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(PDF) Acta Sunt Servanda? A regime for unilateral acts of states at international law
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A regime for unilateral acts of states at international law" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Unilateral acts play an important role of their own in a modern system characterised by both decentralisation and ever-increasing globalisation. Modern communication techniques have helped to make unilateral acts one of the most frequently used tools" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/4933633/2130099/9547434/s200_camille.goodman.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/12074261/Acta_Sunt_Servanda_A_regime_for_unilateral_acts_of_states_at_international_law" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Acta Sunt Servanda? A regime for unilateral acts of states at international law" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Unilateral acts play an important role of their own in a modern system characterised by both decentralisation and ever-increasing globalisation. Modern communication techniques have helped to make unilateral acts one of the most frequently used tools" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uow.academia.edu/CamilleGoodman" /> <meta name="description" content="Unilateral acts play an important role of their own in a modern system characterised by both decentralisation and ever-increasing globalisation. Modern communication techniques have helped to make unilateral acts one of the most frequently used tools" /> <title>(PDF) Acta Sunt Servanda? 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Modern communication techniques have helped to make unilateral acts one of the most frequently used tools of state interaction, and 'they weave, so to speak, the daily web of international relations'. 9 Unilateral acts occur frequently, and often go unnoticed and undisputed amongst the daily mill of international relations: actions such as recognition of states, governments or situations; pledges of voluntary contributions to other states or international organisations; 3 Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) [1974] ICJ Rep 253, [46], above n 1. 4 T Franck and E Weisband, World Politics: Verbal Strategy Among the Superpowers (1971) 120-21. 5 Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v Mali) [1986] ICJ Rep 574.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"51892498"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Acta Sunt Servanda? A regime for unilateral acts of states at international law","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4933633]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":51892498,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Acta Sunt Servanda? A regime for unilateral acts of states at international law”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51892498/mini_magick20190124-17274-w0ql9j.png?1548330194" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Acta Sunt Servanda? A regime for unilateral acts of states at international law</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4933633" href="https://uow.academia.edu/CamilleGoodman"><img alt="Profile image of Camille Goodman" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4933633/2130099/9547434/s65_camille.goodman.jpg" />Camille Goodman</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">32 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 12074261; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=12074261"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Unilateral acts play an important role of their own in a modern system characterised by both decentralisation and ever-increasing globalisation. Modern communication techniques have helped to make unilateral acts one of the most frequently used tools of state interaction, and 'they weave, so to speak, the daily web of international relations'. 9 Unilateral acts occur frequently, and often go unnoticed and undisputed amongst the daily mill of international relations: actions such as recognition of states, governments or situations; pledges of voluntary contributions to other states or international organisations; 3 Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) [1974] ICJ Rep 253, [46], above n 1. 4 T Franck and E Weisband, World Politics: Verbal Strategy Among the Superpowers (1971) 120-21. 5 Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v Mali) [1986] ICJ Rep 574.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":51892498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12074261/Acta_Sunt_Servanda_A_regime_for_unilateral_acts_of_states_at_international_law"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":51892498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12074261/Acta_Sunt_Servanda_A_regime_for_unilateral_acts_of_states_at_international_law"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Design/methodology/approach The study depended on analyzing the work of the International Law Commission on two topics: Unilateral Acts 2006 and Reservations to treaties 2011 to reveal the relation between jus cogens and unilateral acts. Findings Jus cogens restrict unilateral acts like treaties due to the recognition of the importance and necessity of the concept of Jus cogens in protecting the fundamental interests of the international community. Practical implications States must be compatible with jus cogens when making any reservation on a treaty and also when taking any unilateral act. Originality/value This paper reveals the importance of jus cogens in promoting the values of the international community and the need of such notion to protect the common interest of that community.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unilateral acts and peremptory norms (Jus Cogens) in the international law commission’s work","attachmentId":73585656,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59897540/Unilateral_acts_and_peremptory_norms_Jus_Cogens_in_the_international_law_commission_s_work","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59897540/Unilateral_acts_and_peremptory_norms_Jus_Cogens_in_the_international_law_commission_s_work"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="79284640" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79284640/The_unilateral_use_of_force_by_states_in_international_law">The unilateral use of force by states in international law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35588533" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ConstantineAntonopoulos">Constantine Antonopoulos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1992</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">TABLE OF DOCUMENTS .</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The unilateral use of force by states in international law","attachmentId":86051578,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79284640/The_unilateral_use_of_force_by_states_in_international_law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79284640/The_unilateral_use_of_force_by_states_in_international_law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="26457619" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26457619/Unratified_Treaties_Unilateral_Declarations_and_Modus_Vivendi_Circumstances_to_be_Considered_to_Have_Effect_on_State_Parties">Unratified Treaties, Unilateral Declarations and Modus Vivendi: Circumstances to be Considered to Have Effect on State Parties</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5462832" href="https://bahirdar.academia.edu/zewdumengesha">zewdu mengesha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is assumed that unless treaties have fulfilled the procedural requirements that need to be considered while it is made it will not have a binding legal effect up on parties to that specific treaties. However Starting from the period when The permanent court of international justice (PCIJ) use Unperfected treaties as a source adjudication of cases, especially from the time when International court of Justice (ICJ) decided cases based on Unperfected Treaties and Other Unperfected Acts the trend that exist in the international law changes: in this paper attempt will be made to examine the conditions that needs to be considered while international courts adjudicate cases based on the unperfected treaties and the counter argument forwarded with regard to adjudication of cases based on unperfected treaties.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unratified Treaties, Unilateral Declarations and Modus Vivendi: Circumstances to be Considered to Have Effect on State Parties","attachmentId":46752147,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26457619/Unratified_Treaties_Unilateral_Declarations_and_Modus_Vivendi_Circumstances_to_be_Considered_to_Have_Effect_on_State_Parties","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26457619/Unratified_Treaties_Unilateral_Declarations_and_Modus_Vivendi_Circumstances_to_be_Considered_to_Have_Effect_on_State_Parties"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="54864474" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54864474/Unrecognised_States_The_Necessary_Affirmation_of_the_Event_of_International_Law">Unrecognised States: The Necessary Affirmation of the Event of International Law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166736" href="https://ciu-tr.academia.edu/ErdemErt%C3%BCrk">Erdem Ertürk</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="119018" href="https://stjeromes.academia.edu/AnastasiaTataryn">Anastasia Tataryn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Law and Critique , 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Fitzpatrick's writing on international law did not constitute the main focus of his oeuvre. However, the determinate-responsive nature of law that characterised so much of his work did extend to an analysis of the generative force of international law. This article picks up on commentary from Modernism and the Grounds of Law (2001) and 'Latin Roots' (2010), among other contributions, to test this generative force of international law, which Fitzpatrick identifies as a necessary affirmation of the movement between the 'determinate but not ultimately determinate' sovereignty of a singular nation state and the 'illimitably responsive but not ultimately responsive' force of the community (Fitzpatrick 2010, p. 46). We test Fitzpatrick's view of international law through two examples of un-recognised states and the mechanism of non/recognition utilised by the international legal community to determine what constitutes a singular nation-state for participation in the community of international law. Our two case studies, North Cyprus and Crimea, illuminate the continuing relevance of Fitzpatrick's schema. Through non/recognition, 'states' that are includedas-excluded participate in the ongoing affirmation of an international legal 'community', a community that continues to be constituted through the affirmation of imperial power.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unrecognised States: The Necessary Affirmation of the Event of International Law","attachmentId":71019230,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54864474/Unrecognised_States_The_Necessary_Affirmation_of_the_Event_of_International_Law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54864474/Unrecognised_States_The_Necessary_Affirmation_of_the_Event_of_International_Law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="15536491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15536491/International_Law_and_State_Behaviour">International Law and State Behaviour</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34262710" href="https://myohecampus.academia.edu/striniperumal">strini perumal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With international law having less torque than state laws, the question of what motivates states to comply with international rules remains a conundrum. In very recent times Russia's involvement in Crimea along with the treatment of alleged terrorists in Guantanamo Bay highlights that the involvement of the international community in respect of international law alters the behaviour of member states by employing the obligations set out in these rules. This raises the question as to why sovereign states make commitments; what motivates them and what are the effects of international law on their behaviour when some of these rules are not binding. Central to these questions are a myriad of issues such as legal tradition, reputational theory, economic forces and various state interests which underpin the raison d'être as to why states behave the way they do. This article highlights the behaviour of states towards the obligations of international law and how international law may play a role in shaping their behaviour.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International Law and State Behaviour","attachmentId":38711787,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15536491/International_Law_and_State_Behaviour","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15536491/International_Law_and_State_Behaviour"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="103648557" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103648557/Establishing_the_legal_nature_of_unilateral_acts_of_states">Establishing the legal nature of unilateral acts of states</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7838790" href="https://bsu.academia.edu/ElenaKonnova">Elena Konnova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Тезис о том, что намерение государства принять юридические обязательства является основным критерием для установления правового характера одностороннего акта, можно считать устоявшимся. Однако он не решает проблемы толкования намерения государства быть юридически связанным и определения применимости режима односторонних актов государств к конкретному акту. В статье проанализированы ряд заявлений и деклараций, сформулированных в одностороннем порядке, с целью выявить различные аспекты процесса определения правовой природы акта государства. По результатам рассмотрения негативных гарантий безопасности, нотификаций о принятии законодательных актов, обещаний предоставления безвизового режима, заверений в поддержке приобретения статуса в международной организации сформулированы предложения, касающиеся оценки отдельных односторонних заявлений для квалификации их в качестве правовых актов.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Establishing the legal nature of unilateral acts of states","attachmentId":103600780,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103648557/Establishing_the_legal_nature_of_unilateral_acts_of_states","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103648557/Establishing_the_legal_nature_of_unilateral_acts_of_states"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="37596176" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37596176/Essay_Title_International_Law_The_weapon_of_the_weak_or_the_mighty">Essay Title: International Law: The 'weapon' of the 'weak' or the 'mighty'</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57893789" href="https://plymouth.academia.edu/ConstantinePitykakis">Constantine Pitykakis</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Essay Title: International Law: The 'weapon' of the 'weak' or the 'mighty'","attachmentId":57577364,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37596176/Essay_Title_International_Law_The_weapon_of_the_weak_or_the_mighty","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37596176/Essay_Title_International_Law_The_weapon_of_the_weak_or_the_mighty"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="27017837" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27017837/Between_Power_and_Principle_An_Integrated_Theory_of_International_Law">Between Power and Principle: An Integrated Theory of International Law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51046098" href="https://yaleisp.academia.edu/OonaHathaway">Oona Hathaway</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">University of Chicago Law Review, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Over 50,000 international treaties are in force today, covering nearly every aspect of international affairs and nearly every facet of state authority. And yet many observers continue to argue that international law-with its general absence of central enforcement and its typically voluntary character-is ineffective. This Article assesses and responds to this challenge. Building upon insights from both political science and legal scholarship, it offers a theory of state decisions regarding treaty law that accounts for the key ways in which such law shapes state behavior. This integrated theory of international law seeks to explain why countries would commit to treaties that potentially constrain their behavior and how treaties, once accepted, influence or fail to influence state behavior I argue that commitment and compliance are reciprocal influences on each other. If compliance is very costly or carries few benefits, for instance, countries will be unlikely to join a treaty in the first place. As a result, states behave in ways that standard theories miss-failing to join treaties for example, with which they could easily comply, or joining treaties that they have little inclination to obey. The theory emphasizes two central means by which treaties shape what countries do. The first is the enforcement of international treaties by transnational actors and by rule of law institutions within nations that join the treaty. In particular, domestic enforcement mechanisms are a crucial force pushing countries to comply with international treaties-and because they are, they are also a key influence upon countries' willingness to join such treaties in the first place. The second is the collateral consequences of treaty membership -that is, the anticipated consequences for, among other things; foreign aid and investment, trade, and domestic political support. Collateral consequences arise when domestic and transnational actors premise their actions toward a state on the state's decision to accept or reject international legal rule& As I demonstrate using both new empirical evidence and reanalysis of earlier studies, the relationship between treaties and state behavior hinges significantly on these two factors. The Article thus offers a vision of the potential and the limits of international law that integrates and moves beyond existing accounts</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Between Power and Principle: An Integrated Theory of International Law","attachmentId":47276769,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27017837/Between_Power_and_Principle_An_Integrated_Theory_of_International_Law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27017837/Between_Power_and_Principle_An_Integrated_Theory_of_International_Law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="124911487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124911487/International_Law_The_Legitimation_of_Power_in_World_Affairs">International Law: The Legitimation of Power in World Affairs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43035792" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SolPicciotto">Sol Picciotto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International Law: The Legitimation of Power in World Affairs","attachmentId":119048846,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124911487/International_Law_The_Legitimation_of_Power_in_World_Affairs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124911487/International_Law_The_Legitimation_of_Power_in_World_Affairs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="77987769" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77987769/A_Post_Formation_Right_of_Withdrawal_from_Customary_International_Law_Some_Cautionary_Notes">A Post-Formation Right of Withdrawal from Customary International Law?: Some Cautionary Notes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37896409" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SamuelEstreicher">Samuel Estreicher</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Withdrawing from International Custom, 120 YALE L. J. 202 (2010) [hereinafter B&G]. 2. I call this a "subsequent-objector right or privilege" because, while post-formation objection by states occurs under current law-indeed, it is a principal means of changing customary law-such objections, in the conventional account, are normatively disfavored and treated as "violations," even if they are sometimes necessary to legal change. B&G's innovation is to embrace the normative acceptability of such objections.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Post-Formation Right of Withdrawal from Customary International Law?: Some Cautionary Notes","attachmentId":85190041,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77987769/A_Post_Formation_Right_of_Withdrawal_from_Customary_International_Law_Some_Cautionary_Notes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77987769/A_Post_Formation_Right_of_Withdrawal_from_Customary_International_Law_Some_Cautionary_Notes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":51892498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":51892498,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_51892498" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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