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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Afar–Somali clashes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>28 October 2020 – present <br /> (4 years, 3 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Border between <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> Somali-allied militias</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region"><img alt="Afar Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region"><img alt="Afar Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></span> Afar-allied militias</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Somali_Region_%281994-2008%2C_2018-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mohammed_Omar" title="Mustafa Mohammed Omar">Mustafa Mohammed Omar (Cagjar)</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region"><img alt="Afar Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Afar_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awol_Arba_Unde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awol Arba Unde (page does not exist)">Awol Arba Unde</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 448+ killed<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-1960_conflictsin_the_Horn_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Post-1960 <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_in_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Conflicts in the Horn of Africa">conflicts<br />in the Horn of Africa</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean civil wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bale_revolt" title="Bale revolt">Bale revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamu_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamu Incident">Rhamu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Ogaden_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 Ogaden Rebellion">1963 Ogaden Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 Al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Ethiopian_crackdown_in_Ogaden" title="2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden">2007–08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo%E2%80%93Guji_clashes" title="Gedeo–Guji clashes">Gedeo–Guji clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">border conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa"><i>OEF – Horn of Africa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afar–Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fashaga_conflict" title="Al-Fashaga conflict">Al-Fashaga conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Afar–Somali clashes</b> are <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">territorial conflicts</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Regions</a> of Ethiopia. The current conflict which began in 2014, is centered around three special <a href="/wiki/Kebeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebeles">Kebeles</a> inhabited by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa Clan</a>. These three special Kebeles include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaytu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaytu (page does not exist)">Adaytu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <i lang="aa">Qadaytu</i>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Cadayto</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Mille_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mille (Ethiopian District)">Mille woreda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undufo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undufo (page does not exist)">Undufo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <i lang="aa">Qundafaqo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Cundhufo</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Gewane_(woreda)" title="Gewane (woreda)">Gewane woreda</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedamaytu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedamaytu (page does not exist)">Gedamaytu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <i lang="aa">Gadamaytu</i>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Garba-Ciise</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Amibara_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amibara (Ethiopian District)">Amibara Woreda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the federal government, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF), redrew the boundary between the two regions. As a result the Somali Region lost three villages to the Afar Region. Since then they have been trying to get the villages back under their control.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clashes">Clashes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Crisis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis Group">Crisis Group</a> since the conflicts began between the groups dozens of lives have been claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2020, 27 people were killed. On 2 April 2021, 100 cattle herders were reportedly shot dead.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 July 2021, clashes erupted in the town of Garbaiisa. The clashes, killing 300, were followed by massive protests in the Somali region, with roadblocks put on the only road out of the settlement, and the partial destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Ethio-Djibouti Railways</a>, where 95% of Ethiopia's maritime trade goes through.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict spilled over to <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> itself, where Afars and Somalis clashed in the <a href="/wiki/Balbala" title="Balbala">Balbala</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, on 1 August the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> embassy in Djibouti issued a demonstration alert warning of riots in Djibouti city's Balbala and Arhiba areas.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 May 2022, both regions agreed to withdraw their forces from the disputed territory and support the return of displaced people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, conflict flared up again on 9 November the same year, where fighting between local militias killed at least 18 people and injured at least 28 others in Dheymeed woreda, <a href="/wiki/Sitti_Zone" title="Sitti Zone">Sitti Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somali Region protesters blocked the Ethio-Djibouti Railways on 27 March 2023, believing that the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defense Force</a> (ENDF) "was implicitly supporting" the Afar Region in the border dispute. Local officials eventually convinced the protesters to unblock the road, but alleged that shortly afterward, the ENDF "suddenly opened fire" and killed 3 of the protesters, while wounding another 6.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days later, on 30 March, there were reports that Afar and Somali militia groups clashed around areas surrounding the road.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOatis,_JonathanFletcher,_Philippa2021" class="citation cs2">Oatis, Jonathan; Fletcher, Philippa, eds. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=borkena&rft.atitle=Milestone+to+end+communal+violence+as+Afar%2C+Somali+special+forces+removed+from+conflict+areas&rft.date=2022-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fborkena.com%2F2022%2F05%2F15%2Fafar-somali-regions-to-remove-special-forces-from-conflict-areas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar%E2%80%93Somali+clashes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addisstandard.com/news-army-kills-three-civilians-severely-injures-six-following-protests-in-sitti-zone-somali-region/">"News: Army kills three civilians, severely injures six following protests in Sitti zone, Somali region: local official"</a>. <i>Addis Standard</i>. 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=News%3A+Army+kills+three+civilians%2C+severely+injures+six+following+protests+in+Sitti+zone%2C+Somali+region%3A+local+official&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Fnews-army-kills-three-civilians-severely-injures-six-following-protests-in-sitti-zone-somali-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar%E2%80%93Somali+clashes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel_Tesfaye2023" class="citation web cs1">Abel Tesfaye (4 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2023/04/04/federal-action-needed-to-end-ethiopias-somali-afar-conflict/">"Federal action needed to end Ethiopia's Somali-Afar conflict"</a>. <i>Ethiopia Insight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethiopia+Insight&rft.atitle=Federal+action+needed+to+end+Ethiopia%27s+Somali-Afar+conflict&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.au=Abel+Tesfaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopia-insight.com%2F2023%2F04%2F04%2Ffederal-action-needed-to-end-ethiopias-somali-afar-conflict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfar%E2%80%93Somali+clashes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_discrimination_in_Ethiopia" title="Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia">Ethnic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Addis_Ababa_Master_Plan" title="2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan">2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ethiopian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Ethiopian uprising">2015 Ethiopian uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Oromo_protests" title="2014–2016 Oromo protests">2014–2016 Oromo protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galikoma_massacre" title="Galikoma massacre">Galikoma massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara Region coup d'état attempt">Amhara Region coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Ataye_clashes" title="2021 Ataye clashes">2021 Ataye clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Shewa_clashes" title="2022 North Shewa clashes">2022 North Shewa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Amhara_people" title="Persecution of Amhara people">Persecution of Amhara people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finote_Selam_drone_strike" title="Finote Selam drone strike">Finote Selam drone strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merawi_massacre" title="Merawi massacre">Merawi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Amhara_offensive" title="2024 Amhara offensive">2024 Amhara offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_Region" title="Benishangul-Gumuz Region">Benishangul-Gumuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region" title="Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region">SNNPR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo%E2%80%93Guji_clashes" title="Gedeo–Guji clashes">Gedeo–Guji clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_Konso" title="Ethnic violence in Konso">Ethnic violence in Konso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_against_Amaro_Koore" title="Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore">Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Tigray_war" title="Spillover of the Tigray war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tigray_War" title="Template:Tigray War">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_peace_process" title="Tigrayan peace process">Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Tigray_peace_agreement" title="Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement">peace agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Revolutionary_Democratic_Unity_Front" title="Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front">Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front</a></li> <li>Amhara <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fano_(militia)" title="Fano (militia)">Fano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul_People%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Benishangul People's Liberation Movement">Benishangul People's Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Army" title="Oromo Liberation Army">Oromo Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sidama National Liberation Front">Sidama National Liberation Front</a></li> <li>Tigray <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray Defence Forces">Tigray Defence Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_of_Ethiopian_Federalist_and_Confederalist_Forces" title="United Front of Ethiopian Federalist and Confederalist Forces">United Front of Ethiopian Federalist and Confederalist Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Tigray War">Foreign forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrean Defence Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Ethiopian Human Rights Commission">EHRC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grassroots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Human_Rights_Council" title="Ethiopian Human Rights Council">EHRCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Red_Cross_Society" title="Ethiopian Red Cross Society">ERCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seb_Hidri" title="Seb Hidri">Seb Hidri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yikono" title="Yikono">Yikono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fashaga_conflict" title="Al-Fashaga conflict">Al-Fashaga conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_Ethiopia" title="Internment camps in Ethiopia">Internment camps in Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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