="Egyptologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egyptologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6" title="エジプト学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologi" title="Egyptologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egyptologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologia" title="Egiptologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egiptologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrshunoslik" title="Misrshunoslik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Misrshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="مصر پېژندنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مصر پېژندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologia" title="Egiptologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egiptologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologia" title="Egiptologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Egiptologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologie" title="Egiptologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Egiptologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египтология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египтология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjiptologjia" title="Egjiptologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Egjiptologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egyptology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptol%C3%B3gia" title="Egyptológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Egyptológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologija" title="Egiptologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Egiptologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Египтологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Египтологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptologija" title="Egiptologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egiptologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologia" title="Egyptologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egyptologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologi" title="Egyptologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egyptologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehiptolohiya" title="Ehiptolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ehiptolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="எகிப்தியவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எகிப்தியவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1rbilim" title="Mısırbilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mısırbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Єгиптологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єгиптологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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ancient Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid 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(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Recentism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Recentism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/40px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/60px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article appears to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">slanted towards recent events</a>. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit">add more content</a> related to non-recent events. 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Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. (November 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by Dugald Steer, see <a href="/wiki/Egyptology:_Search_for_the_Tomb_of_Osiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptology: Search for the Tomb of Osiris">Egyptology: Search for the Tomb of Osiris</a>. For the album by World Party, see <a href="/wiki/Egyptology_(album)" title="Egyptology (album)">Egyptology (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/220px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/330px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/440px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a> opens the coffin of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></figcaption></figure> Egyptology (from Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-λογία">-λογία</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-logia">-logia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Egyptology#Translations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Egyptology">علم المصريات</a>) is the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. The topics studied include ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">art</a> from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_explorers">First explorers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First explorers">edit</a>]</div> The earliest explorers of ancient Egypt were the ancient Egyptians themselves. Inspired by a dream he had, <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> led an excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a> and inscribed a description of the dream on the <a href="/wiki/Dream_Stele" title="Dream Stele">Dream Stele</a>. Less than two centuries later, Prince <a href="/wiki/Khaemweset" title="Khaemweset">Khaemweset</a>, fourth son of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, would gain fame for identifying and restoring historic buildings, tombs and temples, including pyramids; and has subsequently been described as the first Egyptologist.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> Some of the first historical accounts of Egypt were given by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and the largely lost work of <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> priest, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a> in the 3rd century BC. The Ptolemies were very interested in the work of the ancient Egyptians, and many of the Egyptian monuments, including the pyramids, were restored by them. The Ptolemies also built many new temples in the Egyptian style. The Romans also carried out restoration work in Egypt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, travelers on <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> would occasionally detour to visit sites in Egypt. Destinations would include Cairo and its environs, where the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> was thought to have fled, and the great Pyramids, which were thought to be <a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Granaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph's Granaries">Joseph's Granaries</a>, built by the Hebrew patriarch to store grain during the years of plenty. A number of their accounts (<a href="/wiki/Itineraria" class="mw-redirect" title="Itineraria">Itineraria</a>) have survived and offer insights into conditions in their respective time periods.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Wahshiyya%27s_985_CE_translation_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_hieroglyph_alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ibn_Wahshiyya%27s_985_CE_translation_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_hieroglyph_alphabet.jpg/220px-Ibn_Wahshiyya%27s_985_CE_translation_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_hieroglyph_alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ibn_Wahshiyya%27s_985_CE_translation_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_hieroglyph_alphabet.jpg/330px-Ibn_Wahshiyya%27s_985_CE_translation_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_hieroglyph_alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Ibn_Wahshiyya%27s_985_CE_translation_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_hieroglyph_alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Wahshiyya</a>'s 985 CE incorrect translation of the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph alphabet</figcaption></figure>Medieval Islamic scholars studied and preserved knowledge of Ancient Egypt by translating Ancient Egyptian texts into Arabic. This work helped people to understand ancient Egypt, which is often overlooked because of the focus of Greek and Roman studies. These Arabic scholars were key in preserving and sharing knowledge about Egypt, connecting ancient civilizations to the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(medieval_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)">Abdul Latif al-Baghdadi</a>, a teacher at <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in the 13th century, wrote detailed descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">ancient Egyptian monuments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Similarly, the 15th-century Egyptian historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a> wrote detailed accounts of Egyptian antiquities.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_explorers">European explorers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European explorers">edit</a>]</div> European exploration and travel writings of ancient Egypt commenced in the 13th century, with only occasional detours into what could be considered a scientific approach, notably by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Sicard" title="Claude Sicard">Claude Sicard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Maillet" title="Benoît de Maillet">Benoît de Maillet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Louis_Norden" title="Frederic Louis Norden">Frederic Louis Norden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Richard Pococke</a>. In the early 17th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Greaves" title="John Greaves">John Greaves</a> measured the pyramids, having inspected the broken Obelisk of Domitian in Rome, then intended for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel">Lord Arundel</a>'s collection in London.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He went on to publish the illustrated Pyramidographia in 1646. The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> scientist-priest <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> was perhaps the first to hint at the phonetic importance of Egyptian hieroglyphs, demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> as a vestige of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">early Egyptian</a>, for which he is considered a founder of Egyptology.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Egyptology">Modern Egyptology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Egyptology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pyramidology#History" title="Pyramidology">Pyramidology § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1794_Anville_Map_of_Ancient_Egypt_-_Geographicus_-_Egypt-anville-1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1794_Anville_Map_of_Ancient_Egypt_-_Geographicus_-_Egypt-anville-1794.jpg/220px-1794_Anville_Map_of_Ancient_Egypt_-_Geographicus_-_Egypt-anville-1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1794_Anville_Map_of_Ancient_Egypt_-_Geographicus_-_Egypt-anville-1794.jpg/330px-1794_Anville_Map_of_Ancient_Egypt_-_Geographicus_-_Egypt-anville-1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1794_Anville_Map_of_Ancient_Egypt_-_Geographicus_-_Egypt-anville-1794.jpg/440px-1794_Anville_Map_of_Ancient_Egypt_-_Geographicus_-_Egypt-anville-1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bourguignon_d%27Anville" title="Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville">Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville</a>'s 1765 map of Ancient Egypt was a significant advance in the <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a> of the subject, allowing readers to understand ancient and modern sites more clearly than previously. It was the primary map used in the 1809–1829 <a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201585-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/220px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/330px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/440px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The gold funerary <a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Tutankhamun" title="Mask of Tutankhamun">mask of Tutankhamun</a>, one of the most symbolic artifacts representing ancient Egypt and Egyptology today</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0083.jpg/220px-Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0083.jpg/330px-Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0083.jpg/440px-Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Hieroglyphs and depictions transcribed by <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Rosellini" title="Ippolito Rosellini">Ippolito Rosellini</a> in 1832</figcaption></figure> Egyptology's modern history begins with the <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">invasion of Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in the late 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> was discovered in 1799. The study of many aspects of ancient Egypt became more scientifically oriented with the publication of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_sur_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Mémoires sur l'Égypte">Mémoires sur l'Égypte</a> in 1800 and the more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27Egypte_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Description de l'Egypte (1809)">Description de l'Egypte</a> between 1809 and 1829. These recorded Egyptian flora, fauna, and history—making numerous ancient Egyptian source materials available to Europeans for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Saylor-9">[9]</a> The British captured Egypt from the French and gained the Rosetta Stone in 1801, the Greek script of which was translated by 1803. In 1822, the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> were deciphered by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a>, marking the beginning of modern Egyptology. With increasing knowledge of Egyptian writing, the study of ancient Egypt was able to proceed with greater academic rigour. Champollion, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Rosellini" title="Ippolito Rosellini">Ippolito Rosellini</a> were some of the first Egyptologists of wide acclaim. The German <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Richard Lepsius</a> was an early participant in the investigations of Egypt—mapping, excavating and recording several sites. English Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> (1853–1942) introduced archaeological techniques of field preservation, recording, and excavation to the field. Many highly educated amateurs also travelled to Egypt, including women such as <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a>. Both of these left accounts of their travels, which revealed learned familiarity with all of the latest European Egyptology.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a>'s 1922 <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_tomb_of_Tutankhamun" title="Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun">discovery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/KV62" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">tomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a> King <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> brought a greater understanding of Egyptian relics and wide acclaim to the field. In the modern era, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities" title="Supreme Council of Antiquities">Ministry of State for Antiquities</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> controls excavation permits for Egyptologists to conduct their work. The field can now use <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical methods</a> and other applications of modern sensing techniques. In June 2000,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> the European Institute for Underwater Archaeology (IEASM), directed by Franck Goddio, in cooperation with the Egyptian Ministry for Antiquities discovered the ancient sunken city of Thonis-Heracleion in today's Abu Qir Bay. The statues of a colossal King and Queen are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a>. Other discovered artefacts are exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandria_National_Museum_(ANM)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandria National Museum (ANM) (page does not exist)">Alexandria National Museum (ANM)</a>. The excavations are documented through several publications<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In March 2017, the Egyptian-German team of archaeologists unearthed an eight-meter 3,000-year-old statue that included a head and a torso thought to depict <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Pharaoh Ramses II</a>. According to Khaled El-Enany, the Egyptian Antiquities Minister, the statue was more likely thought to be King <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psammetich I</a>. Excavators also revealed an 80 cm-long part of a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> statue of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> while excavating the site.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In August 2017, archaeologists from the Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of five mud-brick tombs at Bir esh-Shaghala, dating back nearly 2,000 years. Researchers also revealed worn masks gilded with gold, several large jars and a piece of pottery with unsolved ancient Egyptian writing on it.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In November 2017 (25 October 2000), the Egyptian mission in cooperation with the European Institute for Underwater Archaeology announced the discovery of 2,000-year-old three sunken shipwrecks dated back to the Roman Era in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qir_Bay" title="Abu Qir Bay">Abu Qir Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The sunken cargo included a royal head of crystal perhaps belong to the commander of the Roman armies of "Antonio", three gold coins from the era of Emperor Octavius Augustus, large wooden planks and pottery vessels.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In April 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the head of the bust of Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> at the Temple of Kom Ombo in Aswan during work to protect the site from groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In April 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the shrine of god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>- Ptah Neb, dating back to the 25th dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a> in Luxor. According to archaeologist Essam Nagy, the material remains from the area contained clay pots, the lower part of a sitting statue and part of a stone panel showing an offering table filled with a sheep and a goose which were the symbols of the god Amun.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In July 2018, German-Egyptian researchers' team head by Ramadan Badry Hussein of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> reported the discovery of an extremely rare gilded burial mask that probably dates from the Saite-Persian period in a partly damaged wooden <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> in Saqqara. The last time a similar mask was found was in 1939. The eyes were covered with <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, and black hued <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> possibly <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a>. "The finding of this mask could be called a sensation. Very few masks of precious metal have been preserved to the present day, because the tombs of most Ancient Egyptian dignitaries were looted in ancient times." said Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In July 2018, archaeologists led by Zeinab Hashish announced the discovery of a 2,000-year-old 30-ton black granite <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. It contained three damaged skeletons in red-brown sewage water. According to archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Waziri" title="Mostafa Waziri">Mostafa Waziri</a>, the skeletons looked like a family burial with a middle-aged woman and two men. Researchers also revealed a small gold artifact and three thin sheets of gold.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In September 2018, a sandstone sphinx statue  was discovered at the temple of Kom Ombo. The statue, measuring approximately 28 cm (11 in) in width and 38 cm (15 in) in height, likely dates to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic Dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In September 2018, several dozen cache of mummies dating 2,000 years back were found in Saqqara by a team of Polish archaeologists led by Kamil Kuraszkiewicz from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In November 2018, an Egyptian archaeological mission located seven ancient Egyptian tombs at the ancient necropolis of Saqqara containing a collection of scarab and cat mummies dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth</a> Dynasties. Three of the tombs were used for cats, some dating back more than 6,000 years, while one of four other <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> was unsealed. With the remains of cat mummies were unearthed gilded and 100 wooden statues of cats and one in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> dedicated to the cat goddess <a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a>. In addition, funerary items dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">12th Dynasty</a> were found besides the skeletal remains of cats.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In mid-December 2018, the Egyptian government announced the discovery at Saqqara of a previously unknown 4,400-year-old tomb, containing paintings and more than fifty sculptures. It belongs to <a href="/wiki/Wahtye" title="Wahtye">Wahtye</a>, a high-ranking priest who served under King <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> during the Fifth Dynasty. The tomb also contains four shafts that lead to a sarcophagus below.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a>, in January 2019, archaeologists headed by <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Waziri" title="Mostafa Waziri">Mostafa Waziri</a> revealed a collection of 20 tombs dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> in Kom Al-Khelgan. The burials contained the remains of animals, amulets, and scarabs carved from faience, round and oval pots with handholds, flint knives, broken and burned pottery. All burials included skulls and skeletons in the bending position and were not very well-preserved.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In April 2019, archaeologists discovered 35 mummified remains of Egyptians in a tomb in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. Italian archaeologist Patrizia Piacentini, professor of Egyptology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a>, and Khaled El-Enany, the Egyptian minister of antiquities reported that the tomb where the remains of ancient men, women and children were found, dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman period</a> between 332 BC and 395 AD. While the findings assumed belonging to a mother and a child were well preserved, others had suffered major destruction. Beside the mummies, artefacts including painted funerary masks, vases of bitumen used in mummification, pottery and wooden figurines were revealed. Thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphics</a> on the tomb, it was detected that the tomb belongs to a tradesman named Tjit.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On 13 April 2019, an expedition led by a member of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, Mohamed Megahed, discovered a 4,000-year-old tomb near Egypt's Saqqara <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">Necropolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>. Archaeologists confirmed that the tomb belonged to an influential person named Khuwy, who lived in Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th Dynasty</a>. "The L-shaped Khuwy tomb starts with a small corridor heading downwards into an antechamber and from there a larger chamber with painted reliefs depicting the tomb owner seated at an offerings table", reported Megahed. Some paintings maintained their brightness over a long time in the tomb. Mainly made of white limestone bricks, the tomb had a tunnel entrance generally typical for pyramids. Archaeologists say that there might be a connection between Khuwy and pharaoh because the mausoleum was found near the pyramid of Egyptian Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a>, who ruled during that time.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In July 2019, ancient granite columns and a smaller Greek temple, treasure-laden ships, along with bronze coins from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a>, pottery dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC were found at the sunken city of <a href="/wiki/Heracleion" title="Heracleion">Heracleion</a>. The investigations were conducted by Egyptian and European divers led by underwater archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Franck_Goddio" title="Franck Goddio">Franck Goddio</a>. They also uncovered the ruins of the city's main temple off of Egypt's north coast.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In September 2019, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 2,200-year-old temple believed to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV</a> Philosopher of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> in Kom Shakau village of Tama township. Researchers also revealed limestone walls carved with inscriptions of Hapi, the Nile god, and inscriptions with fragments of text featuring the name of Ptolemy IV.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In May 2020, Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission head by Esther Ponce uncovered a unique cemetery dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">26th Dynasty</a> (so-called the El-Sawi era) at the site of ancient <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a>. Archaeologists found tombstones, bronze coins, small crosses, and clay seals inside eight Roman-era tombs with domed and unmarked roofs.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On 3 October 2020, Khalid el-Anany, Egypt's tourism and antiquities minister announced the discovery of at least 59 sealed sarcophagi with mummies more than 2,600 years old in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>. Archaeologists also revealed the 20 statues of <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah-Soker</a> and a carved 35-centimeter tall bronze statue of god <a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On 19 October 2020, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of more than 2,500 years of colorful, sealed sarcophagi in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>. The archaeological team unearthed gilded, wooden statues and more than 80 coffins.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In November 2020, archaeologists unearthed more than 100 delicately painted wooden coffins and 40 funeral statues. The sealed, wooden coffins, some containing mummies, date as far back as 2,500 years. Other artifacts discovered include funeral masks, canopic jars and amulets. According to Khaled el-Anany, tourism and antiquities minister, the items date back to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>. One of the coffins was opened and a mummy was scanned with an X-ray, determining it was most likely a man about the age of 40.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In January 2021, the Tourism and <a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">Antiquities</a> Ministry announced the discovery of more than 50 wooden sarcophagi in 52 burial shafts which date back to the New Kingdom period and a 13 ft-long papyrus that contains texts from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a>. Archaeologists led by <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Zahi Hawass</a> also found the funerary temple of <a href="/wiki/Naert" title="Naert">Naert</a> and warehouses made of bricks in Saqqara.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In January 2021, Egyptian-Dominican researchers led by <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Kathleen Martínez">Kathleen Martinez</a> have announced the discovery of 2,000-year-old ancient tombs with golden tongues dating to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman periods</a> at <a href="/wiki/Taposiris_Magna" title="Taposiris Magna">Taposiris Magna</a>. The team also unearthed gold leaf <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> in the form of tongues placed for speaking with God <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> afterlife. The mummies were depicted in different forms: one of them was wearing a <a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">crown</a>, decorated with horns, and the cobra snake at the forehead and the other was depicted with gilded decorations representing the wide necklace.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A team of archaeologists led by <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Zahi Hawass</a> also found the funerary temple of <a href="/wiki/Naert" title="Naert">Naert</a> or Narat and warehouses made of bricks in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>. Researchers also revealed that Narat's name engraved on a fallen <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> near the main entrance. Previously unknown to researchers, Naert was a wife of <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a>, the first king of the sixth dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In February 2021, archaeologists from the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic period</a> temple, a Roman fort, an early Coptic church and an inscription written in <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> script at an archaeological site called Shiha Fort in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Waziri" title="Mostafa Waziri">Mostafa Waziri</a>, the crumbling temple was decorated with palm leaf carvings and an incomplete sandstone panel that described a Roman emperor. According to researcher Abdel Badie, generally, the church with about 2.1 meters width contained oven that were used to bake pottery, four rooms, a long hall, stairs, and stone tiles.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In April 2021, Egyptian archeologists announced the discovery of 110 burial tombs at the Koum el-Khulgan archeological site in <a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia Governorate</a>. 68 oval-shaped tombs of them dated back to the Predynastic Period and 37 rectangular-shaped tombs were from <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>. Rest of them dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a> period. The tombs also contained the remains of adults and a baby (buried in a jar), a group of ovens, stoves, remnants of mud-brick foundations, funerary equipment, cylindrical, pear-shaped vessels and a bowl with geometric designs.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In September 2021, archaeologists announce the discovery of ritualistic tools used in religious rituals at the ancient site of Tel al-Fara in the <a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr El Sheikh Governorate">Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate</a>. Remains included a limestone pillar depicting goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, some incense burners with the head of the god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>. Hossam Ghanim, said: "The mission also discovered a huge building of polished limestone from the inside, representing a well for holy water used in daily rituals".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In May 2022, the discovery of the nearly 4,300-year-old tomb of an ancient Egyptian high-ranked person who handled royal, sealed documents of pharaoh was announced at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, Egypt. According to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Polish_Centre_of_Mediterranean_Archaeology_University_of_Warsaw" title="Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw">Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology</a>, the elaborately decorated tomb belonged to a man named Mehtjetju who served as a priest and an inspector of the royal property. Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, expedition director stated that Mehtjetju most likely lived at about the same time, at some point during the reigns of the first three rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepy I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In June 2022, archaeologists from The Cairo Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of an alabaster bust of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> as well as molds and other materials for creating amulets for warriors and for statues of Alexander the Great.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In July 2022, archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a> led by Miroslav Bárta discovered the robbed tomb of an ancient Egyptian military official named Wahibre-mery-Neith and a <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>'s Abusir necropolis 12 km southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramids of Giza</a>. He commanded battalions of non-local soldiers and likely lived in the late 26th and early 27th dynasties, around 500 BC, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Antiquities_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt)">Egyptian Antiquities Ministry</a>. The tomb's main well was about 6 meters deep and it was divided into separate parts by narrow bridges cut into the natural rock. Inside the main well there was a smaller and deeper shaft which contained two <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> one inside the other where Wahibre-mery-Neith was buried. The external sarcophagus was made of white <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> while the internal coffin was made out of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> rock measures 2.30 meters long and 1.98 meters wide. The inner sarcophagus contained an inscription from the 72nd chapter of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of Dead</a> said Marslav Barta.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In August 2022, archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> announced the discovery of a 4,500-year-old temple dedicated to the Egyptian sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>. The recently discovered sun temple was made from mud bricks and was about 60 meters long by 20 m wide. According to Massimiliano Nuzzolo, co-director of the excavation, storage rooms and other rooms may have been served for cultic purposes and the walls of the building were all plastered in black and white. The L-shaped entrance <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> had two <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> columns and was partly made of white limestone. Dozens of well-preserved beer jars and several well-made and red-lined vessels, seal impressions, including seals of the pharaohs who ruled during the fifth and sixth dynasties were also uncovered. One of the earliest seals might belonged to pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a>, who ruled Egypt before <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bias_in_Egyptology">Bias in Egyptology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bias in Egyptology">edit</a>]</div> Various scholars have highlighted the role of colonial racism in shaping the attitudes of early Egyptologists, and criticised the continued over-representation of North American and European perspectives in the field.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a> in his work, "The African Origin of Civilization" argued that the prevailing views in Egyptology were driven by biased scholarship and colonial attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trigger" title="Bruce Trigger">Bruce Trigger</a> wrote that early modern scholarship on the Nile Valley populations had been "marred by a confusion of race, language, and culture and by an accompanying racism".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> British Africanist <a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Basil Davidson</a> wrote in 1995 that a number of unsatisfactory labels are often attached—such as "Bushmen", "Negro", or "Negroid"—to indigenous, African populations. He was also critical of the <a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamitic hypothesis</a> and other categorisations of "North African stocks" as "white". Davidson further added that the "ancient Egyptians belonged, that is, not to any specific Egyptian region or Near Eastern heritage but to that wide community of peoples who lived between the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, shared a common "Saharan-Sudanese culture", and drew their reinforcements from the same great source, even though, as time went by, they also absorbed a number of wanderers from the Near East".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Tyson_Smith" title="Stuart Tyson Smith">Stuart Tyson Smith</a> argued that a common practice among Egyptologists was to "divorce Egypt from its proper northeast African context, instead framing it as fundamentally part of a Near Eastern or "Mediterranean" economic, social and political sphere, hardly African at all or at best a crossroad between the Near East, the eastern Mediterranean and Africa, which carries with it the implication that it is ultimately not really part of Africa". He explicitly criticised the view that ancient Egypt was clearly 'in Africa' it was not so clearly 'of Africa' as reflecting "long-standing Egyptological biases". He concluded that the interrelated cultural features shared between northeast African dynamic and Pharaonic Egypt are not "survivals" or coincidence, but shared traditions with common origins in the deep past".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Van_De_Mieroop" title="Marc Van De Mieroop">Marc Van De Mieroop</a> stated that "It was only recently that traditional scholarship started to acknowledge the African background of Egyptian culture, partly in response to world history's aim to replace dominant western-centered narratives with others than focused more on the contributions of other regions, including Africa. At the same time, primarily African diaspora communities wanted the continent's ancient history to be approached outside a Eurocentric context, and insisted, for example, on the use of ancient Egyptian term kemet instead of the European one".<a href="#cite_note-A_history_of_ancient_Egypt-100">[100]</a> In 2022, Andrea Manzo argued that early Egyptologists had situated the origins of dynastic Egypt within a "broad <a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamitic</a> horizon that characterised several regions of Africa" and that these views had continued to dominate in the second half of the twentieth century. Manzo stated more recent studies had "pointed out the relevance of African elements to the rise of Egyptian culture, following earlier suggestions on Egyptian kingship and religion by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Frankfort" title="Henri Frankfort">Henri Frankfort</a>" which countered the traditional view that considered Egypt "more closely linked to the Near East than to the rest of Africa".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a> outlined that the previous two centuries of Western scholarship had presented Egypt as an "offshoot of earlier Middle Eastern developments". Although, he acknowledged that recent generations of scholars in Egypt and Nubia have been "uncovering extensive new bodies of evidence" which have dispelled older assumptions. However, Ehret continued to argue that these old ideas had influenced the attitudes of scholars in other disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_discipline">Academic discipline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Academic discipline">edit</a>]</div> Egyptology was established as an <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> through the research of <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Rosellini" title="Ippolito Rosellini">Ippolito Rosellini</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Roug%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel de Rougé">Emmanuel de Rougé</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Birch_(Egyptologist)" title="Samuel Birch (Egyptologist)">Samuel Birch</a> in England, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brugsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Brugsch">Heinrich Brugsch</a> in Germany. In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a>, another British Egyptologist, revolutionised the field of archaeology through controlled and scientifically recorded excavations. Petrie's work determined that Egyptian culture dated back as early as 4500 BC. The British <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Exploration_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Exploration Fund">Egypt Exploration Fund</a> founded in 1882 and other Egyptologists promoted Petrie's methods. Other scholars worked on producing a hieroglyphic dictionary, developing a Demotic lexicon, and establishing an outline of ancient Egyptian history.<a href="#cite_note-Saylor-9">[9]</a> In the United States, the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute (Chicago)">Oriental Institute</a> at the University of Chicago and the expedition of <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a> to Egypt and Nubia established Egyptology as a legitimate field of study. In 1924, Breasted also started the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epigraphic_Survey_(Oriental_Institute)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epigraphic Survey (Oriental Institute) (page does not exist)">Epigraphic Survey</a> to make and publish accurate copies of monuments. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>; the Brooklyn Institute of Fine Arts; and the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University also conducted excavations in Egypt, expanding American collections.<a href="#cite_note-Saylor-9">[9]</a> In 1999, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Liritzis" title="Ioannis Liritzis">Prof. Ioannis Liritzis</a>, Egyptology was introduced as an academic discipline in Greece, specifically in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dms.aegean.gr/en/">Department of Mediterranean Studies (DMS)</a> of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aegean.gr/">University of the Aegean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-zenodo.org-107">[107]</a> Beginning in 1998, Prof. Liritzis has collaborated with Egyptian authorities to encourage research, fieldwork, and education, all supported by Greek and European funding.<a href="#cite_note-zenodo.org-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciendo.com-110">[110]</a> The Hellenic-Egyptian relationship in Egyptological studies has been successful, largely due to Prof. Liritzis, and the result is a plethora of publications and interactions.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciendo.com-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Some universities and colleges offer degrees in Egyptology. In the United States, these include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_-_Bloomington" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University - Bloomington">Indiana University - Bloomington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California_State_University_San_Bernardino" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University San Bernardino">California State University San Bernardino</a>. There are also many programmes in the United Kingdom, including those at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">Swansea University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. While Egyptology is widely studied in continental Europe,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> only two--<a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>—offer degree programs taught in English.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The professional organisation of scholars in Egyptology is the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Egyptologists" title="International Association of Egyptologists">International Association of Egyptologists</a> (IAE), under whose auspices an International Congress of Egyptologists (ICE) is held every four years. Societies for Egyptology include: <ul><li>The Society for the Study of Ancient Egypt<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>The Society for the Study of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, Canada<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Sussex Egyptology Society Online<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Egypt Exploration Society<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li></ul> According to <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, the standard text that scholars referenced for studies of Egyptology was for three decades or more, the Lexikon der Ägyptologie (LÄ). The first volume published in 1975 (containing largely German-language articles, with a few in English and French).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Archaeology of Ancient Egypt">Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifact (archaeology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">Egyptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">Excavation (archaeology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranology" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranology">Iranology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">List of Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubiology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptology.com/niankhkhnum_khnumhotep/index.html">© Greg Reeder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923031810/http://egyptology.com/niankhkhnum_khnumhotep/index.html">Archived</a> 23 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved GMT23:48.3.9.2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChareyron2005" class="citation book cs1">Chareyron, Nicole (2005). Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Middle Ages. New York City: Columbia University Press. pp. 127–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231132301" title="Special:BookSources/0231132301"><bdi>0231132301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrims+to+Jerusalem+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=127-97&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0231132301&rft.aulast=Chareyron&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Daly2005" class="citation book cs1">El-Daly, Okasha (19 April 2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings (1st ed.). London, UK: UCL Press (published 20 February 2005). pp. 57–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844720620" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844720620"><bdi>978-1844720620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium%3A+Ancient+Egypt+in+Medieval+Arabic+Writings&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=57-73&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft.isbn=978-1844720620&rft.aulast=El-Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Daly2005" class="citation book cs1">El Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings. London, England: <a href="/w/index.php?title=UCL_Institute_of_Archaeology_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UCL Institute of Archaeology Publications (page does not exist)">UCL Institute of Archaeology Publications</a>. pp. 127–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2"><bdi>1-84472-063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium%3A+Ancient+Egypt+in+Medieval+Arabic+Writings&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=127-97&rft.pub=UCL+Institute+of+Archaeology+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84472-063-2&rft.aulast=El+Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jCirYN52kNsC&q=al-Maqrizi+wrote+detailed+descriptions+on+ancient+Egyptian+monuments&pg=PR12">Description of Egypt: Notes and Views in Egypt and Nubia, Made During the Years 1825, 26, 27, and 28 : Chiefly Consisting of a Series of Descriptions and Delineations of the Monuments, Scenery, &c. of Those Countries ...</a> Cairo, Egypt: <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo_Press" title="American University in Cairo Press">American University in Cairo Press</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774245251" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774245251"><bdi>978-9774245251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Egypt%3A+Notes+and+Views+in+Egypt+and+Nubia%2C+Made+During+the+Years+1825%2C+26%2C+27%2C+and+28+%3A+Chiefly+Consisting+of+a+Series+of+Descriptions+and+Delineations+of+the+Monuments%2C+Scenery%2C+%26c.+of+Those+Countries+...&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9774245251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjCirYN52kNsC%26q%3Dal-Maqrizi%2Bwrote%2Bdetailed%2Bdescriptions%2Bon%2Bancient%2BEgyptian%2Bmonuments%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Chaney, Edward</a> (2011). "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian". In Marshall, David; Wolfe, Karin; Russell, Susan (eds.). Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome. British School at Rome. pp. 147–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0904152555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0904152555"><bdi>978-0904152555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roma+Britannica+and+the+Cultural+Memory+of+Egypt%3A+Lord+Arundel+and+the+Obelisk+of+Domitian&rft.btitle=Roma+Britannica%3A+Art+Patronage+and+Cultural+Exchange+in+Eighteenth-Century+Rome&rft.pages=147-70&rft.pub=British+School+at+Rome&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0904152555&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howcatholicchurc0000wood">How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</a>. Washington DC: Regenery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7"><bdi>0-89526-038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Regenery&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89526-038-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowcatholicchurc0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201585-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201585_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2015">Thompson 2015</a>, p. 85: "'Ancient and modern Egypt became easier to conceptualize because of the prolific French cartographer Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville (1697–1782). The greatest mapmaker of his age, Bourguignon d'Anville also had a special interest in ancient geography, one that he wrote would not permit me to neglect Egypt, this country so celebrated in antiquity.' Instead of copying older maps and blindly replicating their errors and speculations as had long been the practice he sought reliable data and was content to leave spaces blank rather than fill them with conjectural features. He had no firsthand experience with Egypt, but he carefully pored over every available source modern ancient and Arab as he explained in his Memoires sur l'Egypte ancienne et moderne (1766). Bourguignon d'Anville's map of Egypt allowed readers to see the relationship of ancient and modern sites much more clearly than before. It continued in use well into the nineteenth century. Although the cartographers of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition made a more accurate map, it was declared a state secret and Bourguignon d'Anville's map was printed in its place in the great Description de l'Egypte." </li> <li id="cite_note-Saylor-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saylor_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saylor_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saylor_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/ARTH201-Egyptology-FINAL.pdf">"Egyptology"</a> (PDF). Saylor.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219030523/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/ARTH201-Egyptology-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptology&rft.pub=Saylor.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F07%2FARTH201-Egyptology-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Chaney, Edward</a> (2006). "Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution". In Ascari, Maurizio; Corrado, Adriana (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitesexchangeeur00asca">Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines</a>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitesexchangeeur00asca/page/n39">39</a>–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042020153" title="Special:BookSources/9789042020153"><bdi>9789042020153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egypt+in+England+and+America%3A+The+Cultural+Memorials+of+Religion%2C+Royalty+and+Revolution&rft.btitle=Sites+of+Exchange%3A+European+Crossroads+and+Faultlines&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=39-74&rft.pub=Rodopi%2C+Amsterdam+and+New+York&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789042020153&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsitesexchangeeur00asca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sca-egypt.org/eng/main.htm">The Ministry of State for Antiquities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927213419/http://www.sca-egypt.org/eng/main.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 18:55GMT 3.10.11 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1375708.stm/">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1375708.stm/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509020101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1375708.stm">Archived</a> 9 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocma.web.ox.ac.uk/publications-1">"Publications"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213224243/https://ocma.web.ox.ac.uk/publications-1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focma.web.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublications-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Goddio, Franck, Masson-Berghoff, Aurélia (éd.), "Sunken Cities, Egypt's Lost World ", London, Thames & Hudson, 2016, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29237-2">978-0-500-29237-2</a> / Catalogue of the exhibition at the British Museum </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116154156/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/03/egypt-pharaoh-ramses-statue-discovered-cairo/">"Massive Statue of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Found in City Slum"</a>. National Geographic News. 10 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/03/egypt-pharaoh-ramses-statue-discovered-cairo/">the original</a> on 16 January 2021. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116135422/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ramses-ii-ozymandias-statue-cairo/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Colossal+3%2C000-year-old+statue+unearthed+from+Cairo+pit&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft.au=Thomas+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Framses-ii-ozymandias-statue-cairo%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef2017" class="citation news cs1">Youssef, Nour (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/world/middleeast/egypt-cairo-pharaoh-statue-ramses-psamtik.html">"So Many Pharaohs: A Possible Case of Mistaken Identity in Cairo (Published 2017)"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318151127/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/world/middleeast/egypt-cairo-pharaoh-statue-ramses-psamtik.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=So+Many+Pharaohs%3A+A+Possible+Case+of+Mistaken+Identity+in+Cairo+%28Published+2017%29&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Nour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-cairo-pharaoh-statue-ramses-psamtik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboulenein2017" class="citation news cs1">Aboulenein, Ahmed (9 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-archaeology-idUSKBN16G2A2">"Colossus probably depicting Ramses II found in Egypt"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005010922/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-archaeology-idUSKBN16G2A2">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Colossus+probably+depicting+Ramses+II+found+in+Egypt&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.aulast=Aboulenein&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-archaeology-idUSKBN16G2A2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Brigit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/huge-statue-egyptian-pharaoh-discovered-cairo-180962497/">"Huge Statue of Egyptian Pharaoh Discovered in Cairo"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414151739/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/huge-statue-egyptian-pharaoh-discovered-cairo-180962497/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. 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Deccan Herald. 27 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027045647/https://www.deccanherald.com/2000-year-old-roman-tombs-uncovered-in-egypt-606660.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. 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DNA India. 27 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160703/https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-2000-year-old-roman-tombs-artifacts-and-inscribed-pottery-discovered-in-egypt-2541057">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021. 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Egypt Independent. 21 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126073854/https://www.egyptindependent.com/sunken-vessels-dating-back-roman-era-discovered-alexandria/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. 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Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508173718/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/roman-shipwrecks-discovered-near-coast-of-alexandria-egypt-1.5467698">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. 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Arab News. 3 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201224121925/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1743621/middle-east">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Egyptian+archaeologists+unveil+discovery+of+59+sealed+sarcophagi&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2Fz64ny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypt-trove-ancient-coffins-found-saqqara-73694700">"Egypt says another trove of ancient coffins found in Saqqara"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912063743/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/15/world/middleeast/egypt-discovery-mummies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Egypt+Unearths+New+Mummies+Dating+Back+2%2C500+Years&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kwai&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F15%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-discovery-mummies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCairo2020" class="citation web cs1">Cairo, Associated Press in (14 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/14/nearly-100-coffins-buried-over-2500-years-ago-found-in-egypt">"Nearly 100 coffins buried over 2,500 years ago found in Egypt"</a>. 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Egypt Independent. 30 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701150418/https://egyptindependent.com/photos-archaeological-mission-uncovers-16-burial-chambers-in-alexandrian-temple/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907220708/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/science/egypt-mummy-golden-tongue.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. 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Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Queen%27s+temple%2C+50+coffins%2C+Book+of+Dead%3A+Ancient+Egypt+trove+%27remakes+history%27+%7C+The+Times+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fbook-of-the-dead-texts-unearthed-in-ancient-egypt-necropolis%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2021/01/17/egypt-makes-major-discoveries-at-saqqara-archaeological-site/1941192">"Egypt makes 'major discoveries' at Saqqara archaeological site"</a>. malaymail.com. 17 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504135923/https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2021/01/17/egypt-makes-major-discoveries-at-saqqara-archaeological-site/1941192">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=malaymail.com&rft.atitle=Egypt+makes+%27major+discoveries%27+at+Saqqara+archaeological+site&rft.date=2021-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Flife%2F2021%2F01%2F17%2Fegypt-makes-major-discoveries-at-saqqara-archaeological-site%2F1941192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/egypt-makes-major-discoveries-at-saqqara-archaeological-site/ar-BB1cOtz0">"Egypt makes 'major discoveries' at Saqqara archaeological site"</a>. www.msn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143143/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/egypt-makes-major-discoveries-at-saqqara-archaeological-site/ar-BB1cOtz0">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&rft.atitle=Egypt+makes+%27major+discoveries%27+at+Saqqara+archaeological+site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fegypt-makes-major-discoveries-at-saqqara-archaeological-site%2Far-BB1cOtz0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekcitytimes.com/2021/02/03/ancient-ptolemaic-temple-egypt/">"Ruins Of Ancient Ptolemaic Temple Discovered In Egypt – Greek City Times"</a>. 3 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228103454/https://greekcitytimes.com/2021/02/03/ancient-ptolemaic-temple-egypt/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruins+Of+Ancient+Ptolemaic+Temple+Discovered+In+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Greek+City+Times&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekcitytimes.com%2F2021%2F02%2F03%2Fancient-ptolemaic-temple-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggel2021" class="citation web cs1">Geggel, Laura (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/fort-church-temple-ancient-egypt.html">"Ruins of ancient church and temple discovered in Egypt"</a>. livescience.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305013530/https://www.livescience.com/fort-church-temple-ancient-egypt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Ruins+of+ancient+church+and+temple+discovered+in+Egypt&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Geggel&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Ffort-church-temple-ancient-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolly" class="citation web cs1">Solly, Meilan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-discover-110-ancient-egyptian-tombs-along-nile-delta-180977612/">"Archaeologists Discover 110 Ancient Egyptian Tombs Along the Nile Delta"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Discover+110+Ancient+Egyptian+Tombs+Along+the+Nile+Delta&rft.aulast=Solly&rft.aufirst=Meilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Farchaeologists-discover-110-ancient-egyptian-tombs-along-nile-delta-180977612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarus2021" class="citation web cs1">Jarus, Owen (28 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/110-ancient-egyptian-tombs-nile.html">"110 ancient Egyptian tombs, including baby burials, found along Nile"</a>. livescience.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104034254/https://www.livescience.com/110-ancient-egyptian-tombs-nile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=110+ancient+Egyptian+tombs%2C+including+baby+burials%2C+found+along+Nile&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft.aulast=Jarus&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F110-ancient-egyptian-tombs-nile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/29/egyptologists-uncover-rare-tombs-from-before-the-pharaohs">"Rare tombs from pre-Pharaonic era discovered in Egypt"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702205909/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/29/egyptologists-uncover-rare-tombs-from-before-the-pharaohs">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021. 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Retrieved 24 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HeritageDaily+%E2%80%93+Archaeology+News&rft.atitle=Ritualistic+tools+discovered+at+Tel+al-Fara+in+Egypt&rft.date=2021-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagedaily.com%2F2021%2F09%2Fritualistic-tools-discovered-at-tel-al-fara-in-egypt%2F141427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primetimezone.com/world/gulf-news/the-discovery-of-tools-for-religious-rituals-in-the-temple-of-tel-al-farain-in-kafr-el-sheikh/">"The Discovery Of Tools For Religious Rituals In The Temple Of "Tel Al-Fara'in" In Kafr El-Sheikh » Gulf News » Prime Time Zone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105629/https://primetimezone.com/world/gulf-news/the-discovery-of-tools-for-religious-rituals-in-the-temple-of-tel-al-farain-in-kafr-el-sheikh/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021. 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Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+in+Egypt+Unearth+4%2C300-Year-Old+Tomb+of+Man+Who+Handled+His+Pharaoh%27s+%27Secret+Documents%27&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Kuta%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Farchaeologists-egypt-unearth-4300-year-old-tomb-of-egyptian-dignitary-who-handled-secret-documents-pharaoh-180980120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Jarus2022" class="citation web cs1">Owen Jarus (16 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/ancient-egyptian-tomb-royal-official">"Tomb of ancient Egyptian dignitary who read top secret documents discovered"</a>. livescience.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811145902/https://www.livescience.com/ancient-egyptian-tomb-royal-official">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022. 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Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GreekReporter.com&rft.atitle=2%2C200+Year+Old+Alexander+the+Great+Statue+Discovered+in+Alexandria&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.aulast=Kissel&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2022%2F06%2F30%2F2200-year-old-sculpture-alexander-great-discovered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuluk2022" class="citation web cs1">Duluk, Elif (30 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nowarchaeology.com/a-2200-year-old-statue-of-alexander-the-great-has-been-discovered-in-alexandria/">"A 2,200-year-old statue of Alexander the Great has been discovered in Alexandria"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Now+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+2%2C200-year-old+statue+of+Alexander+the+Great+has+been+discovered+in+Alexandria&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.aulast=Duluk&rft.aufirst=Elif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowarchaeology.com%2Fa-2200-year-old-statue-of-alexander-the-great-has-been-discovered-in-alexandria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabikha2022" class="citation web cs1">Tabikha, Kamal (16 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/egypt/2022/07/16/egypt-uncovers-unique-ancient-tomb-of-the-commander-of-foreign-troops/">"Egypt uncovers 'unique' ancient tomb of the commander of foreign troops"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719182010/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/egypt/2022/07/16/egypt-uncovers-unique-ancient-tomb-of-the-commander-of-foreign-troops/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022. 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Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Tomb+of+Egyptian+commander+of+foreign+soldiers+in+Abusir+sheds+light+on+%27globalisation%27+in+ancient+world+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Antiquities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContentP%2F9%2F471518%2FAntiquities%2FTomb-of-Egyptian-commander-of-foreign-soldiers-in-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabikha2022" class="citation web cs1">Tabikha, Kamal (17 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trendradars.com/channels/article-638537-egypt-uncovers-unique-ancient-tomb-of-the-commander-of-foreign-troops-2/">"Egypt uncovers 'unique' ancient tomb of the commander of foreign troops"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TrendRadars&rft.atitle=Egypt+uncovers+%27unique%27+ancient+tomb+of+the+commander+of+foreign+troops&rft.date=2022-07-17&rft.aulast=Tabikha&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trendradars.com%2Fchannels%2Farticle-638537-egypt-uncovers-unique-ancient-tomb-of-the-commander-of-foreign-troops-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Jarus2022" class="citation web cs1">Owen Jarus (4 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/ancient-egyptian-sun-temple-discovered">"Ancient Egyptian temple to the sun cult uncovered near Cairo"</a>. livescience.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185443/https://www.livescience.com/ancient-egyptian-sun-temple-discovered">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egyptian+temple+to+the+sun+cult+uncovered+near+Cairo&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft.au=Owen+Jarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fancient-egyptian-sun-temple-discovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Egypt in its African context : proceedings of the conference held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2–4 October 2009. 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Egypt, from Diop to Celenko"</a>. Race & Class. 45 (1): 31–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396803045001002">10.1177/0306396803045001002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145514370">145514370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064105/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0306396803045001002">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=Finally+in+Africa%3F+Egypt%2C+from+Diop+to+Celenko&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-60&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145514370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-3968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396803045001002&rft.aulast=Kamugisha&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0306396803045001002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung" class="citation web cs1">Young, Robert J.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfslide.tips/documents/black-athena-and-colonial-discourse-robert-jc-egypt-in-america-black-athena.html?page=1">"Black Athena, and Colonial Discourse Robert J.C. · PDF fileEgypt in America : Black Athena, Racism and Colonial Discourse Robert J.C. 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Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Athena%2C+and+Colonial+Discourse+Robert+J.C.+%26middot%3B+PDF+fileEgypt+in+America+%3A+Black+Athena%2C+Racism+and+Colonial+Discourse+Robert+J.C.+Young+Colonial+discourse+analysis+was+initiated&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfslide.tips%2Fdocuments%2Fblack-athena-and-colonial-discourse-robert-jc-egypt-in-america-black-athena.html%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor1992" class="citation journal cs1">Victor, Cilius (October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639689203400214">"Book reviews : Civilization or Barbarism: an authentic anthropology"</a>. Race & Class. 34 (2): 98–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030639689203400214">10.1177/030639689203400214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145646841">145646841</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013183043/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639689203400214">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. 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Transition (46): 74–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2934962">10.2307/2934962</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-1191">0041-1191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934962">2934962</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156002419">156002419</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013183043/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934962">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transition&rft.atitle=Cheikh+Anta+Diop+and+the+New+Light+on+African+History&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=74-76&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0041-1191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156002419%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2934962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2934962&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2934962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigger1978" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, Bruce (1978). 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New York: Collier Books. pp. 10–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684826674" title="Special:BookSources/0684826674"><bdi>0684826674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+history+%3A+themes+and+outlines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10-15&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0684826674&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stuart Tyson (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43275151">"Gift of the Nile? Climate Change, the Origins of Egyptian Civilization and Its Interactions within Northeast Africa"</a>. Across the Mediterranean – Along the Nile: Studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and Late Antiquity Dedicated to László Török. Budapest: 325–345. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013183043/https://www.academia.edu/43275151">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Across+the+Mediterranean+%E2%80%93+Along+the+Nile%3A+Studies+in+Egyptology%2C+Nubiology+and+Late+Antiquity+Dedicated+to+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k.+Budapest&rft.atitle=Gift+of+the+Nile%3F+Climate+Change%2C+the+Origins+of+Egyptian+Civilization+and+Its+Interactions+within+Northeast+Africa&rft.pages=325-345&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Tyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43275151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_history_of_ancient_Egypt-100"><a href="#cite_ref-A_history_of_ancient_Egypt_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2021" class="citation book cs1">Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). A history of ancient Egypt (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119620877" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119620877"><bdi>978-1119620877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=5-6&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1119620877&rft.aulast=Van+de+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManzo2022" class="citation book cs1">Manzo, Andrea (2022). Ancient Egypt in its African context : economic networks, social and cultural interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009074544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009074544"><bdi>978-1009074544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt+in+its+African+context+%3A+economic+networks%2C+social+and+cultural+interactions&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1009074544&rft.aulast=Manzo&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhret2023" class="citation book cs1">Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret">Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 83–85, 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24409-9"><bdi>978-0-691-24409-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322125442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Africa%3A+A+Global+History%2C+to+300+CE&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=83-85%2C+97&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24409-9&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5KjEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bafrica%3A%2Ba%2Bglobal%2Bhistory%2C%2Bto%2B300%2Bce%2Bchristopher%2Behret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archlab.aegean.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/pepragmena.pdf">"Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας"</a> (PDF). archlab.aegean.gr (in Greek). 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231248/https://archlab.aegean.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/pepragmena.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archlab.aegean.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchlab.aegean.gr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2Fpepragmena.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=16">"ACADEMIC ACTIVITY – Ioannis Liritzis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331192032/https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=16">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACADEMIC+ACTIVITY+%E2%80%93+Ioannis+Liritzis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliritzis.eu%2F%3Fpage_id%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dms.aegean.gr/%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82/">"Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326064426/https://dms.aegean.gr/%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdms.aegean.gr%2F%25CE%25AD%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CF%2585%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%2F%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25AE%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%2F%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25AE%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF-%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2587%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archlab.aegean.gr/">"Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας – Τμήμα Μεσογειακών Σπουδών Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231248/https://archlab.aegean.gr/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%E2%80%93+%CE%A4%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchlab.aegean.gr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenodo.org-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zenodo.org_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenodo.org_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_Of_The_Aegean2001" class="citation journal cs1">University Of The Aegean (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/5998553">"Gaia Hellenic -Egypt Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5998553">10.5281/zenodo.5998553</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217105959/https://zenodo.org/record/5998553">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gaia+Hellenic+-Egypt+Project&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.5998553&rft.au=University+Of+The+Aegean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F5998553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> 1999: Establishment of the Research Institute in Alexandria by the University of the Aegean and the President of the Hellenic Society at Alexandria Mr S Tambakis. Signed protocol and offering of the classical building Zervoudakios School to host the Institute. (The Protocol was not realized by the new President, successor of Mr Tambakis). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=34">"Research Grants – Ioannis Liritzis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110005/https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=34">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+Grants+%E2%80%93+Ioannis+Liritzis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliritzis.eu%2F%3Fpage_id%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciendo.com-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sciendo.com_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciendo.com_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiritzisZachariasAl-OtaibiIliopoulos2016" class="citation journal cs1">Liritzis, Ioannis; Zacharias, Nikolaos; Al-Otaibi, Fahad; Iliopoulos, Ioannis; Katagas, Christos; Shaltout, Mossalam (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fgeochr-2015-0041">"Chronology of construction and occupational phases of Nawamis tombs, Sinai based on OSL dating"</a>. Geochronometria. 43 (2–3): 121–130. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Gchrm..43..121L">2016Gchrm..43..121L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fgeochr-2015-0041">10.1515/geochr-2015-0041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67846164">67846164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochronometria&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+construction+and+occupational+phases+of+Nawamis+tombs%2C+Sinai+based+on+OSL+dating&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=121-130&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67846164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fgeochr-2015-0041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Gchrm..43..121L&rft.aulast=Liritzis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rft.au=Zacharias%2C+Nikolaos&rft.au=Al-Otaibi%2C+Fahad&rft.au=Iliopoulos%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Katagas%2C+Christos&rft.au=Shaltout%2C+Mossalam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fgeochr-2015-0041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage/special_issues/egyptology">"Heritage"</a>. www.mdpi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031024/https://www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage/special_issues/egyptology">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mdpi.com&rft.atitle=Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fheritage%2Fspecial_issues%2Fegyptology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.aegean.gr/international/institutional.html">"International Aegean | University of the Aegean"</a>. www1.aegean.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031024/http://www1.aegean.gr/international/institutional.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.aegean.gr&rft.atitle=International+Aegean+%26%23124%3B+University+of+the+Aegean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.aegean.gr%2Finternational%2Finstitutional.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> 2009–10: Prof Liritzis was invited Speaker at Sohag (2009), Beni Suef, and Cairo (2010) Universities and presentation of honorable plaques to Prof Liritzis for his inauguration of a Egyptology Chair in the University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece for first time. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardians.net/egypt/education/egyptology_universities.htm">"Where to Study Egyptology"</a>. Guardian's Egypt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122064149/http://www.guardians.net/egypt/education/egyptology_universities.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian%27s+Egypt&rft.atitle=Where+to+Study+Egyptology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardians.net%2Fegypt%2Feducation%2Fegyptology_universities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118214145/http://en.mastersinleiden.nl/programmes/Egyptology/en/introduction">"Egyptology, Introduction ~ Masters in Leiden"</a>. en.mastersinleiden.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mastersinleiden.nl/programmes/egyptology/en/introduction">the original</a> on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.mastersinleiden.nl&rft.atitle=Egyptology%2C+Introduction+~+Masters+in+Leiden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mastersinleiden.nl%2Fprogrammes%2Fegyptology%2Fen%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptology-ssae.org">The Society for the Study of Ancient Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029175637/http://www.egyptology-ssae.org/">Archived</a> 29 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 20:53GMT.14.3.2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thessea.org/">The Society for the Study of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927163705/http://www.thessea.org/">Archived</a> 27 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 20:58GMT 3 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptology-uk.com/">Sussex Egyptology Society Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221230305/http://www.egyptology-uk.com/">Archived</a> 21 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved GMT21:27.26.2.2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ees.ac.uk/events/index/31.html">Egypt Exploration Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406062448/http://www.ees.ac.uk/events/index/31.html">Archived</a> 6 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 16:36GMT 3.10.11 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uee.ucla.edu/UCLos">Angeles Project Development Information;Homepage</a> retrieved 17:47GMT 3.10.11 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>David, Rosalie. Religion and magic in ancient Egypt. Penguin Books, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026252-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026252-0">0-14-026252-0</a></li> <li>Chaney, Edward. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution', in: Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado (Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York, 2006), 39–74.</li> <li>Chaney, Edward. "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Marsha2007" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Marsha (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/74020">Gifts for the gods: images from Egyptian temples</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588392312" title="Special:BookSources/9781588392312"><bdi>9781588392312</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119082927/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/74020">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifts+for+the+gods%3A+images+from+Egyptian+temples&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781588392312&rft.au=Hill%2C+Marsha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F74020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jacq, Christian. Magic and mystery in ancient Egypt. Souvenir Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-285-63462-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-285-63462-3">0-285-63462-3</a></li> <li>Manley, Bill (ed.). The Seventy Great Mysteries of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05123-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05123-2">0-500-05123-2</a></li> <li>Mertz, Barbara. Red Land, Black Land: Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Dodd Mead, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-07575-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-07575-4">0-396-07575-4</a></li> <li>Mertz, Barbara. Temples, Tombs and Hieroglyphs: A Popular History of Ancient Egypt. Bedrick, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87226-223-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87226-223-5">0-87226-223-5</a></li> <li>Mysteries of Egypt. National Geographic Society, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-9752-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-9752-0">0-7922-9752-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Reeves" title="Nicholas Reeves">Reeves, Nicholas</a> (2000). Ancient Egypt: The Great Discoveries. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05105-4"><bdi>978-0-500-05105-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+The+Great+Discoveries&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05105-4&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sheppard, Kathleen. 2022. Tea on the terrace: hotels and Egyptologists' social networks, 1885–1925. Manchester University Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2015" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jason (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-4cCCgAAQBAJ">Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology: 1: From Antiquity to 1881</a>. The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-599-3"><bdi>978-977-416-599-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Things%3A+A+History+of+Egyptology%3A+1%3A+From+Antiquity+to+1881&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-977-416-599-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-4cCCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2016" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jason (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLs-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327">Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology: 2: The Golden Age: 1881–1914</a>. The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-692-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-692-1"><bdi>978-977-416-692-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Things%3A+A+History+of+Egyptology%3A+2%3A+The+Golden+Age%3A+1881%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-977-416-692-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLs-DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2018" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jason (2018). Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology: 3: From 1914 to the Twenty-first Century. The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-760-7"><bdi>978-977-416-760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Things%3A+A+History+of+Egyptology%3A+3%3A+From+1914+to+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-977-416-760-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2020" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby (2020). A World Beneath the Sands: Adventurers and Archaeologists in the Golden Age of Egyptology (Hardbook). London: Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5098-5870-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5098-5870-5"><bdi>978-1-5098-5870-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Beneath+the+Sands%3A+Adventurers+and+Archaeologists+in+the+Golden+Age+of+Egyptology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5098-5870-5&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Egyptology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Egyptology">Egyptology</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Egyptologist" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308224954/http://www.antiquityofman.com/NorthAfricanArchaeology.html">"North African Archaeology"</a>. ANTIQUITYOFMAN.COM: Anatomical and Behavioural Evolution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquityofman.com/NorthAfricanArchaeology.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANTIQUITYOFMAN.COM%3A+Anatomical+and+Behavioural+Evolution&rft.atitle=North+African+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquityofman.com%2FNorthAfricanArchaeology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> Sections, all with content relevant to antiquity: Articles; Books, journals and external resources; Expeditions and fieldwork opportunities; and Professional organizations)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptologyforum.org/EEFinst.html">"Egyptologists' Electronic Forum (EEF), version 64"</a>. Egyptological Societies and Institutes. 13 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptological+Societies+and+Institutes&rft.atitle=Egyptologists%27+Electronic+Forum+%28EEF%29%2C+version+64&rft.date=2015-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptologyforum.org%2FEEFinst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"> List shows Egyptology societies and Institutes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023213/http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/resources/online_biblio/bibliography_mar2015.html">"Egyptology Books and Articles in PDF online"</a>. The University of Memphis Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology. 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/resources/online_biblio/bibliography_mar2015.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Memphis+Institute+of+Egyptian+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Egyptology+Books+and+Articles+in+PDF+online&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memphis.edu%2Fegypt%2Fresources%2Fonline_biblio%2Fbibliography_mar2015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/titles-with-full-text-online?searchtype=F">"Egyptology collection"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Egyptology+collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fmetpublications%2Ftitles-with-full-text-online%3Fsearchtype%3DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/7.html">"A key to the translation exercises in Sir Alan Gardiner's Egyptian Grammar, Electronic publications, Egyptological databases, Dictionaries and lexicography, Useful Web sites & Main libraries with Egyptological holdings"</a>. Griffiths Institute, OXFORD UNIVERSITY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Griffiths+Institute%2C+OXFORD+UNIVERSITY&rft.atitle=A+key+to+the+translation+exercises+in+Sir+Alan+Gardiner%27s+Egyptian+Grammar%2C+Electronic+publications%2C+Egyptological+databases%2C+Dictionaries+and+lexicography%2C+Useful+Web+sites+%26+Main+libraries+with+Egyptological+holdings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.griffith.ox.ac.uk%2Fgri%2F7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawass,_ZahiBrock,_Lyla_Pinch2000" class="citation web cs1">Hawass, Zahi; Brock, Lyla Pinch, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aucpress.com/p-2843-egyptology-at-the-dawn-of-the-twenty-first-century.aspx">"Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists"</a>. American University in Cairo Press. Cairo. Retrieved 10 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.atitle=Egyptology+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century+Proceedings+of+the+Eighth+International+Congress+of+Egyptologists&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucpress.com%2Fp-2843-egyptology-at-the-dawn-of-the-twenty-first-century.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll8">"Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library Underwood & Underwood Egypt Stereoviews Collection"</a>. American University in Cairo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+University+in+Cairo&rft.atitle=Rare+Books+and+Special+Collections+Digital+Library+Underwood+%26+Underwood+Egypt+Stereoviews+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.aucegypt.edu%2Fcdm%2Flandingpage%2Fcollection%2Fp15795coll8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/?lang=en">"Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague"</a>. Czech Institute of Egyptology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.atitle=Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology%2C+Faculty+of+Arts%2C+Charles+University+in+Prague&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegyptologie.ff.cuni.cz%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=15000">"Global catalogue of Egyptian archeological records belonging to Institutions of all over the world"</a>. globalegyptianmuseum.org (without <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_preservation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet preservation (page does not exist)">archive-url website</a>). 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href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">William Henry Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Method and theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">Archaeological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_diving" title="Archaeological diving">Archaeological diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ethics" title="Archaeological ethics">Archaeological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(archaeology)" title="Survey (archaeology)">Survey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey" title="Electrical resistance survey">electrical resistance survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondage" title="Sondage">Sondage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_layer" title="Burnt layer">Burnt layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">Post-excavation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_archaeology" title="Subfields of archaeology">Sub-disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_in_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_bioarchaeology" title="Medieval bioarchaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceology" title="Calceology">Calceology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_archaeology" title="Digital archaeology">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogaming" title="Archaeogaming">Archaeogaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">Geoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_archaeology" title="Conflict archaeology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_archaeology" title="Gender archaeology">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology" title="Indigenous archaeology">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_archaeology" title="Landscape archaeology">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_archaeology" title="Mortuary archaeology">Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(archaeology)" title="Phenomenology (archaeology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_archaeology" title="Queer archaeology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeological sites by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeologists" title="List of archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitologists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeology_journals" title="List of archaeology journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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