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<li id="toc-Preceding_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preceding_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Preceding events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preceding_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two_kingdoms:_León_and_Castile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_kingdoms:_León_and_Castile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Two kingdoms: León and Castile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_kingdoms:_León_and_Castile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Towards_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Towards unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_western_Navarre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_western_Navarre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Occupation of western Navarre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_western_Navarre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_of_Castile_from_the_rule_of_Ferdinand_III_until_the_ascension_of_Charles_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_of_Castile_from_the_rule_of_Ferdinand_III_until_the_ascension_of_Charles_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crown of Castile from the rule of Ferdinand III until the ascension of Charles I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_of_Castile_from_the_rule_of_Ferdinand_III_until_the_ascension_of_Charles_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_of_the_two_kingdoms_under_Ferdinand_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_the_two_kingdoms_under_Ferdinand_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_the_two_kingdoms_under_Ferdinand_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_the_Cortes_and_the_legal_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_the_Cortes_and_the_legal_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Union of the <i>Cortes</i> and the legal code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_the_Cortes_and_the_legal_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_languages_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_languages_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Spanish languages and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_languages_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascension_of_the_Trastámara_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension_of_the_Trastámara_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension_of_the_Trastámara_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon_during_the_14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon_during_the_14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Relations with the Crown of Aragon during the 14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon_during_the_14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Conflict_of_Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Conflict_of_Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Second Conflict of Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Conflict_of_Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Monarchs:_Union_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Monarchs:_Union_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Catholic Monarchs: Union with the Crown of Aragon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Monarchs:_Union_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_of_regency_–_Joanna_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_of_regency_–_Joanna_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Period of regency – Joanna I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_of_regency_–_Joanna_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_of_Castile_within_Habsburg_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_of_Castile_within_Habsburg_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Crown of Castile within Habsburg Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_of_Castile_within_Habsburg_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charles_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Charles I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_policies_of_Philip_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_policies_of_Philip_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Imperial policies of Philip II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_policies_of_Philip_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Habsburgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Habsburgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Later Habsburgs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Habsburgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_territorial_divisions_within_the_Crown_of_Castile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_territorial_divisions_within_the_Crown_of_Castile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spanish territorial divisions within the Crown of Castile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_territorial_divisions_within_the_Crown_of_Castile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish territorial divisions within the Crown of Castile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish_territorial_divisions_within_the_Crown_of_Castile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_(before_1715)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_(before_1715)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Overseas (before 1715)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_(before_1715)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="تاج قشتالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاج قشتالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Castiella" title="Corona de Castiella – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corona de Castiella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastiliya_v%C9%99_Leon_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kastiliya və Leon krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kastiliya və Leon krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla_%C3%94ng-l%C3%A9ng" title="Castilla Ông-léng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Castilla Ông-léng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каралеўства Кастылія і Леон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Кастылія і Леон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_kan_Kastilya" title="Korona kan Kastilya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Korona kan Kastilya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кралство Кастилия и Леон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Кастилия и Леон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurunenn_Kastilha" title="Kurunenn Kastilha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurunenn Kastilha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Castella_i_Lle%C3%B3" title="Corona de Castella i Lleó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corona de Castella i Lleó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilsk%C3%A1_koruna" title="Kastilská koruna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kastilská koruna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Στέμμα της Καστίλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στέμμα της Καστίλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Castilla" title="Corona de Castilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corona de Castilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Kastilio" title="Reĝlando Kastilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Kastilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaztelako_Koroa" title="Gaztelako Koroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaztelako Koroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تاج کاستیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاج کاستیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couronne_de_Castille" title="Couronne de Castille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couronne de Castille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroan_fan_Kastylje" title="Kroan fan Kastylje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kroan fan Kastylje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B9n_na_Castilla" title="Crùn na Castilla – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Crùn na Castilla" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa_de_Castela" title="Coroa de Castela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coroa de Castela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%BC_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="카스티야 연합왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카스티야 연합왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_Kastilije" title="Kruna Kastilije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kruna Kastilije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkota_Kastilia" title="Mahkota Kastilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkota Kastilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Castiglia_e_Le%C3%B3n" title="Regno di Castiglia e León – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Castiglia e León" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="כתר קסטיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתר קסטיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="კასტილიისა და ლეონის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კასტილიისა და ლეონის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Castellae" title="Corona Castellae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corona Castellae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تاج كاستییا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاج كاستییا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="کاستیل تاج و تخت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاستیل تاج و تخت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroon_van_Castili%C3%AB" title="Kroon van Castilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kroon van Castilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongemakta_Castilla" title="Kongemakta Castilla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongemakta Castilla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastiliya_va_Leon_qirolligi" title="Kastiliya va Leon qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kastiliya va Leon qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastylia-Le%C3%B3n_(kr%C3%B3lestwo)" title="Kastylia-León (królestwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kastylia-León (królestwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa_de_Castela" title="Coroa de Castela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coroa de Castela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroana_Castiliei" title="Coroana Castiliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coroana Castiliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Королевство Кастилия и Леон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Кастилия и Леон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Круна Кастиље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Круна Кастиље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_Kastilje" title="Kruna Kastilje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kruna Kastilje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilianska_kronan" title="Kastilianska kronan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kastilianska kronan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ราชบัลลังก์กัสติยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชบัลลังก์กัสติยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilya_Tac%C4%B1" title="Kastilya Tacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kastilya Tacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кастильська Корона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кастильська Корона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81" title="تاج قشتالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاج قشتالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_quy%E1%BB%81n_Castilla" title="Vương quyền Castilla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quyền Castilla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="卡斯蒂利亞聯合王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡斯蒂利亞聯合王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crown_of_Castile&params=40_25_03_N_03_42_54_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°25′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">03°42′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.41750°N 3.71500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.41750; -3.71500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Crown+of+Castile%22">"Crown of Castile"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Crown+of+Castile%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Crown+of+Castile%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Crown+of+Castile%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Crown+of+Castile%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Crown+of+Castile%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Crown of Castile</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Corona Castellae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Corona de Castilla</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1230–1716</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Castile"><img alt="Flag of Castile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg/125px-Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg/188px-Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg/250px-Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Castile">Royal Standard</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trastámara (Shield) of Castile"><img alt="Trastámara (Shield) of Castile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/85px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/128px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/170px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara"> Trastámara<br />(Shield)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corona_de_Castilla_1400_es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Corona_de_Castilla_1400_es.svg/200px-Corona_de_Castilla_1400_es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Corona_de_Castilla_1400_es.svg/300px-Corona_de_Castilla_1400_es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Corona_de_Castilla_1400_es.svg/400px-Corona_de_Castilla_1400_es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="542" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Crown around 1400.</span></div><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Castile_Overseas_Villafafila.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crown_of_Castile_Overseas_Villafafila.PNG/200px-Crown_of_Castile_Overseas_Villafafila.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crown_of_Castile_Overseas_Villafafila.PNG/300px-Crown_of_Castile_Overseas_Villafafila.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crown_of_Castile_Overseas_Villafafila.PNG/400px-Crown_of_Castile_Overseas_Villafafila.PNG 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="417" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Crown in the Concordia of Villafáfila.</span></div><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG/200px-Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG/300px-Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG/400px-Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="591" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Crown of Castile after the incorporation of the kingdoms of the Indies.</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Evolution of the Crown of Castile</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (1561–1601; 1606–1716)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> (1601–1606)<span class="anchor" id="infoa"></span><sup><a href="#inforefa">[a]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minority languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese language">Astur-Leonese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche</a></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Official religion:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></li><li><b>Minority religions:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Castilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian people">Castilian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> subject to <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fueros</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1230–1252 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1474–1504 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Permanent union of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1230</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Union of Ferdinand II and Isabella I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 1469</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Granada">Conquest of Granada</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 January 1492</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre" title="Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre">Occupation of Navarre</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1512 (annexed 7 July 1515)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ascension of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1516</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1716</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1300<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly139_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">335,000 km<sup>2</sup> (129,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1300<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly139_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">Spanish real</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_maraved%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish maravedí">Spanish maravedí</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Castile.svg/20px-Flag_of_Castile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Castile.svg/30px-Flag_of_Castile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Castile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Castile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg/20px-Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg/30px-Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg/40px-Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/30px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="222" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Bourbon Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">British Gibraltar</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><span class="anchor" id="inforefa"></span>a. <b><a href="#infoa">^</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a> until <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> fixed it to Madrid.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Crown of Castile</b><sup id="cite_ref-term_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-term-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a medieval <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> upon the accession of the then Castilian king, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a>, to the vacant <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Leonese throne</a>. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> with the marriage of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> in 1716. </p><p>In 1492, the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> were major events in the history of Castile. The <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Villaf%C3%A1fila" title="Treaty of Villafáfila">Treaty of Villafáfila</a>, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of the Aztec Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquest of the Inca Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish conquest of New Granada">Spanish conquest of New Granada</a> as well as the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Philippines</a> all helped shape the Crown of Castile into a global empire in the 16th Century. </p><p>The title of "King of Castile" remained in use by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg rulers</a> during the 16th and 17th centuries. Charles I was King of Aragon, <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and Count of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Cerdagne" title="French Cerdagne">Cerdagne</a>, as well as King of Castile and León, 1516–1556. </p><p>In the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip of Bourbon</a> won the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and imposed <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">unification policies</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, supporters of their enemies. This unified the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile into the kingdom of Spain. Even though the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> did not formally abolish the Crown of Castile, the country (of Castile and Aragon) was called "Spain" by both contemporaries and historians. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preceding_events">Preceding events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preceding events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two_kingdoms:_León_and_Castile"><span id="Two_kingdoms:_Le.C3.B3n_and_Castile"></span>Two kingdoms: León and Castile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Two kingdoms: León and Castile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Towards_unification">Towards unification</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Towards unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of León arose out of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a>. The Kingdom of Castile appeared initially as a county of the Kingdom of León. From the second half of the 10th century to the first half of the 11th century it changed hands between León and the Kingdom of Navarre. In the 11th century, it became a kingdom in its own right. </p><p>The two kingdoms had been united twice previously: </p> <ul><li>From 1037 until 1065 under <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I of León</a>. Upon his death his kingdoms passed to his sons, León to <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of Castile">Alfonso VI</a>, Castile to <a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho II of Castile">Sancho II</a>, and Galicia to <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_of_Galicia_and_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="García of Galicia and Portugal">García</a>.</li> <li>From 1072 until 1157 under Alfonso VI (died 1109), <a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Urraca of Castile">Urraca</a> (died 1126), and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VII of Castile">Alfonso VII</a>. From 1111 until 1126 Galicia was separate from the union under Alfonso VII. In 1157 the kingdoms were divided between Alfonso's sons, with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a> receiving León and <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile" title="Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III</a> Castile.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Occupation_of_western_Navarre">Occupation of western Navarre</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occupation of western Navarre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1199 to 1201 under <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a> the Castilian king's armies invaded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>, annexing thereafter <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durangaldea" title="Durangaldea">Durangaldea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, including <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria (Gasteiz)</a>. However, these western Basque territories saw their Navarrese charters confirmed under Castilian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_of_Castile_from_the_rule_of_Ferdinand_III_until_the_ascension_of_Charles_I">Crown of Castile from the rule of Ferdinand III until the ascension of Charles I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crown of Castile from the rule of Ferdinand III until the ascension of Charles I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_of_the_two_kingdoms_under_Ferdinand_III">Union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother, Queen <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria of Castile</a> granddaughter of Sancho III in 1217, and the Kingdom of León from his father <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a> son of Ferdinand II in 1230. From then on the two kingdoms were united under the name of the Kingdom of León and Castile, or simply as the Crown of Castile. Ferdinand III later conquered the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalquivir Valley">Guadalquivir Valley</a>, while his son Alfonso X conquered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Murcia" title="Kingdom of Murcia">Kingdom of Murcia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, further extending the area of the Crown of Castile. Given this, the kings of the Crown of Castile traditionally styled themselves "King of <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (historical region)">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, and Lord of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molina_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Molina de Aragón">Molina</a>", among other possessions they later gained. The heir to the throne has been titled <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> since the 14th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_of_the_Cortes_and_the_legal_code">Union of the <i>Cortes</i> and the legal code</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Union of the Cortes and the legal code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toison_d%E2%80%99Or_le_Roi_de-Castille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Toison_d%E2%80%99Or_le_Roi_de-Castille.jpg/200px-Toison_d%E2%80%99Or_le_Roi_de-Castille.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Toison_d%E2%80%99Or_le_Roi_de-Castille.jpg/300px-Toison_d%E2%80%99Or_le_Roi_de-Castille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Toison_d%E2%80%99Or_le_Roi_de-Castille.jpg/400px-Toison_d%E2%80%99Or_le_Roi_de-Castille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian heraldic of King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II of Castile</a> in the <i>Equestrian armorial of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></i> 1433–1435. Collection <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost immediately after the union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III, the parliaments of Castile and León were united. It was divided into three estates, which corresponded with the nobility, the church and the cities, and included representation from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Castile_(Spain)" title="New Castile (Spain)">Toledo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Initially the number of cities represented in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> varied over the next century, until <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a> permanently set those that would be allowed to send representatives (<i>procuradores</i>): <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, León, Sevilla, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, <a href="/wiki/Zamora,_Spain" title="Zamora, Spain">Zamora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ávila, Spain">Ávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toro,_Zamora" title="Toro, Zamora">Toro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soria" title="Soria">Soria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a> (with Granada added after its conquest in 1492). </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a>, most sessions of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> of both kingdoms were held jointly. The Cortes of 1258 in Valladolid comprised representatives of Castile, Extremadura and León ("<i>de Castiella e de Estremadura e de tierra de León</i>") and those of Seville in 1261 of Castile, León and all other kingdoms ("<i>de Castiella e de León e de todos los otros nuestros Regnos</i>"). Subsequent Cortes were celebrated separately, for example in 1301 that of Castile in Burgos and that of León in Zamora, but the representatives demanded that the parliaments be reunited from then on. </p><p>Although the individual kingdoms and cities initially retained their individual historical rights-including the Old <a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fuero</a> of Castile (Viejo Fuero de Castilla) and the different <i>fueros</i> of the municipal councils of Castile, León, Extremadura and Andalucía-a unified legal code for the entire new kingdom was created in the <a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1265</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Ordenamiento_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Ordenamiento de Alcalá">Ordenamiento de Alcalá</a> (1348) and the Leyes de Toro (1505). These laws continued to be in force until 1889, when a new Spanish civil code, the Código Civil Español, was enacted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_languages_and_universities">Spanish languages and universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spanish languages and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Spanish_Universities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Medieval_Spanish_Universities.png/220px-Medieval_Spanish_Universities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Medieval_Spanish_Universities.png/330px-Medieval_Spanish_Universities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Medieval_Spanish_Universities.png/440px-Medieval_Spanish_Universities.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Map of Castilian and Aragonese Universities</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century there were many languages spoken in the Kingdoms of León and Castile among them <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>. But, as the century progressed, Castilian gained increasing prominence as the language of culture and communication – one example of this is the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How does the existence of the Cantar prove the prominence of Castilian? (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the last years of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a>, Castilian began to be used for some important documents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Code" title="Visigothic Code">Visigothic Code</a>, the basis of the legal code for Christians living in Muslim <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordova</a>, but it was during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> that it became the official language. Henceforth all public documents were written in Castilian, likewise all translations of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> legal and government documents were made into Castilian instead of Latin. </p><p>Some scholars think that the substitution of Castilian for Latin was due to the strength of the new language, whereas others consider that it was due to the influence of Hebrew-speaking intellectuals who were hostile towards Latin, the language of the Christian Church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1492, under the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, the first edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Grammar_of_the_Castilian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar of the Castilian Language">Grammar of the Castilian Language</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Nebrija" title="Antonio de Nebrija">Antonio de Nebrija</a> was published. Castilian was eventually carried to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> in the 16th century by the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>. Because of Castilian's importance in the land ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Crown">Spanish Crown</a>, the language is also known as Spanish. </p><p>Furthermore, in the 13th century many universities were founded where instruction was in Castilian, such as the Leonese <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>, the Castilian <i>Estudio General</i> of Palencia and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a>, which were among the first universities in Europe. </p><p>In the 13th century, emerging groups of local grazers coalesced into the powerful <a href="/wiki/Mesta" title="Mesta">Mesta</a>, the headpin for <a href="/wiki/Wool_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Wool trade">wool trade</a> over the following three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, Castile would become a leading export market for <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> in the late middle ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives19696_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives19696-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ascension_of_the_Trastámara_dynasty"><span id="Ascension_of_the_Trast.C3.A1mara_dynasty"></span>Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ascension of the Trastámara dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif/220px-Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of Castilian territory.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a> pitting supporters of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry of Trastámara</a> against <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Castile">Peter I</a> entailed a struggle of competing factions, with the former party being favoured by the Castilian nobility (and, to a lesser extent, the Clergy),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the latter party lied on the side of Jews', <i><a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a>'</i> and town councils' interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives1969246_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives1969246-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A substantial transfer from the royal patrimony to the nobles ensued upon the prevail of the Trastámaras in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives1969246_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives1969246-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the resulting dynastic change ran parallel to a radicalization of the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic sentiment</a> in Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the death of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a> a dynastic conflict started between his sons, the <i>Infantes</i> <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter (Pedro)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry</a>, Count of Trastámara, which became entangled in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (between England and France). Alfonso XI had married <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile">Maria of Portugal</a> with whom he had his heir, the <i>Infante</i> Peter. However, the King also had many illegitimate children with <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Guzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor of Guzman">Eleanor of Guzman</a>, among them the above-mentioned Henry, who disputed Peter's right to the throne once the latter became king. </p><p>In the resulting struggle, in which both brothers claimed to be king, Pedro allied himself with <a href="/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, "the Black Prince". In 1367, the Black Prince defeated Henry II's allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera" title="Battle of Nájera">Battle of Nájera</a>, restoring Pedro's control of the kingdom. The Black Prince, seeing that the king would not reimburse his expenses, left Castile. Henry, who had fled to France, took advantage of the opportunity and recommenced the fight. Henry finally was victorious in 1369 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montiel" title="Battle of Montiel">Battle of Montiel</a>, in which he had Peter killed. </p><p>In 1371 the brother of the Black Prince, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Constance_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Constance of Castile">Constance</a>, Peter's daughter. In 1386, he claimed the Crown of Castile in the name of his wife, the legitimate heir according to the Cortes de Seville of 1361. He arrived in <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> with an army and took the city. He then moved on to occupy <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontevedra" title="Pontevedra">Pontevedra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a>. He asked <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a>, Henry II's son, to give up the throne in favor of Constance. </p><p>John declined but proposed that his son, the <i>Infante</i> <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry</a>, marry John of Gaunt's daughter <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine</a>. The proposal was accepted, and the title <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> was created for Henry and Catherine. This ended the dynastic conflict, strengthened the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a>'s position and created peace between <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and Castile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon_during_the_14th_century">Relations with the Crown of Aragon during the 14th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relations with the Crown of Aragon during the 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corona_de_Castilla_1400_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Corona_de_Castilla_1400_en.svg/220px-Corona_de_Castilla_1400_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Corona_de_Castilla_1400_en.svg/330px-Corona_de_Castilla_1400_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Corona_de_Castilla_1400_en.svg/440px-Corona_de_Castilla_1400_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Castilian territory at the end of the 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a> royal power was restored, overshadowing the much powerful Castilian nobility. In his later years Henry delegated some of his power to his brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I of Antequera</a>, who would be regent, along with his wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine of Lancaster</a>, during the childhood of his son <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Caspe" title="Compromise of Caspe">Compromise of Caspe</a> in 1412, Ferdinand left Castile to become King of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>. </p><p>Upon the death of his mother, John II at the age of 14, took to the throne and married his cousin <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Castile">Maria of Aragon</a>. The young king entrusted his government to regent <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna" title="Álvaro de Luna">Álvaro de Luna</a>, the most influential person in court and allied with the lesser nobility, the cities, the clergy, and the Jews. This brought together the mutual dislikes of the king shared by the greater Castilian nobility and the Aragonese <i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infantes</a></i>, sons of Ferdinand I of <a href="/wiki/Antequera" title="Antequera">Antequera</a>, who sought to control the Castilian crown. This eventually led to war in 1429 and 1430 between the two kingdoms. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna,_1st_Duke_of_Trujillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Luna, 1st Duke of Trujillo">Álvaro de Luna</a> won the war and expelled the Aragonese <i>Infantes</i> from Castile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Conflict_of_Succession">Second Conflict of Succession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second Conflict of Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Castilian_Succession" title="War of the Castilian Succession">War of the Castilian Succession</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a> unsuccessfully tried to re-establish the peace with the nobility that his father, John II, had shattered. When his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Portugal" title="Joan of Portugal">Joan of Portugal</a>, gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Joanna_La_Beltraneja" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna La Beltraneja">Infanta Joanna</a>, it was claimed that she was the result of an affair of the Queen with <a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n_de_la_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltrán de la Cueva">Beltrán de la Cueva</a>, one of the King's chief ministers. </p><p>The King, besieged by riots and the demands of the nobles, had to sign a treaty in which he named as his successor his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453-1468)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453-1468)">Alfonso</a>, leaving Infanta Joanna out of the line of succession. After the death of Alfonso in an accident, Henry IV signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bulls_of_Guisando" title="Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando">Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando</a> with his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> in which he named her heiress in return for her marrying a prince chosen by him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Monarchs:_Union_with_the_Crown_of_Aragon">Catholic Monarchs: Union with the Crown of Aragon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catholic Monarchs: Union with the Crown of Aragon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg/220px-La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg/330px-La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg/440px-La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="5210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Surrender_of_Granada" title="The Surrender of Granada">The Surrender of Granada</a> (Francisco Padilla, oil on canvas, 1882)</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1469 <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a>, heir to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, married in secret in the <i>Palacio de los Vivero</i> in Castilian <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>. The consequence was a dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> in 1479 when Ferdinand ascended to the Aragonese throne. This union however was not effective until the reign of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V)</a>. Ferdinand and Isabella were related and had married without papal approval. Although Isabella wanted to marry Ferdinand, she refused to proceed with the marriage until she received a <a href="/wiki/Papal_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal dispensation">Papal dispensation</a>. Consequently, Ferdinand's father forged a papal dispensation for the two to marry. Isabella believed that the dispensation was authentic and the marriage went ahead. A genuine papal dispensation arrived afterwards. Later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> bestowed upon them the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">'los Reyes Católicos'</a></i> ('the Catholic Monarchs'). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a>, half brother of Isabella, considered the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella as breaking the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bulls_of_Guisando" title="Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando">Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando</a>, under which Isabella would ascend to the Castilian throne on his death only if her suitor was approved by him. Henry wanted to ally Castile with Portugal or France rather than Aragon. He therefore decided to name his daughter <a href="/wiki/Joanna_La_Beltraneja" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna La Beltraneja">Infanta Joanna</a> as heiress to the throne rather than Isabella I. When he died in 1474 the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Castilian_Succession" title="War of the Castilian Succession">War of the Castilian Succession</a> broke out over who would ascend to the throne. It lasted until 1479 when Isabella and her supporters came out victorious. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Columbus9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christopher_Columbus9.jpg/220px-Christopher_Columbus9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christopher_Columbus9.jpg/330px-Christopher_Columbus9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christopher_Columbus9.jpg/440px-Christopher_Columbus9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Columbus and the Catholic Monarchs (The return of Columbus)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Isabella's victory in the civil war and Ferdinand's ascension to the Aragonese throne the two crowns were united under the same monarchs. However, this was a personal union and both kingdoms remained administratively separate to some extent, each maintaining largely its own laws; both parliaments remained separate, the only common institution would be the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. Despite their titles of "Monarchs of Castile, Leon, Aragon and Sicily" Ferdinand and Isabella reigned over their respective territories, although they also took decisions together. Its central position, larger territorial area (three times greater than that of Aragon) and larger population (4.3 million as opposed to the 1 million in Aragon) led to Castile becoming the dominating partner in the union. </p><p>As a result of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> (Reconquest) the Castilian aristocracy had become very powerful. The monarchs needed to assert their authority over the nobility and the clergy. With this end in mind they founded a law enforcement body, the <i>Consejo de la Hermandad</i>, more commonly known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hermandad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></i> (the Holy Brotherhood), which was staffed and funded by the municipalities. They also took further measures against the nobility, destroying feudal castles, prohibiting private wars and reducing the power of the <i><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantados</a></i> (a governor-like military office in regions recently conquered). The monarchy incorporated military orders under the <i>Consejo de las Órdenes</i> in 1495, reinforced royal judicial power over the feudal one and transformed the <i><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">Audiencias</a></i> into the supreme judicial bodies. The crown also sought to better control the cities, and so in 1480 in the Cortes of Toledo it created the <i>corregidores</i>, representatives of the crown, which supervised the city councils. In religion, they reformed religious orders and sought unity of the various sections of the church. They pressured Jews to convert to Catholicism, in some cases persecuted by the Inquisition. Finally in 1492, the monarchs decided that those who would not convert would be expelled. It is estimated that between 50,000 and 70,000 people were expelled from Castile. From 1502 onwards, they began to convert the Muslim population. </p><p>Between 1478 and 1497 the monarchs' forces conquered the three <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>. On 2 January 1492 the monarchs entered <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> marking the completion and end of the <i>Reconquista</i>. Also in 1492, the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> maritime expedition claimed the newly found lands in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">the Americas</a> for the Crown of Castile and began the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> conquests. In 1497 Castile conquered <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> on the north coast of North Africa. After Castile's conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, its politics turned towards the Mediterranean, and Castile militarily helped Aragon in its problems with France, culminating in the reconquest of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> for the Crown of Aragon in 1504. Later that same year, Queen Isabella died, on November 26. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Period_of_regency_–_Joanna_I"><span id="Period_of_regency_.E2.80.93_Joanna_I"></span>Period of regency – Joanna I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Period of regency – Joanna I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon Queen Isabella I's death 1504, the crown passed to her daughter <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a>, who was married to <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip of Austria</a> (nicknamed 'Philip the Handsome'). But Isabella knew of her daughter's possible mental health incapacities (<i>and so nicknamed 'Juana la Loca' or 'Joanna the Mad' </i>) and named Ferdinand as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in the case that Joanna "didn't want to or couldn't fulfil her duties". In the 'Salamanca Agreement' of 1505, it was decided that the government would be shared by Philip I, Ferdinand V and Joanna. However, poor relations between Phillip, who was supported by the Castilian nobility, and Ferdinand resulted in Ferdinand renouncing his regent's powers in Castile in order to avoid an armed conflict. </p><p>Through the <i>Concordia de Villafáfila</i> of 1506, Ferdinand returned to Aragon and Phillip was recognized as King of Castile, with Joanna a co-monarch. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Villaf%C3%A1fila" title="Treaty of Villafáfila">Treaty of Villafáfila</a> in 1506 King Ferdinand the Catholic renounced not only the government of Castile in favour of his son-in-law Philip I of Castile but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding a half of the income of the kingdoms of the Indies. Joanna of Castile and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. Phillip died and Ferdinand returned in 1507 once again to be regent for Joanna. Her isolated confinement-imprisonment in the Santa Clara Convent at <a href="/wiki/Tordesillas" title="Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a>, to last over forty years until death, began with her father's orders in 1510. </p><p>In 1512 a joint <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre" title="Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre">Castilian-Aragonese force invaded Navarre</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> south of the Pyrenees was annexed to Castile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_of_Castile_within_Habsburg_Spain">Crown of Castile within Habsburg Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Crown of Castile within Habsburg Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_I">Charles I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Charles I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comuneros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Comuneros.jpg/220px-Comuneros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Comuneros.jpg/330px-Comuneros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Comuneros.jpg/440px-Comuneros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="4242" /></a><figcaption>"The <i>Comuneros</i> Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado in the <i>Patíbulo</i>", by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gisbert" title="Antonio Gisbert">Antonio Gisbert</a>, 1860.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I</a> received the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon and the empire through a combination of dynastic marriages and premature deaths: </p> <ul><li>when his father <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a> died in 1506, he became <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>;</li> <li>upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, his grandfather, in 1516 he gained the rule of Aragon and Castile (with the Americas), in co-regency title with his mother <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Queen Joanna</a>. He maintained her confinement-imprisonment, so she was Queen of Aragon and of Castile in title only.</li> <li>upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, his paternal grandfather, in 1519, Charles was elected <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> as a consequence of which he is better-known as <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.</li></ul> <p>Charles I was not well received in Castile. This was partly because he was a foreign-born king (born in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>), and even before his arrival in Castile he had granted important positions to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> citizens and had used Castilian money to fund his court. The Castilian nobility and the cities were on the verge of an uprising to defend their rights. Many Castilians favoured the king's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a>, who grew up in Castile, and in fact the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Castile" title="Council of Castile">Council of Castile</a> opposed the idea of Charles as King of Castile. </p><p>In 1518 the Castilian parliament in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> named the <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonian</a> Jean de Sauvage as its president. This caused angry protests in the parliament, which rejected the presence of foreigners in its deliberations. Despite threats, the parliament led by Juan de Zumel representing <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, resisted and forced the king to respect the laws of Castile, remove all foreigners from important governmental posts, and learn to speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a>. After taking his oath, Charles received a subsidy of 600,000 ducats. </p><p>Charles was conscious of the fact that he had options to become emperor and needed to impose his authority over Castile to gain access to its riches for his imperial goals. The riches from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> came through Castile which was one of the more dynamic, rich, and advanced territories in Europe in the 16th century. It started to realise that it could become immersed within an empire. This, added to the broken promise of Charles, only increased hostility towards the king. In 1520 in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> Parliament rejected a further subsidy for the king. Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> reached the same decision. Finally, when Parliament was held in <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, many members were bribed and others denied entry, with the result that the subsidy was approved. Those members who voted in favour were attacked by the Castilian people and their houses were burned. Parliament was not the only opposition which Charles would come up against. When he left Castile in 1520, the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_War_of_the_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian War of the Communities">Castilian War of the Communities</a> broke out, and the revolts released Joanna, claiming to support her to be the sole monarch and encouraging her to agree the dethronement of Charles. While sympathetic to revolts, Joanna however refused to sign any documents to support them or depose her son. <i>Los comuneros</i> were defeated one year later (1521). After their defeat, Parliament was reduced to a merely consultative body. To prevent Joanna from being proposed to be an alternative monarch by opponents again, Charles continued her confinement until her death in 1555, after which Charles became the only monarch of Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_policies_of_Philip_II">Imperial policies of Philip II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Imperial policies of Philip II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> continued the politics of Charles I, but unlike his father he made Castile the core of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, centralising all administration in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. The other Spanish regions maintained certain degree of autonomy, being governed by a <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>. </p><p>In fact, since the reign of Charles I the financial burden of the empire had fallen mainly on Castile, but under Philip II the cost quadrupled. During his reign, as well as increasing existing taxes he created some new ones, among them the <i>excusado</i> in 1567. That same year Philip ordered the proclamation of the <i>La Pragmática</i>; an act whereby all Moriscos had to abandon all Moorish traditions and become true Catholics. This edict limited religious, linguistic and cultural freedom of the Morisco population and provoked the <a href="/wiki/Morisco_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisco Revolt">Morisco Revolt</a> (1568–1571), which was put down by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>. </p><p>Castile entered a phase of recession in 1575; Spain as a whole followed, which provoked the suspension of wages (the third of his reign). In 1590 the <i>Cortes</i> approved the <i>millones</i>; a new tax on food. This exhausted Castilian cities and hindered the economy. In 1596, pay was once again suspended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Habsburgs">Later Habsburgs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later Habsburgs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG/220px-Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG/330px-Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG/440px-Crown_of-Castile_3.PNG 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide Crown of Castile</figcaption></figure> <p>In the previous kingdoms, positions in national institutions were filled by educated gentlemen. Philip II's administrators would normally come from either the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alcal%C3%A1" title="University of Alcalá">University of Alcalá</a> or the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> the nobility once again asserted their right to govern the country. In order to show that there was a new order ruling there was a cleansing of the blood of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Religious persecution led Philip to declare the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">expulsion of the Moriscos</a> in 1609. </p><p>Faced with the collapse of the Exchequer, in order to maintain the hegemony of Philip IV's Spanish Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Count-Duke of Olivares</a>, the king's <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> (valido) from 1621 to 1643, tried to introduce a series of reforms. Among these was the <i>Unión de Armas</i>, the creation of a new army of 140,000 reservists. Every territory within the kingdom contributed citizens proportionally in order to maintain the force. His aims of union did not work and the Spanish Crown continued as a confederation of kingdoms. </p><p>Luis Méndez de Haro took over from Olivares as favourite Philip IV between 1659 and 1665. This was in order to alleviate interior conflicts sparked off by his predecessor (revolts in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>) and achieve peace in Europe. </p><p>Upon the death of Philip IV in 1665, and with the incapacity of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> to govern, Spain suffered an economic slowdown and battles for power between the different 'favourites'. The death of Charles II in 1700 without descendants provoked the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. </p><p>After the war, all the territories were unified as a single country under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Spain">Crown of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_territorial_divisions_within_the_Crown_of_Castile">Spanish territorial divisions within the Crown of Castile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spanish territorial divisions within the Crown of Castile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Castile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Crown_of_Castile.png/220px-Crown_of_Castile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Crown_of_Castile.png/330px-Crown_of_Castile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Crown_of_Castile.png/440px-Crown_of_Castile.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>The Crown in late medieval Spain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_(1794).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg/220px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg/330px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg/440px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Spanish North America, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpanishSouthAmerica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SpanishSouthAmerica.png/150px-SpanishSouthAmerica.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SpanishSouthAmerica.png/225px-SpanishSouthAmerica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SpanishSouthAmerica.png/300px-SpanishSouthAmerica.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>South America, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Spain">In Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Castille">Kingdom of Castille</a>/Reino de Castilla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>/Reino de León</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Principality of Asturias</a>/Principado de Asturias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>/Reino de Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Biscay" title="Lordship of Biscay">Lordship of Biscay</a>/Señorío de Vizcaya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Province of Gipuzkoa</a>/Provincia de Guipúzcoa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Province of Álava</a>/Provincia de Álava</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Toledo">Kingdom of Toledo</a>/Reino de Toledo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Murcia" title="Kingdom of Murcia">Kingdom of Murcia</a>/Reino de Murcia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Kingdom of Córdoba">Kingdom of Córdoba</a>/Reino de Córdoba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Kingdom of Jaén">Kingdom of Jaén</a>/Reino de Jaén</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Seville" title="Kingdom of Seville">Kingdom of Seville</a>/Reino de Sevilla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Granada</a>/Reino de Granada (after 1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>/Reino de Navarra (after 1512)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_(before_1715)"><span id="Overseas_.28before_1715.29"></span>Overseas (before 1715)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Overseas (before 1715)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Kingdom of the Canaries</a>/Reino de Canarias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty of the Indies</a>/Virreinato de las Indias (1492–1526)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/North" title="North">North</a> – <i>Septentrional</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>/Virreinato de la Nueva España (after 1535) <ul><li>Kingdom of Mexico/Reino de México (administered by the Royal Audience of Mexico, presided directly by the Vice-roy of New Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">New Kingdom of Galicia</a>/Nuevo Reino de Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a> or Kingdom of Guatemala/Capitanía General de Guatemala or Reino de Guatemala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya,_New_Spain" title="Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain">Kingdom of New Biscay</a>/Reino de Nueva Vizcaya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a>/Nuevo Reino de Léon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe of New Mexico</a>/Santa Fe de Nuevo México</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">New Extremadura</a>/Nueva Extremadura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">Province of New Navarre</a>/Provincia de Nueva Navarra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">Province of the Californias</a>/Provincia de Las Californias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Venezuela">Provincia de Venezuela</a>/Provincia de Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>/Capitanía General de las Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>/Capitanía General de Cuba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>/Capitanía General de Puerto Rico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a>/Capitanía General de Santo Domingo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Captaincy General of Yucatán</a>/Capitanía General de Yucatán</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/South" title="South">South</a> – <i>Meridional</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>/Virreinato del Perú (after 1542) <ul><li>Province of Tierra Firme/Provincia de Tierra Firme (administered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Panama">Royal Audiencia of Panama</a> [1st one, 1538–43], [2nd one, 1564–1751])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a>/Nuevo Reino de Granada (administered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Santa_Fe_de_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá">Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá</a>)</li> <li>Kingdom of Quito or Presidency of Quito/Reino de Quito or Presidencia de Quito (administered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Quito">Royal Audiencia of Quito</a>)</li> <li>Kingdom of Peru/Reino de Peru (administered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Lima">Royal Audiencia of Lima</a>, presided directly by the Vice-roy of Peru)</li> <li>Province of Charcas/Provincia de Charcas (administered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Charcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Charcas">Royal Audiencia of Charcas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Captaincy General of Chile</a>/Capitanía General de Chile (unofficially referred as Kingdom of Chile/Reino de Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a>/Vireinato del Rio de La Plata, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Governorate of the Río de la Plata</a>/Gobernácion del Río de la Plata (administered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires</a>) (1661–72)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In the viceroyalties the viceroy, whose term etymologically means "in the place of the king", concentrated all public power. They were freely appointed and removed by the Monarch, when the sovereign wanted he/she could remove the viceroy from the office. In New Spain and Peru they played the role of sovereign, but in reality they only obeyed the orders of the Monarch of the Crown of Castile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Castile" title="Heraldry of Castile">Heraldry of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Heraldry of León">Heraldry of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Castilian Monarchs">List of Castilian Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_King%27s_Guard_(Portugal_and_Castile)" title="Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)">Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-term-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-term_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Corona de Castilla</i>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: <i lang="gl">Coroa de Castela</i>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>: <i>Corona de Castiella</i>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <i lang="eu">Gaztelako Koroa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Corona Castellae</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMenéndez_Pidal1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1906). <i>El dialecto leonés</i> (in Spanish). Curpo facultativo de archiveros, bibliotecarios y arqueologos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+dialecto+leon%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Curpo+facultativo+de+archiveros%2C+bibliotecarios+y+arqueologos&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Men%C3%A9ndez+Pidal&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenéndez_Pidal1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualelementald00menuoft/mode/2up?q"><i>Manual elemental de gramática histórica española</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Librería General de Victoriano Suárez.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+elemental+de+gram%C3%A1tica+hist%C3%B3rica+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Librer%C3%ADa+General+de+Victoriano+Su%C3%A1rez&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Men%C3%A9ndez+Pidal&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualelementald00menuoft%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reilly139-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly139_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly139_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly1993" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdJjn1HpSy4C&pg=PA139"><i>The Medieval Spains</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521397414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521397414"><bdi>978-0521397414</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024856/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdJjn1HpSy4C&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometers by 1300 but, at the same time, its population had increased by the same factor, from one to three millions, so that the average density remained steady at about 8.5 persons per square kilometer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Spains&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521397414&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdJjn1HpSy4C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrzainqui1998" class="citation book cs1">Urzainqui, Tomás (1998). <i>La Navarra marítima</i>. Pamplona: Pamiela. pp. 213–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7681-284-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-7681-284-1"><bdi>84-7681-284-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Navarra+mar%C3%ADtima&rft.place=Pamplona&rft.pages=213-249&rft.pub=Pamiela&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=84-7681-284-1&rft.aulast=Urzainqui&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicens_Vives1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Vicens_Vives" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime Vicens Vives">Vicens Vives, Jaime</a> (1969). <i>An economic history of Spain</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 131–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+economic+history+of+Spain&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Vicens+Vives&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives19696-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives19696_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVicens_Vives1969">Vicens Vives 1969</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_Ibáñez2019" class="citation book cs1">Díaz Ibáñez, Jorge (2019). "Iglesia, nobleza y poderes urbanos en la corona de Castilla durante la baja Edad Media. Una aproximación historiográfica". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medievalistas.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/IGLESIA_completo_web.pdf"><i>Iglesia, nobleza y poderes urbanos en los reinos cristianos de la Península Ibérica durante la Edad Media</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Murcia: Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-17157-97-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-17157-97-5"><bdi>978-84-17157-97-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iglesia%2C+nobleza+y+poderes+urbanos+en+la+corona+de+Castilla+durante+la+baja+Edad+Media.+Una+aproximaci%C3%B3n+historiogr%C3%A1fica&rft.btitle=Iglesia%2C+nobleza+y+poderes+urbanos+en+los+reinos+cristianos+de+la+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica+durante+la+Edad+Media&rft.place=Murcia&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Sociedad+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Estudios+Medievales&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-84-17157-97-5&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedievalistas.es%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2FIGLESIA_completo_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives1969246-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives1969246_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives1969246_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVicens_Vives1969">Vicens Vives 1969</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantera-Montenegro2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cantera-Montenegro, Enrique (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/myc/article/view/37726/32914">"Los judíos de Castilla ante el cambio de dinastía"</a>. <i>Memoria y Civilización</i>. <b>22</b>. Pamplona: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Navarre">Universidad de Navarra</a>: 143, 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15581%2F001.22.028">10.15581/001.22.028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10171%2F58536">10171/58536</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1139-0107">1139-0107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214282114">214282114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+y+Civilizaci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Los+jud%C3%ADos+de+Castilla+ante+el+cambio+de+dinast%C3%ADa&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=143%2C+146&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10171%2F58536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214282114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1139-0107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15581%2F001.22.028&rft.aulast=Cantera-Montenegro&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.unav.edu%2Findex.php%2Fmyc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F37726%2F32914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Arnold-Baker2001" class="citation cs2">Charles Arnold-Baker (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAMjuMw_5kC&q=crown+of+spain+succession+war&pg=PA1161"><i>The Companion to British History</i></a> (2, revised, illustrated, reprint ed.), Routledge, p. 1161, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415185837" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415185837"><bdi>978-0415185837</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521055322/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAMjuMw_5kC&q=crown+of+spain+succession+war&pg=PA1161">archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-30</span></span>, <q>Louis XIV accepted [in 1700] on behald of his grandson, who succeeded as Philip V on condition that the Crowns of France and Spain should never be united. (...) This provoked the great War of the Spanish Succession. (...) Barcelona fell in 1714 and the Aragonese privileges were abolished. Spain had become one country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+History&rft.pages=1161&rft.edition=2%2C+revised%2C+illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415185837&rft.au=Charles+Arnold-Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNAMjuMw_5kC%26q%3Dcrown%2Bof%2Bspain%2Bsuccession%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA1161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicent_de_MelchorAlbert_BranchadellVicent_de_Melchor2002" class="citation cs2">Vicent de Melchor; Albert Branchadell; Vicent de Melchor (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKVwFYoxGgC&q=%22corona+de+espa%C3%B1a%22+unificado&pg=PT107"><i>El catalán: Una lengua de Europa para compartir</i></a>, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, pp. 106–107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8449022999" title="Special:BookSources/978-8449022999"><bdi>978-8449022999</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521055322/https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKVwFYoxGgC&q=%22corona+de+espa%C3%B1a%22+unificado&pg=PT107">archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-30</span></span>, <q>Mas que con los Reyes Católicos (a finales del siglo XV), como todavia suele repetirse, es a partir de Felipe V (a principios del sigo XVIII) cuando podemos comenzar a considerar España como un Estado auténticamente unificado o, mejor, unitario: es a partir de entonces cuando podemos empezar a hablar con propiedad de un rey de España o de una Corona de España y, consecuentemente de un Reino de España.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+catal%C3%A1n%3A+Una+lengua+de+Europa+para+compartir&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Univ.+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8449022999&rft.au=Vicent+de+Melchor&rft.au=Albert+Branchadell&rft.au=Vicent+de+Melchor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpKVwFYoxGgC%26q%3D%2522corona%2Bde%2Bespa%25C3%25B1a%2522%2Bunificado%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Castile&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurulers.altervista.org/castile.html">"Castile. Titles of European hereditary rulers"</a>. <i>eurulers.altervista.org</i>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurulers.altervista.org&rft.atitle=Castile.+Titles+of+European+hereditary+rulers&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurulers.altervista.org%2Fcastile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Al-Andalus_(711-1492)"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></b> (711-1492)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Province of the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Emirate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Feudal_Christian_realms"><b><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Feudal Christian realms</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">County of Castile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crown of Castile</a> (<i>Castile-León</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Toledo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Pamplona">Kingdom of Pamplona</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Viguera" title="Kingdom of Viguera">Kingdom of Viguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Najera" title="Kingdom of Najera">Kingdom of Najera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Artajona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Artajona (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Artajona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxoako_Erresuma" class="extiw" title="eu:Artaxoako Erresuma">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aragon" title="County of Aragon">County of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic monarchs">Visigothic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic monarchs">Suebic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of al-Andalus">Monarchs of al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asturian_monarchs" title="List of Asturian monarchs">Monarchs of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Monarchs of Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Majorca" title="List of monarchs of Majorca">Monarchs of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs" title="List of Valencian monarchs">Monarchs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military orders">Military orders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a 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title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" 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