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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ওয়েবকাস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েবকাস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Уебкаст – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уебкаст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difusi%C3%B3_per_web" title="Difusió per web – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Difusió per web" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Βιντεοδιάλεξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιντεοδιάλεξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="وبکست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وبکست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webdiffusion" title="Webdiffusion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Webdiffusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%B9%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="웹캐스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웹캐스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetski_medijski_videosadr%C5%BEaj" title="Internetski medijski videosadržaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internetski medijski videosadržaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaran_web" title="Siaran web – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siaran web" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="വെബ്‌കാസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെബ്‌കാസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1" title="ネット配信 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネット配信" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Веб-трансляция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веб-трансляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb-kasting" title="Veb-kasting – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Veb-kasting" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb_kasting" title="Veb kasting – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veb kasting" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Webcast" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="网络广播 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="网络广播" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1109638#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Webcast" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1109638" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Internet media presentation via streaming media technology</div> <p>A <b>webcast</b> is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand. Essentially, webcasting is "<a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>" over the Internet. </p><p>The largest "webcasters" include existing radio and TV stations, who "<a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a>" their output through online TV or online radio streaming, as well as a multitude of Internet-only "stations". Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific "webcasting licenses" to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations <a href="/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">presentations</a> (such as annual general meetings), in <a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">e-learning</a> (to transmit <a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">seminars</a>), and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to <a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">web conferencing</a>, which is designed for many-to-many interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed <a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">independent media</a> to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> regularly online. Often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, and news are particularly popular and many new shows are added regularly. </p><p>Webcasting differs from <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasting</a> in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "webcast" had previously been used to describe the distribution of Web or Internet content using conventional broadcast technologies such as those intended for digital video (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a>) and audio (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a>), and in some cases even leveraging analogue broadcasting techniques traditionally used by <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> services to deliver a limited "Best of the Web" selection of content to audiences. Overnight broadcasts of data via analogue television signals were claimed by WebTV representatives to be able to offer "a fresh gigabyte of data every day... while you sleep".<sup id="cite_ref-electronicnews19970929_webtv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electronicnews19970929_webtv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, webcasting referred to a form of <a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">datacasting</a> involving higher bandwidth broadcast technologies delivering Web content, multimedia files in particular, and with any interactivity supported by lower bandwidth return channels such as dial-up Internet access over the public telephone network or communication over mobile telephone networks. Such return channels conveyed each user's requests for the delivery of specific content over the broadcast medium. Eventually, DVB satellite operators were to offer a higher bandwidth return channel using <a href="/wiki/DVB-RCS" title="DVB-RCS">DVB-RCS</a>, raising the prospect of "point-to-point connections with users' satellite dishes". Webcasting had been regarded as a way of providing higher bandwidth Internet access to home computer users as well as enabling television-based Internet access, driving the development of <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart television</a> products.<sup id="cite_ref-byte199803_webcasting_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte199803_webcasting-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest graphically oriented web broadcasts were not streaming video, but were in fact still frames which were photographed with a web camera every few minutes while they were being broadcast live over the Internet. One of the earliest instances of sequential live image broadcasting was in 1991 when a camera was set up next to the Trojan Room in the computer laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. It provided a live picture every few minutes of the office coffee pot to all desktop computers on that office's network.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A couple of years later its broadcasts went to the Internet, became known as the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot" title="Trojan Room coffee pot">Trojan Room Coffee Pot webcam</a>, and gained international notoriety as a feature of the fledgling <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 1996 an American college student and <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual artist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Ringley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny Ringley">Jenny Ringley</a>, set up a web camera similar to the Trojan Room Coffee Pot's <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> in her dorm room.<sup id="cite_ref-disobey_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disobey-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That webcam photographed her every few minutes while it broadcast those images live over the Internet upon a site called <i>JenniCam</i>. Ringley wanted to portray all aspects of her lifestyle and the camera captured her doing almost everything – brushing her teeth, doing her laundry, and even having sex with her boyfriend.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Senft1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senft1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her website generated millions of hits upon the Internet, became a pay site in 1998, and spawned hundreds of female imitators who would then use streaming video to create a new billion dollar industry called <i>camming</i>, and brand themselves as <a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">camgirls</a> or webcam models.<sup id="cite_ref-Richtel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richtel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest webcast equivalent of an online <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a> and one of the earliest examples of webcasting itself was by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a>'s Webcasting Group in partnership with the entrepreneurs <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dorf_(entrepreneur)" title="Michael Dorf (entrepreneur)">Michael Dorf</a> and Andrew Rasiej. Together with <a href="/wiki/David_B._Pakman" title="David B. Pakman">David B. Pakman</a> from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22, 1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City. Apple later webcast a concert by <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> on June 10, 1996, live from Slim's in San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 31, 1996, UK rock band Caduseus broadcast their one-hour concert from 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm to 12<span class="nowrap"> </span>midnight (UT) at Celtica in Machynlleth, Wales, UK – the first live streamed audio and simultaneous live streamed video multicast – around the globe to more than twenty direct "mirrors" in more than twenty countries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1997, Nebraska Public Television started webcasting Big Red Wrap Up from Lincoln, Nebraska which combined highlights from every Cornhusker football game, coverage of the coaches' weekly press conferences, analysis with Nebraska sportswriters, appearances by special guests and questions and answers with viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 8, 1997, the American jam band <a href="/wiki/Phish" title="Phish">Phish</a> webcast one of their concerts for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 22, 1998, the first Billy Graham Crusade was broadcast live to a worldwide audience from the <a href="/wiki/Raymond_James_Stadium" title="Raymond James Stadium">Raymond James Stadium</a> in Tampa Florida courtesy of Dale Ficken and the WebcastCenter in Pennsylvania. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 6, 1999, a 21-minute <a href="/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret" title="Victoria's Secret">Victoria's Secret</a> fashion show featuring supermodel <a href="/wiki/Tyra_Banks" title="Tyra Banks">Tyra Banks</a> aired exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Broadcast.com" title="Broadcast.com">Broadcast.com</a>. The webcast was promoted by a 30-second television spot during <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIII" title="Super Bowl XXXIII">Super Bowl XXXIII</a> and drew an estimated 1.5 million viewers. Broadcast.com servers were reportedly overwhelmed by the spike in traffic, locking out many potential viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtually all major broadcasters now have a webcast of their output, from the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> to <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a> to <a href="/wiki/DWAO-TV" title="DWAO-TV">UNTV</a> in television to Radio China, Vatican Radio,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Nations Radio and the <a href="/wiki/World_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="World Service">World Service</a> in radio. </p><p>On November 4, 1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 7, 1994, <a href="/wiki/WXYC" title="WXYC">WXYC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/College_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="College radio">college radio</a> station of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Translated versions including <a href="/wiki/Subtitling" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitling">Subtitling</a> are now possible using SMIL <a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wedcast">Wedcast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wedcast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A webcast of a <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a> may be called a <b>wedcast</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-iht_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iht-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in real time on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. It is sometimes used for weddings in exotic locations, where it would be expensive or difficult for people to travel to see the wedding in person.<sup id="cite_ref-iht_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iht-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 13, 1998, the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan K'necht and Carrie Silverman in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first webcast teleconference wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31, 1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, and were married by Jerry Falwell while he sat in his office in <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by some funeral homes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has been around since at least 2005, cheaper broadband access, the financial strain of travel, and deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan have all led to increased use of the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/webcast" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/webcast">webcast</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">Live streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_clip" title="Media clip">Media clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webisode" title="Webisode">Webisode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Webinar">Webinar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShiao2012" class="citation web cs1">Shiao, Dennis (December 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.inxpo.com/casting-calls/bid/112104/Webcasting-101-Planning-and-Executing-High-Quality-Webcasts">"Webcasting 101: Planning and Executing High Quality Webcasts"</a>. INXPO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127014936/http://web.inxpo.com/casting-calls/bid/112104/Webcasting-101-Planning-and-Executing-High-Quality-Webcasts">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Webcasting+101%3A+Planning+and+Executing+High+Quality+Webcasts&rft.pub=INXPO&rft.date=2012-12-26&rft.aulast=Shiao&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.inxpo.com%2Fcasting-calls%2Fbid%2F112104%2FWebcasting-101-Planning-and-Executing-High-Quality-Webcasts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmarketcentral.com/webcast_podcast_overview.htm">"Overview of Webcasting and Podcasting"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trojan+Room+Coffee+Pot&rft.au=Quentin+Stafford-+Fraser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2Fcoffee%2Fqsf%2Fcoffee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamie_Condliffe2013" class="citation web cs1">Jamie Condliffe (April 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/5993583/the-worlds-first-webcam-was-created-to-check-a-coffee-pot-remotely">"The World's First Webcam Was Created to Check a Coffee Pot"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910162254/http://gizmodo.com/5993583/the-worlds-first-webcam-was-created-to-check-a-coffee-pot-remotely">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+First+Webcam+Was+Created+to+Check+a+Coffee+Pot&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.au=Jamie+Condliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2F5993583%2Fthe-worlds-first-webcam-was-created-to-check-a-coffee-pot-remotely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-disobey-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-disobey_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2004" class="citation web cs1">Baldwin, Steve (May 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disobey.com/ghostsites/2004_05_19_archive.html">"Forgotten Web Celebrities: Jennicam.org's Jennifer Ringley"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Web+Celebrities%3A+Jennicam.org%27s+Jennifer+Ringley&rft.pub=Disobey.com%3A+Content+for+the+discontented+%28blog%29&rft.date=2004-05-19&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disobey.com%2Fghostsites%2F2004_05_19_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Jamie (2014). "Chapter 6: Lights, Web-camera, Action". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTlUBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Dark Net: Inside the Digital Underworld</i></a>. London: Melville House. pp. 166–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780434023172" title="Special:BookSources/9780434023172"><bdi>9780434023172</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823181110/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTlUBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 26, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116135028/http://scarlet.unl.edu/scarlet/v7n25/v7n25nibs.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scarlet&rft.atitle=Big+Red+Wrap-Up+Now+on+World+Wide+Web&rft.date=1997-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscarlet.unl.edu%2Fscarlet%2Fv7n25%2Fv7n25nibs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershunySmith2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gershuny, Jason; Smith, Andy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOwwDwAAQBAJ&q=phish%201997%20webcast%20tinley&pg=PT211"><i>100 Things Phish Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die</i></a> (in Arabic). 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radio">radio</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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