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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DSM-5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSM-5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>DSM-5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSM-5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cluster_A_(odd_or_eccentric_disorders)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cluster_A_(odd_or_eccentric_disorders)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cluster_A_(odd_or_eccentric_disorders)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cluster_B_(emotional_or_erratic_disorders)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cluster_B_(emotional_or_erratic_disorders)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Cluster B (emotional or erratic disorders)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cluster_B_(emotional_or_erratic_disorders)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cluster_C_(anxious_or_fearful_disorders)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cluster_C_(anxious_or_fearful_disorders)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cluster_C_(anxious_or_fearful_disorders)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DSM-5_general_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSM-5_general_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>DSM-5 general criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSM-5_general_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICD-11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICD-11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>ICD-11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICD-11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICD-10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICD-10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>ICD-10</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICD-10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_personality_types_and_Millon's_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_personality_types_and_Millon's_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other personality types and Millon's description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_personality_types_and_Millon's_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Additional factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Severity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Severity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_social_functioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_social_functioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Effect on social functioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_social_functioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comorbidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comorbidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Comorbidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comorbidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_functioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_functioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Impact on functioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_functioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In the workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versus_normal_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versus_normal_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Versus normal personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versus_normal_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Openness_to_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Openness_to_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Openness to experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Openness_to_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Child abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Socioeconomic status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Parenting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurobiological_correlates_–_hippocampus,_amygdala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurobiological_correlates_–_hippocampus,_amygdala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Neurobiological correlates – hippocampus, amygdala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurobiological_correlates_–_hippocampus,_amygdala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Specific approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Before the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Personality disorder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonlikheidsteuring" title="Persoonlikheidsteuring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Persoonlikheidsteuring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اضطراب الشخصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضطراب الشخصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99xsiyy%C9%99t_pozuntular%C4%B1" title="Şəxsiyyət pozuntuları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəxsiyyət pozuntuları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="کیملیک بوزوکلوگو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیملیک بوزوکلوگو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Разлад асобы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Разлад асобы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorn_de_la_personalitat" title="Trastorn de la personalitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trastorn de la personalitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porucha_osobnosti" title="Porucha osobnosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Porucha osobnosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personlighedsforstyrrelse" title="Personlighedsforstyrrelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Personlighedsforstyrrelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%B6nlichkeitsst%C3%B6rung" title="Persönlichkeitsstörung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persönlichkeitsstörung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiksush%C3%A4ired" title="Isiksushäired – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isiksushäired" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διαταραχή προσωπικότητας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαταραχή προσωπικότητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_personalidad" title="Trastorno de personalidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trastorno de personalidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personecaj_perturboj" title="Personecaj perturboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Personecaj perturboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortasunaren_nahasmendu" title="Nortasunaren nahasmendu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nortasunaren nahasmendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اختلال شخصیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختلال شخصیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%B3nsmensku%C3%B3r%C3%B3gv" title="Persónsmenskuórógv – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Persónsmenskuórógv" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9" title="Trouble de la personnalité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trouble de la personnalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neamhord_pearsantachta" title="Neamhord pearsantachta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neamhord pearsantachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_personalidade" title="Trastorno de personalidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trastorno de personalidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B2%A9%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0" title="인격장애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인격장애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Անձնային խանգարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձնային խանգարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="व्यक्तित्व विकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यक्तित्व विकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangguan_kepribadian" title="Gangguan kepribadian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gangguan kepribadian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%B3nuleikar%C3%B6skun" title="Persónuleikaröskun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Persónuleikaröskun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbo_di_personalit%C3%A0" title="Disturbo di personalità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disturbo di personalità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הפרעת אישיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרעת אישיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პიროვნების აშლილობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიროვნების აშლილობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тұлғаның бұзылыстары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұлғаның бұзылыстары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbatio_personalitatis" title="Perturbatio personalitatis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Perturbatio personalitatis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person%C4%ABbas_trauc%C4%93jumi" title="Personības traucējumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Personības traucējumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmenyb%C4%97s_sutrikimas" title="Asmenybės sutrikimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asmenybės sutrikimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szem%C3%A9lyis%C3%A9gzavar" title="Személyiségzavar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Személyiségzavar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شخصیت اختلال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شخصیت اختلال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecelaruan_personaliti" title="Kecelaruan personaliti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kecelaruan personaliti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonlijkheidsstoornis" title="Persoonlijkheidsstoornis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Persoonlijkheidsstoornis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3" title="パーソナリティ障害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーソナリティ障害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personlighetsforstyrrelse" title="Personlighetsforstyrrelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Personlighetsforstyrrelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ବିକାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ବିକାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaburzenie_osobowo%C5%9Bci" title="Zaburzenie osobowości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaburzenie osobowości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtorno_de_personalidade" title="Transtorno de personalidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transtorno de personalidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulburare_de_personalitate" title="Tulburare de personalitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tulburare de personalitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Расстройство личности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Расстройство личности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="व्यक्तित्वविकारः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="व्यक्तित्वविकारः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorbu_de_personalidade" title="Istorbu de personalidade – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istorbu de personalidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Personality disorder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porucha_osobnosti" title="Porucha osobnosti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Porucha osobnosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osebnostna_motnja" title="Osebnostna motnja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osebnostna motnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cillad_shakhsiyadeed" title="Cillad shakhsiyadeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cillad shakhsiyadeed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%83%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ناڕێکیی كەسایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناڕێکیی كەسایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Поремећај личности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поремећај личности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonallisuush%C3%A4iri%C3%B6t" title="Persoonallisuushäiriöt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persoonallisuushäiriöt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personlighetssyndrom" title="Personlighetssyndrom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Personlighetssyndrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diperensiya_ng_personalidad" title="Diperensiya ng personalidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diperensiya ng personalidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஆளுமைச் சிதைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆளுமைச் சிதைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="ความผิดปกติทางบุคลิกภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความผิดปกติทางบุคลิกภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9Filik_bozuklu%C4%9Fu" title="Kişilik bozukluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kişilik bozukluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Розлад особистості – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розлад особистості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%81" title="شخصیتی عدم توازن کا عارضہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شخصیتی عدم توازن کا عارضہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%91i_lo%E1%BA%A1n_nh%C3%A2n_c%C3%A1ch" title="Rối loạn nhân cách – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rối loạn nhân cách" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98-%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="פערזענלעכקייט-שטערונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פערזענלעכקייט-שטערונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="性格障礙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="性格障礙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="人格障礙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人格障礙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Maladaptive patterns of behavior</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Personality disorders</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cluster_A_(odd_or_eccentric_disorders)">Cluster A (odd)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cluster_B_(emotional_or_erratic_disorders)">Cluster B (dramatic)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cluster_C_(anxious_or_fearful_disorders)">Cluster C (anxious)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Personality disorder not otherwise specified">Not otherwise specified</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depressive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">Depressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <i>Others</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Passive–aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">Masochistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltlose_personality_disorder" title="Haltlose personality disorder">Haltlose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_personality_disorder" title="Immature personality disorder">Immature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_personality_disorder" title="Organic personality disorder">Post-traumatic organic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personality_disorders_sidebar" title="Template:Personality disorders sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personality_disorders_sidebar" title="Template talk:Personality disorders sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personality_disorders_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personality disorders sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Personality disorders</b> (<b>PD</b>) are a class of mental health conditions characterized by enduring <a href="/wiki/Maladaptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Maladaptive">maladaptive</a> patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definitions vary by source and remain a matter of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-millon1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millon1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">International Classification of Diseases</a></i> (ICD) and in the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (DSM). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">Personality</a>, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish individual humans. Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that deviate from <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a> and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning, or <a href="/wiki/Impulse_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse control">impulse control</a>. For psychiatric patients, the prevalence of personality disorders is estimated between 40 and 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The behavior patterns of personality disorders are typically recognized by adolescence, the beginning of adulthood or sometimes even childhood and often have a pervasive negative impact on the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment for personality disorders is primarily <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapeutic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based</a> psychotherapies for personality disorders include <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavior therapy</a> especially for <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytic</a> approaches are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personality disorders are associated with considerable <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigma</a> in popular and clinical discourse alike.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite various methodological schemas designed to categorize personality disorders, many issues occur with classifying a personality disorder because the theory and diagnosis of such disorders occur within prevailing <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">cultural expectations</a>; thus, their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of inevitable subjectivity. They argue that the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders are based strictly on social, or even <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">sociopolitical</a> and economic considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_symptoms">Classification and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two latest editions of the major systems of classification are: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">International Classification of Diseases (11th revision, ICD-11)</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition, DSM-5)</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>.</li></ul> <p>The ICD is a collection of alpha-numerical codes which have been assigned to all known clinical states, and provides uniform terminology for medical records, billing, statistics and research. The DSM defines psychiatric diagnoses based on research and expert consensus. Both have deliberately aligned their diagnoses to some extent, but some differences remain. For example, the <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> included <i>narcissistic personality disorder</i> in the group of <i>other specific personality disorders</i>, while DSM-5 does not include <i>enduring personality change after catastrophic experience</i>. The ICD-10 classified the DSM-5 <i>schizotypal personality disorder</i> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> rather than as a personality disorder. There are accepted diagnostic issues and controversies with regard to distinguishing particular personality disorder categories from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a>, previously known as <i>multiple personality</i> as well as <i>multiple personality disorder</i>, has always been classified as a <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociative</a> disorder and never was regarded as a personality disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple-personality-disorder_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-personality-disorder-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSM-5">DSM-5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: DSM-5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most recent <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">fifth edition</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> stresses that a personality disorder is an enduring and inflexible pattern of long duration leading to significant distress or impairment and is not due to use of substances or another medical condition. The DSM-5 lists personality disorders in the same way as other mental disorders, rather than on a separate 'axis', as previously.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DSM-5 lists ten specific personality disorders: <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">paranoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">histrionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">avoidant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">dependent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">obsessive–compulsive</a> personality disorder. The DSM-5 also contains three diagnoses for personality patterns not matching these ten disorders, which nevertheless exhibit characteristics of a personality disorder:<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Personality change due to another medical condition – personality disturbance due to the direct effects of a medical condition</li> <li>Other specified personality disorder – disorder which meets the general criteria for a personality disorder but fails to meet the criteria for a specific disorder, with the reason given</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Personality disorder not otherwise specified">Unspecified personality disorder</a> – disorder which meets the general criteria for a personality disorder but is not included in the DSM-5 classification</li></ul> <p>These specific personality disorders are grouped into the following three clusters based on descriptive similarities: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cluster_A_(odd_or_eccentric_disorders)"><span id="Cluster_A_.28odd_or_eccentric_disorders.29"></span>Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cluster A personality disorders are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. People with these disorders can be paranoid and have difficulty being understood by others, as they often have odd or eccentric modes of speaking and an unwillingness and inability to form and maintain close relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-mayoclinic.org2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid personality disorder</a> – pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others, interpreting motivations as malevolent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid personality disorder</a> – cold affect and detachment from social relationships, apathy, and restricted emotional expression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal personality disorder</a> – pattern of extreme discomfort interacting socially, and distorted cognition and perceptions</li></ul> <p>Significant evidence suggests a small proportion of people with Cluster A personality disorders, especially schizotypal personality disorder, have the potential to develop schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. These disorders also have a higher probability of occurring among individuals whose first-degree relatives have either schizophrenia or a Cluster A personality disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-ClusterA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClusterA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cluster_B_(emotional_or_erratic_disorders)"><span id="Cluster_B_.28emotional_or_erratic_disorders.29"></span>Cluster B (emotional or erratic disorders)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cluster B (emotional or erratic disorders)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, impulsive, self-destructive, emotional behavior and sometimes incomprehensible interactions with others.<sup id="cite_ref-mayoclinic.org2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial personality disorder</a> – pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy, lack of remorse, callousness, bloated self-image, and manipulative and impulsive behavior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a> – pervasive pattern of abrupt emotional outbursts, fear of abandonment, unhealthy <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a>, altered empathy,<sup id="cite_ref-empathy_in_borderline_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empathy_in_borderline-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior and <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a>, often leading to self-harm and impulsivity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic personality disorder</a> – pervasive pattern of <a href="/wiki/Attention-seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-seeking">attention-seeking</a> behavior, including excessive emotions, an impressionistic style of speech, inappropriate seduction, <a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">exhibitionism</a>, and egocentrism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a> – pervasive pattern of <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">superior grandiosity</a>, haughtiness, need for admiration, deceiving others, and lack of empathy (and, in more severe expressions, criminal behavior <em>with</em> remorse)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cluster_C_(anxious_or_fearful_disorders)"><span id="Cluster_C_.28anxious_or_fearful_disorders.29"></span>Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Group C personality disorders are characterised by a consistent pattern of anxious thinking or behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-mayoclinic.org2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant personality disorder</a> – pervasive feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent personality disorder</a> – pervasive psychological need to be cared for by other people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a> – rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism, and control to the point of exclusion of leisurely activities and friendships (distinct from <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSM-5_general_criteria">DSM-5 general criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: DSM-5 general criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 diagnostic systems provide a definition and six criteria for a general personality disorder. These criteria should be met by all personality disorder cases before a more specific diagnosis can be made. The DSM-5 indicates that any personality disorder diagnosis must meet the following criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>There is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: <ul><li>Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)</li> <li>Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response)</li> <li>Interpersonal functioning</li> <li>Impulse control</li></ul></li> <li>The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.</li> <li>The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress, or impairment in functioning, in social, occupational, or other important areas.</li> <li>The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.</li> <li>The enduring pattern is not better explained as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder.</li> <li>The enduring pattern is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., head trauma).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICD-11">ICD-11</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ICD-11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ICD-11#Personality_disorder" title="ICD-11">ICD-11 § Personality disorder</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> personality disorder section differs substantially from the previous edition, ICD-10. All distinct PDs have been merged into one: <i>personality disorder</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#941859884">6D10</a>), which can be coded as <i>mild</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#263226710">6D10.0</a>), <i>moderate</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#758339377">6D10.1</a>), <i>severe</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#40156192">6D10.2</a>), or <i>severity unspecified</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#941859884%2Funspecified">6D10.Z</a>). There is also an additional category called personality difficulty (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#853711607">QE50.7</a>), which can be used to describe personality traits that are problematic, but do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a PD. A personality disorder or difficulty can be specified by one or more <i>prominent personality traits or patterns</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1128733473">6D11</a>). The ICD-11 uses five trait domains: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">Negative affectivity</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#953246526">6D11.0</a>) – including anxiety, separation insecurity, distrustfulness, worthlessness and emotional instability</li> <li>Detachment (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#919081088">6D11.1</a>) – including social detachment and emotional coldness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociality">Dissociality</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1913158855">6D11.2</a>) – including grandiosity, egocentricity, deception, exploitativeness and aggression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">Disinhibition</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#387934990">6D11.3</a>) – including risk-taking, impulsivity, irresponsibility and distractibility</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Anankastia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#848330288">6D11.4</a>) – including rigid control over behaviour and affect and rigid perfectionism</li></ol> <p>Listed directly underneath is <i>borderline pattern</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2006821354">6D11.5</a>), a category similar to <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>. This is not a trait in itself, but a combination of the five traits in certain severity. In the ICD-11, any personality disorder must meet all of the following criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>There is an enduring disturbance characterized by problems in functioning of aspects of the self (e.g., identity, self-worth, accuracy of self-view, self-direction), and/or interpersonal dysfunction (e.g., ability to develop and maintain close and mutually satisfying relationships, ability to understand others' perspectives and to manage conflict in relationships).</li> <li>The disturbance has persisted over an extended period of time (e.g., lasting 2 years or more).</li> <li>The disturbance is manifest in patterns of cognition, emotional experience, emotional expression, and behaviour that are maladaptive (e.g., inflexible or poorly regulated).</li> <li>The disturbance is manifest across a range of personal and social situations (i.e., is not limited to specific relationships or social roles), though it may be consistently evoked by particular types of circumstances and not others.</li> <li>The symptoms are not due to the direct effects of a medication or substance, including withdrawal effects, and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder, a disease of the nervous system, or another medical condition.</li> <li>The disturbance is associated with substantial distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning.</li> <li>Personality disorder should not be diagnosed if the patterns of behaviour characterizing the personality disturbance are developmentally appropriate (e.g., problems related to establishing an independent self-identity during adolescence) or can be explained primarily by social or cultural factors, including socio-political conflict.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICD-10">ICD-10</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ICD-10"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> lists these general guideline criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Markedly disharmonious attitudes and behavior, generally involving several areas of functioning, e.g. affectivity, arousal, impulse control, ways of perceiving and thinking, and style of relating to others;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Abnormality_(behavior)" title="Abnormality (behavior)">abnormal behavior</a> pattern is enduring, of long standing, and not limited to episodes of mental illness;</li> <li>The abnormal behavior pattern is pervasive and clearly maladaptive to a broad range of personal and social situations;</li> <li>The above manifestations always appear during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood;</li> <li>The disorder leads to considerable personal distress but this may only become apparent late in its course;</li> <li>The disorder is usually, but not invariably, associated with significant problems in occupational and social performance.</li></ul> <p>The ICD adds: "For different cultures it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regard to social norms, rules and obligations."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter V in the ICD-10 contains the mental and behavioral disorders and includes categories of personality disorder and enduring personality changes. They are defined as ingrained patterns indicated by inflexible and disabling responses that significantly differ from how the average person in the culture perceives, thinks, and feels, particularly in relating to others.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific personality disorders are: <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">paranoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissocial_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissocial personality disorder">dissocial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotionally_unstable_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotionally unstable personality disorder">emotionally unstable</a> (borderline type and impulsive type), <a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">histrionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anankastic_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Anankastic personality disorder">anankastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">anxious (avoidant)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">dependent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the ten specific PD, there are the following categories: </p> <ul><li><i>Other specific personality disorders</i> (involves PD characterized as <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">eccentric</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haltlose_personality_disorder" title="Haltlose personality disorder">haltlose</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">immature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissistic">narcissistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">passive–aggressive</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Psychoneurotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoneurotic">psychoneurotic</a>.)</li> <li><i>Personality disorder, unspecified</i> (includes "character <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a> personality").</li> <li><i>Mixed and other personality disorders</i> (defined as conditions that are often troublesome but do not demonstrate the specific pattern of symptoms in the named disorders).</li> <li><i>Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and disease</i> (this is for conditions that seem to arise in adults without a diagnosis of personality disorder, following catastrophic or prolonged stress or other psychiatric illness).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_personality_types_and_Millon's_description"><span id="Other_personality_types_and_Millon.27s_description"></span>Other personality types and Millon's description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other personality types and Millon's description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some types of personality disorder were in previous versions of the diagnostic manuals but have been deleted. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">sadistic personality disorder</a> (pervasive pattern of cruel, demeaning, and aggressive behavior) and <a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">self-defeating personality disorder</a> or masochistic personality disorder (characterized by behavior consequently undermining the person's pleasure and goals). They were listed in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-III-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-III-R">DSM-III-R</a> appendix as "Proposed diagnostic categories needing further study" without specific criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Millon" title="Theodore Millon">Theodore Millon</a>, a researcher on personality disorders, and other researchers consider some relegated diagnoses to be equally valid disorders, and may also propose other personality disorders or subtypes, including mixtures of aspects of different categories of the officially accepted diagnoses.<sup id="cite_ref-Millon_11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millon_11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millon proposed the following description of personality disorders: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Millon's brief description of personality disorders<sup id="cite_ref-Millon_11_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millon_11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of personality disorder </th> <th>DSM-5 inclusion </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Guarded, defensive, distrustful and suspicious. Hypervigilant to the motives of others to undermine or do harm. Always seeking confirmatory evidence of hidden schemes. Feel righteous, but persecuted. Experience a pattern of pervasive distrust and suspicion of others that lasts a long time. They are generally difficult to work with and are very hard to form relationships with. They are also known to be argumentative and hypersensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Apathetic, indifferent, remote, solitary, distant, humorless, contempt, odd fantasies. Neither desire nor need human attachments. Withdrawn from relationships and prefer to be alone. Little interest in others, often seen as a loner. Minimal awareness of the feelings of themselves or others. Few drives or ambitions, if any. Is an uncommon condition in which people avoid social activities and consistently shy away from interaction with others. It affects more males than females. To others, they may appear somewhat dull or humorless. Because they do not tend to show emotion, they may appear as though they do not care about what's going on around them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Eccentric, self-estranged, bizarre, absent. Exhibit peculiar mannerisms and behaviors. Think they can read thoughts of others. Preoccupied with odd daydreams and beliefs. Blur line between reality and fantasy. Magical thinking and strange beliefs. People with schizotypal personality disorder are often described as odd or eccentric and usually have few, if any, close relationships. They think others think negatively of them.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Impulsive, irresponsible, deviant, unruly. Act without due consideration. Meet social obligations only when self-serving. Disrespect societal customs, rules, and standards. See themselves as free and independent. People with antisocial personality disorder depict a long pattern of disregard for other people's rights. They often cross the line and violate these rights.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment. Identity disturbance; unstable sense of self-image or sense of self. Impulsivity — spending, sex, substance abuse, binge eating. Unstable mood; fluctuation between highs and lows. Feelings of emptiness. Ideation and devaluation of interpersonal relationships. Intense or inappropriate anger. Suicidal-behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Hysteria, dramatic, seductive, shallow, egocentric, attention-seeking, vain. Overreact to minor events. Exhibitionistic as a means of securing attention and favors. See themselves as attractive and charming. Constantly seeking others' attention. Disorder is characterized by constant attention-seeking, emotional overreaction, and suggestibility. Their tendency to over-dramatize may impair relationships and lead to depression, but they are often high-functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Egotistical, arrogant, grandiose, insouciant. Preoccupied with fantasies of success, beauty, or achievement. See themselves as admirable and superior, and therefore entitled to special treatment. Is a mental disorder in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance and a deep need for admiration. Those with narcissistic personality disorder believe that they are superior to others and have little regard for other people's feelings. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Hesitant, self-conscious, embarrassed, anxious. Tense in social situations due to fear of rejection. Plagued by constant performance anxiety. See themselves as inept, inferior, or unappealing. They experience long-standing feelings of inadequacy and are very sensitive of what others think about them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Helpless, incompetent, submissive, immature. Withdrawn from adult responsibilities. See themselves as weak or fragile. Seek constant reassurance from stronger figures. They have the need to be taken care of by others. They fear being abandoned or separated from important people in their life.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Restrained, conscientious, respectful, rigid. Maintain a rule-bound lifestyle. Adhere closely to social conventions. See the world in terms of regulations and hierarchies. See themselves as devoted, reliable, efficient, and productive. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">Depressive</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>Somber, discouraged, pessimistic, brooding, fatalistic. Present themselves as vulnerable and abandoned. Feel valueless, guilty, and impotent. Judge themselves as worthy only of criticism and contempt. Hopeless, suicidal, restless. This disorder can lead to aggressive acts and hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Passive–aggressive (Negativistic)</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>Resentful, contrary, skeptical, discontented. Resist fulfilling others' expectations. Deliberately inefficient. Vent anger indirectly by undermining others' goals. Alternately moody and irritable, then sullen and withdrawn. Withhold emotions. Will not communicate when there is something problematic to discuss.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>Explosively hostile, abrasive, cruel, dogmatic. Liable to sudden outbursts of rage. Gain satisfaction through dominating, intimidating and humiliating others. They are opinionated and closed-minded. Enjoy performing brutal acts on others. Find pleasure in abusing others. Would likely engage in a sadomasochist relationship, but will not play the role of a masochist.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">Self-defeating (Masochistic)</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>Deferential, pleasure-phobic, servile, blameful, self-effacing. Encourage others to take advantage of them. Deliberately defeat own achievements. Seek condemning or mistreatful partners. They are suspicious of people who treat them well. Would likely engage in a sadomasochist relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_factors">Additional factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to classifying by category and cluster, it is possible to classify personality disorders using additional factors such as severity, impact on social functioning, and <a href="/wiki/Attribution_(psychology)" title="Attribution (psychology)">attribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Severity">Severity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Severity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This involves both the notion of personality difficulty as a measure of subthreshold scores for personality disorder using standard interviews and the evidence that those with the most severe personality disorders demonstrate a "ripple effect" of personality disturbance across the whole range of mental disorders. In addition to subthreshold (personality difficulty) and single cluster (simple personality disorder), this also derives complex or diffuse personality disorder (two or more clusters of personality disorder present) and can also derive severe personality disorder for those of greatest risk. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Dimensional system of classifying personality disorders</b><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Level of severity </th> <th scope="col">Description </th> <th scope="col">Definition by categorical system </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">0 </th> <td>No personality disorder </td> <td>Does not meet actual or subthreshold criteria for any personality disorder </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td>Personality difficulty </td> <td>Meets sub-threshold criteria for one or several personality disorders </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td>Simple personality disorder </td> <td>Meets actual criteria for one or more personality disorders within the same cluster </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td>Complex (diffuse) personality disorder </td> <td>Meets actual criteria for one or more personality disorders within more than one cluster </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td>Severe personality disorder </td> <td>Meets criteria for creation of severe disruption to both individual and to many in society </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several advantages to classifying personality disorder by severity:<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It not only allows for but also takes advantage of the tendency for personality disorders to be comorbid with each other.</li> <li>It represents the influence of personality disorder on clinical outcome more satisfactorily than the simple <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomous</a> system of no personality disorder versus personality disorder.</li> <li>This system accommodates the new diagnosis of severe personality disorder, particularly "dangerous and severe personality disorder" (DSPD).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_social_functioning">Effect on social functioning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effect on social functioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social function is affected by many other aspects of mental functioning apart from that of personality. However, whenever there is persistently impaired social functioning in conditions in which it would normally not be expected, the evidence suggests that this is more likely to be created by personality abnormality than by other clinical variables.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Personality Assessment Schedule<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives social function priority in creating a hierarchy in which the personality disorder creating the greater social dysfunction is given primacy over others in a subsequent description of personality disorder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attribution">Attribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many who have a personality disorder do not recognize any abnormality and defend valiantly their continued occupancy of their personality role. This group have been termed the Type R, or treatment-resisting personality disorders, as opposed to the Type S or treatment-seeking ones, who are keen on altering their personality disorders and sometimes clamor for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification of 68 personality disordered patients on the caseload of an assertive community team using a simple scale showed a 3 to 1 ratio between Type R and Type S personality disorders with Cluster C personality disorders being significantly more likely to be Type S, and paranoid and schizoid (Cluster A) personality disorders significantly more likely to be Type R than others.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a> has been used to explain treatment-resistant tendencies as <a href="/wiki/Ego-syntonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ego-syntonic">egosyntonic</a> (i.e. the patterns are consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Ego_Integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ego Integrity">ego integrity</a> of the individual) and are therefore perceived to be appropriate by that individual. In addition, this behavior can result in maladaptive <a href="/wiki/Coping_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping skills">coping skills</a> and may lead to personal problems that induce extreme anxiety, distress, or depression and result in impaired psychosocial functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comorbidity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a considerable personality disorder diagnostic <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">co-occurrence</a>. Patients who meet the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for one personality disorder are likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for another.<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnostic categories provide clear, vivid descriptions of discrete personality types but the personality structure of actual patients might be more accurately described by a constellation of maladaptive personality traits. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>DSM-III-R personality disorder diagnostic co-occurrence aggregated across six research sites<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1721">: 1721 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Type of Personality Disorder </th> <th scope="col">PPD </th> <th scope="col">SzPD </th> <th scope="col">StPD </th> <th scope="col">ASPD </th> <th scope="col">BPD </th> <th scope="col">HPD </th> <th scope="col">NPD </th> <th scope="col">AvPD </th> <th scope="col">DPD </th> <th scope="col">OCPD </th> <th scope="col">PAPD </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Paranoid (PPD) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>8 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Schizoid (SzPD) </td> <td>38 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>39 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Schizotypal (StPD) </td> <td>43 </td> <td>32 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>19 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Antisocial (ASPD) </td> <td>30 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>15 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>59 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Borderline (BPD) </td> <td>31 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>23 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>30 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Histrionic (HPD) </td> <td>29 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>41 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>40 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Narcissistic (NPD) </td> <td>41 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>60 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>32 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Avoidant (AvPD) </td> <td>33 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>15 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>43 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Dependent (DPD) </td> <td>26 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>57 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>15 </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Obsessive–Compulsive (OCPD) </td> <td>31 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>27 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Passive–Aggressive (PAPD) </td> <td>39 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>23 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Sites used DSM-III-R criterion sets. Data obtained for purposes of informing the development of the DSM-IV-TR personality disorder diagnostic criteria.</i> </p><p><b>Abbreviations used:</b> <i>PPD – Paranoid Personality Disorder, SzPD – Schizoid Personality Disorder, StPD – Schizotypal Personality Disorder, ASPD – Antisocial Personality Disorder, BPD – Borderline Personality Disorder, HPD – Histrionic Personality Disorder, NPD – Narcissistic Personality Disorder, AvPD – Avoidant Personality Disorder, DPD – Dependent Personality Disorder, OCPD – Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder, PAPD – Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder.</i> </p><p>The disorders in each of the three clusters may share with each other underlying common vulnerability factors involving cognition, affect and impulse control, and behavioral maintenance or inhibition, respectively. But they may also have a spectrum relationship to certain syndromal mental disorders:<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Paranoid, schizoid or schizotypal personality disorders may be observed to be premorbid antecedents of <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional disorders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.</li> <li>Borderline personality disorder is seen in association with <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">impulse-control disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating disorders">eating disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">ASD</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant personality disorder</a> is seen with <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_functioning">Impact on functioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact on functioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally assumed that all personality disorders are linked to impaired functioning and a reduced <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life_(healthcare)" title="Quality of life (healthcare)">quality of life (QoL)</a> because that is a basic diagnostic requirement. But research shows that this may be true only for some types of personality disorder. In several studies, higher levels of disability and lower QoL were predicted by avoidant, dependent, schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal and antisocial personality disorders. This link is particularly strong for <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">avoidant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline PD</a>. However, obsessive–compulsive PD was not related to a reduced QoL or increased impairment. A <a href="/wiki/Prospective_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospective study">prospective study</a> reported that all PD were associated with significant impairment 15 years later, except for <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">obsessive compulsive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EmmelkampKamphuis2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmmelkampKamphuis2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study investigated some aspects of "life success" (status, wealth and successful intimate relationships). It showed somewhat poor functioning for schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, and dependent PD; schizoid PD had the lowest scores regarding these variables. Paranoid, histrionic and avoidant PD were average. Narcissistic and obsessive–compulsive PD, however, had high functioning and appeared to contribute rather positively to these aspects of life success.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a direct relationship between the number of diagnostic criteria and quality of life. For each additional personality disorder criterion that a person meets there is an even reduction in quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personality disorders – especially dependent, narcissistic, and sadistic personality disorders – also facilitate various forms of <a href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work behavior">counterproductive work behavior</a>, including knowledge hiding and knowledge sabotage.<sup id="cite_ref-Serenko_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serenko-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_workplace">In the workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In the workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the diagnosis, severity and individual, and the job itself, personality disorders can be associated with difficulty coping with work or the workplace—potentially leading to problems with others by interfering with <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal relationships">interpersonal relationships</a>. Indirect effects also play a role; for example, impaired educational progress or complications outside of work, such as <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and co-morbid mental disorders, can be problematic. However, personality disorders can also bring about above-average work abilities by increasing competitive drive or causing the individual with the condition to exploit their co-workers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 and again in 2009, psychologists Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a>, UK, interviewed and gave personality tests to high-level British executives and compared their profiles with those of criminal psychiatric patients at <a href="/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital" title="Broadmoor Hospital">Broadmoor Hospital</a> in the UK. They found that three out of eleven personality disorders were actually more common in executives than in the disturbed criminals: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic personality disorder</a>: including <a href="/wiki/Superficial_charm" title="Superficial charm">superficial charm</a>, insincerity, <a href="/wiki/Egocentricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Egocentricity">egocentricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a>: including <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a>, self-focused lack of <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> for others, exploitativeness and independence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a>: including <a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">perfectionism</a>, excessive devotion to work, rigidity, stubbornness and dictatorial tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Board2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to leadership academic <a href="/wiki/Manfred_F.R._Kets_de_Vries" title="Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries">Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries</a>, it seems almost inevitable that some personality disorders will be present in a senior management team.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_children">In children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personality_development_disorder" title="Personality development disorder">Personality development disorder</a></div> <p>Early stages and preliminary forms of personality disorders need a multi-dimensional and early treatment approach. Personality development disorder is considered to be a childhood risk factor or early stage of a later personality disorder in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, in Robert F. Krueger's review of their research indicates that some children and adolescents do experience clinically significant syndromes that resemble adult personality disorders, and that these syndromes have meaningful correlates and are consequential. Much of this research has been framed by the adult personality disorder constructs from Axis II of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Hence, they are less likely to encounter the first risk they described at the outset of their review: clinicians and researchers are not simply avoiding use of the PD construct in youth. However, they may encounter the second risk they described: under-appreciation of the developmental context in which these syndromes occur. That is, although PD constructs show continuity over time, they are probabilistic predictors; not all youths who exhibit PD symptomatology become adult PD cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versus_normal_personality">Versus normal personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Versus normal personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five personality traits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator#Personality_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator">Myers-Briggs Type Indicator § Personality disorders</a></div><p>The issue of the relationship between normal personality and personality disorders is one of the important issues in personality and clinical psychology. The personality disorders classification (<a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>) follows a <i>categorical approach</i> that views personality disorders as discrete entities that are distinct from each other and from normal personality. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_approach_to_personality_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensional approach to personality disorders">dimensional approach</a> is an alternative approach that personality disorders represent maladaptive extensions of the same traits that describe normal personality. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Widiger" title="Thomas Widiger">Thomas Widiger</a> and his collaborators have contributed to this debate significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He discussed the constraints of the <i>categorical approach</i> and argued for the <i>dimensional approach</i> to the personality disorders. Specifically, he proposed the <a href="/wiki/Five_Factor_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Factor Model">Five Factor Model</a> of personality as an alternative to the classification of personality disorders. For example, this view specifies that Borderline Personality Disorder can be understood as a combination of emotional lability (i.e., high neuroticism), impulsivity (i.e., low conscientiousness), and hostility (i.e., low agreeableness). Many studies across cultures have explored the relationship between personality disorders and the Five Factor Model.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research has demonstrated that personality disorders largely correlate in expected ways with measures of the Five Factor Model<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has set the stage for including the Five Factor Model within <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In clinical practice, individuals are generally diagnosed by an interview with a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> based on a <a href="/wiki/Mental_status_examination" title="Mental status examination">mental status examination</a>, which may take into account observations by relatives and others. One tool of diagnosing personality disorders is a process involving interviews with scoring systems. The patient is asked to answer questions, and depending on their answers, the trained interviewer tries to code what their responses were. 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.sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .mw-sticky-header>tfoot{position:static;bottom:auto}}@media all{.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible.mw-collapsed .sticky-table-scroll{max-height:none!important;max-width:none!important}}</style><div class="sticky-table-collapsible mw-collapsible" data-expandtext="enable" data-collapsetext="disable"><div class="sticky-table-scroll"> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1"> <caption>Neuroticism (vs. emotional stability) DSM-IV-TR Personality disorders from the perspective of the five-factor model of general personality functioning<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1723">: 1723 </span></sup> (including previous DSM revisions) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Factors </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Paranoid Personality Disorder">PPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizoid Personality Disorder">SzPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder">StPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Antisocial Personality Disorder">ASPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Borderline Personality Disorder">BPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Histrionic Personality Disorder">HPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder">NPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Avoidant Personality Disorder">AvPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Dependent Personality Disorder">DPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder">OCPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder">PAPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Depressive Personality Disorder">DpPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Self-Defeating Personality Disorder">SDPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Sadistic Personality Disorder">SaPD</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Anxiousness (vs. unconcerned) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Angry hostility (vs. dispassionate) </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Depressiveness (vs. optimistic) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Self-consciousness (vs. shameless) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Impulsivity (vs. restrained) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vulnerability (vs. fearless) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245584064"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245300235"><div class="sticky-table-collapsible mw-collapsible" data-expandtext="enable" data-collapsetext="disable"><div class="sticky-table-scroll"> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1"> <caption>Extraversion (vs. introversion) DSM-IV-TR Personality disorders from the perspective of the five-factor model of general personality functioning<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1723">: 1723 </span></sup> (including previous DSM revisions) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Factors </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Paranoid Personality Disorder">PPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizoid Personality Disorder">SzPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder">StPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Antisocial Personality Disorder">ASPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Borderline Personality Disorder">BPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Histrionic Personality Disorder">HPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder">NPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Avoidant Personality Disorder">AvPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Dependent Personality Disorder">DPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder">OCPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder">PAPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Depressive Personality Disorder">DpPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Self-Defeating Personality Disorder">SDPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Sadistic Personality Disorder">SaPD</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Warmth (vs. coldness) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gregariousness (vs. withdrawal) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assertiveness (vs. submissiveness) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Activity (vs. passivity) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excitement seeking (vs. lifeless) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Positive emotionality (vs. anhedonia) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245584064"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245300235"><div class="sticky-table-collapsible mw-collapsible" data-expandtext="enable" data-collapsetext="disable"><div class="sticky-table-scroll"> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1"> <caption>Open-mindedness (vs. closed-minded) DSM-IV-TR Personality disorders from the perspective of the five-factor model of general personality functioning<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1723">: 1723 </span></sup> (including previous DSM revisions) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Factors </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Paranoid Personality Disorder">PPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizoid Personality Disorder">SzPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder">StPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Antisocial Personality Disorder">ASPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Borderline Personality Disorder">BPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Histrionic Personality Disorder">HPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder">NPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Avoidant Personality Disorder">AvPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Dependent Personality Disorder">DPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder">OCPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder">PAPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Depressive Personality Disorder">DpPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Self-Defeating Personality Disorder">SDPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Sadistic Personality Disorder">SaPD</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Fantasy (vs. concrete) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aesthetics (vs. disinterest) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feelings (vs. alexithymia) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Actions (vs. predictable) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ideas (vs. closed-minded) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Values (vs. dogmatic) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245584064"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245300235"><div class="sticky-table-collapsible mw-collapsible" data-expandtext="enable" data-collapsetext="disable"><div class="sticky-table-scroll"> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1"> <caption>Agreeableness (vs. antagonism) DSM-IV-TR Personality disorders from the perspective of the five-factor model of general personality functioning<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1723">: 1723 </span></sup> (including previous DSM revisions) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Factors </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Paranoid Personality Disorder">PPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizoid Personality Disorder">SzPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder">StPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Antisocial Personality Disorder">ASPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Borderline Personality Disorder">BPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Histrionic Personality Disorder">HPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder">NPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Avoidant Personality Disorder">AvPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Dependent Personality Disorder">DPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder">OCPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder">PAPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Depressive Personality Disorder">DpPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Self-Defeating Personality Disorder">SDPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Sadistic Personality Disorder">SaPD</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Trust (vs. mistrust) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Straightforwardness (vs. deception) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Altruism (vs. exploitative) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compliance (vs. aggression) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modesty (vs. arrogance) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tender-mindedness (vs. tough-minded) </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245584064"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1245300235"><div class="sticky-table-collapsible mw-collapsible" data-expandtext="enable" data-collapsetext="disable"><div class="sticky-table-scroll"> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1"> <caption>Conscientiousness (vs. disinhibition) DSM-IV-TR Personality disorders from the perspective of the five-factor model of general personality functioning<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1723">: 1723 </span></sup> (including previous DSM revisions) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Factors </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Paranoid Personality Disorder">PPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizoid Personality Disorder">SzPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder">StPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Antisocial Personality Disorder">ASPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Borderline Personality Disorder">BPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Histrionic Personality Disorder">HPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder">NPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Avoidant Personality Disorder">AvPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Dependent Personality Disorder">DPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder">OCPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder">PAPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Depressive Personality Disorder">DpPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Self-Defeating Personality Disorder">SDPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Sadistic Personality Disorder">SaPD</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Competence (vs. laxness) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order (vs. disorderly) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dutifulness (vs. irresponsibility) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Achievement striving (vs. lackadaisical) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Self-discipline (vs. negligence) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deliberation (vs. rashness) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #3CB371;">High</span> </td> <td><span style="color: #DC143C;">Low</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p><b>Abbreviations used:</b> <i>PPD – Paranoid Personality Disorder, SzPD – Schizoid Personality Disorder, StPD – Schizotypal Personality Disorder, ASPD – Antisocial Personality Disorder, BPD – Borderline Personality Disorder, HPD – Histrionic Personality Disorder, NPD – Narcissistic Personality Disorder, AvPD – Avoidant Personality Disorder, DPD – Dependent Personality Disorder, OCPD – Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder, PAPD – Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder, DpPD – Depressive Personality Disorder, SDPD – Self-Defeating Personality Disorder, SaPD – Sadistic Personality Disorder, and n/a – not available.</i> </p><p>As of 2002, there were over fifty published studies relating the five factor model (FFM) to personality disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, quite a number of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of the FFM domains.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her seminal review of the personality disorder literature published in 2007, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Anna_Clark" title="Lee Anna Clark">Lee Anna Clark</a> asserted that "the five-factor model of personality is widely accepted as representing the higher-order structure of both normal and abnormal personality traits".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five factor model has been shown to significantly predict all 10 personality disorder symptoms and outperform the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory" title="Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory">Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory</a> (MMPI) in the prediction of borderline, avoidant, and dependent personality disorder symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research results examining the relationships between the FFM and each of the ten DSM personality disorder diagnostic categories are widely available. For example, in a study published in 2003 titled "The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the authors analyzed data from 15 other studies to determine how personality disorders are different and similar, respectively, with regard to underlying personality traits. In terms of how personality disorders differ, the results showed that each disorder displays a FFM profile that is meaningful and predictable given its unique diagnostic criteria. With regard to their similarities, the findings revealed that the most prominent and consistent personality dimensions underlying a large number of the personality disorders are positive associations with <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a> and negative associations with <a href="/wiki/Agreeableness" title="Agreeableness">agreeableness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Openness_to_experience">Openness to experience</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Openness to experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Openness_to_experience" title="Openness to experience">Openness to experience</a></div> <p>At least three aspects of openness to experience are relevant to understanding personality disorders: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive distortions">cognitive distortions</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> (means the ability to recognize one's own mental illness) and <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsivity</a>. Problems related to high openness that can cause problems with social or professional functioning are excessive <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_(psychology)" title="Fantasy (psychology)">fantasising</a>, peculiar thinking, diffuse identity, unstable <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goals</a> and non<a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> with the demands of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Piedmont_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piedmont-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High openness is characteristic to <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal personality disorder</a> (odd and fragmented thinking), <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a> (excessive self-valuation) and <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">paranoid personality disorder</a> (sensitivity to external hostility). Lack of insight (shows low openness) is characteristic to all personality disorders and could help explain the persistence of maladaptive behavioral patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problems associated with low openness are difficulties adapting to change, low tolerance for different worldviews or lifestyles, emotional flattening, <a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">alexithymia</a> and a narrow range of interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Piedmont_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piedmont-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)" title="Rigidity (psychology)">Rigidity</a> is the most obvious aspect of (low) openness among personality disorders and that shows lack of knowledge of one's emotional experiences. It is most characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a>; the opposite of it known as impulsivity (here: an aspect of openness that shows a tendency to behave unusually or autistically) is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizotypal">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are no definitive proven causes for personality disorders. However, there are numerous possible causes and known risk factors supported by scientific research that vary depending on the disorder, the individual, and the circumstance. Overall, findings show that genetic disposition and life experiences, such as trauma and abuse, play a key role in the development of personality disorders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_abuse">Child abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Child abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a> consistently show up as risk factors to the development of personality disorders in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study looked at retrospective reports of abuse of participants that had demonstrated psychopathology throughout their life and were later found to have past experience with abuse. In a study of 793 mothers and children, researchers asked mothers if they had screamed at their children, and told them that they did not love them or threatened to send them away. Children who had experienced such verbal abuse were three times as likely as other children (who did not experience such verbal abuse) to have borderline, narcissistic, obsessive–compulsive or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexually abused</a> group demonstrated the most consistently elevated patterns of psychopathology. Officially verified <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> showed an extremely strong correlation with the development of antisocial and impulsive behavior. On the other hand, cases of abuse of the neglectful type that created childhood pathology were found to be subject to partial remission in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_status">Socioeconomic status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic status</a> has also been looked at as a potential cause for personality disorders. There is a strong association with low parental/neighborhood socioeconomic status and personality disorder symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2015 publication from Bonn, Germany, which compared parental socioeconomic status and a child's personality, it was seen that children who were from higher socioeconomic backgrounds were more altruistic, less risk seeking, and had overall higher <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traits correlate with a low risk of developing personality disorders later on in life. In a study looking at female children who were detained for disciplinary actions found that psychological problems were most negatively associated with socioeconomic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, social disorganization was found to be inversely correlated with personality disorder symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parenting">Parenting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Parenting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence shows personality disorders may begin with parental personality issues. These cause the child to have their own difficulties in adulthood, such as difficulties reaching higher education, obtaining jobs, and securing dependable relationships. By either genetic or modeling mechanisms, children can pick up these traits.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, poor parenting appears to have symptom elevating effects on personality disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, lack of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal bonding</a> has also been correlated with personality disorders. In a study comparing 100 healthy individuals to 100 <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a> patients, analysis showed that BPD patients were significantly more likely not to have been breastfed as a baby (42.4% in BPD vs. 9.2% in healthy controls).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These researchers suggested "Breastfeeding may act as an early indicator of the mother-infant relationship that seems to be relevant for bonding and attachment later in life". Additionally, findings suggest personality disorders show a negative correlation with two attachment variables: maternal availability and dependability. When left unfostered, other attachment and interpersonal problems occur later in life ultimately leading to development of personality disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, genetic research for the understanding of the development of personality disorders is severely lacking. However, there are a few possible risk factors currently in discovery. Researchers are currently looking into genetic mechanisms for traits such as aggression, fear and anxiety, which are associated with diagnosed individuals. More research is being conducted into disorder specific mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurobiological_correlates_–_hippocampus,_amygdala"><span id="Neurobiological_correlates_.E2.80.93_hippocampus.2C_amygdala"></span>Neurobiological correlates – hippocampus, amygdala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Neurobiological correlates – hippocampus, amygdala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research shows that several brain regions are altered in personality disorders, particularly: <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> up to 18% smaller, a smaller <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, malfunctions in the <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cingulum_(brain)" title="Cingulum (brain)">cingulum</a> <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural pathways</a> connecting them and taking care of the feedback loops on what to do with all the incoming information from the multiple senses; so what comes out is anti-social – not according to what is the <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norm</a>, socially acceptable and appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_approaches">Specific approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Specific approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different forms (modalities) of treatment used for personality disorders:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Individual <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> has been a mainstay of treatment. There are long-term and short-term (<a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">brief</a>) forms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a>, including couples therapy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Group therapy">Group therapy</a> for personality dysfunction is probably the second most used.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoeducation" title="Psychoeducation">Psychological-education</a> may be used as an addition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help_groups_for_mental_health" title="Self-help groups for mental health">Self-help groups</a> may provide resources for personality disorders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric medications">Psychiatric medications</a> for treating symptoms of personality dysfunction or co-occurring conditions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_therapy" title="Milieu therapy">Milieu therapy</a>, a kind of group-based residential approach, has a history of use in treating personality disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic communities">therapeutic communities</a>.</li> <li>The practice of <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> that includes developing the ability to be nonjudgmentally aware of unpleasant emotions appears to be a promising clinical tool for managing different types of personality disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Sng_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sng-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creswell_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creswell-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are different specific theories or schools of therapy within many of these modalities. They may, for example, emphasize <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">psychodynamic</a> techniques, or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive or behavioral</a> techniques. In clinical practice, many therapists use an 'eclectic' approach, taking elements of different schools as and when they seem to fit to an individual client. There is also often a focus on <a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">common themes</a> that seem to be beneficial regardless of techniques, including attributes of the therapist (e.g. trustworthiness, competence, caring), processes afforded to the client (e.g. ability to express and confide difficulties and emotions), and the match between the two (e.g. aiming for mutual respect, trust and boundaries). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Response of patients with personality disorders to biological and psychosocial treatments<sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Cluster </th> <th scope="col">Evidence for <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">brain dysfunction</a> </th> <th scope="col">Response to biological treatments </th> <th scope="col">Response to psychosocial treatments </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">A </td> <td>Evidence for relationship of schizotypal personality to <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>; otherwise none known. </td> <td>Schizotypal patients may improve on <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a> medication; otherwise not indicated. </td> <td>Poor. <a href="/wiki/Supportive_psychotherapy" title="Supportive psychotherapy">Supportive psychotherapy</a> may help. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">B </td> <td>Evidence suggestive for antisocial and borderline personalities; otherwise none known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizers</a> may help for borderline personality; otherwise not indicated. </td> <td>Poor in antisocial personality. Variable in borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personalities. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">C </td> <td>None known. </td> <td>No direct response. Medications may help with comorbid <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. </td> <td>Most common treatment for these disorders. Response variable. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite the lack of evidence supporting the benefit of antipsychotics in people with personality disorders, 1 in 4 who do not have a <a href="/wiki/Serious_mental_illness" title="Serious mental illness">serious mental illness</a> are prescribed them in UK <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>. Many people receive these medication for over a year, contrary to <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">NICE</a> guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The management and treatment of personality disorders can be a challenging and controversial area, for by definition the difficulties have been enduring and affect multiple areas of functioning. This often involves <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal</a> issues, and there can be difficulties in seeking and obtaining help from organizations in the first place, as well as with establishing and maintaining a specific <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_relationship" title="Therapeutic relationship">therapeutic relationship</a>. On the one hand, an individual may not consider themselves to have a mental health problem, while on the other, <a href="/wiki/Community_mental_health_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Community mental health services">community mental health services</a> may view individuals with personality disorders as too complex or difficult, and may directly or indirectly <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">exclude</a> individuals with such diagnoses or associated behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disruptiveness that people with personality disorders can create in an organisation makes these, arguably, the most challenging conditions to manage. </p><p>Apart from all these issues, an individual may not consider their personality to be disordered or the cause of problems. This perspective may be caused by the patient's ignorance or lack of <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> into their own condition, an <a href="/wiki/Egosyntonic_and_egodystonic" title="Egosyntonic and egodystonic">ego-syntonic</a> perception of the problems with their personality that prevents them from experiencing it as being in conflict with their goals and self-image, or by the simple fact that there is no distinct or objective boundary between 'normal' and 'abnormal' personalities. There is substantial <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> and discrimination related to the diagnosis. </p><p>The term 'personality disorder' encompasses a wide range of issues, each with a different level of severity or impairment; thus, personality disorders can require fundamentally different approaches and understandings. To illustrate the scope of the matter, consider that while some disorders or individuals are characterized by continual social withdrawal and the shunning of relationships, others may cause <i>fluctuations</i> in forwardness. The extremes are worse still: at one extreme lie <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-neglect" title="Self-neglect">self-neglect</a>, while at another extreme some individuals may commit <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>. There can be other factors such as problematic <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use or dependency</a> or <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">behavioral addictions</a>. </p><p>Therapists in this area can become disheartened by lack of initial progress, or by apparent progress that then leads to setbacks. Clients may be perceived as negative, <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">rejecting</a>, demanding, <a href="/wiki/Aggressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggressive">aggressive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulative</a>. This has been looked at in terms of both therapist and client; in terms of <a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">social skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping efforts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">defense mechanisms</a>, or deliberate <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategies</a>; and in terms of <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> judgments or the need to consider underlying <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivations</a> for specific behaviors or <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">conflicts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vulnerabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerabilities">vulnerabilities</a> of a client, and indeed a therapist, may become lost behind actual or apparent strength and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">resilience</a>. It is commonly stated that there is always a need to maintain appropriate <a href="/wiki/Professional_boundaries" title="Professional boundaries">professional personal boundaries</a>, while allowing for <a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">emotional expression</a> and therapeutic relationships. However, there can be difficulty acknowledging the different worlds and views that both the client and therapist may live with. A therapist may assume that the kinds of relationships and ways of interacting that make them feel safe and comfortable have the same effect on clients. As an example of one extreme, people who may have been exposed to hostility, deceptiveness, rejection, aggression or <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> in their lives, may in some cases be made confused, intimidated or suspicious by presentations of warmth, <a href="/wiki/Intimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimacy">intimacy</a> or positivity. On the other hand, reassurance, openness and clear communication are usually helpful and needed. It can take several months of sessions, and perhaps several stops and starts, to begin to develop a trusting relationship that can meaningfully address a client's issues.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of personality disorder in the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the 1990s. In 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of cocaine, is described as a major <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of individual personality disorders ranges from about 2% to 8% for the more common varieties, such as obsessive-compulsive, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, and histrionic, to 0.5–1% for the least common, such as narcissistic and avoidant.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tasman_48-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A screening survey across 13 countries by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> using <a href="/wiki/DSM-IV" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV">DSM-IV</a> criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for personality disorders. The rate sometimes varied with <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, screening data from the <a href="/wiki/National_Comorbidity_Survey" title="National Comorbidity Survey">National Comorbidity Survey</a> Replication between 2001 and 2003, combined with interviews of a subset of respondents, indicated a population prevalence of around 9% for personality disorders in total. Functional disability associated with the diagnoses appeared to be largely due to co-occurring mental disorders (Axis I in the DSM).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statistic has been supported by other studies in the US, with overall global prevalence statistics ranging from 9% to 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A UK national <a href="/wiki/Epidemiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiological">epidemiological</a> study (based on DSM-IV screening criteria), reclassified into levels of severity rather than just diagnosis, reported in 2010 that the majority of people show some personality difficulties in one way or another (short of threshold for diagnosis), while the prevalence of the most complex and severe cases (including meeting criteria for multiple diagnoses in different clusters) was estimated at 1.3%. Even low levels of personality symptoms were associated with functional problems, but the most severely in need of services was a much smaller group.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personality disorders (especially <a href="#American_Psychiatric_Association">Cluster A</a>) are found more commonly among <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> differences in the frequency of personality disorders which are shown in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> The known prevalence of some personality disorders, especially borderline PD and antisocial PD are affected by diagnostic bias. This is due to many factors including disproportionately high research towards borderline PD and antisocial PD, alongside social and gender stereotypes, and the relationship between diagnosis rates and prevalence rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the removal of depressive PD, self-defeating PD, sadistic PD and passive-aggressive PD from the DSM-5, studies analysing their prevalence and demographics have been limited. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Sex differences in the frequency of personality disorders</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Type of personality disorder </th> <th scope="col">Predominant sex </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Inconclusive </td> <td>In clinical samples men have higher rates, whereas epidemiologically there is a reported higher rate of women<sup id="cite_ref-:4_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although due the controversy of paranoid personality disorder the usefulness of these results is disputed<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Male </td> <td>About 10% more common in males<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Inconclusive </td> <td>The DSM-5 reports it is slightly more common in males, although other results suggest a prevalence of 4.2% in women and 3.7% in men<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Male </td> <td>About three times more common in men,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with rates substantially higher in prison populations, up to almost 50% in some prison populations<sup id="cite_ref-:5_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Female </td> <td>Diagnosis rates vary from about three times more common in women, to only a minor predominance of women over men. This is partially attributable to increased rates of treatment-seeking in women, although disputed<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Equal </td> <td>Prevalence rates are equal, although diagnostic rates can favour women<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Male </td> <td>7.7% for men, 4.8% for women<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Equal<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Female </td> <td>0.6% in women, 0.4% in men<sup id="cite_ref-:4_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">Depressive personality disorder</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>No longer present in the DSM-5 and no longer widely used<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Passive–aggressive personality disorder</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>No longer present in the DSM-5 and no longer widely used<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Inconclusive </td> <td>The DSM-5 lists a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, however other studies have found equal rates<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">Self-defeating personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Female<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Removed since the DSM-IV, not present in the DSM-5<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic personality disorder</a> </td> <td>Male<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Removed since the DSM-IV, not present in the DSM-5<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_history">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personality disorder diagnoses in each edition of the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</a><sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">DSM-I </th> <th scope="col">DSM-II </th> <th scope="col">DSM-III </th> <th scope="col">DSM-III-R </th> <th scope="col">DSM-IV(-TR) </th> <th scope="col">DSM-5 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Inadequate<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1pattern-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Inadequate </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Deleted<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Schizoid<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1pattern-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Schizoid </td> <td>Schizoid </td> <td>Schizoid </td> <td>Schizoid </td> <td>Schizoid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Cyclothymic<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1pattern-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Cyclothymic </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Reclassified<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16, 19">: 16, 19 </span></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Paranoid<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1pattern-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Paranoid </td> <td>Paranoid </td> <td>Paranoid </td> <td>Paranoid </td> <td>Paranoid </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Schizotypal </td> <td>Schizotypal </td> <td>Schizotypal </td> <td>Schizotypal<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Emotionally unstable<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1trait-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Hysterical<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </td> <td>Histrionic </td> <td>Histrionic </td> <td>Histrionic </td> <td>Histrionic </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Borderline<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </td> <td>Borderline </td> <td>Borderline </td> <td>Borderline </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Compulsive<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1trait-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Obsessive–compulsive </td> <td>Compulsive </td> <td>Obsessive–compulsive </td> <td>Obsessive–compulsive </td> <td>Obsessive–compulsive </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Passive–aggressive,<br />Passive–dependent subtype<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1trait-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Deleted<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Dependent<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </td> <td>Dependent </td> <td>Dependent </td> <td>Dependent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Passive–aggressive,<br />Passive–aggressive subtype<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1trait-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Passive–aggressive </td> <td>Passive–aggressive </td> <td>Passive–aggressive </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Deleted<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 629">: 629 </span></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Passive–aggressive,<br />Aggressive subtype<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1trait-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Explosive<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Deleted<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Asthenic<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Deleted<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Avoidant<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </td> <td>Avoidant </td> <td>Avoidant </td> <td>Avoidant </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Narcissistic<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </td> <td>Narcissistic </td> <td>Narcissistic </td> <td>Narcissistic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Antisocial reaction<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1sociopathic-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Antisocial </td> <td>Antisocial </td> <td>Antisocial </td> <td>Antisocial </td> <td>Antisocial </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Dyssocial reaction<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1sociopathic-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included">Sexual deviation<sup id="cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1sociopathic-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Reclassified<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16, 18">: 16, 18 </span></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="included table-included"><i>Addiction</i><sup id="cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsm1sociopathic-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Reclassified<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16, 18">: 16, 18 </span></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><i>Appendix</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>Self-defeating </td> <td>Passive-aggressive (Negativistic)<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 733">: 733 </span></sup> </td> <td>Personality disorder - Trait specified </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>Sadistic </td> <td>Depressive </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DFF; color:black;"> </span> Introduced</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FED; color:black;"> </span> Deleted</span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dsm1pattern-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1pattern_107-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DSM-I Personality Pattern disturbance subsection.<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also classified as a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder in addition to personality disorder.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dsm1trait-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1trait_109-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DSM-I Personality Trait disturbance subsection.<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluded from formal diagnoses and moved to Appendix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dsm1sociopathic-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsm1sociopathic_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DSM-I Sociopathic personality disturbance subsection.<sup id="cite_ref-Widiger_99_94-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widiger_99-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_20th_century">Before the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Before the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personality disorder is a term with a distinctly modern meaning, owing in part to its clinical usage and the institutional character of <a href="/wiki/Modern_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern psychiatry">modern psychiatry</a>. The currently accepted meaning must be understood in the context of historical changing classification systems such as DSM-IV and its predecessors. Although highly anachronistic, and ignoring radical differences in the character of subjectivity and social relations, some have suggested similarities to other concepts going back to at least the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">ancient Greeks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-millon1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millon1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> For example, the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> described 29 'character' types that he saw as deviations from the norm, and similar views have been found in Asian, Arabic and Celtic cultures. A long-standing influence in the Western world was <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>'s concept of personality types, which he linked to the <a href="/wiki/Four_humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Four humours">four humours</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>. </p><p>Such views lasted into the eighteenth century, when experiments began to question the supposed biologically based humours and 'temperaments'. Psychological concepts of character and 'self' became widespread. In the nineteenth century, 'personality' referred to a person's conscious awareness of their behavior, a disorder of which could be linked to altered states such as <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a>. This sense of the term has been compared to the use of the term 'multiple personality disorder' in the first versions of the DSM.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physicians in the early nineteenth century started to diagnose forms of <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a> involving disturbed emotions and behaviors but seemingly without significant intellectual impairment or <a href="/wiki/Delusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusions">delusions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a> referred to this as ' <i>manie sans délire</i> ' – mania without delusions – and described a number of cases mainly involving excessive or inexplicable anger or rage. <a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a> advanced a similar concept he called <a href="/wiki/Moral_insanity" title="Moral insanity">moral insanity</a>, which would be used to diagnose patients for some decades. 'Moral' in this sense referred to <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a> (emotion or mood) rather than simply the ethical dimension, but it was arguably a significant move for 'psychiatric' diagnostic practice to become so clearly engaged with judgments about individual's social behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prichard was influenced by his own religious, social and moral beliefs, as well as ideas in German psychiatry. <sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These categories were much different and broader than later definitions of personality disorder, while also being developed by some into a more specific meaning of moral degeneracy akin to later ideas about 'psychopaths'. Separately, <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a> popularized the terms <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadism and masochism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, as psychiatric issues. </p><p>The German psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Ludwig_August_Koch" title="Julius Ludwig August Koch">Koch</a> sought to make the moral insanity concept more scientific, and in 1891 suggested the phrase 'psychopathic inferiority', theorized to be a <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disorder</a>. This referred to continual and rigid patterns of misconduct or dysfunction in the absence of apparent "<a href="/wiki/Mental_retardation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental retardation">mental retardation</a>" or illness, supposedly without a moral judgment. Described as deeply rooted in his Christian faith, his work established the concept of personality disorder as used today.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, another German psychiatrist, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a>, included a chapter on psychopathic inferiority in his influential work on clinical psychiatry for students and physicians. He suggested six types – excitable, unstable, eccentric, liar, swindler and quarrelsome. The categories were essentially defined by the most disordered criminal offenders observed, distinguished between criminals by impulse, professional criminals, and morbid <a href="/wiki/Vagabond_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagabond (person)">vagabonds</a> who wandered through life. Kraepelin also described three paranoid (meaning then delusional) disorders, resembling later concepts of schizophrenia, delusional disorder and paranoid personality disorder. A diagnostic term for the latter concept would be included in the DSM from 1952, and from 1980 the DSM would also include schizoid, schizotypal; interpretations of earlier (1921) theories of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer" title="Ernst Kretschmer">Ernst Kretschmer</a> led to a distinction between these and another type later included in the DSM, avoidant personality disorder. </p><p>In 1933 Russian psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Gannushkin" title="Pyotr Gannushkin">Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin</a> published his book <i>Manifestations of Psychopathies: Statics, Dynamics, Systematic Aspects</i>, which was one of the first attempts to develop a detailed <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Gannushkin#The_theory_of_psychopathies" title="Pyotr Gannushkin">typology of psychopathies</a>. Regarding maladaptation, ubiquity, and stability as the three main symptoms of behavioral pathology, he distinguished nine clusters of psychopaths: cycloids (including constitutionally depressive, constitutionally excitable, cyclothymics, and emotionally labile), asthenics (including psychasthenics), schizoids (including dreamers), paranoiacs (including fanatics), epileptoids, hysterical personalities (including pathological liars), unstable psychopaths, antisocial psychopaths, and constitutionally stupid.<sup id="cite_ref-Gannushkin_01_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannushkin_01-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some elements of Gannushkin's typology were later incorporated into the theory developed by a Russian adolescent psychiatrist, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yevgenyevich_Lichko" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko">Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko</a>, who was also interested in psychopathies along with their milder forms, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yevgenyevich_Lichko#Accentuations_of_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko">accentuations of character</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lichko_02_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichko_02-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, psychiatrist David Henderson published a theory of 'psychopathic states' that contributed to popularly linking the term to <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">anti-social behavior</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hervey_M._Cleckley" title="Hervey M. Cleckley">Hervey M. Cleckley</a>'s 1941 text, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Sanity" title="The Mask of Sanity">The Mask of Sanity</a></i>, based on his personal categorization of similarities he noted in some prisoners, marked the start of the modern clinical conception of psychopathy and its popularist usage.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the mid 20th century, psychoanalytic theories were coming to the fore based on work from the turn of the century being popularized by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and others. This included the concept of <i>character disorders</i>, which were seen as enduring problems linked not to specific symptoms but to pervasive internal conflicts or derailments of normal childhood development. These were often understood as weaknesses of character or willful deviance, and were distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>. The term 'borderline' stems from a belief some individuals were functioning on the edge of those two categories, and a number of the other personality disorder categories were also heavily influenced by this approach, including dependent, obsessive–compulsive and histrionic,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter starting off as a conversion symptom of hysteria particularly associated with women, then a hysterical personality, then renamed histrionic personality disorder in later versions of the DSM. A passive aggressive style was defined clinically by Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Menninger" class="mw-redirect" title="William Menninger">William Menninger</a> during World War II in the context of men's reactions to military compliance, which would later be referenced as a personality disorder in the DSM.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kernberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Kernberg">Otto Kernberg</a> was influential with regard to the concepts of borderline and narcissistic personalities later incorporated in 1980 as disorders into the DSM. </p><p>Meanwhile, a more general <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality psychology</a> had been developing in academia and to some extent clinically. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a> published theories of <a href="/wiki/Personality_traits" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality traits">personality traits</a> from the 1920s—and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Murray" title="Henry Murray">Henry Murray</a> advanced a theory called <i>personology</i>, which influenced a later key advocate of personality disorders, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Millon" title="Theodore Millon">Theodore Millon</a>. Tests were developing or being applied for personality evaluation, including <a href="/wiki/Projective_test" title="Projective test">projective tests</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Rorschach_test" title="Rorschach test">Rorschach test</a>, as well as questionnaires such as the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory" title="Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory">Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory</a>. Around mid-century, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> was analysing traits and <a href="/wiki/Personality_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality types">personality types</a>, and psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schneider" title="Kurt Schneider">Kurt Schneider</a> was popularising a clinical use in place of the previously more usual terms 'character', 'temperament' or 'constitution'. </p><p>American psychiatrists officially recognized concepts of enduring personality disturbances in the first <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> in the 1950s, which relied heavily on psychoanalytic concepts. Somewhat more neutral language was employed in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-II" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-II">DSM-II</a> in 1968, though the terms and descriptions had only a slight resemblance to current definitions. The <a href="/wiki/DSM-III" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-III">DSM-III</a> published in 1980 made some major changes, notably putting all personality disorders onto a second separate 'axis' along with "mental retardation", intended to signify more enduring patterns, distinct from what were considered axis one mental disorders. 'Inadequate' and '<a href="/wiki/Asthenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenic">asthenic</a>' personality disorder' categories were deleted, and others were expanded into more types, or changed from being personality disorders to regular disorders. <a href="/wiki/Sociopathic_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopathic personality disorder">Sociopathic personality disorder</a>, which had been the term for <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopathy</a>, was renamed Antisocial Personality Disorder. Most categories were given more specific 'operationalized' definitions, with standard criteria psychiatrists could agree on to conduct research and diagnose patients.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the DSM-III revision, self-defeating personality disorder and sadistic personality disorder were included as provisional diagnoses requiring further study. They were dropped in the DSM-IV, though a proposed 'depressive personality disorder' was added; in addition, the official diagnosis of passive–aggressive personality disorder was dropped, tentatively renamed 'negativistic personality disorder.'<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International differences have been noted in how attitudes have developed towards the diagnosis of personality disorder. Kurt Schneider argued they were 'abnormal varieties of psychic life' and therefore not necessarily the domain of psychiatry, a view said to still have influence in Germany today. British psychiatrists have also been reluctant to address such disorders or consider them on par with other mental disorders, which has been attributed partly to resource pressures within the National Health Service, as well as to negative medical attitudes towards behaviors associated with personality disorders. In the US, the prevailing healthcare system and psychoanalytic tradition has been said to provide a rationale for private therapists to diagnose some personality disorders more broadly and provide ongoing treatment for them.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">Depressive personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Passive–aggressive personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">Self-defeating personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjustment_personality_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjustment personality disorder (page does not exist)">Adjustment personality disorder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-general_personality_disorder_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2013" class="citation book cs1">American Psychiatric Association (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JivBAAAQBAJ"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 646–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8"><bdi>978-0-89042-555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.pages=646-49&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-555-8&rft.au=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JivBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkselius2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ekselius L (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6327594">"Personality disorder: a disease in disguise"</a>. <i>Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences</i>. <b>123</b> (4): 194–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03009734.2018.1526235">10.1080/03009734.2018.1526235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6327594">6327594</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Upsala+Journal+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Personality+disorder%3A+a+disease+in+disguise&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=194-204&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6327594%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03009734.2018.1526235&rft.aulast=Ekselius&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6327594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnavita2004" class="citation book cs1">Magnavita JJ (2004). "Chapter 1: Classification, prevalence, and etiology of personality disorders: Related issues and controversy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/52429596"><i>Handbook of personality disorders : theory and practice</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-20116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-20116-2"><bdi>0-471-20116-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52429596">52429596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Classification%2C+prevalence%2C+and+etiology+of+personality+disorders%3A+Related+issues+and+controversy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+personality+disorders+%3A+theory+and+practice&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52429596&rft.isbn=0-471-20116-2&rft.aulast=Magnavita&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52429596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millon1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-millon1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-millon1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillonDavis1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Millon" title="Theodore Millon">Millon T</a>, Davis RD (1996). <i>Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond</i>. 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Речь, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9268-0828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9268-0828-2">978-5-9268-0828-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrigo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Arrigo BA (1 June 2001). "The Confusion Over Psychopathy (I): Historical Considerations". <i>International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 325–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306624X01453005">10.1177/0306624X01453005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145400985">145400985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Offender+Therapy+and+Comparative+Criminology&rft.atitle=The+Confusion+Over+Psychopathy+%28I%29%3A+Historical+Considerations&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-44&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306624X01453005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145400985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arrigo&rft.aufirst=BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Heim & Drew Westen (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychsystems.net/Publications/2005/17.%20theories%20of%20personality%20and%20personality%20disorders_Heim_textbook%20of%20pers%20disorders%202005.pdf">Theories of personality and personality disorders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111140930/http://www.psychsystems.net/Publications/2005/17.%20theories%20of%20personality%20and%20personality%20disorders_Heim_textbook%20of%20pers%20disorders%202005.pdf">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lane_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lane C (1 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christopherlane.org/documents/Lane.PAPDisorder.pdf">"The Surprising History of Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theory & Psychology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 55–70. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.532.5027">10.1.1.532.5027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959354308101419">10.1177/0959354308101419</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147019317">147019317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+%26+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+History+of+Passive%E2%80%93Aggressive+Personality+Disorder&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-70&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.532.5027%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147019317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959354308101419&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christopherlane.org%2Fdocuments%2FLane.PAPDisorder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoermann, Simone; Zupanick, Corinne E. and Dombeck, Mark (January 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=560&cn=8">The History of the Psychiatric Diagnostic System Continued</a>. mentalhelp.net.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldham2005" class="citation journal cs1">Oldham JM (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/foc.3.3.372">"Personality Disorders"</a>. <i>Focus</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 372–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Ffoc.3.3.372">10.1176/foc.3.3.372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus&rft.atitle=Personality+Disorders&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=372-82&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Ffoc.3.3.372&rft.aulast=Oldham&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.psychiatryonline.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1176%2Ffoc.3.3.372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kendell RE (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.180.2.110">"The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>180</b> (2): 110–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.180.2.110">10.1192/bjp.180.2.110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11823318">11823318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90434">90434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+distinction+between+personality+disorder+and+mental+illness&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-115&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11823318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.180.2.110&rft.aulast=Kendell&rft.aufirst=RE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbjp.180.2.110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallSerin1997" class="citation book cs1">Marshall WL, Serin R (1997). "Personality Disorders.". In Turner SM, Hersen R (eds.). <i>Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis</i>. New York: Wiley. pp. 508–541.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personality+Disorders.&rft.btitle=Adult+Psychopathology+and+Diagnosis.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=508-541&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=WL&rft.au=Serin%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyMcVey2010" class="citation book cs1">Murphy N, McVey D (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715060200/http://www.pdmh-consultancy.com/publication-detail/4/"><i>Treating Severe Personality Disorder]: Creating Robust Services for Clients with Complex Mental Health Needs</i></a>. London: Routledge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdmh-consultancy.com/publication-detail/4/">the original</a> on 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treating+Severe+Personality+Disorder%5D%3A+Creating+Robust+Services+for+Clients+with+Complex+Mental+Health+Needs.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=McVey%2C+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdmh-consultancy.com%2Fpublication-detail%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillonDavis1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Millon" title="Theodore Millon">Millon T</a>, Davis RD (1996). <i>Disorders of personality : DSM-IV and beyond</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-01186-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-01186-6"><bdi>978-0-471-01186-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disorders+of+personality+%3A+DSM-IV+and+beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-471-01186-6&rft.aulast=Millon&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Davis%2C+RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudofsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Yudofsky SC (2005). <i>Fatal Flaws: Navigating Destructive Relationships With People With Disorders of Personality and Character</i> (1st ed.). Washington, DC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-214-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-214-6"><bdi>978-1-58562-214-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Flaws%3A+Navigating+Destructive+Relationships+With+People+With+Disorders+of+Personality+and+Character&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-214-6&rft.aulast=Yudofsky&rft.aufirst=SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonality+disorder" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Personality disorders</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Personality+disorder">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://counsellingresource.com/distress/personality-disorders/foundation/index.html">Personality Disorders Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmha.org/go/information/get-info/personality-disorders">National Mental Health Association personality disorder fact sheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216172819/http://nmha.org/go/information/get-info/personality-disorders">Archived</a> 16 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/expertadvice/problemsdisorders/personalitydisorder.aspx">Personality Disorders information leaflet from The Royal College of Psychiatrists</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270673" class="extiw" title="d:Q270673">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#941859884">6D10</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F60">F60</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=301.9">301.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010554">D010554</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb9889.htm">9889</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/33449004">33449004</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000939.htm">000939</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview">article/294307</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personality_disorder_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personality_disorder_classification" title="Template:Personality disorder classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personality_disorder_classification" title="Template talk:Personality disorder classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personality_disorder_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personality disorder classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personality_disorder_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Diagnosis">Personality disorder classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_models_of_personality_disorders" title="Dimensional models of personality disorders">Dimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#DSM-IV-TR_.282000.29" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#Multi-axial_system" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Multi-axial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relational_classification_of_personality_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relational classification of personality disorders (page does not exist)">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_classification_of_personality_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural classification of personality disorders (page does not exist)">Structural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">ICD</a> classifications (<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizotypal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder#ICD" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_personality_disorder#WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder">Anankastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Anxious (avoidant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder#ICD-10" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Dissocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_unstable_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotionally unstable personality disorder">Emotionally unstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltlose_personality_disorder" title="Haltlose personality disorder">Haltlose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_personality_disorder" title="Immature personality disorder">Immature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Passive–aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Psychoneurotic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_personality_disorder" title="Organic personality disorder">Organic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unspecified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Personality disorder not otherwise specified">Unspecified</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM</a> classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="DSM-III-R_only" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#DSM-III_.281980.29" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM-III-R</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defeating_personality_disorder" title="Self-defeating personality disorder">Self-defeating (masochistic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#DSM-IV_.281994.29" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM-IV</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Personality disorder not otherwise specified">Personality disorder not otherwise specified</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Appendix B (proposed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">Depressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive%E2%80%93aggressive_personality_disorder" title="Passive–aggressive personality disorder">Negativistic (passive–aggressive)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cluster_A_.28odd_or_eccentric_disorders.29">Cluster A (odd)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">Schizotypal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cluster_B_.28emotional_or_erratic_disorders.29">Cluster B (dramatic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cluster_C_.28anxious_or_fearful_disorders.29">Cluster C (anxious)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive-compulsive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Section III (alternative)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personality_disorder_trait_specified&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personality disorder trait specified (page does not exist)">Trait specified</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span 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