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<ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comorbidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comorbidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Comorbidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comorbidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subtypes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ICD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>ICD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>DSM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avoidant personality disorder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontwykende_persoonlikheidsteuring" title="Ontwykende persoonlikheidsteuring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontwykende persoonlikheidsteuring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="اضطراب الشخصية الاجتنابي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضطراب الشخصية الاجتنابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Отбягващо разстройство на личността – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отбягващо разстройство на личността" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorn_de_la_personalitat_per_evitaci%C3%B3" title="Trastorn de la personalitat per evitació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trastorn de la personalitat per evitació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyh%C3%BDbav%C3%A1_porucha_osobnosti" title="Vyhýbavá porucha osobnosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyhýbavá porucha osobnosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ngstelig_personlighedsforstyrrelse" title="Ængstelig personlighedsforstyrrelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ængstelig personlighedsforstyrrelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ngstlich-vermeidende_Pers%C3%B6nlichkeitsst%C3%B6rung" title="Ängstlich-vermeidende Persönlichkeitsstörung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ängstlich-vermeidende Persönlichkeitsstörung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ltiv_isiksush%C3%A4ire" title="Vältiv isiksushäire – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vältiv isiksushäire" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αποφευκτική διαταραχή προσωπικότητας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποφευκτική διαταραχή προσωπικότητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_la_personalidad_por_evitaci%C3%B3n" title="Trastorno de la personalidad por evitación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trastorno de la personalidad por evitación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evitema_personeca_perturbo" title="Evitema personeca perturbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evitema personeca perturbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اختلال شخصیت دوری‌گزین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختلال شخصیت دوری‌گزین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9_%C3%A9vitante" title="Trouble de la personnalité évitante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trouble de la personnalité évitante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%ED%94%BC%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B8%EA%B2%A9%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0" title="회피성 인격장애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회피성 인격장애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խուսափող անձնային խանգարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խուսափող անձնային խանգարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangguan_kepribadian_menghindar" title="Gangguan kepribadian menghindar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gangguan kepribadian menghindar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbo_evitante_di_personalit%C3%A0" title="Disturbo evitante di personalità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disturbo evitante di personalità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="הפרעת אישיות נמנעת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרעת אישיות נמנעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulung_palailag_ning_personalidad" title="Gulung palailag ning personalidad – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gulung palailag ning personalidad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აცილებადი პიროვნების აშლილობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აცილებადი პიროვნების აშლილობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengian%C4%8Diojo_tipo_asmenyb%C4%97s_sutrikimas" title="Vengiančiojo tipo asmenybės sutrikimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vengiančiojo tipo asmenybės sutrikimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elker%C3%BCl%C5%91_szem%C3%A9lyis%C3%A9gzavar" title="Elkerülő személyiségzavar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elkerülő személyiségzavar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermijdende_persoonlijkheidsstoornis" title="Vermijdende persoonlijkheidsstoornis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vermijdende persoonlijkheidsstoornis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%81%BF%E6%80%A7%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3" title="回避性パーソナリティ障害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="回避性パーソナリティ障害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engstelig_(unnvikende)_personlighetsforstyrrelse" title="Engstelig (unnvikende) personlighetsforstyrrelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Engstelig (unnvikende) personlighetsforstyrrelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ଆଭଏଡାଣ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ରୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଭଏଡାଣ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ରୋଗ" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidance_behaviour&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoidance behaviour">Avoidance behaviour</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Personality disorder</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Avoidant personality disorder</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Anxious personality disorder</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Loneliness_in_a_Crowd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Loneliness_in_a_Crowd.jpg/220px-Loneliness_in_a_Crowd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Loneliness_in_a_Crowd.jpg/330px-Loneliness_in_a_Crowd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Loneliness_in_a_Crowd.jpg/440px-Loneliness_in_a_Crowd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4387" data-file-height="2923" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_inhibition" title="Social inhibition">social inhibition</a>, feelings of inadequacy and <a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">inferiority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social withdrawal">withdrawal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Substance use disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Chronic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Childhood emotional neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_predisposition" title="Genetic predisposition">Genetic predisposition</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid personality disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal personality disorder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Cluster_A_(odd_or_eccentric_disorders)" title="Personality disorder">Cluster A (odd)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Cluster_B_(emotional_or_erratic_disorders)" title="Personality disorder">Cluster B (dramatic)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Cluster_C_(anxious_or_fearful_disorders)" title="Personality disorder">Cluster C (anxious)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avoidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Personality disorder not otherwise specified">Not otherwise specified</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depressive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">Depressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <i>Others</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Passive–aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">Masochistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltlose_personality_disorder" title="Haltlose personality disorder">Haltlose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_personality_disorder" title="Immature personality disorder">Immature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_personality_disorder" title="Organic personality disorder">Post-traumatic organic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personality_disorders_sidebar" title="Template:Personality disorders sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personality_disorders_sidebar" title="Template talk:Personality disorders sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personality_disorders_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personality disorders sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Avoidant personality disorder</b> (<b>AvPD</b>) or <b>anxious personality disorder</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Cluster_C_(anxious_or_fearful_disorders)" title="Personality disorder">Cluster C</a> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorder</a> characterized by excessive <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_inhibition" title="Social inhibition">inhibition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">fear of intimacy</a> (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and <a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">inferiority</a>, and an overreliance on <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_coping" title="Avoidance coping">avoidance of feared stimuli</a> (e.g. self-imposed <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>) as a maladaptive <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those affected typically display a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation" title="Fear of negative evaluation">extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">rejection</a>, a belief that one is socially inept or personally unappealing to others, and avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">social interaction</a> despite a strong desire for it.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to affect an approximately equal number of men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with AvPD often avoid social interaction for fear of being <a href="/wiki/Mockery" title="Mockery">ridiculed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">rejected</a>, or disliked. They typically avoid becoming involved with others unless they are certain they will not be rejected, and may also pre-emptively abandon relationships due to <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> of a real or imagined risk of being rejected by the other party.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Childhood emotional neglect</a> (in particular, the rejection of a <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a> by one or both <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parents</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Peer_group" title="Peer group">peer group</a> rejection are associated with an increased risk for its development; however, it is possible for AvPD to occur without any notable history of <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-avpd-env_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avpd-env-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avoidant individuals are preoccupied with their own shortcomings and form relationships with others only if they believe they will not be rejected. They often view themselves with <a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">contempt</a>, while showing a decreased ability to identify traits within themselves that are generally considered as positive within their societies.<sup id="cite_ref-retzlaff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retzlaff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss and social rejection are so painful that these individuals will choose to be alone rather than risk trying to connect with others. </p><p>Some with this disorder fantasize about idealized, accepting, and affectionate relationships because of their desire to belong. They often feel themselves unworthy of the relationships they desire, and shame themselves from ever attempting to begin them. If they do manage to form relationships, it is also common for them to pre-emptively abandon them out of fear of the relationship failing.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals with the disorder tend to describe themselves as uneasy, anxious, lonely, unwanted and isolated from others.<sup id="cite_ref-millon1996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millon1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often choose jobs of isolation in which they do not have to interact with others regularly. Avoidant individuals also avoid performing activities in public spaces for fear of embarrassing themselves in front of others. </p><p>Symptoms include: </p> <ul><li>Extreme <a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">shyness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">anxiety</a> in social situations<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heightened attachment-related anxiety, which may include a <a href="/wiki/Abandonment_(emotional)" title="Abandonment (emotional)">fear of abandonment</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Substance use disorders<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comorbidity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AvPD is reported to be especially prevalent in people with <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, although estimates of <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbidity</a> vary widely due to differences in (among others) diagnostic instruments. Research suggests that approximately 10–50% of people who have <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> with <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a> have avoidant personality disorder, as well as about 20–40% of people who have social anxiety disorder. In addition to this, AvPD is more prevalent in people who have comorbid social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder than in those who have only one of the aforementioned conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some studies report prevalence rates of up to 45% among people with generalized anxiety disorder and up to 56% of those with <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a> is also commonly comorbid with avoidant personality disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avoidants are prone to <a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-loathing</a> and, in certain cases, <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>. <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Substance use disorders</a> are also common in individuals with AvPD—particularly in regard to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and may significantly affect a patient's prognosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier theorists proposed a personality disorder with a combination of features from <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a> and avoidant personality disorder, called "avoidant-borderline mixed personality" (AvPD/BPD).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Causes of AvPD are not clearly defined,<sup id="cite_ref-Sed2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sed2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but appear to be influenced by a combination of social, genetic and psychological factors. The disorder may be related to <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperamental</a> factors that are inherited.<sup id="cite_ref-eggum_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eggum-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emedicine_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emedicine-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically, various anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence have been associated with a temperament characterized by behavioral inhibition, including features of being shy, fearful and withdrawn in new situations.<sup id="cite_ref-amn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inherited characteristics may give an individual a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_predisposition" title="Genetic predisposition">genetic predisposition</a> towards AvPD.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Childhood emotional neglect<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and peer group rejection<sup id="cite_ref-sperry_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sperry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are both associated with an increased risk for the development of AvPD.<sup id="cite_ref-eggum_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eggum-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers believe a combination of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_sensitivity" title="Sensory processing sensitivity">high-sensory-processing sensitivity</a> coupled with adverse childhood experiences may heighten the risk of an individual developing AvPD.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millon">Millon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Millon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Millon" title="Theodore Millon">Theodore Millon</a> notes that because most patients present a mixed picture of symptoms, their <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorder</a> tends to be a blend of a major personality disorder type with one or more secondary personality disorder types. He identified four adult subtypes of avoidant personality disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Millon_11_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millon_11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-millon.net_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millon.net-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subtype and description </th> <th>Personality traits </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Phobic avoidant</b> (including <a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">dependent</a> features) </td> <td>General apprehensiveness displaced with avoidable tangible precipitant; qualms and disquietude symbolized by a repugnant and specific dreadful object or circumstances. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Conflicted avoidant</b> (including <a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive-aggressive personality disorder">negativistic</a> features) </td> <td>Internal discord and dissension; fears dependence; unsettled; unreconciled within self; hesitating, confused, tormented, <a href="/wiki/Paroxysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Paroxysm">paroxysmic</a>, embittered; unresolvable angst. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Hypersensitive avoidant</b> (including <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">paranoid</a> features) </td> <td>Intensely wary and suspicious; alternately panicky, terrified, edgy, and timorous, then thin-skinned, high-strung, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petulant" class="extiw" title="wikt:petulant">petulant</a>, and prickly. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Self-deserting avoidant</b> (including <a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">depressive</a> features) </td> <td>Blocks or fragments <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>; discards painful images and memories; casts away untenable thoughts and impulses; possibly suicidal.<sup id="cite_ref-millon.net_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millon.net-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1993, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_E._Alden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn E. Alden (page does not exist)">Lynn E. Alden</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_J._Capreol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha J. Capreol (page does not exist)">Martha J. Capreol</a> proposed two other subtypes of avoidant personality disorder:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subtype </th> <th>Features </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Cold-avoidant</b> </td> <td>Characterised by an inability to experience and express positive emotion towards others. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Exploitable-avoidant</b> </td> <td>Characterised by an inability to express anger towards others or to resist coercion from others. May be at risk for abuse by others. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICD">ICD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ICD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> lists avoidant personality disorder as <i>anxious (avoidant) personality disorder (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F60.6">F60.6</a>)</i>. </p><p>It is characterized by the presence of at least four of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>persistent and pervasive feelings of tension and apprehension;</li> <li>belief that one is socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others;</li> <li>excessive preoccupation with being criticized or rejected in social situations;</li> <li>unwillingness to become involved with people unless certain of being liked;</li> <li>restrictions in lifestyle because of need to have physical security;</li> <li>avoidance of social or occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.</li></ul> <p>Associated features may include hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism. </p><p>It is a requirement of ICD-10 that all personality disorder diagnoses also satisfy a set of <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Diagnosis" title="Personality disorder">general personality disorder criteria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSM">DSM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: DSM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM) of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> also has an avoidant personality disorder diagnosis (301.82). It refers to a widespread pattern of inhibition around people, feeling inadequate and being very sensitive to negative evaluation. Symptoms begin by early adulthood and occur in a range of situations. </p><p>Four of the following seven specific symptoms should be present:<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection</li> <li>is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked</li> <li>shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed</li> <li>is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations</li> <li>is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy</li> <li>views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others</li> <li>is <a href="/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance" title="Pathological demand avoidance">unusually reluctant to take personal risk or to engage in any new activities</a> because they may prove embarrassing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>, a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) also requires that the <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#DSM-5_general_criteria" title="Personality disorder">general criteria for a personality disorder</a> be met. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>, avoidant personality disorder must be differentiated from similar personality disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">dependent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">paranoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a>. But these can also occur together; this is particularly likely for AvPD and dependent personality disorder. Thus, if criteria for more than one personality disorder are met, all can be diagnosed.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also an overlap between avoidant and schizoid personality traits (see <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_avoidant_behavior" title="Schizoid avoidant behavior">Schizoid avoidant behavior</a>) and AvPD may have a relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizophrenia spectrum">schizophrenia spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avoidant personality disorder must also be differentiated from the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehnhardt2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehnhardt2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment of avoidant personality disorder can employ various techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_skills_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Social skills training">social skills training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>, and exposure treatment to gradually increase social contacts, <a href="/wiki/Group_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Group therapy">group therapy</a> for practicing social skills, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">drug therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Comer_2014_p._32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comer_2014_p.-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key issue in treatment is gaining and keeping the patient's trust since people with an avoidant personality disorder will often start to avoid treatment sessions if they distrust the therapist or fear rejection. The primary purpose of both individual therapy and social skills group training is for individuals with an avoidant personality disorder to begin challenging their exaggerated negative beliefs about themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant improvement in the symptoms of personality disorders is possible, with the help of treatment and individual effort.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being a personality disorder, which is usually chronic and has long-lasting mental conditions, an avoidant personality disorder may not improve with time without treatment. Given that it is a poorly studied personality disorder and in light of prevalence rates, societal costs, and the current state of research, AvPD qualifies as a neglected disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is debate as to whether avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is distinct from social anxiety disorder. Both have similar diagnostic criteria and may share a similar causation, subjective experience, course, treatment and identical underlying personality features, such as shyness.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is contended by some that they are merely different conceptualizations of the same disorder, where avoidant personality disorder may represent the more severe form.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, those with AvPD experience not only more severe social phobia symptoms, but are also more depressed and more functionally impaired than patients with generalized social phobia alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But they show no differences in social skills or performance on an impromptu speech.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another difference is that social phobia is the <i>fear of social circumstances</i> whereas AvPD is better described as an <i>aversion to intimacy</i> in relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Comer_2014_p._32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comer_2014_p.-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data from the 2001–02 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions indicates a <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of 2.36% in the American general population.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to occur with equal frequency in males and females.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study, it was seen in 14.7% of psychiatric outpatients.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The avoidant personality has been described in several sources as far back as the early 1900s, although it was not so named for some time. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a> described patients who exhibited signs of avoidant personality disorder in his 1911 work <i>Dementia Praecox: Or the Group of Schizophrenias</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-millon1995_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millon1995-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avoidant and <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid</a> patterns were frequently confused or referred to synonymously until <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer" title="Ernst Kretschmer">Kretschmer</a> (1921),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in providing the first relatively complete description, developed a distinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoidance_coping" title="Avoidance coping">Avoidance coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterphobic_attitude" title="Counterphobic attitude">Counterphobic attitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">Inferiority complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_sensitivity" title="Sensory processing sensitivity">Sensory processing sensitivity</a></li></ul> <p><b>Social:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loner" title="Loner">Loner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Recluse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary animal">Solitary animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taijin_kyofusho" title="Taijin kyofusho">Taijin kyofusho</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-who.int-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who.int_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who.int_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anxious [avoidant personality disorder]</i> in ICD-10: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155">Diagnostic Criteria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618131606/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155">Archived</a> 2016-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf#161">Clinical descriptions and guidelines.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323025330/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf#161">Archived</a> 2014-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JivBAAAQBAJ">"Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/234"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i></a> (Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/234">234–236</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890425596.156852">10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8"><bdi>978-0-89042-555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternative+DSM-5+Model+for+Personality+Disorders&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.pages=234-236&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890425596.156852&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-555-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JivBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvoidant+personality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM-5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2013" class="citation book cs1">American Psychiatric Association, ed. 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Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge. pp. 59–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93569-2"><bdi>978-0-415-93569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avoidant+Personality+Disorder&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+diagnosis+and+treatment+of+DSM-IV-TR+personality+disorders&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=59-79&rft.pub=Brunner-Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93569-2&rft.aulast=Sperry&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35VhnOG6vCcC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvoidant+personality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerAjchenbrennerBowles2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer B, Ajchenbrenner M, Bowles DP (December 2005). 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id="CITEREFHerbertHopeBellack1992" class="citation journal cs1">Herbert JD, Hope DA, Bellack AS (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub/917">"Validity of the distinction between generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder"</a>. <i>J Abnorm Psychol</i>. <b>101</b> (2): 332–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-843x.101.2.332">10.1037/0021-843x.101.2.332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1583228">1583228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Abnorm+Psychol&rft.atitle=Validity+of+the+distinction+between+generalized+social+phobia+and+avoidant+personality+disorder&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=332-9&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0021-843x.101.2.332&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1583228&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Hope%2C+DA&rft.au=Bellack%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fpsychfacpub%2F917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvoidant+personality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantHasinStinsonDawson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ, et al. 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"Prevalence, Correlates, and Disability of Personality Disorders in the United States". <i>The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</i>. <b>65</b> (7): 948–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.v65n0711">10.4088/JCP.v65n0711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15291684">15291684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Prevalence%2C+Correlates%2C+and+Disability+of+Personality+Disorders+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=948-58&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.v65n0711&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15291684&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Bridget+F.&rft.au=Hasin%2C+Deborah+S.&rft.au=Stinson%2C+Frederick+S.&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Deborah+A.&rft.au=Chou%2C+S.+Patricia&rft.au=Ruan%2C+W.+June&rft.au=Pickering%2C+Roger+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvoidant+personality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman,_M.Rothschild,_L.Chelminski,_I.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., Chelminski, I. (2005). "The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients". <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>162</b> (10): 1911–1918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.162.10.1911">10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16199838">16199838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+of+DSM-IV+personality+disorders+in+psychiatric+outpatients&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1911-1918&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.162.10.1911&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16199838&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+M.&rft.au=Rothschild%2C+L.&rft.au=Chelminski%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvoidant+personality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millon1995-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millon1995_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillonMartinez1995" class="citation book cs1">Millon T, Martinez A (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AqPs9ootqoC&pg=PA218">"Avoidant Personality Disorder"</a>. In Livesley WJ (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780898622577/page/218"><i>The DSM-IV Personality Disorders</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780898622577/page/218">218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-257-7"><bdi>978-0-89862-257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avoidant+Personality+Disorder&rft.btitle=The+DSM-IV+Personality+Disorders&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89862-257-7&rft.aulast=Millon&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AqPs9ootqoC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvoidant+personality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretschmer1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer" title="Ernst Kretschmer">Kretschmer E</a> (1921). <i>Körperbau und Charakter</i>. J. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6rperbau+und+Charakter&rft.pub=J.+Springer&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Kretschmer&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvoidant+personality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoidant_personality_disorder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q509122" class="extiw" title="d:Q509122">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F60.6">F60.6</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=301.82">301.82</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010554">D010554</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000940.htm">000940</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/189-overview">ped/189</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personality_disorder_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personality_disorder_classification" title="Template:Personality disorder classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personality_disorder_classification" title="Template talk:Personality disorder classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personality_disorder_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personality disorder classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personality_disorder_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Diagnosis" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_models_of_personality_disorders" title="Dimensional models of personality disorders">Dimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#DSM-IV-TR_.282000.29" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#Multi-axial_system" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Multi-axial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relational_classification_of_personality_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relational classification of personality disorders (page does not exist)">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_classification_of_personality_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural classification of personality disorders (page does not exist)">Structural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">ICD</a> classifications (<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizotypal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder#ICD" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_personality_disorder#WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder">Anankastic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxious (avoidant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder#ICD-10" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Dissocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_unstable_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotionally unstable personality disorder">Emotionally unstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltlose_personality_disorder" title="Haltlose personality disorder">Haltlose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_personality_disorder" title="Immature personality disorder">Immature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Passive–aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Psychoneurotic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_personality_disorder" title="Organic personality disorder">Organic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unspecified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Personality disorder not otherwise specified">Unspecified</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM</a> classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="DSM-III-R_only" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#DSM-III_.281980.29" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM-III-R</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">Self-defeating (masochistic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#DSM-IV_.281994.29" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM-IV</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Personality disorder not otherwise specified">Personality disorder not otherwise specified</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Appendix B (proposed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">Depressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Negativistic (passive–aggressive)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Cluster_A_.28odd_or_eccentric_disorders.29" title="Personality disorder">Cluster A (odd)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Cluster_B_.28emotional_or_erratic_disorders.29" title="Personality disorder">Cluster B (dramatic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder#Cluster_C_.28anxious_or_fearful_disorders.29" title="Personality disorder">Cluster C (anxious)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avoidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive-compulsive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Section III (alternative)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder_trait_specified&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personality disorder trait specified (page does not exist)">Trait specified</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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