CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Oak - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"729aba39-ad4c-424f-98a1-ba867ebad656","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Oak","wgTitle":"Oak","wgCurRevisionId":1258094257,"wgRevisionId":1258094257,"wgArticleId":39696,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)","CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from July 2020","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing Irish-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs","Quercus","Quercus taxa by common names","Wood","Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Oak","wgRelevantArticleId":39696,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12004","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Quercus_robur.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1623"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Quercus_robur.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1082"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Quercus_robur.jpg/640px-Quercus_robur.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="866"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Oak - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Oak rootpage-Oak skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Oak" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Oak" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Oak" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Oak" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fossil history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>External phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Internal phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxonomic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Taxonomic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Quercus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Quercus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Subgenus <i>Quercus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Quercus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Cerris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Cerris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Subgenus <i>Cerris</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Cerris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybridisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybridisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hybridisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybridisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Diseases and pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gall_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gall_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gall communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gall_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Timber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditional_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditional_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other traditional products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditional_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eik" title="Eik – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichen" title="Eichen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eichen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%89%E1%8C%A5" title="በሉጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በሉጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80c" title="Āc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Āc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سنديان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنديان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixico" title="Caixico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Caixico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Կաղնի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կաղնի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA" title="Микк – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Микк" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%B1d" title="Palıd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Palıd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%95" title="ওক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Имән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Имән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Дуб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дуб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Дуб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дуб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktri" title="Oktri – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Oktri" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B1" title="Дъб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oach" title="Oach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="བེ་ཤིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བེ་ཤིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrast" title="Hrast – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hrast" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derv" title="Derv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Derv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сарса модон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сарса модон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Юман – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юман" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulayan" title="Ulayan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulayan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub" title="Dub – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dub" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwen" title="Derwen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Derwen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg" title="Eg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichen" title="Eichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm_(perekond)" title="Tamm (perekond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamm (perekond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Βελανιδιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βελανιδιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9rza" title="Quérza – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Quérza" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kverko" title="Kverko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kverko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7" title="بلوط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eik" title="Eik – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eik" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%AAne" title="Chêne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chêne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dair" title="Dair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darragh" title="Darragh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Darragh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darach" title="Darach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Darach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="참나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Կաղնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաղնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C" title="बाँज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाँज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub" title="Dub – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dub" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrast" title="Hrast – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hrast" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querko" title="Querko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Querko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasang_(pohon)" title="Pasang (pohon) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasang (pohon)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querco" title="Querco – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Querco" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Тулдз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тулдз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eik" title="Eik – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eik" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אלון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_%C3%A8k" title="Wit èk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wit èk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಓಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90" title="მუხა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუხა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85b" title="Dąb – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Dąb" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Емен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Емен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwaloni" title="Mwaloni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwaloni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8n" title="Chèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%BB" title="Berû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эмен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эмен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82" title="Пялут – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Пялут" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozoli" title="Ozoli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ozoli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eechen" title="Eechen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eechen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84%C5%BEuolas" title="Ąžuolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ąžuolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eik" title="Eik – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eik" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerco" title="Cuerco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cuerco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lgy" title="Tölgy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tölgy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Даб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Даб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="ഓക്ക് (മരം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓക്ക് (മരം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჭყონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭყონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سنديان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سنديان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="موزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak" title="Oak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тума – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тума" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB" title="ဝက်သစ်ချ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်သစ်ချ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocuahuitl" title="Teocuahuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teocuahuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eik" title="Eik – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eek_(boom)" title="Eek (boom) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eek (boom)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="オーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakebuumer" title="Iakebuumer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iakebuumer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikeslekta" title="Eikeslekta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eikeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikeslekta" title="Eikeslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eikeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%AAne" title="Tchêne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchêne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eman_(daraxt)" title="Eman (daraxt) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eman (daraxt)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4" title="ਬਲੂਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੂਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7" title="بلوط – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلوط" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D" title="څېړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څېړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Тыпу – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тыпу" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhin%C2%B7ne" title="Qhin·ne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Qhin·ne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekenboom" title="Ekenboom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ekenboom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85b" title="Dąb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dąb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvalho" title="Carvalho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carvalho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emen" title="Emen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Emen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stejar_(gen_de_plante)" title="Stejar (gen de plante) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stejar (gen de plante)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwli" title="Ruwli – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruwli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Дуб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дуб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aik" title="Aik – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aik" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushku" title="Dushku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dushku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak" title="Oak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub" title="Dub – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dub" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrast" title="Hrast – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hrast" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%AB%D0%B1%D1%8A" title="Дѫбъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дѫбъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%AFmb" title="Důmb – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Důmb" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88" title="بەڕوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەڕوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Храст – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Храст" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrast" title="Hrast – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hrast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammet" title="Tammet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tammet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksl%C3%A4ktet" title="Eksläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eksläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robles" title="Robles – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robles" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கருவாலி மரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருவாலி மரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasaft" title="Tasaft – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasaft" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adren" title="Adren – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adren" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Имән – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Имән" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81" title="โอ๊ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอ๊ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82" title="Булут – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Булут" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6" title="ᏧᏍᎦ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᏍᎦ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9Fe" title="Meşe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meşe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Дуб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дуб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm" title="Tamm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tamm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%93i" title="Sồi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchinne_(%C3%A5be)" title="Tchinne (åbe) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchinne (åbe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E6%9C%A8" title="橡木 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="橡木" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ake" title="Êke – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Êke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" title="Quercus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Quercus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%8E%E5%B1%9E" title="栎属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="栎属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91" title="דעמב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעמב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%A1" title="橡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="橡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%8E%E5%B1%9E" title="栎属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="栎属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12004#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Oak" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oak"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oak"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Oak" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Oak" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&oldid=1258094257" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Oak&id=1258094257&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOak"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOak"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Oak&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quercus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quercus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12004" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tree or shrub in the genus Quercus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oak tree" and "Quercus" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oak (disambiguation)">Oak (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Tree_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oak Tree (disambiguation)">Oak Tree (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quercus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quercus (disambiguation)">Quercus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Oak<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> - <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> boundary – recent <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">56–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> possible Paleocene & Late Cretaceous records</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_robur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Quercus_robur.jpg/220px-Quercus_robur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Quercus_robur.jpg/330px-Quercus_robur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Quercus_robur.jpg/440px-Quercus_robur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Foliage and acorns of <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Quercus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quercoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercoideae">Quercoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Quercus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subgenera and sections </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Cerris" title="Quercus subg. Cerris"><i>Quercus</i> subg. <i>Cerris</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Cerris#Section_Cerris" title="Quercus subg. Cerris"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Cerris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Cerris#Section_Cyclobalanopsis" title="Quercus subg. Cerris"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Cerris#Section_Ilex" title="Quercus subg. Cerris"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Ilex</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus" title="Quercus subg. Quercus"><i>Quercus</i> subg. <i>Quercus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus#Section_Lobatae" title="Quercus subg. Quercus"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Lobatae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus#Section_Ponticae" title="Quercus subg. Quercus"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Ponticae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus#Section_Protobalanus" title="Quercus subg. Quercus"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Protobalanus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus#Section_Quercus" title="Quercus subg. Quercus"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Quercus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus#Section_Virentes" title="Quercus subg. Quercus"><i>Quercus</i> sect. <i>Virentes</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quercus_species" title="List of Quercus species">List of <i>Quercus</i> species</a>. </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>An <b>oak</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> tree or shrub in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Quercus</b></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">beech family</a>. They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorn</a>, borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; it includes some 500 species, both <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>. Fossil oaks date back to the Middle <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">Molecular phylogeny</a> shows that the genus is divided into <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and New World <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>, but many oak species <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridise</a> freely, making the genus's history difficult to resolve. </p><p>Ecologically, oaks are <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> in habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>. They live in association with many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> including <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffles</a>. Oaks support more than 950 species of <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillar</a>, many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">gall wasp</a> which form distinctive <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">galls</a>, roundish woody lumps such as the <a href="/wiki/Oak_apple" title="Oak apple">oak apple</a>, and a large number of pests and diseases. Oak leaves and acorns contain enough <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a> to be toxic to cattle, but pigs are able to digest them safely. Oak timber is strong and hard, and has found many uses in construction and furniture-making. The bark was traditionally used for <a href="/wiki/Tanning_leather" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning leather">tanning leather</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Wine barrels</a> are made of oak; these are used for aging alcoholic beverages such as <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, giving them a range of flavours, colours, and aromas. The spongy bark of the <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">cork oak</a> is used to make traditional wine bottle corks. Almost a third of oak species are threatened with extinction due to climate change, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive pests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>. </p><p>In culture, the oak tree is a symbol of strength and serves as the <a href="/wiki/National_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="National tree">national tree</a> of many countries. In Indo-European and related religions, the oak is associated with <a href="/wiki/Thunder_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunder god">thunder gods</a>. Individual oak trees of cultural significance include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak" title="Royal Oak">Royal Oak</a> in Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_Oak" title="Charter Oak">Charter Oak</a> in the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Gernikako_Arbola" title="Gernikako Arbola">Guernica Oak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">generic</a> name <i>Quercus</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "oak", derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*kwerkwu-</i>, "oak", which is also the origin of the name "<a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>", another important or sacred tree in Indo-European culture. The word "cork", for the bark of the <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">cork oak</a>, similarly derives from <i>Quercus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common name "oak" is from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>ac</i> (seen in placenames such as <a href="/wiki/Acton,_London" title="Acton, London">Acton</a>, from <i>ac</i> + <i>tun</i>, "oak village"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which in turn is from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*aiks</i>, "oak".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oaks are <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledonous</a>) trees, <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> or evergreen, with <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spirally</a> arranged <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, often with <a href="/wiki/Dentate_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentate leaf">lobate margins</a>; some have <a href="/wiki/Serrated_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Serrated leaves">serrated leaves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Entire_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire (botany)">entire leaves</a> with smooth margins. Many deciduous species are <a href="/wiki/Marcescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcescent">marcescent</a>, not dropping dead leaves until spring. In spring, a single oak tree produces both <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Variations" title="Plant reproductive morphology">staminate</a> ('male') flowers in the form of <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a>, and small <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Variations" title="Plant reproductive morphology">pistillate</a> ('female') flowers,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that the trees are <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>. The fruit is a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a> called an <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorn</a>, borne in a cup-like structure known as a <a href="/wiki/Calybium_and_cupule" title="Calybium and cupule">cupule</a>; each acorn usually contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on the species. The acorns and leaves contain <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which helps to guard against fungi and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some 500 extant species of oaks.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trees in the genus are often large and slow-growing; <i>Q. alba</i> can reach an age of 600 years, a diameter of 13 feet (4.0 m) and a height of 145 feet (44 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Core_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Core-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Granit_oak" title="Granit oak">Granit oak</a> in Bulgaria, a <i>Q. robur</i> specimen, has an estimated age of 1637 years, making it the oldest oak in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wi'aaSal tree, a <a href="/wiki/Live_oak" title="Live oak">live oak</a> in the reservation of the <a href="/wiki/Pechanga_Band_of_Indians" title="Pechanga Band of Indians">Pechanga Band of Indians</a>, California, is at least 1000 years old, and might be as much as 2000 years old, which would make it the oldest oak in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the smallest oaks is <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_acuta" title="Quercus acuta">Q. acuta</a></i>, the Japanese evergreen oak. It forms a bush or small tree to a height of some 30 feet (9.1 m).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockwell_Oak_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quercus robur habit"><img alt="Quercus robur habit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brockwell_Oak_%289%29.jpg/247px-Brockwell_Oak_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brockwell_Oak_%289%29.jpg/371px-Brockwell_Oak_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brockwell_Oak_%289%29.jpg/495px-Brockwell_Oak_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i> habit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_lusitanica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-253.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of Quercus lusitanica showing staminate (left) and pistillate flowers, which mature into acorns (right)"><img alt="Illustration of Quercus lusitanica showing staminate (left) and pistillate flowers, which mature into acorns (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Quercus_lusitanica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-253.jpg/260px-Quercus_lusitanica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-253.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Quercus_lusitanica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-253.jpg/390px-Quercus_lusitanica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Quercus_lusitanica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lusitanica" title="Quercus lusitanica">Quercus lusitanica</a></i> showing staminate (left) and pistillate flowers, which mature into <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a> (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021-04-22_18_54_32_Male_flowers_(catkins)_on_a_White_Oak_within_a_wooded_area_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill,_Fairfax_County,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catkins of Quercus alba containing the staminate or 'male' flowers"><img alt="Catkins of Quercus alba containing the staminate or 'male' flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2021-04-22_18_54_32_Male_flowers_%28catkins%29_on_a_White_Oak_within_a_wooded_area_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/247px-2021-04-22_18_54_32_Male_flowers_%28catkins%29_on_a_White_Oak_within_a_wooded_area_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2021-04-22_18_54_32_Male_flowers_%28catkins%29_on_a_White_Oak_within_a_wooded_area_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/371px-2021-04-22_18_54_32_Male_flowers_%28catkins%29_on_a_White_Oak_within_a_wooded_area_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2021-04-22_18_54_32_Male_flowers_%28catkins%29_on_a_White_Oak_within_a_wooded_area_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/495px-2021-04-22_18_54_32_Male_flowers_%28catkins%29_on_a_White_Oak_within_a_wooded_area_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catkins of <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_alba" title="Quercus alba">Quercus alba</a></i> containing the staminate or 'male' flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B1_-_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6,_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="New leaves and reddish pistillate or 'female' flowers of Quercus robur"><img alt="New leaves and reddish pistillate or 'female' flowers of Quercus robur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B1_-_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG/247px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B1_-_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B1_-_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG/371px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B1_-_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B1_-_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG/495px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B1_-_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New leaves and reddish pistillate or 'female' flowers of <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_Global_Distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Quercus_Global_Distribution.svg/440px-Quercus_Global_Distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Quercus_Global_Distribution.svg/660px-Quercus_Global_Distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Quercus_Global_Distribution.svg/880px-Quercus_Global_Distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption> Global distribution of <i>Quercus</i>. The New and Old World parts are mostly separate <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red: North American.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pink: Central American.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow: European.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green: West/Central Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turquoise: Southeast Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue: East Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See Phylogeny chapter/tree for sections.</figcaption></figure> <p>The genus <i>Quercus</i> is native to the Northern Hemisphere and includes <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> species extending from <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">cool temperate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> latitudes in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America has the largest number of oak species, with approximately 160 species in Mexico, of which 109 are endemic, and about 90 in the United States. The second greatest area of oak diversity is China, with approximately 100 species.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Americas, <i>Quercus</i> is widespread from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> in the south of Canada, south to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and across the whole of the eastern United States. It is present in a small area of the west of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> it occurs mainly above 1000 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon_2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon_2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus crossed the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">isthmus of Panama</a> when the northern and southern continents came together<sup id="cite_ref-Hooghiemstra_2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooghiemstra_2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is present as one species, <i>Q. humboldtii</i>, above 1000 metres in Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon_2006_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon_2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oaks of North America are of many sections (<i>Protobalanus</i>, <i>Lobatae</i>, <i>Ponticae</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, and <i>Virentes</i>) along with related genera such as <i>Notholithocarpus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Old World, oaks of section <i>Quercus</i> extend across the whole of Europe including European Russia apart from the far north, and north Africa (north of the Sahara) from Morocco to Libya. In Mediterranean Europe, they are joined by oaks of the sections <i>Cerris</i> and <i>Ilex</i>, which extend across Turkey, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan<i>,</i> while section <i>Ponticae</i> is endemic to the western Caucasus in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Oaks of section <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i> extend in a narrow belt along the Himalayas to cover mainland and island Southeast Asia as far as <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, oaks of multiple sections (<i>Cyclobalanopsis</i>, <i>Ilex</i>, <i>Cerris</i>, <i>Quercus</i> and related genera like <i>Lithocarpus</i> and <i>Castanopsis</i>) extend across east Asia including China, Korea, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_history">Fossil history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fossil history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potential records of <i>Quercus</i> have been reported from <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> deposits in North America and East Asia. These are not considered definitive, as macrofossils older than the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, and possibly from before the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> are mostly poorly preserved without critical features for certain identification. Amongst the oldest unequivocal records of <i>Quercus</i> are pollen from Austria, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>-Eocene boundary, around 55 million years ago. The oldest records of <i>Quercus</i> in North America are from <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, dating to the Middle Eocene, around 44 million years ago, with the oldest records in Asia from the Middle Eocene of Japan; both forms have affinities to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclobalanopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclobalanopsis">Cyclobalanopsis</a></i> group.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_hispanica_20170317.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quercus × hispanica leaf. Miocene, Lleida, Spain"><img alt="Quercus × hispanica leaf. Miocene, Lleida, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Quercus_hispanica_20170317.jpg/123px-Quercus_hispanica_20170317.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Quercus_hispanica_20170317.jpg/185px-Quercus_hispanica_20170317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Quercus_hispanica_20170317.jpg/247px-Quercus_hispanica_20170317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_%C3%97_hispanica" title="Quercus × hispanica">Quercus × hispanica</a></i> leaf. <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_hiholensis_acorn_UWBM_56470-3_Pigg_%26_Wehr_2002_Plt2_fig16.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Quercus hiholensis acorn, Langhian age (Middle Miocene), Washington State, USA (c. 15 mya)"><img alt="Quercus hiholensis acorn, Langhian age (Middle Miocene), Washington State, USA (c. 15 mya)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Quercus_hiholensis_acorn_UWBM_56470-3_Pigg_%26_Wehr_2002_Plt2_fig16.png/200px-Quercus_hiholensis_acorn_UWBM_56470-3_Pigg_%26_Wehr_2002_Plt2_fig16.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Quercus_hiholensis_acorn_UWBM_56470-3_Pigg_%26_Wehr_2002_Plt2_fig16.png/300px-Quercus_hiholensis_acorn_UWBM_56470-3_Pigg_%26_Wehr_2002_Plt2_fig16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Quercus_hiholensis_acorn_UWBM_56470-3_Pigg_%26_Wehr_2002_Plt2_fig16.png/400px-Quercus_hiholensis_acorn_UWBM_56470-3_Pigg_%26_Wehr_2002_Plt2_fig16.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_hiholensis" title="Quercus hiholensis">Quercus hiholensis</a></i> acorn, <a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a> age (Middle Miocene), Washington State, USA (c. 15 mya)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_kobatakei_leaf_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quercus kobatakei leaf. Early Oligocene, Japan"><img alt="Quercus kobatakei leaf. Early Oligocene, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Quercus_kobatakei_leaf_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Quercus_kobatakei_leaf_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Quercus_kobatakei_leaf_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Quercus_kobatakei_leaf_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Quercus_kobatakei_leaf_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Quercus_kobatakei_leaf_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="2510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Quercus kobatakei</i> leaf. Early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Oligocene_oak_acorn_from_Bridge_Creek_Flora.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Oligocene acorn, Oregon, USA (33 mya)"><img alt="Early Oligocene acorn, Oregon, USA (33 mya)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Early_Oligocene_oak_acorn_from_Bridge_Creek_Flora.jpg/200px-Early_Oligocene_oak_acorn_from_Bridge_Creek_Flora.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Early_Oligocene_oak_acorn_from_Bridge_Creek_Flora.jpg/300px-Early_Oligocene_oak_acorn_from_Bridge_Creek_Flora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Early_Oligocene_oak_acorn_from_Bridge_Creek_Flora.jpg/400px-Early_Oligocene_oak_acorn_from_Bridge_Creek_Flora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Oligocene acorn, Oregon, USA (33 mya)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_phylogeny">External phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Quercus</i> forms part, or rather two parts, of the Quercoideae subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a>, the beech family. Modern <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a> suggests the following relationships:<sup id="cite_ref-Manos_Cannon_Oh_2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manos_Cannon_Oh_2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xiang_Wang_Li_2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiang_Wang_Li_2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Fagoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Fagus</a></i> (beeches) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Quercoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Trigonobalanus" title="Trigonobalanus">Trigonobalanus</a></i> (3 evergreen species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lithocarpus" title="Lithocarpus">Lithocarpus</a></i> (stone oaks) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chrysolepis" title="Chrysolepis">Chrysolepis</a></i> (chinquapins) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Quercus</b> <a href="/wiki/Pro_parte" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro parte">pro parte</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus</a></i> (tan oak) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Quercus</b> <a href="/wiki/Pro_parte" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro parte">pro parte</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Castanopsis" title="Castanopsis">Castanopsis</a></i> (also called chinquapins) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Castanea</a></i> (chestnuts) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_phylogeny">Internal phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular techniques for phylogenetic analysis show that the genus <i>Quercus</i> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> clades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of <i>Quercus robur</i> (the pedunculate oak) has been <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequenced</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealing an array of <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> that may underlie the evolution of longevity and <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">disease resistance</a> in oaks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, hundreds of oak species have been compared (at <a href="/wiki/RAD-seq" class="mw-redirect" title="RAD-seq">RAD-seq</a> loci), allowing a detailed phylogeny to be constructed. However, the high signal of <a href="/wiki/Introgressive_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Introgressive hybridization">introgressive hybridization</a> (the transfer of genetic material by repeated backcrossing with hybrid offspring) in the genus has made it difficult to resolve an unambiguous, unitary history of oaks. The phylogeny from Hipp et al. 2019 is:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:95%; line-height:105%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><b>Quercus</b></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Cerris" title="Quercus subg. Cerris">subgenus <i>Cerris</i></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>CTB lineage <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_rex_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Quercus_rex_leaf_white_background.jpg/60px-Quercus_rex_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Quercus_rex_leaf_white_background.jpg/90px-Quercus_rex_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Quercus_rex_leaf_white_background.jpg/120px-Quercus_rex_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="995" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Cyclobalanoides </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Glauca <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_glauca_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Quercus_glauca_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Quercus_glauca_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Quercus_glauca_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Quercus_glauca_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Quercus_glauca_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Quercus_glauca_MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Acuta <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_acuta2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Quercus_acuta2_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Quercus_acuta2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Quercus_acuta2_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Quercus_acuta2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Quercus_acuta2_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Quercus_acuta2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Semiserrata </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">44 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (geology)">mya</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section <i>Cerris</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>East Asian Cerris <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_acutissima_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Quercus_acutissima_leaf_white_background.jpg/70px-Quercus_acutissima_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Quercus_acutissima_leaf_white_background.jpg/105px-Quercus_acutissima_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Quercus_acutissima_leaf_white_background.jpg/140px-Quercus_acutissima_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>West Eurasian Cerris <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_cerris_leaf_illustrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Quercus_cerris_leaf_illustrations.jpg/80px-Quercus_cerris_leaf_illustrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Quercus_cerris_leaf_illustrations.jpg/120px-Quercus_cerris_leaf_illustrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Quercus_cerris_leaf_illustrations.jpg/160px-Quercus_cerris_leaf_illustrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="748" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">section <i>Ilex</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Early-diverging Ilex <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Oak_Quercus_trojana_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Macedonian_Oak_Quercus_trojana_white_background.jpg/60px-Macedonian_Oak_Quercus_trojana_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Macedonian_Oak_Quercus_trojana_white_background.jpg/90px-Macedonian_Oak_Quercus_trojana_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Macedonian_Oak_Quercus_trojana_white_background.jpg/120px-Macedonian_Oak_Quercus_trojana_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>East Asian Ilex <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_phillyreoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quercus_phillyreoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/50px-Quercus_phillyreoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quercus_phillyreoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/75px-Quercus_phillyreoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quercus_phillyreoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/100px-Quercus_phillyreoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Himalaya-Mediterranean <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_ilex_leaf_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Quercus_ilex_leaf_illustration.jpg/50px-Quercus_ilex_leaf_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Quercus_ilex_leaf_illustration.jpg/75px-Quercus_ilex_leaf_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Quercus_ilex_leaf_illustration.jpg/100px-Quercus_ilex_leaf_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Himalayan subalpine <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_semecarpifolia_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Quercus_semecarpifolia_leaf.jpg/60px-Quercus_semecarpifolia_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Quercus_semecarpifolia_leaf.jpg/90px-Quercus_semecarpifolia_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Quercus_semecarpifolia_leaf.jpg/120px-Quercus_semecarpifolia_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="930" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus" title="Quercus subg. Quercus">subgenus <i>Quercus</i></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section <i>Lobatae</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Agrifoliae <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_agrifolia_leaf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Quercus_agrifolia_leaf.JPG/40px-Quercus_agrifolia_leaf.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Quercus_agrifolia_leaf.JPG/60px-Quercus_agrifolia_leaf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Quercus_agrifolia_leaf.JPG/80px-Quercus_agrifolia_leaf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Palustres <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_palustris_leaf_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quercus_palustris_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Quercus_palustris_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quercus_palustris_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Quercus_palustris_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quercus_palustris_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Quercus_palustris_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Coccineae (Rubrae) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_rubra-(EU).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Quercus_rubra-%28EU%29.jpg/35px-Quercus_rubra-%28EU%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Quercus_rubra-%28EU%29.jpg/53px-Quercus_rubra-%28EU%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Quercus_rubra-%28EU%29.jpg/70px-Quercus_rubra-%28EU%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Phellos (Laurifoliae) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg/60px-Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg/90px-Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg/120px-Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Texas red oaks <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_buckleyi_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Quercus_buckleyi_leaf.jpg/50px-Quercus_buckleyi_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Quercus_buckleyi_leaf.jpg/75px-Quercus_buckleyi_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Quercus_buckleyi_leaf.jpg/100px-Quercus_buckleyi_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1077" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Erythromexicana <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_hypoleucoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quercus_hypoleucoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/40px-Quercus_hypoleucoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quercus_hypoleucoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/60px-Quercus_hypoleucoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quercus_hypoleucoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/80px-Quercus_hypoleucoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section <i>Protobalanus</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_palmeri_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quercus_palmeri_leaf_white_background.jpg/50px-Quercus_palmeri_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quercus_palmeri_leaf_white_background.jpg/75px-Quercus_palmeri_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quercus_palmeri_leaf_white_background.jpg/100px-Quercus_palmeri_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">section <i>Ponticae</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_pontica_leaf_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Quercus_pontica_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/55px-Quercus_pontica_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Quercus_pontica_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/83px-Quercus_pontica_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Quercus_pontica_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/110px-Quercus_pontica_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, C. Asia </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section <i>Virentes</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_oleoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Quercus_oleoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/55px-Quercus_oleoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Quercus_oleoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/83px-Quercus_oleoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Quercus_oleoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/110px-Quercus_oleoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="177" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">section <i>Quercus</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Dumosae <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_dumosa_leaf_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Quercus_dumosa_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/33px-Quercus_dumosa_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Quercus_dumosa_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Quercus_dumosa_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Quercus_dumosa_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg/66px-Quercus_dumosa_leaf_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1781" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Prinoids <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_prinoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Quercus_prinoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/40px-Quercus_prinoides_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Quercus_prinoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/60px-Quercus_prinoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Quercus_prinoides_leaf_white_background.jpg/80px-Quercus_prinoides_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="559" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Albae <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_montana_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Quercus_montana_leaf_white_background.jpg/38px-Quercus_montana_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="38" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Quercus_montana_leaf_white_background.jpg/57px-Quercus_montana_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Quercus_montana_leaf_white_background.jpg/76px-Quercus_montana_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="2203" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Roburoids <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_robur_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Quercus_robur_leaf.jpg/40px-Quercus_robur_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Quercus_robur_leaf.jpg/60px-Quercus_robur_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Quercus_robur_leaf.jpg/80px-Quercus_robur_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Stellatae <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_stellata_(EU).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Quercus_stellata_%28EU%29.jpg/40px-Quercus_stellata_%28EU%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Quercus_stellata_%28EU%29.jpg/60px-Quercus_stellata_%28EU%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Quercus_stellata_%28EU%29.jpg/80px-Quercus_stellata_%28EU%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Texas white oaks <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_White_Oak_Leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Autumn_White_Oak_Leaf.jpg/40px-Autumn_White_Oak_Leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Autumn_White_Oak_Leaf.jpg/60px-Autumn_White_Oak_Leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Autumn_White_Oak_Leaf.jpg/80px-Autumn_White_Oak_Leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="3432" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Leucomexicana <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_rugosa_leaf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Quercus_rugosa_leaf_white_background.jpg/55px-Quercus_rugosa_leaf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Quercus_rugosa_leaf_white_background.jpg/83px-Quercus_rugosa_leaf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Quercus_rugosa_leaf_white_background.jpg/110px-Quercus_rugosa_leaf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="2430" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, Europe </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">56 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (geology)">mya</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quercus_species" title="List of Quercus species">List of Quercus species</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxonomic_history">Taxonomic history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i>Quercus</i> was <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscribed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the first edition of his 1753 <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described 15 species within the new genus, providing type specimens for 10 of these, and giving names but no types for <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_cerris" title="Quercus cerris">Q. cerris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Q. coccifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_ilex" title="Quercus ilex">Q. ilex</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_smilax" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus smilax">Q. smilax</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_suber" title="Quercus suber">Q. suber</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chose <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Q. robur</a></i>, the pedunculate oak, as the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> for the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 classification of <i>Quercus</i>, based on multiple molecular phylogenetic studies, divided the genus into two <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenera</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">sections</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Subgenus <i>Quercus</i> – the New World clade (or high-latitude clade), mostly native to North America <ul><li>Section <i>Lobatae</i> <small>Loudon</small> – North American red oaks</li> <li>Section <i>Protobalanus</i> <small>(Trelease) O.Schwarz</small> – North American intermediate oaks</li> <li>Section <i>Ponticae</i> <small>Stef.</small> – with a <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">disjunct distribution</a> between western <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and western North America</li> <li>Section <i>Virentes</i> <small>Loudon</small> – American southern live oaks</li> <li>Section <i>Quercus</i> – white oaks from North America and Eurasia</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus <i>Cerris</i> <small>Oerst.</small> – the Old World clade (or mid-latitude clade), exclusively native to Eurasia <ul><li>Section <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i> <small>Oerst.</small> – cycle-cup oaks of East Asia</li> <li>Section <i>Cerris</i> <small>Dumort.</small> – cerris oaks of subtropical and temperate Eurasia and North Africa</li> <li>Section <i>Ilex</i> <small>Loudon</small> – ilex oaks of tropical and subtropical Eurasia and North Africa</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The subgenus division supports the evolutionary diversification of oaks among two distinct clades: the Old World clade (subgenus <i>Cerris</i>), including oaks that diversified in Eurasia; and the New World clade (subgenus <i>Quercus</i>), oaks that diversified mainly in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manos_Hipp_2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manos_Hipp_2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subgenus_Quercus">Subgenus <i>Quercus</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subgenus Quercus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus" title="Quercus subg. Quercus"><i>Quercus</i> subg. <i>Quercus</i></a></div> <ul><li>Sect. <i>Lobatae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> <i>Erythrobalanus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Erythrobalanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrobalanus">red oaks</a> of North America, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Styles</a> are long; the acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. The actual nut is encased in a thin, clinging, papery skin. The leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with spiny bristles at the lobe.<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sect. <i>Protobalanus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Protobalanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Protobalanus">canyon live oak and its relatives</a>, in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and northwest <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Styles are short; the acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. The leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sect. <i>Ponticae,</i> a disjunct including just two species. Styles are short, and the acorns mature in 12 months. The leaves have large <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>, high secondary veins, and are highly toothed.<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sect. <i>Virentes,</i> the southern live oaks of the Americas. Styles are short, and the acorns mature in 12 months. The leaves are evergreen or subevergreen.<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sect. <i>Quercus</i> (synonyms <i>Lepidobalanus</i> and <i>Leucobalanus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Lepidobalanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidobalanus">white oaks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and North America. Trees or shrubs that produce nuts, specifically acorns, as fruits. Acorns mature in one year for annual trees and two years for biannual trees. Acorn is encapsulated by a spiny cupule as characterized by the family Fagaceae. Flowers in the <i>Quercus</i> genera produce one flower per node, with three or six styles, as well as three or six <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovaries</a>, respectively. The leaves mostly lack a bristle on their lobe tips, which are usually rounded. The type species is <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subgenus_Cerris">Subgenus <i>Cerris</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subgenus Cerris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Cerris" title="Quercus subg. Cerris"><i>Quercus</i> subg. <i>Cerris</i></a></div> <p>The type species is <i>Quercus cerris</i>. </p> <ul><li>Sect. <i>Cyclobalanopsis,</i> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quercus_species#Section_Cyclobalanopsis" title="List of Quercus species">ring-cupped oaks</a> of eastern and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. These are evergreen trees growing 10–40 metres (33–131 feet) tall. They are distinct from subgenus <i>Quercus</i> in that they have acorns with distinctive cups bearing concrescent rings of scales; they commonly also have densely clustered acorns, though this does not apply to all of the species. Species of <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i> are common in the evergreen subtropical <a href="/wiki/Laurel_forest" title="Laurel forest">laurel forests</a>, which extend from southern Japan, southern Korea, and Taiwan across southern China and northern Indochina to the eastern Himalayas, in association with trees of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Castanopsis" title="Castanopsis">Castanopsis</a></i> and the laurel family (<a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sect. <i>Cerris</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Cerris" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerris">Turkey oak and its relatives</a> of Europe and Asia. Styles are long; acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn's shell is hairless. Its leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sect. <i>Ilex,</i> the Ilex oak and its relatives of Eurasia and northern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Styles are medium-long; acorns mature in 12–24 months, appearing hairy on the inside. The leaves are evergreen, with bristle-like extensions on the teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_leafroller_larvae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Oak_leafroller_larvae.png/180px-Oak_leafroller_larvae.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Oak_leafroller_larvae.png/270px-Oak_leafroller_larvae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Oak_leafroller_larvae.png/360px-Oak_leafroller_larvae.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Caterpillars of the North American oak leafroller, <i><a href="/wiki/Archips_semiferanus" title="Archips semiferanus">Archips semiferanus</a></i>, can defoliate oak forests.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oaks are <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> in a wide range of habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical rainforest. They are important components of hardwood forests; some species grow in associations with members of the <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oak%E2%80%93heath_forest" title="Oak–heath forest">oak–heath forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffles</a>, including two well-known varieties – black <a href="/wiki/Tuber_melanosporum" title="Tuber melanosporum">Périgord truffle</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the white Piedmont truffle<sup id="cite_ref-r13_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r13-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – have symbiotic relationships with oak trees. Similarly, many other fungi, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ramaria_flavosaponaria" title="Ramaria flavosaponaria">Ramaria flavosaponaria</a></i>, associate with oaks.<sup id="cite_ref-Nirschl_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nirschl-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersen_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oaks support more than 950 species of caterpillars, an important food source for many birds.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mature oak trees shed widely varying numbers of acorns (known collectively as mast) annually, with large quantities in <a href="/wiki/Mast_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast (botany)">mast years</a>. This may be a <a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">predator satiation</a> strategy, increasing the chance that some acorns will survive to germination.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdziewicz_Marino_Bonal_Zwolak_2018_pp._2575–2582_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdziewicz_Marino_Bonal_Zwolak_2018_pp._2575–2582-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_jay_(32648148027)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Eurasian_jay_%2832648148027%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Eurasian_jay_%2832648148027%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Eurasian_jay_%2832648148027%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Eurasian_jay_%2832648148027%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Eurasian_jay_%2832648148027%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Eurasian_jay_%2832648148027%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">Jays</a> feed on acorns and help to <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">disperse these seeds</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals including <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a><sup id="cite_ref-Steele_Yi_2020_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele_Yi_2020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and jays – <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_jay" title="Eurasian jay">Eurasian jays</a> in the Old World, <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jays</a> in North America – feed on acorns, and are important agents of <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a> as they carry the acorns away and bury many of them as food stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrus_Szabo_2020_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrus_Szabo_2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enroth_2022_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enroth_2022-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bossema_1979_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossema_1979-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some species of squirrel selectively excise the embryos from the acorns that they store, meaning that the food store lasts longer and that the acorns will never germinate.<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_Yi_2020_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele_Yi_2020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybridisation">Hybridisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hybridisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_stellata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Quercus_stellata.jpg/200px-Quercus_stellata.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Quercus_stellata.jpg/300px-Quercus_stellata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Quercus_stellata.jpg/400px-Quercus_stellata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>A hybrid white oak, possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Post_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Post oak">Quercus stellata</a></i> × <i><a href="/wiki/Chinkapin_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinkapin oak">Q. muehlenbergii</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Interspecific_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interspecific hybridization">Interspecific hybridization</a> is quite common among oaks, but usually between species within the same section only,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most common in the white oak group. White oaks cannot discriminate against pollination by other species in the same section. Because they are <a href="/wiki/Wind_pollinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind pollinated">wind pollinated</a> and have weak internal barriers to hybridization, hybridization produces functional seeds and fertile hybrid offspring. Ecological stresses, especially near habitat margins, can also cause a breakdown of mate recognition as well as a reduction of male function (pollen quantity and quality) in one parent species.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequent hybridization among oaks has consequences for oak populations around the world; most notably, hybridization has produced large populations of hybrids with much <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of new species.<sup id="cite_ref-r2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introgression has caused different species in the same populations to share up to 50% of their genetic information.<sup id="cite_ref-r3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, genetic data often does not differentiate between clearly morphologically distinct species, but instead differentiates populations.<sup id="cite_ref-r4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maintenance of particular loci for adaptation to ecological niches may explain the retention of species identity despite significant gene flow.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a>, or beech family, to which the oaks belong, is a slowly-evolving <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> compared to other <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in <i>Quercus</i> pose a significant challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Species_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Species concept">concept of a species</a> as a group of "actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups."<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2005_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this definition, many species of <i>Quercus</i> would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and genetic data.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2005_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_pests">Diseases and pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diseases and pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_Mildew.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oak_Mildew.JPG/220px-Oak_Mildew.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oak_Mildew.JPG/330px-Oak_Mildew.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oak_Mildew.JPG/440px-Oak_Mildew.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Oak <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> on pedunculate oak, caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Erysiphe_alphitoides" title="Erysiphe alphitoides">Erysiphe alphitoides</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Oaks are affected by a large number of pests and diseases. For instance, <i>Q. robur</i> and <i>Q. petraea</i> in Britain host 423 insect species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_Southwood_1984_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_Southwood_1984-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This diversity includes 106 <a href="/wiki/Macrolepidoptera" title="Macrolepidoptera">macro-moths</a>, 83 <a href="/wiki/Microlepidoptera" title="Microlepidoptera">micro-moths</a>, 67 <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, 53 <a href="/wiki/Cynipoidea" title="Cynipoidea">cynipoidean</a> wasps, 38 <a href="/wiki/Heteroptera" title="Heteroptera">heteropteran</a> bugs, 21 <a href="/wiki/Auchenorrhyncha" title="Auchenorrhyncha">auchenorrhynchan</a> bugs, 17 <a href="/wiki/Sawfly" title="Sawfly">sawflies</a>, and 15 <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_Southwood_1984_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_Southwood_1984-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insect numbers are seasonal: in spring, chewing insects such as caterpillars become numerous, followed by insects with sucking mouthparts such as aphids, then by <a href="/wiki/Leaf_miner" title="Leaf miner">leaf miners</a>, and finally by gall wasps such as <i><a href="/wiki/Neuroterus" title="Neuroterus">Neuroterus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildews</a> affect oak species. In Europe, the species <i><a href="/wiki/Erysiphe_alphitoides" title="Erysiphe alphitoides">Erysiphe alphitoides</a></i> is the most common.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reduces the ability of leaves to photosynthesize, and infected leaves are shed early.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajji_Dreyer_2009_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajji_Dreyer_2009-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another significant threat, the <a href="/wiki/Oak_processionary" title="Oak processionary">oak processionary</a> moth (<i>Thaumetopoea processionea</i>), has emerged in the UK since 2006. The caterpillars of this species defoliate the trees and are hazardous to human health; their bodies are covered with poisonous hairs which can cause rashes and respiratory problems.<sup id="cite_ref-forestry_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestry-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little-understood disease of mature oaks, <a href="/wiki/Acute_oak_decline" title="Acute oak decline">acute oak decline</a>, has affected the UK since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, goldspotted oak borer (<i><a href="/wiki/Agrilus_auroguttatus" title="Agrilus auroguttatus">Agrilus auroguttatus</a></i>) has destroyed many oak trees,<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while sudden oak death, caused by the <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycete</a> pathogen <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_ramorum" title="Phytophthora ramorum">Phytophthora ramorum</a></i>, has devastated oaks in California and Oregon, and is present in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_Societies_2008_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Societies_2008-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese oak wilt, caused by the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Raffaelea_quercivora" title="Raffaelea quercivora">Raffaelea quercivora</a></i>, has rapidly killed trees across Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuroda_Yamada_1996_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuroda_Yamada_1996-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gall_communities">Gall communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gall communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Gall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">Gall wasp</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Galls" class="mw-redirect" title="Galls">galls</a> are found on oak leaves, buds, flowers, and roots. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Oak_artichoke_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak artichoke gall">oak artichoke gall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_marble_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak marble gall">oak marble gall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_apple" title="Oak apple">oak apple</a> gall, <a href="/wiki/Knopper_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopper gall">knopper gall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurotus_quercus-baccarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotus quercus-baccarum">spangle gall</a>. These galls are the handiwork of tiny wasps from the <a href="/wiki/Cynipidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynipidae">Cynipidae</a>. In a complex ecological relationship, these gall wasps become hosts to <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a>—primarily from the order <a href="/wiki/Chalcidoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</a>—which lay their larvae inside the gall wasps, ultimately leading to the hosts' demise. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Inquiline" title="Inquiline">inquilines</a> live <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensally</a> within the galls without harming the gall wasps.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallrazorback.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oak apple gall on Quercus garryana"><img alt="Oak apple gall on Quercus garryana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gallrazorback.jpg/175px-Gallrazorback.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gallrazorback.jpg/262px-Gallrazorback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gallrazorback.jpg/349px-Gallrazorback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oak apple gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_garryana" title="Quercus garryana">Quercus garryana</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_apples_on_oak_leaf_and_in_cross_section.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oak apples on oak leaf"><img alt="Oak apples on oak leaf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oak_apples_on_oak_leaf_and_in_cross_section.JPG/240px-Oak_apples_on_oak_leaf_and_in_cross_section.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oak_apples_on_oak_leaf_and_in_cross_section.JPG/360px-Oak_apples_on_oak_leaf_and_in_cross_section.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oak_apples_on_oak_leaf_and_in_cross_section.JPG/480px-Oak_apples_on_oak_leaf_and_in_cross_section.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oak apples on oak leaf</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biorhiza_pallida_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biorhiza pallida male, the cause of oak apple galls"><img alt="Biorhiza pallida male, the cause of oak apple galls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Biorhiza_pallida_male.jpg/193px-Biorhiza_pallida_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Biorhiza_pallida_male.jpg/289px-Biorhiza_pallida_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Biorhiza_pallida_male.jpg/386px-Biorhiza_pallida_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="2002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Biorhiza_pallida" title="Biorhiza pallida">Biorhiza pallida</a></i> male, the cause of oak apple galls</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leaves and acorns of oaks are poisonous to <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, if eaten in large amounts, due to the toxin <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a>, which causes kidney damage and <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_Naylor_Knowles_Mair_2014_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Naylor_Knowles_Mair_2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pig</a>, which, under the right conditions, may be fed entirely on acorns,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has traditionally been pastured in oak woodlands (such as the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa_(pastoral_management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehesa (pastoral management)">dehesa</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the English system of <a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans can eat acorns after <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leaching</a> out the tannins in water.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timber">Timber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Timber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charpente_eglise_Saint-Girons_Monein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Charpente_eglise_Saint-Girons_Monein.jpg/170px-Charpente_eglise_Saint-Girons_Monein.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Charpente_eglise_Saint-Girons_Monein.jpg/255px-Charpente_eglise_Saint-Girons_Monein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Charpente_eglise_Saint-Girons_Monein.jpg/340px-Charpente_eglise_Saint-Girons_Monein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Heart of oak <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beams</a> of the frame of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Girons" title="Église Saint-Girons">Église Saint-Girons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monein" title="Monein">Monein</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Oak timber is a strong and hard wood with many uses, such as for <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, floors, building frames, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wood of a red oak <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_cerris" title="Quercus cerris">Quercus cerris</a></i> (the Turkey oak) has better mechanical properties than those of the white oaks <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_petraea" title="Quercus petraea">Q. petraea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Q. robur</a></i>; the heartwood and sapwood have similar <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">mechanical properties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the North American red oaks, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_red_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern red oak">northern red oak</a>, <i>Quercus rubra</i>, is highly prized for lumber.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wood is resistant to insect and fungal attack.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood from <i>Q. robur</i> and <i>Q. petraea</i> was used in Europe for <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, especially of naval <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">men of war</a>, until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hill states of India such as <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, along with being used for fuelwood and timber, oak wood is used for <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_implement" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural implement">agricultural implements</a>, while the leaves serve as <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> for livestock during lean periods.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_traditional_products">Other traditional products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other traditional products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oak_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak bark">Oak bark</a>, with its high tannin content, was traditionally used in the Old World for <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oak <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">galls</a> were used for centuries as a main ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">iron gall ink</a> for manuscripts, harvested at a specific time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Korea, <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawtooth oak">sawtooth oak</a> bark is used to make <a href="/wiki/Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a> for <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_roof_construction" title="Traditional Korean roof construction">traditional roof construction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeon_2016_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeon_2016-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dried bark of the white oak was used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medical preparations</a>; its tannic acid content made it astringent and antiseptic.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acorns have been ground to make a flour,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and roasted for acorn coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel (storage)">Barrels</a> for <a href="/wiki/Aging_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging barrel">aging</a> wines, <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>, and spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a> are made from oak, with <a href="/wiki/Single_barrel_whiskey" title="Single barrel whiskey">single barrel malt whiskies</a> fetching a premium.<sup id="cite_ref-Piggott_2003_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piggott_2003-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak in wine</a> adds a range of flavours. Oak barrels, which may be charred before use, contribute to their contents' colour, taste, and aroma, imparting a desirable oaky <a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">vanillin</a> flavour. A dilemma for wine producers is to choose between French and American oakwoods. French oaks (<i>Quercus robur</i>, <i>Q. petraea</i>) give greater refinement and are chosen for the best, most expensive wines. American oak contributes greater texture and resistance to ageing, but produces a more powerful bouquet.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oak wood chips are used for <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a> foods such as fish, meat, and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Varlet_Prost_Serot_2007_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varlet_Prost_Serot_2007-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> is celebrated with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kashiwa-mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashiwa-mochi">Kashiwa-mochi</a></i></span> rice cakes, filled with a sweet red bean paste, and wrapped in a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kashiwa</i></span> oak leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bark of the <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">cork oak</a> is used to produce cork stoppers for <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> bottles. This species grows around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> produce most of the world's supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Amorim_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amorim-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acorns of various oak species have been used as food for millennia, in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and among the native peoples of North America. In North Africa, acorns have been pressed to make acorn oil: the <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">oil</a> content can be as high as 30%. Oaks have also been used as <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>, both leaves and acorns being fed to livestock such as pigs. Given their high tannin content, acorns have often been leached to remove tannins before use as fodder.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherry_cellar,_Solera_system,_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sherry maturing in oak barrels"><img alt="Sherry maturing in oak barrels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sherry_cellar%2C_Solera_system%2C_2003.jpg/200px-Sherry_cellar%2C_Solera_system%2C_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sherry_cellar%2C_Solera_system%2C_2003.jpg/300px-Sherry_cellar%2C_Solera_system%2C_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sherry_cellar%2C_Solera_system%2C_2003.jpg/400px-Sherry_cellar%2C_Solera_system%2C_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a> maturing in <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel (storage)">oak barrels</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cork_oak_trunk_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cross section of the trunk of a cork oak, Quercus suber, showing the thick spongy bark used for making wine bottle corks"><img alt="A cross section of the trunk of a cork oak, Quercus suber, showing the thick spongy bark used for making wine bottle corks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cork_oak_trunk_section.jpg/200px-Cork_oak_trunk_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cork_oak_trunk_section.jpg/300px-Cork_oak_trunk_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cork_oak_trunk_section.jpg/400px-Cork_oak_trunk_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cross section of the trunk of a <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">cork oak</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_suber" title="Quercus suber">Quercus suber</a></i>, showing the thick spongy bark used for making wine bottle corks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashiwa-mochi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kashiwa-mochi rice cake wrapped in oak leaf, Japan"><img alt="Kashiwa-mochi rice cake wrapped in oak leaf, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kashiwa-mochi.jpg/200px-Kashiwa-mochi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kashiwa-mochi.jpg/300px-Kashiwa-mochi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kashiwa-mochi.jpg/400px-Kashiwa-mochi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kashiwa-mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashiwa-mochi">Kashiwa-mochi</a> rice cake wrapped in oak leaf, Japan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An estimated 31% of the world's oak species are threatened with extinction, while 41% of oak species are considered to be of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation concern</a>. The countries with the highest numbers of threatened oak species (as of 2020) are China with 36 species, Mexico with 32 species, Vietnam with 20 species, and the US with 16 species. Leading causes are <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive pests</a> in the US, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Himalayan region of India, oak forests are being invaded by pine trees due to global warming. The associated pine forest species may cross frontiers and integrate into the oak forests.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the past 200 years, large areas of oak forest in the highlands of Mexico, Central America, and the northern Andes have been cleared for <a href="/wiki/Coffee_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee plantation">coffee plantations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">cattle ranching</a>. There is a continuing threat to these forests from exploitation for timber, fuelwood, and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, entire oak ecosystems have declined due to a combination of factors thought to include fire suppression, increased consumption of acorns by growing mammal populations, herbivory of seedlings, and introduced pests.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, disturbance-tolerant oaks may have benefited from grazers like <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a>, and suffered when the bison were removed following <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchmough_Vera_2002_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchmough_Vera_2002-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The oak features in many coats of arms, such as <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">that of Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Estonian_Institute_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estonian_Institute-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The oak is a widely used symbol of strength and <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leroy_Plomion_Kremer_2019_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leroy_Plomion_Kremer_2019-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/National_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="National tree">national tree</a> of many countries,<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_2012_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables_2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the US,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quercus_alnifolia" title="Quercus alnifolia">golden oak</a>), <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_2012_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables_2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland's fifth-largest city, <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, is named for the tree, from <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Doire</i>, meaning 'oak'.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oak branches are displayed on some German coins, both of the former <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oak leaves symbolize <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">rank</a> in armed forces including those <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">of the United States</a>. Arrangements of oak leaves, acorns, and sprigs indicate different branches of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_staff_corps" title="United States Navy staff corps">United States Navy staff corps</a> officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Websters_Online_Dictionary_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Websters_Online_Dictionary-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oak tree is used as a symbol by several political parties and organisations. It is the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formerly of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r9_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r9-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C4%ABdnieku_di%C5%BEozols.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gr%C4%ABdnieku_di%C5%BEozols.JPG/220px-Gr%C4%ABdnieku_di%C5%BEozols.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gr%C4%ABdnieku_di%C5%BEozols.JPG/330px-Gr%C4%ABdnieku_di%C5%BEozols.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gr%C4%ABdnieku_di%C5%BEozols.JPG/440px-Gr%C4%ABdnieku_di%C5%BEozols.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Grīdnieku ancient oak in Rumbas parish, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, girth 8.27 metres (27.1 ft) 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> tribes worshiped the oak and connected it with a <a href="/wiki/Thunder_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunder god">thunder god</a>, and this tradition descended to many classical cultures. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the oak is the tree sacred to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, king of the gods. In Zeus's <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, the sacred oak was the centerpiece of the precinct, and the priests would <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divine</a> the pronouncements of the god by interpreting the rustling of the oak's leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortals who destroyed such trees were said to be punished by the gods since the ancient Greeks believed beings called <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">hamadryads</a> inhabited them.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell1790_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell1790-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic mythology</a>, the oak was sacred to the thunder gods <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnas" title="Perkūnas">Perkūnas</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a>, the name <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druid</a>, Celtic priest, is connected to Proto-Indo-European <i>*deru</i>, meaning oak or tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veneration of the oak survives in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> tradition. <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebrations include the <a href="/wiki/Badnjak_(Serbian)" title="Badnjak (Serbian)"><i>badnjak</i></a>, a branch taken from a young and straight oak ceremonially felled early on Christmas Eve morning, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">yule log</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">List of individual trees</a></div> <dl><dd>Category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_oak_trees" title="Category:Individual oak trees"><i>Individual oak trees</i></a></dd></dl> <p>Several oak trees hold cultural importance; such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Oak (tree)">Royal Oak</a> in Britain,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Charter_Oak" title="Charter Oak">Charter Oak</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Guernica_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica oak">Guernica oak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ElMundoTrees_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundoTrees-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/The_Proscribed_Royalist,_1651" title="The Proscribed Royalist, 1651">The Proscribed Royalist, 1651</a>", a famous painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, depicts a <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a> hiding in an oak tree while fleeing from <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell's</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, a crown of oak leaves was given to those who had saved the life of a citizen in battle; it was called the "<a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">Civic Crown</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 17th century poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_(poem)" title="The Garden (poem)">The Garden</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a> critiqued the desire to be awarded such a leafy crown: "How vainly men themselves amaze / To win the <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a>, the oak, or <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">bays</a>; And their uncessant labors see / Crowned from some single herb or tree, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New World sections are <i>Protobalanus</i>, <i>Lobatae</i>, <i>Ponticae</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, and <i>Virentes</i>. Old World sections are <i>Cerris</i>, <i>Ilex</i> and <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The North American sections are <i>Protobalanus</i>, <i>Lobatae</i>, <i>Ponticae</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, and <i>Virentes</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Central American sections are <i>Virentes</i>, <i>Quercus</i> and <i>Lobatae</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The European sections are <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Cerris</i> and <i>Ilex</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The West/Central Asian sections are <i>Ponticae</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Cerris</i> and <i>Ilex</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Southeast Asian sections are <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i>, <i>Cerris</i> and <i>Ilex</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The East Asian sections are <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Cerris</i>, <i>Ilex</i> and <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/quercus">"Quercus (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Quercus+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fquercus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1993" class="citation book cs1">Mills, A. D. (1993) [1991]. <i>A Dictionary of English Place-Names</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283131-6"><bdi>978-0-19-283131-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Place-Names&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283131-6&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/oak">"Quercus (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Quercus+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Foak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad2011" class="citation web cs1">Conrad, Jim (12 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104064011/http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_bloak.htm">"Oak Flowers"</a>. <i>Backyardnature.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_bloak.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Backyardnature.com&rft.atitle=Oak+Flowers&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backyardnature.net%2Ffl_bloak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTull1999" class="citation book cs1">Tull, Delena (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnnHgcasN-cC&pg=PA102"><i>Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest: A Practical Guide</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2927-8164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2927-8164-1"><bdi>978-0-2927-8164-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215071946/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnnHgcasN-cC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+and+Useful+Plants+of+Texas+and+the+Southwest%3A+A+Practical+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-2927-8164-1&rft.aulast=Tull&rft.aufirst=Delena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnnHgcasN-cC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHipp2004" class="citation book cs1">Hipp, Andrew (2004). <i>Oak Trees Inside and Out</i>. Rosen Publishing. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oak+Trees+Inside+and+Out&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hipp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325819-2">"<i>Quercus</i> L."</a> <i>Plants of the World Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Quercus+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A325819-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Core-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Core_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCore" class="citation web cs1">Core, Earl L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/other/oak_sym/oak_symposium_proceedings_019.pdf">"Silvical Characteristics of the Five Upland Oaks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 19–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silvical+Characteristics+of+the+Five+Upland+Oaks&rft.pages=19-22&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Core&rft.aufirst=Earl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrs.fs.usda.gov%2Fpubs%2Fother%2Foak_sym%2Foak_symposium_proceedings_019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorov2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Todorov, Radoslav (30 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chr.bg/zhivot/znaete-li-koi-sa-naj-starite-zhivi-organizmi/">"Знаете ли кои са най-старите живи организми?"</a> [Do you know which are the oldest living organisms?]. <i>Chronicle.B</i> (in Bulgarian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle.B&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%3F&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft.aulast=Todorov&rft.aufirst=Radoslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchr.bg%2Fzhivot%2Fznaete-li-koi-sa-naj-starite-zhivi-organizmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hardwoodsgroup.com/the-largest-oak-trees-in-the-world/">"The Largest Oak Trees in the World"</a>. <i>Hardwoods Group</i>. 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardwoods+Group&rft.atitle=The+Largest+Oak+Trees+in+the+World&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhardwoodsgroup.com%2Fthe-largest-oak-trees-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanWatson" class="citation web cs1">Gilman, Edward F.; Watson, Dennis G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST539">"<i>Quercus acuta</i>: Japanese Evergreen Oak"</a>. IFAS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quercus+acuta%3A+Japanese+Evergreen+Oak&rft.pub=IFAS&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Edward+F.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Dennis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedis.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fpublication%2FST539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_Yang_Tian_Yang_2023_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuYangTianYang2023" class="citation cs2">Liu, Shuiyin; Yang, Yingying; Tian, Qin; et al. (28 April 2023), <i>Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal Widespread Gene Flow During the Early Radiation of Oaks and Relatives (Fagaceae: Quercoideae)</i>, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2023.04.25.538215">10.1101/2023.04.25.538215</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258428911">258428911</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogenomic+Analyses+Reveal+Widespread+Gene+Flow+During+the+Early+Radiation+of+Oaks+and+Relatives+%28Fagaceae%3A+Quercoideae%29&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F2023.04.25.538215&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258428911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shuiyin&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yingying&rft.au=Tian%2C+Qin&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zhiyun&rft.au=Li%2C+Shufeng&rft.au=Valdes%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Farnsworth%2C+Alex&rft.au=Kates%2C+Heather+R.&rft.au=Siniscalchi%2C+Carolina+M.&rft.au=Guralnick%2C+Robert+P.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Stull%2C+Gregory+W.&rft.au=Folk%2C+Ryan+A.&rft.au=Yi%2C+Tingshuang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogan, C. Michael (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oak">"Oak"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523173442/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oak">Archived</a> 23 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ed. Arthur Dawson. <i>Encyclopedia of Earth</i>. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nixon_2006-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nixon_2006_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nixon_2006_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon2006" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Kevin C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226843540">"Global and neotropical distribution and diversity of oak (genus <i>Quercus</i>) and oak forests"</a>. <i>Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests</i>. Springer. pp. 3–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+and+neotropical+distribution+and+diversity+of+oak+%28genus+Quercus%29+and+oak+forests&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+conservation+of+neotropical+montane+oak+forests&rft.pages=3-13&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F226843540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooghiemstra_2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooghiemstra_2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooghiemstra2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooghiemstra, H. (2006). "Immigration of Oak into Northern South America: A Paleo-Ecological Document". <i>Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests</i>. Springer. pp. 17–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immigration+of+Oak+into+Northern+South+America%3A+A+Paleo-Ecological+Document&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+conservation+of+neotropical+montane+oak+forests&rft.pages=17-28&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hooghiemstra&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jablonski, Eike (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationaloaksociety.org/content/international-oaks-no-10-2000">"Among the Oaks of Borneo and Java"</a>. <i>International Oaks</i> (10, Spring 2000).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Oaks&rft.atitle=Among+the+Oaks+of+Borneo+and+Java&rft.issue=10%2C+Spring+2000&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Eike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationaloaksociety.org%2Fcontent%2Finternational-oaks-no-10-2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrónAveryanovaKvačekMomohara2017" class="citation cs2">Barrón, Eduardo; Averyanova, Anna; Kvaček, Zlatko; et al. (2017), Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, José Javier; Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.), "The Fossil History of <i>Quercus</i>", <i>Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L.</i>, Tree Physiology, vol. 7, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 39–105, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-69099-5_3">10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F277765">10261/277765</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69098-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69098-8"><bdi>978-3-319-69098-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oaks+Physiological+Ecology.+Exploring+the+Functional+Diversity+of+Genus+Quercus+L.&rft.atitle=The+Fossil+History+of+Quercus&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=39-105&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F277765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-69099-5_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-69098-8&rft.aulast=Barr%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Averyanova%2C+Anna&rft.au=Kva%C4%8Dek%2C+Zlatko&rft.au=Momohara%2C+Arata&rft.au=Pigg%2C+Kathleen+B.&rft.au=Popova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Postigo-Mijarra%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Tiffney%2C+Bruce+H.&rft.au=Utescher%2C+Torsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manos_Cannon_Oh_2008-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manos_Cannon_Oh_2008_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManosCannonOh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Manos, Paul S.; Cannon, Charles H.; Oh, Sang-Hun (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/168898">"Phylogenetic Relationships and Taxonomic Status Of the Paleoendemic Fagaceae Of Western North America: Recognition Of A New Genus, Notholithocarpus"</a>. <i>Madroño</i>. <b>55</b> (3). California Botanical Society: 181–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3120%2F0024-9637-55.3.181">10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-9637">0024-9637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85671229">85671229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madro%C3%B1o&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+Relationships+and+Taxonomic+Status+Of+the+Paleoendemic+Fagaceae+Of+Western+North+America%3A+Recognition+Of+A+New+Genus%2C+Notholithocarpus&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-190&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85671229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0024-9637&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3120%2F0024-9637-55.3.181&rft.aulast=Manos&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Cannon%2C+Charles+H.&rft.au=Oh%2C+Sang-Hun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F168898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiang_Wang_Li_2014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xiang_Wang_Li_2014_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiangWangLiLin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Xiang, Xiao-Guo; Wang, Wei; Li, Rui-Qi; et al. (2014). "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene". <i>Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics</i>. <b>16</b> (3). Elsevier BV: 101–110. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PPEES..16..101X">2014PPEES..16..101X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ppees.2014.03.001">10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1433-8319">1433-8319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+in+Plant+Ecology%2C+Evolution+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=Large-scale+phylogenetic+analyses+reveal+fagalean+diversification+promoted+by+the+interplay+of+diaspores+and+environments+in+the+Paleogene&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=101-110&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1433-8319&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ppees.2014.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PPEES..16..101X&rft.aulast=Xiang&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Guo&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wei&rft.au=Li%2C+Rui-Qi&rft.au=Lin%2C+Li&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yang&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Zhe-Kun&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhen-Yu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhi-Duan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManosZhouCannon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Manos, Paul S.; Zhou, Zhe-Kun; Cannon, Charles H. (2001). "Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenetic Tests of Reproductive Trait Evolution". <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>162</b> (6): 1361–1379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F322949">10.1086/322949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/322949">10.1086/322949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85925622">85925622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+Fagaceae%3A+Phylogenetic+Tests+of+Reproductive+Trait+Evolution&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1361-1379&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85925622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F322949%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F322949&rft.aulast=Manos&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Zhe-Kun&rft.au=Cannon%2C+Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippManosGonzález-RodríguezHahn2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hipp, Andrew L.; Manos, Paul S.; González-Rodríguez, Antonio; et al. (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.14773">"Sympatric parallel diversification of major oak clades in the Americas and the origins of Mexican species diversity"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>217</b> (1): 439–452. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NewPh.217..439H">2018NewPh.217..439H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.14773">10.1111/nph.14773</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10161%2F15608">10161/15608</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28921530">28921530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Sympatric+parallel+diversification+of+major+oak+clades+in+the+Americas+and+the+origins+of+Mexican+species+diversity&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=439-452&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10161%2F15608&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28921530&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.14773&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NewPh.217..439H&rft.aulast=Hipp&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Manos%2C+Paul+S.&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Marlene&rft.au=Kaproth%2C+Matthew&rft.au=McVay%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Avalos%2C+Susana+Valencia&rft.au=Cavender-Bares%2C+Jeannine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnph.14773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubertGrimmJousselinBerry2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hubert, François; Grimm, Guido W.; Jousselin, Emmanuelle; et al. (2 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Multiple_nuclear_genes_stabilize_the_phylogenetic_backbone_of_the_genus_i_Quercus_i_/1128657">"Multiple nuclear genes stabilize the phylogenetic backbone of the genus <i>Quercus</i>"</a>. <i>Systematics and Biodiversity</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 405–423. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SyBio..12..405H">2014SyBio..12..405H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772000.2014.941037">10.1080/14772000.2014.941037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2000">1477-2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85604759">85604759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematics+and+Biodiversity&rft.atitle=Multiple+nuclear+genes+stabilize+the+phylogenetic+backbone+of+the+genus+Quercus&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405-423&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14772000.2014.941037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85604759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014SyBio..12..405H&rft.aulast=Hubert&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Grimm%2C+Guido+W.&rft.au=Jousselin%2C+Emmanuelle&rft.au=Berry%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Franc%2C+Alain&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fdataset%2FMultiple_nuclear_genes_stabilize_the_phylogenetic_backbone_of_the_genus_i_Quercus_i_%2F1128657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlomionAuryAmselemAlaeitabar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Plomion, Christophe; Aury, Jean-Marc; Amselem, Joëlle; et al. (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1755-0998.12425">"Decoding the oak genome: public release of sequence data, assembly, annotation and publication strategies"</a>. <i>Molecular Ecology Resources</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 254–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1755-0998.12425">10.1111/1755-0998.12425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25944057">25944057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42715997">42715997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology+Resources&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+oak+genome%3A+public+release+of+sequence+data%2C+assembly%2C+annotation+and+publication+strategies&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=254-265&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42715997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25944057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1755-0998.12425&rft.aulast=Plomion&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.au=Aury%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Amselem%2C+Jo%C3%ABlle&rft.au=Alaeitabar%2C+Tina&rft.au=Barbe%2C+Val%C3%A9rie&rft.au=Belser%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Berg%C3%A8s%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Bod%C3%A9n%C3%A8s%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Boudet%2C+Nathalie&rft.au=Boury%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Canaguier%2C+Aur%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1755-0998.12425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlomionAuryAmselemLeroy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Plomion, Christophe; Aury, Jean-Marc; Amselem, Joëlle; Leroy, Thibault; Murat, Florent; Duplessis, Sébastien; Faye, Sébastien; Francillonne, Nicolas; Labadie, Karine; Le Provost, Grégoire; Lesur, Isabelle (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6086335">"Oak genome reveals facets of long lifespan"</a>. <i>Nature Plants</i>. <b>4</b> (7): 440–452. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatPl...4..440P">2018NatPl...4..440P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-018-0172-3">10.1038/s41477-018-0172-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6086335">6086335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29915331">29915331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Plants&rft.atitle=Oak+genome+reveals+facets+of+long+lifespan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=440-452&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6086335%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29915331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41477-018-0172-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatPl...4..440P&rft.aulast=Plomion&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.au=Aury%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Amselem%2C+Jo%C3%ABlle&rft.au=Leroy%2C+Thibault&rft.au=Murat%2C+Florent&rft.au=Duplessis%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Faye%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Francillonne%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Labadie%2C+Karine&rft.au=Le+Provost%2C+Gr%C3%A9goire&rft.au=Lesur%2C+Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6086335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippManosHahnAvishai2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hipp, Andrew L.; Manos, Paul S.; Hahn, Marlene; et al. (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.16162">"Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>226</b> (4): 1198–1212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.16162">10.1111/nph.16162</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31609470">31609470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Genomic+landscape+of+the+global+oak+phylogeny&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1198-1212&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.16162&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31609470&rft.aulast=Hipp&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Manos%2C+Paul+S.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Marlene&rft.au=Avishai%2C+Michael&rft.au=Bod%C3%A9n%C3%A8s%2C+Cath%C3%A9rine&rft.au=Cavender-Bares%2C+Jeannine&rft.au=Crowl%2C+Andrew+A.&rft.au=Deng%2C+Min&rft.au=Denk%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Fitz-Gibbon%2C+Sorel&rft.au=Gailing%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnph.16162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardoMaquedaPérez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pardo, Francisco M. Vázquez; Maqueda, Soledad Ramos; Pérez, Esperanza Doncel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationaloaksociety.org/sites/default/files//files/IO/IOS%20Journal%20%2313/International%20Oaks%20No.%2013%20-%20Quercus%20ilex%20L.%20and%20Quercus%20rotundifolia%20Lam.-%20Two%20Different%20Species%20-%20Franciso%20M.%20V%C3%A1zquez%20Pardo%2C%20Soledad%20Ramos%20Maqueda%2C%20Esperanza%20Doncel%20P%C3%A9rez.pdf">"<i>Quercus ilex</i> L. and <i>Quercus rotundifolia</i> Lam.: Two Different Species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Oaks</i> (13): 9–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Oaks&rft.atitle=Quercus+ilex+L.+and+Quercus+rotundifolia+Lam.%3A+Two+Different+Species&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=9-14&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Pardo&rft.aufirst=Francisco+M.+V%C3%A1zquez&rft.au=Maqueda%2C+Soledad+Ramos&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+Esperanza+Doncel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationaloaksociety.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Ffiles%2FIO%2FIOS%2520Journal%2520%252313%2FInternational%2520Oaks%2520No.%252013%2520-%2520Quercus%2520ilex%2520L.%2520and%2520Quercus%2520rotundifolia%2520Lam.-%2520Two%2520Different%2520Species%2520-%2520Franciso%2520M.%2520V%25C3%25A1zquez%2520Pardo%252C%2520Soledad%2520Ramos%2520Maqueda%252C%2520Esperanza%2520Doncel%2520P%25C3%25A9rez.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIamonicoPeruzzi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Iamonico, Duilio; Peruzzi, Lorenzo (2013). "Lectotypification of Linnaean Names in the Genus <i>Quercus</i> (Fagaceae)". <i>Taxon</i>. <b>62</b> (5): 1041–1045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12705%2F625.5">10.12705/625.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/taxon.62.5.1041">taxon.62.5.1041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Lectotypification+of+Linnaean+Names+in+the+Genus+Quercus+%28Fagaceae%29&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1041-1045&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12705%2F625.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ftaxon.62.5.1041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Iamonico&rft.aufirst=Duilio&rft.au=Peruzzi%2C+Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixonCarpenterStevenson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nixon, Kevin C.; Carpenter, James M.; Stevenson, Dennis W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamarck.unl.edu/systematics/papers-pdf/BotRev691_111-120.pdf">"The PhyloCode is fatally flawed, and the 'Linnaean' system can easily be fixed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Botanical Review</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 111–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0006-8101%282003%29069%5B0111%3ATPIFFA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0111:TPIFFA]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43477057">43477057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Botanical+Review&rft.atitle=The+PhyloCode+is+fatally+flawed%2C+and+the+%27Linnaean%27+system+can+easily+be+fixed&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-120&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1663%2F0006-8101%282003%29069%5B0111%3ATPIFFA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43477057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Dennis+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flamarck.unl.edu%2Fsystematics%2Fpapers-pdf%2FBotRev691_111-120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenkGrimManoDeng17-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenkGrimManoDeng17_36-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenkGrimmManosDeng2017" class="citation cs1">Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2">"An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns"</a>. In Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, José Javier; Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.). <i>Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus </i>Quercus<i> L</i>. Tree Physiology. Vol. 7. Cham.: Springer International Publishing. pp. 13–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-69099-5_2">10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69099-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69099-5"><bdi>978-3-319-69099-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Updated+Infrageneric+Classification+of+the+Oaks%3A+Review+of+Previous+Taxonomic+Schemes+and+Synthesis+of+Evolutionary+Patterns&rft.btitle=Oaks+Physiological+Ecology.+Exploring+the+Functional+Diversity+of+Genus+Quercus+L&rft.place=Cham.&rft.series=Tree+Physiology&rft.pages=13-38&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-69099-5_2&rft.isbn=978-3-319-69099-5&rft.aulast=Denk&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Grimm%2C+Guido+W.&rft.au=Manos%2C+Paul+S.&rft.au=Deng%2C+Min&rft.au=Hipp%2C+Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-69099-5_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manos_Hipp_2021-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manos_Hipp_2021_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManosHipp2021" class="citation journal cs1">Manos, Paul S.; Hipp, Andrew L. (15 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff12060786">"An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (<i>Quercus</i> Subgenus <i>Quercus</i>): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity"</a>. <i>Forests</i>. <b>12</b> (6). MDPI AG: 786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff12060786">10.3390/f12060786</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-4907">1999-4907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forests&rft.atitle=An+Updated+Infrageneric+Classification+of+the+North+American+Oaks+%28Quercus+Subgenus+Quercus%29%3A+Review+of+the+Contribution+of+Phylogenomic+Data+to+Biogeography+and+Species+Diversity&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=786&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ff12060786&rft.issn=1999-4907&rft.aulast=Manos&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Hipp%2C+Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Ff12060786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2018" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, C. Leo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1027726223"><i>Flora of the Pacific Northwest : an illustrated manual</i></a>. Arthur Cronquist, David Giblin, Ben Legler, Peter F. Zika, Richard G. Olmstead (Second ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-74289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-74289-2"><bdi>978-0-295-74289-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027726223">1027726223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+of+the+Pacific+Northwest+%3A+an+illustrated+manual&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=221&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027726223&rft.isbn=978-0-295-74289-2&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=C.+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1027726223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml"><i>The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups</i> (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115181617/http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml">Archived</a> 15 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dcr.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. <i>Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation</i>. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/vegetables/truffle-glossary6.asp#glossary">"Truffle Glossary: Black Truffles"</a>. thenibble.com. 1 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419130742/http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/vegetables/truffle-glossary6.asp#glossary">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truffle+Glossary%3A+Black+Truffles&rft.pub=thenibble.com&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenibble.com%2Freviews%2Fmain%2Fvegetables%2Ftruffle-glossary6.asp%23glossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r13-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r13_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/vegetables/truffle-glossary8.asp#glossary">"Truffle Glossary: White Truffles"</a>. thenibble.com. 1 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925140942/http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/MAIN/vegetables/truffle-glossary8.asp#glossary">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truffle+Glossary%3A+White+Truffles&rft.pub=thenibble.com&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenibble.com%2Freviews%2Fmain%2Fvegetables%2Ftruffle-glossary8.asp%23glossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nirschl-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nirschl_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNirschl" class="citation web cs1">Nirschl, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toledonaturalist.org/~naturalist/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/fungifinal3_sheet1.pdf">"Mushrooms of the Oak Openings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Toledo Naturalists' Association</i>. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.toledonaturalist.org/~naturalist/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/fungifinal3_sheet1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Naturalists%27+Association&rft.atitle=Mushrooms+of+the+Oak+Openings&rft.pages=4&rft.aulast=Nirschl&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledonaturalist.org%2F~naturalist%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2Ffungifinal3_sheet1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Petersen" title="Ron Petersen">Petersen, Ronald H.</a> (November 1985). "Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. XX. New Taxa and Distributional Records in <i>Clavulina</i> and <i>Ramaria</i>". <i>Mycologia</i>. <b>77</b> (6). Taylor & Francis: 903–919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3793302">10.2307/3793302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-5514">0027-5514</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3793302">3793302</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7377077277">7377077277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycologia&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Clavarioid+Fungi.+XX.+New+Taxa+and+Distributional+Records+in+Clavulina+and+Ramaria&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=903-919&rft.date=1985-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7377077277&rft.issn=0027-5514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3793302%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3793302&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2021" class="citation web cs1">Bryant, Tracey (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2021/april/doug-tallamy-earth-day-oak-sustainable-ecosystem/">"Planting For the Planet"</a>. University of Delaware.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planting+For+the+Planet&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware&rft.date=2021-04&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udel.edu%2Fudaily%2F2021%2Fapril%2Fdoug-tallamy-earth-day-oak-sustainable-ecosystem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdziewicz_Marino_Bonal_Zwolak_2018_pp._2575–2582-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdziewicz_Marino_Bonal_Zwolak_2018_pp._2575–2582_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdziewiczMarinoBonalZwolak2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bogdziewicz, Michał; Marino, Shealyn; Bonal, Raul; Zwolak, Rafał; Steele, Michael A. (28 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fecy.2510">"Rapid aggregative and reproductive responses of weevils to masting of North American oaks counteract predator satiation"</a>. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>99</b> (11). Wiley: 2575–2582. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Ecol...99.2575B">2018Ecol...99.2575B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fecy.2510">10.1002/ecy.2510</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9658">0012-9658</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30182480">30182480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52156639">52156639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Rapid+aggregative+and+reproductive+responses+of+weevils+to+masting+of+North+American+oaks+counteract+predator+satiation&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2575-2582&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52156639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Ecol...99.2575B&rft.issn=0012-9658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fecy.2510&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30182480&rft.aulast=Bogdziewicz&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Marino%2C+Shealyn&rft.au=Bonal%2C+Raul&rft.au=Zwolak%2C+Rafa%C5%82&rft.au=Steele%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fecy.2510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele_Yi_2020-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_Yi_2020_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_Yi_2020_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteeleYi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Steele, Michael A.; Yi, Xianfeng (4 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffevo.2020.00259">"Squirrel-Seed Interactions: The Evolutionary Strategies and Impact of Squirrels as Both Seed Predators and Seed Dispersers"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>8</b>. Frontiers Media SA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffevo.2020.00259">10.3389/fevo.2020.00259</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-701X">2296-701X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Squirrel-Seed+Interactions%3A+The+Evolutionary+Strategies+and+Impact+of+Squirrels+as+Both+Seed+Predators+and+Seed+Dispersers&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffevo.2020.00259&rft.issn=2296-701X&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Yi%2C+Xianfeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffevo.2020.00259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrus_Szabo_2020-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitrus_Szabo_2020_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitrusSzabo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mitrus, Cezary; Szabo, Josif (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Forhu-2020-0010">"Foraging Eurasian Jays <i>(Garrulus glandarius)</i> prefer oaks and acorns in central Europe"</a>. <i>Ornis Hungarica</i>. <b>28</b> (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 169–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Forhu-2020-0010">10.2478/orhu-2020-0010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2061-9588">2061-9588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220634002">220634002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ornis+Hungarica&rft.atitle=Foraging+Eurasian+Jays+%28Garrulus+glandarius%29+prefer+oaks+and+acorns+in+central+Europe&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-175&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220634002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2061-9588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Forhu-2020-0010&rft.aulast=Mitrus&rft.aufirst=Cezary&rft.au=Szabo%2C+Josif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Forhu-2020-0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enroth_2022-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enroth_2022_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnroth2022" class="citation web cs1">Enroth, Christopher (4 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/good-growing/2022-03-04-blue-jays-and-pin-oaks-how-jays-have-shaped-our-oak-forests-around">"Of blue jays and pin oaks: How jays have shaped our oak forests around the world"</a>. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+blue+jays+and+pin+oaks%3A+How+jays+have+shaped+our+oak+forests+around+the+world&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft.aulast=Enroth&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.illinois.edu%2Fblogs%2Fgood-growing%2F2022-03-04-blue-jays-and-pin-oaks-how-jays-have-shaped-our-oak-forests-around&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bossema_1979-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bossema_1979_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossema1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bossema, I. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/dc64a15d-a47b-459d-94d3-36ee96189986">"Jays and Oaks: an Eco-Ethological Study of a Symbiosis"</a>. <i>Behaviour</i>. <b>70</b> (1–2). Brill: 1–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853979x00016">10.1163/156853979x00016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-7959">0005-7959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour&rft.atitle=Jays+and+Oaks%3A+an+Eco-Ethological+Study+of+a+Symbiosis&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-116&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853979x00016&rft.issn=0005-7959&rft.aulast=Bossema&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.rug.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdc64a15d-a47b-459d-94d3-36ee96189986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValen1976" class="citation journal cs1">Valen, Leigh Van (1976). "Ecological Species, Multispecies, and Oaks". <i>Taxon</i>. <b>25</b> (2/3): 233–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1219444">10.2307/1219444</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262">0040-0262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1219444">1219444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Ecological+Species%2C+Multispecies%2C+and+Oaks&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=233-239&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0040-0262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1219444%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1219444&rft.aulast=Valen&rft.aufirst=Leigh+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBoecklenHoward2001" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Joseph H.; Boecklen, William J.; Howard, Daniel J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2540.2001.00968.x">"Reproductive processes in two oak (<i>Quercus</i>) contact zones with different levels of hybridization"</a>. <i>Heredity</i>. <b>87</b> (6): 680–690. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2540.2001.00968.x">10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00968.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11903563">11903563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heredity&rft.atitle=Reproductive+processes+in+two+oak+%28Quercus%29+contact+zones+with+different+levels+of+hybridization&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=680-690&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2540.2001.00968.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11903563&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft.au=Boecklen%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2540.2001.00968.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1997" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, M. L. (1997). <i>Natural Hybridization and Evolution</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509974-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509974-5"><bdi>0-19-509974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Hybridization+and+Evolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-509974-5&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConteCottiCristofolini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Conte, L.; Cotti, C.; Cristofolini, G. (2007). "Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of <i>Quercus crenata</i> Lam. (Fagaceae) from <i>Q-cerris</i> L. and <i>Q-suber</i> L.". <i>Plant Biosystems</i>. <b>141</b> (2): 181–193. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PBios.141..181C">2007PBios.141..181C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11263500701401463">10.1080/11263500701401463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83882998">83882998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Biosystems&rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+for+hybrid+origin+of+Quercus+crenata+Lam.+%28Fagaceae%29+from+Q-cerris+L.+and+Q-suber+L.&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83882998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11263500701401463&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PBios.141..181C&rft.aulast=Conte&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Cotti%2C+C.&rft.au=Cristofolini%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r3_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomorySchmidtova2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gomory, D.; Schmidtova, J. (2007). "Extent of nuclear genome sharing among white oak species (<i>Quercus</i> L. subgen. <i>Lepidobalanus</i> (Endl.) Oerst.) in Slovakia estimated by allozymes". <i>Plant Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>266</b> (3–4): 253–264. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PSyEv.266..253G">2007PSyEv.266..253G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-007-0535-0">10.1007/s00606-007-0535-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23587024">23587024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Extent+of+nuclear+genome+sharing+among+white+oak+species+%28Quercus+L.+subgen.+Lepidobalanus+%28Endl.%29+Oerst.%29+in+Slovakia+estimated+by+allozymes&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=253-264&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23587024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00606-007-0535-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PSyEv.266..253G&rft.aulast=Gomory&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Schmidtova%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r4-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r4_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleherHodkinsonDouglasKelly2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kelleher, C. T.; Hodkinson, T. R.; Douglas, G. C.; Kelly, D. L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247074">"Species distinction in Irish populations of <i>Quercus petraea</i> and <i>Q. robur</i>: Morphological versus molecular analyses"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>96</b> (7): 1237–1246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci275">10.1093/aob/mci275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247074">4247074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16199484">16199484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Species+distinction+in+Irish+populations+of+Quercus+petraea+and+Q.+robur%3A+Morphological+versus+molecular+analyses&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1237-1246&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4247074%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16199484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci275&rft.aulast=Kelleher&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft.au=Hodkinson%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+G.+C.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4247074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangHippGailing2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Ruhua; Hipp, Andrew L.; Gailing, Oliver (October 2015). "Sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among red oak species suggests interspecific gene flow between neighboring populations". <i>Botany</i>. <b>93</b> (10): 691–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjb-2014-0261">10.1139/cjb-2014-0261</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F69792">1807/69792</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1916-2790">1916-2790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botany&rft.atitle=Sharing+of+chloroplast+haplotypes+among+red+oak+species+suggests+interspecific+gene+flow+between+neighboring+populations&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=691-700&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F69792&rft.issn=1916-2790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fcjb-2014-0261&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Ruhua&rft.au=Hipp%2C+Andrew+L.&rft.au=Gailing%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrascariaMaggiaMichaudBousquet1993" class="citation journal cs1">Frascaria, N.; Maggia, L.; Michaud, M.; Bousquet, J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agritrop.cirad.fr/590955/1/1993_frascaria%20et%20al.pdf">"The RBCL Gene Sequence from Chestnut Indicates a Slow Rate of Evolution in the Fagaceae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Genome</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 668–671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fg93-089">10.1139/g93-089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8405983">8405983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome&rft.atitle=The+RBCL+Gene+Sequence+from+Chestnut+Indicates+a+Slow+Rate+of+Evolution+in+the+Fagaceae&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=668-671&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fg93-089&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8405983&rft.aulast=Frascaria&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Maggia%2C+L.&rft.au=Michaud%2C+M.&rft.au=Bousquet%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagritrop.cirad.fr%2F590955%2F1%2F1993_frascaria%2520et%2520al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManosStanford2001" class="citation journal cs1">Manos, P. S.; Stanford, A. M. (2001). "The historical biogeography of Fagaceae: Tracking the tertiary history of temperate and subtropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere". <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>162</b> (Suppl. 6): S77–S93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F323280">10.1086/323280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84936653">84936653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+historical+biogeography+of+Fagaceae%3A+Tracking+the+tertiary+history+of+temperate+and+subtropical+forests+of+the+Northern+Hemisphere&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=Suppl.+6&rft.pages=S77-S93&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F323280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84936653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Manos&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft.au=Stanford%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven_2005-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2005_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2005_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenJohnsonLososSinger2005" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B.; Losos, Jonathan B.; Singer, Susan R. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biology00pete"><i>Biology</i></a></span> (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-111182-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-111182-4"><bdi>0-07-111182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-111182-4&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+George+B.&rft.au=Losos%2C+Jonathan+B.&rft.au=Singer%2C+Susan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiology00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_Southwood_1984-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_Southwood_1984_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_Southwood_1984_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedySouthwood1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Catherine E.J.; Southwood, T. Richard E. (1984). "The number of species of insect associated with British trees. A reanalysis". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ecology" title="Journal of Animal Ecology">Journal of Animal Ecology</a></i>. <b>53</b> (53): 455–478. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JAnEc..53..455K">1984JAnEc..53..455K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4528">10.2307/4528</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528">4528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+number+of+species+of+insect+associated+with+British+trees.+A+reanalysis&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=455-478&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4528%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4528&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JAnEc..53..455K&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Catherine+E.J.&rft.au=Southwood%2C+T.+Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthwoodWintKennedyGreenwood2004" class="citation journal cs1">Southwood, T. Richard E.; Wint, G.R. William; Kennedy, Catherine E.J.; Greenwood, Kennedy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14411%2Feje.2004.011">"Seasonality, abundance, species richness and specificity of the phytophagous guild of insects on oak (<i>Quercus</i>) canopies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Entomology" title="European Journal of Entomology">European Journal of Entomology</a></i>. <b>101</b> (101): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14411%2Feje.2004.011">10.14411/eje.2004.011</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Seasonality%2C+abundance%2C+species+richness+and+specificity+of+the+phytophagous+guild+of+insects+on+oak+%28Quercus%29+canopies&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=101&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14411%2Feje.2004.011&rft.aulast=Southwood&rft.aufirst=T.+Richard+E.&rft.au=Wint%2C+G.R.+William&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Catherine+E.J.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14411%252Feje.2004.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMougouDutechDesprez-Loustau2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mougou, A.; Dutech, C.; Desprez-Loustau, M.-L. (2008). "New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe". <i>Forest Pathology</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0329.2008.00544.x">10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Pathology&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+the+identity+and+origin+of+the+causal+agent+of+oak+powdery+mildew+in+Europe&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=275&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0329.2008.00544.x&rft.aulast=Mougou&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Dutech%2C+C.&rft.au=Desprez-Loustau%2C+M.-L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hajji_Dreyer_2009-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hajji_Dreyer_2009_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjiDreyerMarçais2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hajji, M.; Dreyer, E.; Marçais, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02103659/file/2009-EJPP-Hajji%26al.pdf">"Impact of <i>Erysiphe alphitoides</i> on transpiration and photosynthesis in <i>Quercus robur</i> leaves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Plant Pathology</i>. <b>125</b> (1): 63–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EJPP..125...63H">2009EJPP..125...63H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10658-009-9458-7">10.1007/s10658-009-9458-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21267431">21267431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Plant+Pathology&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Erysiphe+alphitoides+on+transpiration+and+photosynthesis+in+Quercus+robur+leaves&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-72&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21267431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10658-009-9458-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EJPP..125...63H&rft.aulast=Hajji&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Dreyer%2C+E.&rft.au=Mar%C3%A7ais%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02103659%2Ffile%2F2009-EJPP-Hajji%2526al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forestry-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forestry_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFunspecified2018" class="citation web cs1">unspecified (11 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120133817/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/oakprocessionarymoth">"Oak Processionary Moth - Tree pests and diseases"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission (UK)</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forestry.gov.uk/oakprocessionarymoth">the original</a> on 20 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forestry+Commission+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Oak+Processionary+Moth+-+Tree+pests+and+diseases&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.au=unspecified&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestry.gov.uk%2Foakprocessionarymoth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinver2010" class="citation news cs1">Kinver, Mark (28 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10089581.stm">"Oak disease 'threatens landscape'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429031402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10089581.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Oak+disease+%27threatens+landscape%27&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.aulast=Kinver&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience_and_environment%2F10089581.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_2008-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_2008_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2008" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, T. W. (4 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/spf/fhp/socal/CnfOakMortalityBE080408.pdf">"New insect evidence in continuing oak mortality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Forest Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+insect+evidence+in+continuing+oak+mortality&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.date=2008-08-04&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fr5%2Fspf%2Ffhp%2Fsocal%2FCnfOakMortalityBE080408.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientific_Societies_2008-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Societies_2008_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkePeterson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Parke, J.L.; Peterson, Ebba K. (2008). "Sudden oak death, ramorum leaf blight, ramorum shoot blight". <i>The Plant Health Instructor</i>. Scientific Societies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2Fphi-i-2008-0227-01">10.1094/phi-i-2008-0227-01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-9411">1935-9411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Health+Instructor&rft.atitle=Sudden+oak+death%2C+ramorum+leaf+blight%2C+ramorum+shoot+blight&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1094%2Fphi-i-2008-0227-01&rft.issn=1935-9411&rft.aulast=Parke&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Ebba+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuroda_Yamada_1996-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuroda_Yamada_1996_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurodaYamada1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kuroda, K.; Yamada, T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002830776/en">"Discoloration of sapwood and blockage of xylem sap ascent in the trunks of wilting <i>Quercus</i> spp. following attack by <i>Platypus quercivorus</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 84–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Japanese+Forestry+Society&rft.atitle=Discoloration+of+sapwood+and+blockage+of+xylem+sap+ascent+in+the+trunks+of+wilting+Quercus+spp.+following+attack+by+Platypus+quercivorus&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-88&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kuroda&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Yamada%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110002830776%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskewMelikaPujade-VillarSchönrogge2013" class="citation journal cs1">Askew, Richard R.; Melika, George; Pujade-Villar, Juli; Schönrogge, Karsten; Stone, Graham N.; Nieves-Aldrey, Jose Luis (30 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237007745">"Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in cynipid oak galls in the West Palaearctic"</a>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>3643</b> (3643): 1–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3643.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.3643.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77557-147-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77557-147-6"><bdi>978-1-77557-147-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25340198">25340198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Catalogue+of+parasitoids+and+inquilines+in+cynipid+oak+galls+in+the+West+Palaearctic&rft.volume=3643&rft.issue=3643&rft.pages=1-133&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25340198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3643.1.1&rft.isbn=978-1-77557-147-6&rft.aulast=Askew&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft.au=Melika%2C+George&rft.au=Pujade-Villar%2C+Juli&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nrogge%2C+Karsten&rft.au=Stone%2C+Graham+N.&rft.au=Nieves-Aldrey%2C+Jose+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237007745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDun2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dun, Kath (2006). "Oak poisoning in cattle". <i>UK Vet Livestock</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 47–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-3870.2006.tb00047.x">10.1111/j.2044-3870.2006.tb00047.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UK+Vet+Livestock&rft.atitle=Oak+poisoning+in+cattle&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=47-50&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-3870.2006.tb00047.x&rft.aulast=Dun&rft.aufirst=Kath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_Naylor_Knowles_Mair_2014-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Naylor_Knowles_Mair_2014_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNaylorKnowlesMair2014" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, S.; Naylor, R. J.; Knowles, E. J.; Mair, T. S.; Cahalan, S. D.; Fews, D.; Dunkel, B. (7 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9469/">"Suspected acorn toxicity in nine horses"</a>. <i>Equine Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>47</b> (5). Wiley: 568–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevj.12306">10.1111/evj.12306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24917312">24917312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equine+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Suspected+acorn+toxicity+in+nine+horses&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=568-572&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevj.12306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24917312&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Knowles%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Mair%2C+T.+S.&rft.au=Cahalan%2C+S.+D.&rft.au=Fews%2C+D.&rft.au=Dunkel%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.rvc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F9469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cappai, Maria Grazia, et al. "Pigs use endogenous proline to cope with acorn (<i>Quercus pubescens</i> Willd.) combined diets high in hydrolysable tannins." Livestock Science 155.2-3 (2013): 316-322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joffre, R; Rambal, S.; Ratte, J.P. (1999). "The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic," <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Agroforestry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Agroforestry (page does not exist)">Journal of Agroforestry</a></i> 45(1-3): 57-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreiner2020" class="citation book cs1">Kreiner, Jamie (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv177tk45"><i>Legions of Pigs in the Early Medieval West</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 108–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv177tk45">10.2307/j.ctv177tk45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-4629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-4629-2"><bdi>978-0-3002-4629-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv177tk45">j.ctv177tk45</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legions+of+Pigs+in+the+Early+Medieval+West&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=108-119&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv177tk45%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv177tk45&rft.isbn=978-0-3002-4629-2&rft.aulast=Kreiner&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv177tk45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge1986" class="citation cs2">Bainbridge, D. A. (12–14 November 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027113825/http://ecocomposite.org/native/UseOfAcornsForFoodInCalifornia.doc"><i>Use of acorns for food in California: past, present and future</i></a>, San Luis Obispo, CA.: Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwoods, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecocomposite.org/native/UseOfAcornsForFoodInCalifornia.doc">the original</a> on 27 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Use+of+acorns+for+food+in+California%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.place=San+Luis+Obispo%2C+CA.&rft.pub=Symposium+on+Multiple-use+Management+of+California%27s+Hardwoods&rft.date=1986-11-12%2F1986-11-14&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecocomposite.org%2Fnative%2FUseOfAcornsForFoodInCalifornia.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotson2019" class="citation web cs1">Dotson, J. Dianne (22 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/kamani-wood-8516541.html">"What Are Oak Trees Used for?"</a>. <i>Sciencing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciencing&rft.atitle=What+Are+Oak+Trees+Used+for%3F&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft.aulast=Dotson&rft.aufirst=J.+Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Fkamani-wood-8516541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merela, Maks, and Katarina Čufar. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gozdis.si/582">Density and mechanical properties of oak sapwood versus heartwood in three different oak species</a>". <i>Drvna industrija</i> 64.4 (2013): 323–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Preston R., et al. "Whole-tree silvic identifications and the microsatellite genetic structure of a red oak species complex in an Indiana old-growth forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33.11 (2003): 2228–2237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1997" class="citation cs1">Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501082">"<i>Quercus shumardii</i>"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EQuercus+shumardii%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D233501082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thaler, Nejc; Humar, Miha. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964830513003168">Performance of oak, beech and spruce beams after more than 100 years in service</a>". <i>International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation</i> 85 (2013): 305–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaugh1965" class="citation book cs1">Baugh, Daniel A. (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug"><i>British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug/page/242">242</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610026758">610026758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Naval+Administration+in+the+Age+of+Walpole&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610026758&rft.aulast=Baugh&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishnavaladmi0000baug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prakash_Kala" title="Chandra Prakash Kala">Kala, C.P.</a> (2004). Studies on the indigenous knowledge, practices, and traditional uses of forest products by human societies in Uttarakhand state of India. GBPIHED, Almora, India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kala, C.P. (2010). <i>Medicinal Plants of Uttarakhand: Diversity Livelihood and Conservation</i>. BioTech Books, Delhi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8176222097" title="Special:BookSources/8176222097">8176222097</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarkson, L. A. "The English bark trade, 1660–1830" <i>The Agricultural History Review</i> 22.2 (1974): 136–152. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40273608">40273608</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/history-ink-six-objects">"A History of Ink in Six Objects"</a>. <i>History Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Ink+in+Six+Objects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fhistory-matters%2Fhistory-ink-six-objects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeon_2016-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeon_2016_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeon2016" class="citation book cs1">Jeon, BongHee (2016). "3: Hanok: The Formation of the Traditional Korean House". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aks.ac.kr/ikorea/upload/intl/korean/UserFiles/UKS5_Korean_House_eng.pdf"><i>A Cultural History of the Korean House</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seoul: Seoul Selection. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-97639-63-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-97639-63-2"><bdi>978-89-97639-63-2</bdi></a>. <q>The gulpijip (oak-bark-roofed house) and neowajip (shingled house) are found in the northeastern part of the Korean peninsula, as well as in Korea's more mountainous areas. ... Gulpijip uses roofing made with the bark of trees such as cone-fruit platycarya, <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawtooth oak">sawtooth oak</a>, and cedar, which all have relatively thick bark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Hanok%3A+The+Formation+of+the+Traditional+Korean+House&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+the+Korean+House&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Seoul+Selection&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-89-97639-63-2&rft.aulast=Jeon&rft.aufirst=BongHee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aks.ac.kr%2Fikorea%2Fupload%2Fintl%2Fkorean%2FUserFiles%2FUKS5_Korean_House_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henkel, Alice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpUUAAAAYAAJ">American medicinal barks</a>. No. 139. US Government Printing Office, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szabłowska, Emilia; Tańska, Małgorzata. "Acorn flour properties depending on the production method and laboratory baking test results: A review." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20.1 (2021): 980-1008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamsonowicz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Samsonowicz, Mariola; et al. (2019). "Antioxidant properties of coffee substitutes rich in polyphenols and minerals". <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>278</b> (278): 101–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2018.11.057">10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30583350">30583350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58542098">58542098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Antioxidant+properties+of+coffee+substitutes+rich+in+polyphenols+and+minerals&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=278&rft.pages=101-109&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58542098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30583350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2018.11.057&rft.aulast=Samsonowicz&rft.aufirst=Mariola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piggott_2003-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piggott_2003_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piggott, John R.; Conner, John M. "Whiskies." Fermented beverage production. Boston, Massachusetts: Springer, 2003. 239–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pérez-Prieto, Luis J., et al. "Extraction and formation dynamic of oak-related volatile compounds from different volume barrels to wine and their behavior during bottle storage." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51.18 (2003): 5444–5449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perez‐Prieto, Luis Javier, et al. "Oak‐matured wines: influence of the characteristics of the barrel on wine colour and sensory characteristics." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83.14 (2003): 1445–1450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varlet_Prost_Serot_2007-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varlet_Prost_Serot_2007_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarletProstSerot2007" class="citation journal cs1">Varlet, Vincent; Prost, Carole; Serot, Thierry (2007). "Volatile aldehydes in smoked fish: Analysis methods, occurrence [sic] and mechanisms of formation". <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>105</b> (4). Elsevier BV: 1536–1556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2007.03.041">10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8146">0308-8146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Volatile+aldehydes+in+smoked+fish%3A+Analysis+methods%2C+occurrence+%5Bsic%5D+and+mechanisms+of+formation&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1536-1556&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2007.03.041&rft.issn=0308-8146&rft.aulast=Varlet&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Prost%2C+Carole&rft.au=Serot%2C+Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillénMarı́a_J.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Guillén, Marı́a D.; Marı́a J., Manzanos (2002). "Study of the volatile composition of an aqueous oak smoke preparation". <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>79</b> (3): 283–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0308-8146%2802%2900141-3">10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00141-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Study+of+the+volatile+composition+of+an+aqueous+oak+smoke+preparation&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-292&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0308-8146%2802%2900141-3&rft.aulast=Guill%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Mar%C4%B1%CC%81a+D.&rft.au=Mar%C4%B1%CC%81a+J.%2C+Manzanos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel-around-japan.com/j54-confectionery.html">"Japanese confectionery"</a>. <i>Travel Around Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Around+Japan&rft.atitle=Japanese+confectionery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travel-around-japan.com%2Fj54-confectionery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amorim-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amorim_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amorim.com/a-cortica/mitos-e-curiosidades/Quanto-tempo-vive-um-sobreiro/110/400/">"Mitos e curiosidades"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Corticeira_Amorim" title="Corticeira Amorim">Amorim</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitos+e+curiosidades&rft.pub=Amorim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amorim.com%2Fa-cortica%2Fmitos-e-curiosidades%2FQuanto-tempo-vive-um-sobreiro%2F110%2F400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bainbridge, David A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=f2e579544c5078e581b28acb81396811d6ae7827">"1 Use of Acorns for Food in California: Past, Present, Future"</a>. <i>1 Use of Acorns for Food in California: Past, Present, Future David A. Bainbridge, Dry Lands Research Institute, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwoods, November 12-14, 1986, San Luis Obispo, California</i>: 453–458.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1+Use+of+Acorns+for+Food+in+California%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future+David+A.+Bainbridge%2C+Dry+Lands+Research+Institute%2C+University+of+California%2C+Riverside%2C+CA+92521+Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+on+Multiple-use+Management+of+California%27s+Hardwoods%2C+November+12-14%2C+1986%2C+San+Luis+Obispo%2C+California&rft.atitle=1+Use+of+Acorns+for+Food+in+California%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future&rft.pages=453-458&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3Df2e579544c5078e581b28acb81396811d6ae7827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716045545/https://globaltrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Oaks2020HR.pdf">"The Red List of Oaks 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Global Trees Campaign</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaltrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Oaks2020HR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Trees+Campaign&rft.atitle=The+Red+List+of+Oaks+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaltrees.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FOaks2020HR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgci.org/news-events/red-list-of-oaks-2020/">"One-third of the world's oaks at risk of extinction, according to new BGCI report"</a>. <i>Botanic Gardens Conservation International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botanic+Gardens+Conservation+International&rft.atitle=One-third+of+the+world%27s+oaks+at+risk+of+extinction%2C+according+to+new+BGCI+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgci.org%2Fnews-events%2Fred-list-of-oaks-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarreroJeromeBeckmanByrne2020" class="citation cs2">Carrero, Christina; Jerome, Diana; Beckman, Emily; Byrne, Amy; Coombes, Allen J.; et al. (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/557dec57e4b0c3993deb6044/t/60ba66607de08b6cc5e42d00/1622828642301/RedListOaks2020.pdf"><i>The Red List of Oaks 2020</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Lisle, IL: The Morton Arboretum</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+List+of+Oaks+2020&rft.place=Lisle%2C+IL&rft.pub=The+Morton+Arboretum&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Carrero&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Jerome%2C+Diana&rft.au=Beckman%2C+Emily&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Amy&rft.au=Coombes%2C+Allen+J.&rft.au=Deng%2C+Min&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Sam%2C+Hoang+Van&rft.au=Khoo%2C+Eyen&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Ngoc&rft.au=Robiansyah%2C+Iyan&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Correa%2C+Hernando&rft.au=Sang%2C+Julia&rft.au=Song%2C+Yi-Gang&rft.au=Strijk%2C+Joeri&rft.au=Sugau%2C+John&rft.au=Sun%2C+Weibang&rft.au=Valencia-%C3%81valos%2C+Susana&rft.au=Westwood%2C+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F557dec57e4b0c3993deb6044%2Ft%2F60ba66607de08b6cc5e42d00%2F1622828642301%2FRedListOaks2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kala, C.P. (2012). <i>Biodiversity, communities and climate change</i>. Teri Publications, New Delhi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/817993442X" title="Special:BookSources/817993442X">817993442X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kappelle, M. (2006). "Neotropical montane oak forests: overview and outlook", pp 449–467 in: Kappelle, M. (ed.). <i>Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests</i>. Ecological Studies No. 185. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-28909-7_34">10.1007/3-540-28909-7_34</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28908-1">978-3-540-28908-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorimer, C.G. (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aibs.org/bioscience-editorials/editorial_2003_10.html">Editorial: The decline of oak forests</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317194907/http://www.aibs.org/bioscience-editorials/editorial_2003_10.html">Archived</a> 17 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. American Institute of Biological Sciences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchmough_Vera_2002-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hitchmough_Vera_2002_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchmoughVera2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hitchmough, James; Vera, F. W. M. (2002). "Grazing Ecology and Forest History". <i>Garden History</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1587257">10.2307/1587257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1243">0307-1243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1587257">1587257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garden+History&rft.atitle=Grazing+Ecology+and+Forest+History&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0307-1243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1587257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1587257&rft.aulast=Hitchmough&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Vera%2C+F.+W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1990" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Paul (1990). <i>Plants in the Landscape</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716718081" title="Special:BookSources/0716718081"><bdi>0716718081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+in+the+Landscape&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0716718081&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estonian_Institute-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estonian_Institute_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstonian_Institute" class="citation web cs1">Estonian Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114085551/http://www.estinst.ee/publications/symbols/">"National symbols of Estonia"</a>. Estonian Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estinst.ee/publications/symbols/">the original</a> on 14 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+symbols+of+Estonia&rft.pub=Estonian+Institute&rft.au=Estonian+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estinst.ee%2Fpublications%2Fsymbols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leroy_Plomion_Kremer_2019-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leroy_Plomion_Kremer_2019_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeroyPlomionKremer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Leroy, Thibault; Plomion, Christophe; Kremer, Antoine (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166128">"Oak symbolism in the light of genomics"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>226</b> (4). Wiley: 1012–1017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15987">10.1111/nph.15987</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X">0028-646X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166128">7166128</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31183874">31183874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Oak+symbolism+in+the+light+of+genomics&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1012-1017&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7166128%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0028-646X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31183874&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.15987&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=Thibault&rft.au=Plomion%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7166128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venables_2012-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_2012_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_2012_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505014026/http://www.venablesoak.co.uk/about-oak/oak-as-a-symbol-2/">"Oak as a Symbol"</a>. <i>Venables Oak</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venablesoak.co.uk/about-oak/oak-as-a-symbol-2/">the original</a> on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venables+Oak&rft.atitle=Oak+as+a+Symbol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venablesoak.co.uk%2Fabout-oak%2Foak-as-a-symbol-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arborday.org">"Trees – Arbor Day Foundation"</a>. Arborday.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428143334/http://www.arborday.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trees+%E2%80%93+Arbor+Day+Foundation&rft.pub=Arborday.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arborday.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/derry">"Derry"</a>. <i>Etymology Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymology+Online&rft.atitle=Derry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fderry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchierz2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schierz, Kai Uwe (2004). "Von Bonifatius bis Beuys, oder: Vom Umgang mit heiligen Eichen". In Hardy Eidam; Marina Moritz; Gerd-Rainer Riedel; Kai-Uwe Schierz (eds.). <i>Bonifatius: Heidenopfer, Christuskreuz, Eichenkult</i> [<i>Boniface: Heathen Sacrifice, Christ's Cross, Oak Cult</i>] (in German). Stadtverwaltung Erfurt. pp. 139–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Von+Bonifatius+bis+Beuys%2C+oder%3A+Vom+Umgang+mit+heiligen+Eichen&rft.btitle=Bonifatius%3A+Heidenopfer%2C+Christuskreuz%2C+Eichenkult&rft.pages=139-145&rft.pub=Stadtverwaltung+Erfurt&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schierz&rft.aufirst=Kai+Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Websters_Online_Dictionary-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Websters_Online_Dictionary_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530214714/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/oak">"Political or Symbolic"</a>. <i>Extended Definition: oak</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/oak">the original</a> on 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extended+Definition%3A+oak&rft.atitle=Political+or+Symbolic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.websters-online-dictionary.org%2Fdefinitions%2Foak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122161840/http://ar670.com/articles/view/29/wear-of-appurtenances/311">"Army Regulation 670-1 | Wear of appurtenances | Section 29.12 Page 278"</a>. <i>ar670.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ar670.com/articles/view/29/wear-of-appurtenances/311">the original</a> on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ar670.com&rft.atitle=Army+Regulation+670-1+%7C+Wear+of+appurtenances+%7C+Section+29.12+Page+278&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Far670.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F29%2Fwear-of-appurtenances%2F311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2006" class="citation news cs1">Glover, Julian (9 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/aug/09/conservatives.marketingandpr">"Thatcher's torch extinguished as Cameron's Conservatives carve new logo out of oak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thatcher%27s+torch+extinguished+as+Cameron%27s+Conservatives+carve+new+logo+out+of+oak&rft.date=2006-08-09&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2006%2Faug%2F09%2Fconservatives.marketingandpr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r9-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r9_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119201140/http://www.progressivedemocrats.ie/about_us/coalition_government_1989_to_1992/">Coalition Government 1989 To 1992</a>. progressivedemocrats.ie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazer, James George (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/26.html"><i>The Golden Bough</i>. Chapter XV: The Worship of the Oak.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521225940/http://www.bartleby.com/196/26.html">Archived</a> 21 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell1790-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell1790_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_John1790" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(publisher)" title="John Bell (publisher)">Bell, John</a> (1790). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bellsnewpantheo00bellgoog"><i>Bell's New Pantheon; Or, Historical Dictionary of the Gods, Demi-gods, Heroes, and Fabulous Personages of Antiquity: Also, of the Images and Idols Adored in the Pagan World; Together with Their Temples, Priests, Altars, Oracles, Fasts, Festivals, Games ...</i></a> J. Bell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bellsnewpantheo00bellgoog/page/n376">366</a>–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%27s+New+Pantheon%3B+Or%2C+Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Gods%2C+Demi-gods%2C+Heroes%2C+and+Fabulous+Personages+of+Antiquity%3A+Also%2C+of+the+Images+and+Idols+Adored+in+the+Pagan+World%3B+Together+with+Their+Temples%2C+Priests%2C+Altars%2C+Oracles%2C+Fasts%2C+Festivals%2C+Games+...&rft.pages=366-7&rft.pub=J.+Bell&rft.date=1790&rft.au=Bell%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbellsnewpantheo00bellgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarja-Leena_Huovinen_&_Kaarina_Kanerva1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marja-Leena Huovinen & Kaarina Kanerva (1982). <i>Suomen terveyskasvit: luonnon parantavat yrtit ja niiden salaisuudet</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Valitut Palat. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-9078-87-8" title="Special:BookSources/951-9078-87-8"><bdi>951-9078-87-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+terveyskasvit%3A+luonnon+parantavat+yrtit+ja+niiden+salaisuudet&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Valitut+Palat&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=951-9078-87-8&rft.au=Marja-Leena+Huovinen+%26+Kaarina+Kanerva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamtininkas.lt/augalai/azuolas-paprastasis-lot-quercus-robur-l/">"Ąžuolas paprastasis"</a>. <i>Zolininkas.lt</i> (in Lithuanian). 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zolininkas.lt&rft.atitle=%C4%84%C5%BEuolas+paprastasis&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamtininkas.lt%2Faugalai%2Fazuolas-paprastasis-lot-quercus-robur-l%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Credo-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerber2017" class="citation book cs1">Ferber, Michael (2017). "Oak". <i>A Dictionary of Literary Symbols</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1071-7211-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1071-7211-1"><bdi>978-1-1071-7211-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oak&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Literary+Symbols&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1071-7211-1&rft.aulast=Ferber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33326394">"Fight to save 'sacred' oak from road"</a>. BBC. 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fight+to+save+%27sacred%27+oak+from+road&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-news-from-elsewhere-33326394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/trees/oak/oak-mythology-and-folklore/">"Oak mythology and folklore"</a>. <i>Trees for Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trees+for+Life&rft.atitle=Oak+mythology+and+folklore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreesforlife.org.uk%2Finto-the-forest%2Ftrees-plants-animals%2Ftrees%2Foak%2Foak-mythology-and-folklore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/legend-charter-oak/">"The Legend of the Charter Oak"</a>. <i>New England Historical Society</i>. 23 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423002123/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/legend-charter-oak/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+the+Charter+Oak&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com%2Flegend-charter-oak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElMundoTrees-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElMundoTrees_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFunspecified2005" class="citation news cs1">unspecified (26 February 2005). "Otro árbol de Gernika". <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Otro+%C3%A1rbol+de+Gernika&rft.date=2005-02-26&rft.au=unspecified&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arborecology.co.uk/article_ancient_tree.htm">Arborecology, containing a photograph of the Millais oak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828000601/http://www.arborecology.co.uk/article_ancient_tree.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. arborecology.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millais, J. G. (1899) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofsir01milliala"><i>Life and Letters of Sir John Everett Millais</i></a>, vol. 1, p. 166, London : Methuen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvell" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Marvell, Andrew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poets.org/poem/garden">"The Garden"</a>. <i>Poets.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poets.org&rft.atitle=The+Garden&rft.aulast=Marvell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoets.org%2Fpoem%2Fgarden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1969" class="citation journal cs1">Summers, Joseph H. (1969). "Reading Marvell's 'Garden'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Centennial Review</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 18–37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23738134">23738134</a>. <q>Hortus, Marvell's Latin poem which seems to be an earlier version of the English one ... both poems begin with the rejection of the worlds of ambitious action, urban life and passionate love, and celebrate a supposed entrance into an entirely new life within the garden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Centennial+Review&rft.atitle=Reading+Marvell%27s+%27Garden%27&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-37&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23738134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Byfield, Liz (1990) <i>An Oak Tree</i>, Collins Book Bus, London: Collins Educational, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-313526-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-313526-8">0-00-313526-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Phillips_(photographer)" title="Roger Phillips (photographer)">Phillips, Roger</a> (1979). <i>Trees of North America and Europe</i>, Random House, New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50259-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50259-0">0-394-50259-0</a>.</li> <li>Logan, William B. (2005) <i>Oak: The Frame of Civilization</i>, New York; London: W. W. Norton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04773-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04773-3">0-393-04773-3</a></li> <li>Paterson, R. T. (1993). <i>Use of Trees by Livestock</i>, <b>5</b>: <i>Quercus</i>, Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85954-365-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85954-365-X">0-85954-365-X</a></li> <li>Royston, Angela (2000). <i>Life Cycle of an Oak Tree</i>, Heinemann first library, Oxford: Heinemann Library, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-431-08391-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-431-08391-6">0-431-08391-6</a></li> <li>Savage, Stephen (1994). <i>Oak Tree</i>, Observing nature series, Hove: Wayland, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7502-1196-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7502-1196-2">0-7502-1196-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tansley" title="Arthur Tansley">Tansley, Arthur G.</a> (1952). <i>Oaks and Oak Woods</i>, Field study books, London: Methuen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3196286">3196286</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_%C5%BBukow-Karczewski" title="Marek Żukow-Karczewski">Żukow-Karczewski, Marek</a> (1988). "Dąb – król polskich drzew" ("Oak – the king of the Polish trees"), <i>AURA: A Monthly for the Protection and Shaping of Human Environment</i>, 9, 20–21.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quercus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Quercus">Quercus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quercus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Quercus">Quercus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108828"><i>Flora of China</i> – <i>Cyclobalanopsis</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1286">Oak diseases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Quercus&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=">Flora Europaea: <i>Quercus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00001806/00001">Common Oaks of Florida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaksoftheworld.fr/">Oaks of the world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606034357/http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/oaksmain/">The Global Trees Campaign</a> The Red List of Oaks and Global Survey of Threatened Quercus</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oak"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oak">"Oak" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 931–935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oak&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=931-935&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_biodegradable_culinary_wrappings,_beddings,_layering_&amp;_dishware" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00FF7F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_wrappings" title="Template:Culinary wrappings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_wrappings" title="Template talk:Culinary wrappings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_wrappings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary wrappings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_biodegradable_culinary_wrappings,_beddings,_layering_&amp;_dishware" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Traditional <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">culinary</a> wrappings, beddings, layering & dishware</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">Avocado</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_husk" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn husk">Corn husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantain_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain leaf">Plantain leaf</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/100px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/150px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/200px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betel_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel leaf">Betel leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">Canna</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Curry leaves">Curry leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape leaf">Grape leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera#Leaves" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus leaf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oak</a> leaf (<a href="/wiki/Mochi#Seasonal_specialities" title="Mochi">Kashiwa mochi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandan leaf">Pandan leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrynium" title="Phrynium">Phrynium</a> placentarium leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">Reed</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">Taro</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a> leaf</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">As dishware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patravali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patravali">Patravali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapari">Tapari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sources_of_tannins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin_source" title="Template talk:Tannin source"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin_source" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_of_tannins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i> seed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecatannin" title="Arecatannin">arecatannins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Broad bean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><i>Vitis vinifera</i></li></ul></li> <li>Mimosa bark <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii" title="Acacia mearnsii">Acacia mollissima</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrtan or black marlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_redunca" title="Eucalyptus redunca">Eucalyptus redunca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tree" title="Quebracho tree">Quebracho</a> wood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin" title="Hydrolysable tannin">hydrolysable tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> wood</li> <li>Dhawa <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anogeissus_latifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus latifolia">Anogeissus latifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrobalan fruit <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_chebula" title="Terminalia chebula">Terminalia chebula</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak bark">Oak bark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oak</a> wood</li> <li>Valonia oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macrolepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus macrolepis">Quercus macrolepis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a> <ul><li>Tanner's sumach leaves - <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_coriaria" title="Rhus coriaria">Rhus coriaria</a></i> or Chinese gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_chinensis" title="Rhus chinensis">Rhus chinensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tara pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tara_spinosa" title="Tara spinosa">Tara spinosa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sources<br />by organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>General : <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_used_for_tannin_production" title="List of Acacia species used for tannin production">Acacias</a> (most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha" title="Acacia pycnantha">Acacia pycnantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_decurrens" title="Acacia decurrens">Acacia decurrens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a> <ul><li><i>Alnus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Avaram <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Senna auriculata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Babul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> <ul><li><i>Betula sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Button mangrove <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Hemlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a> sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a> <ul><li><i>Larix sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> <ul><li><i>Pinus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> <ul><li><i>Picea sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Urunday <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myracrodruon_urundeuva" title="Myracrodruon urundeuva">Myracrodruon urundeuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Willow <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_caprea" title="Salix caprea">Salix caprea</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Badan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergenia_crassifolia" title="Bergenia crassifolia">Bergenia crassifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_(extract)" title="Gambier (extract)">Gambier</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">Uncaria gambir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Redoul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriaria_myrtifolia" title="Coriaria myrtifolia">Coriaria myrtifolia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canaigre <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_hymenosepalus" title="Rumex hymenosepalus">Rumex hymenosepalus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Garouille <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sea lavender <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limonium" title="Limonium">Limonium</a> sp</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cutch <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_catechu" title="Senegalia catechu">Senegalia catechu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Divi-divi pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidibia_coriaria" title="Libidibia coriaria">Libidibia coriaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sant pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Teri pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moullava_digyna" title="Moullava digyna">Moullava digyna</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Galls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gall oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lusitanica" title="Quercus lusitanica">Quercus lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whole plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis">Prosopis</a></i> sp. bark and wood <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_humilis" title="Prosopis humilis">Prosopis humilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_nigra" title="Prosopis nigra">Prosopis nigra</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tanoak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tizra heartwood and root <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Searsia_pentaphylla" title="Searsia pentaphylla">Searsia pentaphylla</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undetermined organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Anadenanthera colubrina</a></i> (vilca)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Quercus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12004" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12004">Q12004</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quercus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Quercus">Quercus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/194255">194255</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/435981">435981</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3455">3455</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8W2YL">8W2YL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Quercus">Quercus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/32233">32233</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1QUEG">1QUEG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/48314">48314</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=127839">127839</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Quercus">Quercus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=127839">127839</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/systematics/quercus">quercus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2877951">2877951</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=10203">10203</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47851">47851</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/13507-1">13507-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1022836">1022836</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19276">19276</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000462211">NHMSYS0000462211</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3511">3511</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/328c1599-a74a-472b-939b-7347bbbeb819">328c1599-a74a-472b-939b-7347bbbeb819</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=791121">791121</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54594">54594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/QUERC">QUERC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A325819-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325819-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40021776">40021776</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4903969">4903969</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1609">1609</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c6dbad12-0269-4feb-9be3-2c5d0541ae62">c6dbad12-0269-4feb-9be3-2c5d0541ae62</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000032377">wfo-4000032377</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4151140-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85093565">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12089056w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12089056w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dub"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph241922&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Quercus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX535200">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541130105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663895">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oak&oldid=1258094257">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oak&oldid=1258094257</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quercus" title="Category:Quercus">Quercus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quercus_taxa_by_common_names" title="Category:Quercus taxa by common names">Quercus taxa by common names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wood" title="Category:Wood">Wood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bulgarian-language_sources_(bg)" title="Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)">CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Lithuanian-language_sources_(lt)" title="Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)">CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_30%E2%80%9334_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 03:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oak&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-z27g8","wgBackendResponseTime":218,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.874","walltime":"2.216","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23933,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":515535,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26766,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":554382,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":30,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1915.230 1 -total"," 36.42% 697.471 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.46% 430.110 39 Template:Clade"," 14.73% 282.057 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 13.17% 252.201 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 12.54% 240.192 42 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.32% 178.409 32 Template:Cite_web"," 4.84% 92.707 1 Template:Fossilrange"," 4.52% 86.531 1 Template:Phanerozoic_220px"," 4.48% 85.844 7 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.196","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22249188,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","300","23.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","140","10.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","60","4.6"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.1"],["[others]","240","18.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2hwd8","timestamp":"20241123133821","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Oak","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oak","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12004","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12004","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-18T17:43:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T03:03:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Quercus_robur.jpg","headline":"genus of plants"}</script> </body> </html>