CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Glutamate receptor - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1abf1bda-a28c-4d6a-a390-a02301c7b270","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Glutamate_receptor","wgTitle":"Glutamate receptor","wgCurRevisionId":1254908716,"wgRevisionId":1254908716,"wgArticleId":2860161,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","CS1 errors: requires URL","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from August 2019","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from August 2019","Transmembrane receptors","Neurotransmitters","Glutamate (neurotransmitter)", "Glutamate receptors"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Glutamate_receptor","wgRelevantArticleId":2860161,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty": false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q420510","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png/1200px-L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1054"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png/800px-L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="703"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png/640px-L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="562"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Glutamate receptor - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Glutamate_receptor rootpage-Glutamate_receptor skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Glutamate+receptor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Glutamate+receptor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Glutamate+receptor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Glutamate+receptor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glutamate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glutamate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Glutamate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glutamate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glutamate_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glutamate_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Glutamate receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glutamate_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ionotropic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionotropic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ionotropic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionotropic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabotropic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabotropic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Metabotropic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabotropic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure,_mechanism_and_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure,_mechanism_and_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure, mechanism and function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure,_mechanism_and_function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure, mechanism and function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure,_mechanism_and_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ionotropic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionotropic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ionotropic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionotropic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabotropic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabotropic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metabotropic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabotropic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_central_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Outside the central nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_clinical_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_clinical_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>General clinical implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_clinical_implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General clinical implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_clinical_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autoimmunity_and_antibody_interactions_with_glutamate_receptors_and_their_subunit_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoimmunity_and_antibody_interactions_with_glutamate_receptors_and_their_subunit_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Autoimmunity and antibody interactions with glutamate receptors and their subunit genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoimmunity_and_antibody_interactions_with_glutamate_receptors_and_their_subunit_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excitotoxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excitotoxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Excitotoxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excitotoxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurodegeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurodegeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Neurodegeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurodegeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_with_demonstrated_associations_to_glutamate_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_with_demonstrated_associations_to_glutamate_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conditions with demonstrated associations to glutamate receptors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conditions_with_demonstrated_associations_to_glutamate_receptors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conditions with demonstrated associations to glutamate receptors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conditions_with_demonstrated_associations_to_glutamate_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Aching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_(ADHD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_(ADHD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_(ADHD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Autism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Diabetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huntington's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huntington's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Huntington's disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huntington's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ischemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ischemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Ischemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ischemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_sclerosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_sclerosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Multiple sclerosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_sclerosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parkinson's_disease_(Parkinsonism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parkinson's_disease_(Parkinsonism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Parkinson's disease (Parkinsonism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parkinson's_disease_(Parkinsonism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rasmussen's_encephalitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rasmussen's_encephalitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Rasmussen's encephalitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rasmussen's_encephalitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schizophrenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schizophrenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Schizophrenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schizophrenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seizures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seizures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Seizures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_diseases_suspected_of_glutamate_receptor_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_diseases_suspected_of_glutamate_receptor_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other diseases suspected of glutamate receptor link</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_diseases_suspected_of_glutamate_receptor_link-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other diseases suspected of glutamate receptor link subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_diseases_suspected_of_glutamate_receptor_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neurodegenerative_diseases_with_a_suspected_excitotoxicity_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurodegenerative_diseases_with_a_suspected_excitotoxicity_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Neurodegenerative diseases with a suspected excitotoxicity link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurodegenerative_diseases_with_a_suspected_excitotoxicity_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glutamate receptor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مستقبل الغلوتامات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقبل الغلوتامات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutam%C3%A1tov%C3%BD_receptor" title="Glutamátový receptor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glutamátový receptor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatrezeptor" title="Glutamatrezeptor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glutamatrezeptor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_glutamato" title="Receptor de glutamato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor de glutamato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گیرنده گلوتامات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیرنده گلوتامات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettore_del_glutammato" title="Recettore del glutammato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recettore del glutammato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptorium_glutamati" title="Receptorium glutamati – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Receptorium glutamati" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="グルタミン酸受容体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルタミン酸受容体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_glutamato" title="Receptor de glutamato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Receptor de glutamato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_pre_excita%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_aminokyseliny" title="Receptor pre excitačné aminokyseliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Receptor pre excitačné aminokyseliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatni_receptor" title="Glutamatni receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Glutamatni receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatni_receptor" title="Glutamatni receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glutamatni receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatreceptorer" title="Glutamatreceptorer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glutamatreceptorer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Глутаматні рецептори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глутаматні рецептори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420510#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Glutamate_receptor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Glutamate_receptor" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Glutamate_receptor" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&oldid=1254908716" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Glutamate_receptor&id=1254908716&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGlutamate_receptor"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGlutamate_receptor"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Glutamate_receptor&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glutamate_receptors" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420510" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMPA_receptor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AMPA_receptor.png/450px-AMPA_receptor.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AMPA_receptor.png/675px-AMPA_receptor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AMPA_receptor.png/900px-AMPA_receptor.png 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal, ligand binding, and transmembrane domain, PDB 3KG2</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png/220px-L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png/330px-L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png/440px-L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Glutamate receptors</b> are <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synaptic</a> and non synaptic <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> located primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">membranes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glial">glial</a> cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Brassai_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brassai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamate</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">conjugate base</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a>) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and especially prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> where it is the body's most prominent <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>, the brain's main <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter#Excitatory_and_inhibitory" title="Neurotransmitter">excitatory</a> neurotransmitter, and also the <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursor</a> for <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a>, the brain's main <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter#Excitatory_and_inhibitory" title="Neurotransmitter">inhibitory</a> neurotransmitter.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12467378_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12467378-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated <a href="/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Excitatory postsynaptic potential">postsynaptic excitation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neural_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural cell">neural cells</a>, and are important for <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">neural communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a>. </p><p>Glutamate receptors are implicated in a number of <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological conditions</a>. Their central role in <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a> and prevalence in the central nervous system has been linked or speculated to be linked to many <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative diseases">neurodegenerative diseases</a>, and several other conditions have been further linked to glutamate receptor <a href="/wiki/Gene_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene mutation">gene mutations</a> or receptor <a href="/wiki/Autoantigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoantigen">autoantigen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> activity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glutamate">Glutamate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Glutamate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamate (neurotransmitter)</a></div> <p>Glutamate is the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> in the body, and is the main <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter#Excitatory_and_inhibitory" title="Neurotransmitter">excitatory</a> neurotransmitter, being present in over 50% of <a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">nervous tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12467378_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12467378-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bris_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glutamate was initially discovered to be a neurotransmitter in insect studies in the early 1960s. </p><p>Glutamate is also used by the brain to synthesize <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a> (γ-Aminobutyric acid), the main <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter#Excitatory_and_inhibitory" title="Neurotransmitter">inhibitory neurotransmitter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. GABA plays a role in regulating <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> excitability throughout the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and is also directly responsible for the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a> in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12467378_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12467378-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11837891_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11837891-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glutamate_receptors">Glutamate receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Glutamate receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalian</a> glutamate receptors are classified based on their pharmacology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, glutamate receptors in other organisms have different pharmacology, and therefore these classifications do not hold. One of the major functions of glutamate receptors appears to be the modulation of synaptic plasticity, a property of the brain thought to be vital for memory and learning. Both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to have an effect on <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15242652_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15242652-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase or decrease in the number of <a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">ionotropic glutamate receptors</a> on a postsynaptic cell may lead to long-term potentiation or long-term depression of that cell, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8415757_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8415757-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15866197_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15866197-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8732537_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8732537-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, metabotropic glutamate receptors may modulate synaptic plasticity by regulating postsynaptic protein synthesis through second messenger systems.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8102206_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8102206-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that glutamate receptors are present in CNS glial cells as well as neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1660422_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1660422-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These glutamate receptors are suggested to play a role in modulating gene expression in glial cells, both during the proliferation and differentiation of glial precursor cells in brain development and in mature glial cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8843603_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8843603-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glutamate receptors serve to facilitate the impact of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. These receptors are pivotal in excitatory synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal development. They are vital for functions like learning, memory, and neuronal communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_298–487_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_298–487-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various subtypes of glutamate receptors, such as NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid), and kainate receptors, have distinct roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_298–487_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_298–487-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors: These receptors are involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. They are unique in that they require both glutamate and the co-agonist glycine to activate, and they are also voltage-dependent, meaning they only open when the postsynaptic membrane is depolarized. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions, which can trigger intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in synaptic strength.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2. AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors: These receptors mediate the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. They are permeable to sodium and potassium ions and are responsible for the rapid depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that underlies the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). AMPA receptors are also involved in synaptic plasticity, particularly in the early stages of long-term potentiation (LTP). </p><p>3. Kainate receptors: These receptors are involved in both pre- and postsynaptic signaling and are thought to play a role in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are activated by the neurotransmitter kainate and are permeable to both sodium and potassium ions. Kainate receptors are expressed in a variety of brain regions and are involved in processes such as sensory processing, motor control, and learning and memory. </p><p>Each subtype of glutamate receptor has a unique function and plays a crucial role in neuronal communication and plasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptors</a> (iGluRs) form the ion channel pore that activates when glutamate binds to the receptor. <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate receptors</a> (mGluRs) affect the cell through a <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> cascade, and they may be primarily activating (mGlur<sub>1/5</sub>) or primarily inhibitory (mGlur<sub>2/3</sub> and mGlur<sub>4/6/7/8</sub>). Ionotropic receptors tend to be quicker in relaying information, but metabotropic ones are associated with a more prolonged stimulus. The signalling cascade induced by metabotropic receptor activation means that even a relatively brief or small synaptic signal can have large and long-lasting effects, i.e. the system can have high "<a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a>." <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a> activation is particularly complex, as channel opening requires not only glutamate binding but also <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a> binding simultaneously at a <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">separate site</a>, and it also displays a degree of <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage dependence</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn<sup>2+</sup></a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg<sup>2+</sup></a> binding in the pore.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Ca<sup>2+</sup> currents through the NMDA receptor modulate not just the membrane potential but act as an important second messenger system. The particular dynamics of the NMDAR allow it to function as a neural <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_detection_in_neurobiology" title="Coincidence detection in neurobiology">coincidence detector</a>, and the NMDAR Ca<sup>2+</sup> currents are critical in <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long-term_potentiation" title="Long-term potentiation">LTP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-term_depression" title="Long-term depression">LTD</a>) and learning and memory in general.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the many specific subtypes of glutamate receptors, it is customary to refer to primary subtypes by a chemical that binds to it more selectively than glutamate. The research, however, is ongoing, as subtypes are identified and chemical affinities measured. Several compounds are routinely used in glutamate receptor research and associated with receptor subtypes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Agonist(s)</th> <th>Antagonists </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="center">ionotropic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N-methyl-D-aspartic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="N-methyl-D-aspartic acid">NMDA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor">Kainate receptor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kainate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainate">Kainate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UBP-302" title="UBP-302">UBP-302</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Group 1 metabotropic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">mGluR<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">mGluR<sub>5</sub></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyphenylglycine" title="Dihydroxyphenylglycine">DHPG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LY-344,545" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-344,545">LY-344,545</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Group 2 metabotropic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">mGluR<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">mGluR<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DCG-IV" title="DCG-IV">DCG-IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LY-341,495" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-341,495">LY-341,495</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Group 3 metabotropic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">mGluR<sub>4</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">mGluR<sub>6</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">mGluR<sub>7</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">mGluR<sub>8</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate" class="mw-redirect" title="2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate">L-AP4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MMPIP" title="MMPIP">MMPIP</a> (mGlur<sub>7</sub>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to the diversity of glutamate receptors, their subunits are encoded by numerous gene families. Sequence similarities between mammals show a common evolutionary origin for many mGluR and all iGluR genes.<sup id="cite_ref-such_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-such-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation of reading frames and splice sites of GluR genes between chimpanzees and humans is complete, suggesting no gross structural changes after humans diverged from the human-chimpanzee common ancestor. However, there is a possibility that two human-specific "fixed" amino acid substitutions, <i>D71G</i> in <i>GRIN3A</i> and <i>R727H</i> in <i>GRIN3B</i>, are specifically associated with human brain function.<sup id="cite_ref-goto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionotropic">Ionotropic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ionotropic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits and their genes:<sup id="cite_ref-din1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-din1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11735224_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11735224-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mammalian receptor family </th> <th>Subunit <p>(Old nomenclature) </p> </th> <th>Gene </th> <th>Chromosome<br />(human) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" align="center"><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA</a> </td> <td>GluA1 (GluR<sub>1</sub>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIA1" title="GRIA1">GRIA1</a></i> </td> <td align="center">5q33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluA2 (GluR<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIA2" title="GRIA2">GRIA2</a></i> </td> <td align="center">4q32-33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluA3 (GluR<sub>3</sub>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIA3" title="GRIA3">GRIA3</a></i> </td> <td align="center">Xq25-26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluA4 (GluR<sub>4</sub>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIA4" title="GRIA4">GRIA4</a></i> </td> <td align="center">11q22-23 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor">Kainate</a> </td> <td>GluK1 (GluR<sub>5</sub>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIK1" title="GRIK1">GRIK1</a></i> </td> <td align="center">21q21.1-22.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluK2 (GluR<sub>6</sub>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIK2" title="GRIK2">GRIK2</a></i> </td> <td align="center">6q16.3-q21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluK3 (GluR<sub>7</sub>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIK3" title="GRIK3">GRIK3</a></i> </td> <td align="center">1p34-p33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluK4 (KA-1) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIK4" title="GRIK4">GRIK4</a></i> </td> <td align="center">11q22.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluK5 (KA-2) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIK5" title="GRIK5">GRIK5</a></i> </td> <td align="center">19q13.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" align="center"><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA</a> </td> <td>GluN1(NR1) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIN1" title="GRIN1">GRIN1</a></i> </td> <td align="center">9q34.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluN2A (NR2A) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIN2A" title="GRIN2A">GRIN2A</a></i> </td> <td align="center">16p13.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluN2B (NR2B) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIN2B" title="GRIN2B">GRIN2B</a></i> </td> <td align="center">12p12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluN2C (NR2C) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIN2C" title="GRIN2C">GRIN2C</a></i> </td> <td align="center">17q24-q25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluN2D (NR2D) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIN2D" title="GRIN2D">GRIN2D</a></i> </td> <td align="center">19q13.1qter </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluN3A (NR3A) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIN3A" title="GRIN3A">GRIN3A</a></i> </td> <td align="center">9q31.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>GluN3B (NR3B) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRIN3B" title="GRIN3B">GRIN3B</a></i> </td> <td align="center">19p13.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabotropic">Metabotropic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metabotropic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mammalian metabotropic glutamate receptors are all named mGluR# and are further broken down into three groups: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group </th> <th>Receptor </th> <th>Gene </th> <th>Chromosome<br />(human) </th> <th>Effect </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center">1 </td> <td>mGluR<sub>1</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">GRM1</a></i> </td> <td align="center">6q24 </td> <td>Increase in Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration in the cytoplasm. </td></tr> <tr> <td>mGluR<sub>5</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">GRM5</a></i> </td> <td align="center">11q14.3 </td> <td>Release of K<sup>+</sup> from the cell by activating K<sup>+</sup> ionic channels </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center">2 </td> <td>mGluR<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">GRM2</a></i> </td> <td align="center">3p21.2 </td> <td rowspan="2">Inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a> causing shutdown of the <a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway" title="CAMP-dependent pathway">cAMP-dependent pathway</a><br />And therefore decreasing amount of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mGluR<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GRM3" class="mw-redirect" title="GRM3">GRM3</a></i> </td> <td align="center">7q21.1-q21.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" align="center">3 </td> <td>mGluR<sub>4</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">GRM4</a></i> </td> <td align="center">6p21.3 </td> <td rowspan="4">Activation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels, allowing more Ca<sup>2+</sup> to enter the cell<sup id="cite_ref-con1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-con1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mGluR<sub>6</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">GRM6</a></i> </td> <td align="center">5q35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>mGluR<sub>7</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">GRM7</a></i> </td> <td align="center">3p26-p25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>mGluR<sub>8</sub> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">GRM8</a></i> </td> <td align="center">7q31.3-q32.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In other (non mammalian) organisms, the classification and subunit composition of glutamate receptors is different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure,_mechanism_and_function"><span id="Structure.2C_mechanism_and_function"></span>Structure, mechanism and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure, mechanism and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glutamate receptors exist primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. These receptors can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Dendrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrites">dendrites</a> of postsynaptic cells and bind to glutamate released into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic cells. They are also present on both <a href="/wiki/Astrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrocytes">astrocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligodendrocytes">oligodendrocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8843603_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8843603-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, with the exception of NMDA, are found on cultured glial cells, which can open in response to glutamate and cause cells to activate second messengers to regulate gene expression and release neuroactive compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1660422_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1660422-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, brain slices show glutamate receptors are ubiquitously expressed in both developing and mature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes <i>in vivo</i>. Because of this, glial glutamate receptors are thought to be vital for glial cell development.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8843603_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8843603-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionotropic_2">Ionotropic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ionotropic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptor</a></div> <p>Ionotropic glutamate receptors, by definition, are ligand-gated nonselective <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> channels that allow the flow of K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and sometimes Ca<sup>2+</sup> in response to glutamate binding. (In <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">C. elegans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a></i>, invertebrate-specific subunits enable the flow of negative <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> ions rather than cations.) Upon binding, the agonist will stimulate direct action of the central pore of the receptor, an ion channel, allowing ion flow and causing excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). This current is depolarizing and, if enough glutamate receptors are activated, may trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. All produce excitatory postsynaptic current, but the speed and duration of the current is different for each type. NMDA receptors have an internal binding site for an Mg<sup>2+</sup> ion, creating a voltage-dependent block, which is removed by outward flow of positive current.<sup id="cite_ref-jon1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the block must be removed by outward current flow, NMDA receptors rely on the EPSC produced by AMPA receptors to open. NMDA receptors are permeable to Ca<sup>2+</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid=2437250_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid=2437250-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an important cation in the nervous system<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19655118_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19655118-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been linked to gene regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19250948_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19250948-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flow of Ca<sup>2+</sup> through NMDA receptors is thought to cause both <a href="/wiki/Long-term_potentiation" title="Long-term potentiation">long-term potentiation (LTP, of synapse efficacy)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-term_depression" title="Long-term depression">long-term depression (LTD)</a> by transducing signaling cascades and regulating gene expression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabotropic_2">Metabotropic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metabotropic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate receptor</a></div> <p>Metabotropic glutamate receptors, which belong to <a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">subfamily C</a> of <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a> are divided into three groups, with a total of eight subtypes (in mammals; this is not necessarily the case for most organisms). The mGluRs are composed of three distinct regions: the extracellular region, the transmembrane region, and the intracellular region.<sup id="cite_ref-tak1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tak1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extracellular region is composed of a venus flytrap (VFT) module that binds <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pin1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pin1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a cysteine-rich domain that is thought to play a role in transmitting the conformational change induced by <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> binding from in the VFT module to the transmembrane region.<sup id="cite_ref-tak1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tak1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transmembrane region consists of seven transmembrane domains and connects the extracellular region to the intracellular region where G protein coupling occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-pin1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pin1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glutamate binding to the extracellular region of an mGluR causes G proteins bound to the intracellular region to be phosphorylated, affecting multiple biochemical pathways and ion channels in the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-plat1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plat1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, mGluRs can both increase or decrease the excitability of the postsynaptic cell, thereby causing a wide range of physiological effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_central_nervous_system">Outside the central nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outside the central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glutamate receptors are thought to be responsible for the reception and transduction of <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a> taste stimuli. Taste receptors of the T1R family, belonging to the same class of GPCR as metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved. Additionally, the mGluRs, as well as ionotropic glutamate receptors in neural cells, have been found in taste buds and may contribute to the umami taste.<sup id="cite_ref-kin1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kin1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits are expressed by heart tissue, but their specific function is still unknown. <a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">northern blots</a> confirmed the presence of iGluRs in cardiac tissue. Immunohistochemistry localized the iGluRs to cardiac nerve terminals, ganglia, conducting fibers, and some myocardiocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glutamate receptors are (as mentioned above) also expressed in pancreatic islet cells.<sup id="cite_ref-wea1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wea1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMPA iGluRs modulate the secretion of insulin and glucagon in the pancreas, opening the possibility of treatment of diabetes via glutamate receptor antagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Ber_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ber-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wea2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wea2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small unmyelinated sensory nerve terminals in the skin also express NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Subcutaneous injections of receptor blockers in rats successfully analgesized skin from formalin-induced inflammation, raising possibilities of targeting peripheral glutamate receptors in the skin for pain treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-carl_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carl-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_clinical_implications">General clinical implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General clinical implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific medical conditions and symptoms are discussed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoimmunity_and_antibody_interactions_with_glutamate_receptors_and_their_subunit_genes">Autoimmunity and antibody interactions with glutamate receptors and their subunit genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Autoimmunity and antibody interactions with glutamate receptors and their subunit genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various neurological disorders are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autoantigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoantigen">autoantigen</a> activity associated with glutamate receptors or their subunit genes (e.g. GluR3 in <a href="/wiki/Rasmussen%27s_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasmussen's encephalitis">Rasmussen's encephalitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9111034_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9111034-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and GluR2 in nonfamilial olivopontocerebellar degeneration).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9040745_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9040745-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994 GluR3 was shown to act as an autoantigen in Rasmussen's encephalitis, leading to speculation that <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> activity might underlie the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-RE_1994_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE_1994-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such findings "suggest" links between glutamate receptors and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> interactions are possible and may be significant in some <a href="/wiki/Degenerative_disease" title="Degenerative disease">degenerative diseases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9040745_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9040745-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the exact role of such antibodies in disease manifestation is still not entirely known.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9459451_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9459451-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excitotoxicity">Excitotoxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Excitotoxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overstimulation of glutamate receptors causes <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegeneration</a> and neuronal damage through a process called <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>. Excessive glutamate, or excitotoxins acting on the same glutamate receptors, overactivate glutamate receptors (specifically NMDARs), causing high levels of calcium ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) to influx into the postsynaptic cell.<sup id="cite_ref-dub1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dub1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations activate a cascade of cell degradation processes involving proteases, lipases, nitric oxide synthase, and a number of enzymes that damage cell structures often to the point of cell death.<sup id="cite_ref-man1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingestion of or exposure to excitotoxins that act on glutamate receptors can induce excitotoxicity and cause toxic effects on the central nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-mel1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This becomes a problem for cells, as it feeds into a cycle of positive feedback cell death. </p><p>Glutamate excitotoxicity triggered by overstimulation of glutamate receptors also contributes to intracellular <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>. Proximal glial cells use a cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) to transport cystine into the cell and glutamate out. Excessive extracellular glutamate concentrations reverse xCT, so glial cells no longer have enough cystine to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a> (GSH), an <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aoy1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoy1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of GSH leads to more <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> (ROSs) that damage and kill the glial cell, which then cannot reuptake and process extracellular glutamate.<sup id="cite_ref-mark1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is another positive feedback in glutamate excitotoxicity. In addition, increased Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations activate <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase" title="Nitric oxide synthase">nitric oxide synthase</a> (NOS) and the over-synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (NO). High NO concentration damages mitochondria, leading to more energy depletion, and adds oxidative stress to the neuron as NO is a ROS.<sup id="cite_ref-nich1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nich1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurodegeneration">Neurodegeneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neurodegeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral ischemia">cerebral ischemia</a> (e.g., cerebral <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>), acute neurodegeneration caused by excitotoxicity may spread to proximal neurons through two processes. <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a> trigger bioenergetic failure; mitochondria stop producing ATP energy. <a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na+/K+-ATPase</a> can no longer maintain sodium/potassium ion concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter" title="Glutamate transporter">Glutamate transporters</a> (EAATs), which use the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> gradient, reverse glutamate transport (efflux) in affected neurons and astrocytes, and <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarization</a> increases downstream synaptic release of glutamate.<sup id="cite_ref-sza1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sza1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, cell death via lysis or apoptosis releases cytoplasmic glutamate outside of the ruptured cell.<sup id="cite_ref-obr1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obr1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two forms of glutamate release cause a continual <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_cascade" title="Biochemical cascade">cascade</a> of excitotoxic cell death and further increased extracellular glutamate concentrations. </p><p>Glutamate receptors' significance in excitotoxicity also links it to many neurogenerative diseases. Conditions such as exposure to excitotoxins, old age, congenital predisposition, and brain trauma can trigger glutamate receptor activation and ensuing excitotoxic neurodegeneration. This damage to the central nervous system propagates symptoms associated with a number of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-beal_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beal-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions_with_demonstrated_associations_to_glutamate_receptors">Conditions with demonstrated associations to glutamate receptors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conditions with demonstrated associations to glutamate receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of diseases in humans have a proven association with <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mutation">genetic mutations</a> of glutamate receptor genes, or <a href="/wiki/Autoantigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoantigen">autoantigen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> interactions with glutamate receptors or their genes. Glutamate receptors and impaired regulation (in particular, those resulting in excessive glutamate levels) are also one cause of <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a> (described above), which itself has been implicated or associated with a number of specific <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative conditions</a> where neural <a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">cell death</a> or degradation within the brain occurs over time.<sup id="cite_ref-mark1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beal_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beal-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excessive synaptic receptor stimulation by glutamate is directly related to many conditions. Magnesium is one of many antagonists at the glutamate receptor, and magnesium deficiencies have demonstrated relationships with many glutamate receptor-related conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-glutamate_receptor_magnesium_antagonist_reference_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glutamate_receptor_magnesium_antagonist_reference-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glutamate receptors have been found to have an influence in <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>, and aching,<sup id="cite_ref-urlGlutamate_Receptors_-_Glutamate_Receptor_Summary_Report_|_CureHunter_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlGlutamate_Receptors_-_Glutamate_Receptor_Summary_Report_|_CureHunter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> addiction<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an association with both <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRM_adhd_1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRM_adhd_1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRM_autism_1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRM_autism_1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most cases these are areas of ongoing research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aching">Aching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a> is directly involved with spinal NMDA receptors. Administered NMDA antagonists in a clinical setting produce significant side effects, although more research is being done in <a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">intrathecal</a> administration.<sup id="cite_ref-mel1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since spinal NMDA receptors link the area of pain to the brain's pain processing center, the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>, these glutamate receptors are a prime target for treatment. One proposed way to cope with the pain is subconsciously through the visualization technique.<sup id="cite_ref-web4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2019)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_(ADHD)"><span id="Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_.28ADHD.29"></span>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 the glutamate receptor subunit gene <a href="/wiki/GRIN2B" title="GRIN2B">GRIN2B</a> (responsible for key functions in <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>) was associated with <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17010153_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17010153-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed earlier studies showing a link between glutamate modulation and <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">hyperactivity</a> (2001),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11572967_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11572967-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then between the <a href="/wiki/SLC1A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC1A3">SLC1A3</a> <a href="/wiki/Solute_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute carrier">solute carrier</a> gene-encoding part of the glutamate transporter process that mapped to <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5" title="Chromosome 5">chromosome 5</a> (5p12) noted in multiple ADHD <a href="/wiki/Genome_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome scan">genome scans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15950021_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15950021-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further mutations to four different <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabotropic">metabotropic</a> glutamate receptor genes were identified in a study of 1013 children with <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a> compared to 4105 controls with non-ADHD, replicated in a subsequent study of 2500 more patients. Deletions and duplications affected GRM1, GRM5, GRM7 and GRM8. The study concluded that "<a href="/wiki/Copy-number_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy-number variation">CNVs</a> affecting metabotropic glutamate receptor genes were enriched across all cohorts (P = 2.1 × 10−9)", "over 200 genes interacting with glutamate receptors <i>[…]</i> were collectively affected by CNVs", "major hubs of the (affected genes') network include <a href="/w/index.php?title=TNIK50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TNIK50 (page does not exist)">TNIK50</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GNAQ51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNAQ51 (page does not exist)">GNAQ51</a>, and CALM", and "the fact that children with ADHD are more likely to have alterations in these genes reinforces previous evidence that the GRM pathway is important in ADHD".<sup id="cite_ref-GRM_adhd_1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRM_adhd_1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A SciBX article in January 2012 commented that "<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">UPenn</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> teams have independently converged on mGluRs as players in ADHD and autism. The findings suggest <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonizing</a> mGluRs in patients with ADHD."<sup id="cite_ref-GRM_adhd_3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRM_adhd_3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism">Autism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Autism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etiology of <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism</a> may include excessive glutamatergic mechanisms. In small studies, <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">memantine</a> has been shown to significantly improve language function and social behavior in children with autism.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research is underway on the effects of memantine in adults with autism spectrum disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A link between glutamate receptors and autism was also identified via the <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">structural protein</a> <a href="/wiki/SHANK2" title="SHANK2">ProSAP1 SHANK2</a> and potentially <a href="/wiki/SHANK3" title="SHANK3">ProSAP2 SHANK3</a>. The study authors concluded that the study "illustrates the significant role glutamatergic systems play in autism" and "By comparing the data on ProSAP1/Shank2<sup>−/−</sup> mutants with ProSAP2/Shank3αβ<sup>−/−</sup> mice, we show that different abnormalities in synaptic glutamate receptor expression can cause alterations in social interactions and communication. Accordingly, we propose that appropriate therapies for autism spectrum disorders are to be carefully matched to the underlying synaptopathic phenotype."<sup id="cite_ref-GRM_autism_1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRM_autism_1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetes">Diabetes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diabetes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diabetes is a peculiar case because it is influenced by glutamate receptors present outside of the central nervous system, and it also influences glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a>, an endocrine disorder, induces cognitive impairment and defects of long-term potential in the hippocampus, interfering with synaptic plasticity. Defects of long-term potential in the hippocampus are due to abnormal glutamate receptors, to be specific the malfunctioning NMDA glutamate receptors during early stages of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-trud_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trud-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research is being done to address the possibility of using <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">hyperglycemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> to regulate these receptors and restore cognitive functions. <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Pancreatic islets</a> regulating insulin and glucagon levels also express glutamate receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-wea1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wea1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treating diabetes via glutamate receptor antagonists is possible, but not much research has been done. The difficulty of modifying peripheral GluR without having detrimental effects on the central nervous system, which is saturated with GluR, may be the cause of this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huntington's_disease"><span id="Huntington.27s_disease"></span>Huntington's disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Huntington's disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, a specific genotype of human GluR6 was discovered to have a slight influence on the age of onset of Huntington's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-diq_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diq-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to similar mechanisms causing Parkinson's disease with respect to NMDA or AMPA receptors, Huntington's disease was also proposed to exhibit metabolic and mitochondrial deficiency, which exposes striatal neurons to the over activation of NMDA receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-mel1_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> has been proposed as a possible treatment for Huntington's due to the inhibition it exhibits on <a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">homocysteine</a>, which increases vulnerability of nerve cells to glutamate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16959411_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16959411-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could decrease the effect glutamate has on glutamate receptors and reduce cell response to a safer level, not reaching <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ischemia">Ischemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ischemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During ischemia, the brain has been observed to have an unnaturally high concentration of extracellular glutamate.<sup id="cite_ref-nis1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nis1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is linked to an inadequate supply of ATP, which drives the glutamate transport levels that keep the concentrations of glutamate in balance.<sup id="cite_ref-web2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usually leads to an excessive activation of glutamate receptors, which may lead to neuronal injury. After this overexposure, the postsynaptic terminals tend to keep glutamate around for long periods of time, which results in a difficulty in depolarization.<sup id="cite_ref-web2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a> for NMDA and AMPA receptors seem to have a large benefit, with more aid the sooner it is administered after onset of the neural ischemia.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10736372_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10736372-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Multiple sclerosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inducing <a href="/wiki/Experimental_autoimmune_encephalomyelitis" title="Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis">experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis</a> in animals as a model for <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>(MS) has targeted some glutamate receptors as a pathway for potential therapeutic applications.<sup id="cite_ref-bol1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bol1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research has found that a group of drugs interact with the NMDA, AMPA, and kainate glutamate receptor to control neurovascular permeability, inflammatory mediator synthesis, and resident glial cell functions including CNS myelination. <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">Oligodendrocytes</a> in the CNS myelinate axons; the myelination dysfunction in MS is partly due to the excitotoxicity of those cells. By regulating the drugs which interact with those glutamate receptors, regulating glutamate binding may be possible, and thereby reduce the levels of Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx. The experiments showed improved oligodendrocyte survival, and remyelination increased. Furthermore, CNS inflammation, apoptosis, and axonal damage were reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-bol1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bol1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parkinson's_disease_(Parkinsonism)"><span id="Parkinson.27s_disease_.28Parkinsonism.29"></span>Parkinson's disease (Parkinsonism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Parkinson's disease (Parkinsonism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late onset neurological disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, may be partially due to glutamate binding NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-mel1_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>In vitro</i> spinal cord cultures with glutamate transport inhibitors led to degeneration of <a href="/wiki/Motor_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor neurons">motor neurons</a>, which was counteracted by some AMPA receptor antagonists such as GYKI 52466.<sup id="cite_ref-mel1_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research also suggests that the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu4 is directly involved in movement disorders associated with the basal <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> through selectively modulating glutamate in the <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cuo1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuo1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rasmussen's_encephalitis"><span id="Rasmussen.27s_encephalitis"></span>Rasmussen's encephalitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rasmussen's encephalitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, GluR3 was shown to act as an <a href="/wiki/Autoantigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoantigen">autoantigen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rasmussen%27s_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasmussen's encephalitis">Rasmussen's encephalitis</a>, leading to speculation that <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> activity might underlie the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-RE_1994_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE_1994-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Schizophrenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, the expression of the mRNA for the NR2A subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor was found to be decreased in a subset of inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-BYKl_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYKl-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is suggested by upregulation of <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a>, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In schizophrenia, the expression of the NR2A subunit of NDMA receptors in mRNA was experimentally undetectable in 49-73% in GABA neurons that usually express it. These are mainly in GABA cells expressing the calcium-buffering protein <a href="/wiki/Parvalbumin" title="Parvalbumin">parvalbumin</a> (PV), which exhibits fast-spiking firing properties and target the perisomatic (basket cells) and <a href="/wiki/Chandelier_cell" title="Chandelier cell">axo-axonic</a> (chandelier cells) compartments of <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_cell" title="Pyramidal cell">pyramidal neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BYKl_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYKl-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found the density of NR2A mRNA-expressing PV neurons was decreased by as much as 50% in subjects with schizophrenia. </p><p>In addition, density of <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemically</a> labeled glutamatergic terminals with an antibody against the vesicular glutamate transporter vGluT1 also exhibited a reduction that paralleled the reduction in the NR2A-expressing PV neurons. Together, these observations suggest glutamatergic innervation of PV-containing inhibitory neurons appears to be deficient in schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-BYKl_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYKl-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expression of NR2A mRNA has also been found to be altered in the inhibitory neurons that contain another calcium buffer, calbindin, targeting the dendrites of pyramidal neurons,<sup id="cite_ref-wool_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wool-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the expression of the mRNA for the GluR5 kainate receptor in GABA neurons has also been found to be changed in people with schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-woo2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woo2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current research is targeting glutamate receptor antagonists as potential treatments for schizophrenia. <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a>, a weak, nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, was used as an add-on to clozapine therapy in a clinical trial. Refractory schizophrenia patients showed associated improvements in both negative and positive symptoms, underscoring the potential uses of GluR antagonists as <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsychotics">antipsychotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deluc_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deluc-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, administration of noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists have been tested on rat models. Scientists have proposed that specific antagonists can act on GABAergic interneurons, enhancing cortical inhibition and preventing excessive glutamatergic transmission associated with schizophrenia. These and other atypical antipsychotic drugs can be used together to inhibit excessive excitability in pyramidal cells, decreasing the symptoms of schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-lopez_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seizures">Seizures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Seizures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glutamate receptors have been discovered to have a role in the onset of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. NMDA and metabotropic types have been found to induce epileptic convulsions. Using <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_rodents" title="Animal testing on rodents">rodent models</a>, labs have found that the introduction of antagonists to these glutamate receptors helps counteract the epileptic symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-cha1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cha1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since glutamate is a <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> for ligand-gated ion channels, the binding of this neurotransmitter will open gates and increase sodium and calcium conductance. These ions play an integral part in the causes of seizures. Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5) are the primary cause of seizing, so applying an antagonist to these receptors helps in preventing convulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-mol1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mol1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_diseases_suspected_of_glutamate_receptor_link">Other diseases suspected of glutamate receptor link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other diseases suspected of glutamate receptor link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurodegenerative_diseases_with_a_suspected_excitotoxicity_link">Neurodegenerative diseases with a suspected excitotoxicity link</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Neurodegenerative diseases with a suspected excitotoxicity link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neurodegenerative diseases suspected to have a link mediated (at least in part) through stimulation of glutamate receptors:<sup id="cite_ref-dub1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dub1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12575816_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12575816-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_dementia_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS dementia complex">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li>Combined systems disease (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">Drug addiction</a>, tolerance, and dependency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li>Hydroxybutyric aminoaciduria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperhomocysteinemia" title="Hyperhomocysteinemia">Hyperhomocysteinemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homocysteinuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Homocysteinuria">homocysteinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperprolinemia" title="Hyperprolinemia">Hyperprolinemia</a></li> <li>Lead encephalopathy</li> <li>Leber's disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELAS_syndrome" title="MELAS syndrome">MELAS syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERRF" class="mw-redirect" title="MERRF">MERRF</a></li> <li>Mitochondrial abnormalities (and other inherited or acquired biochemical disorders)</li> <li>Neuropathic pain syndromes (e.g. causalgia or painful peripheral neuropathies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonketotic_hyperglycinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonketotic hyperglycinemia">Nonketotic hyperglycinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">Olivopontocerebellar atrophy</a> (some recessive forms)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_oxidase_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfite oxidase deficiency">Sulfite oxidase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-glutamate_receptor_antibodies" title="Anti-glutamate receptor antibodies">Antiglutamate receptor antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor-interacting_protein" title="Glutamate receptor-interacting protein">Glutamate receptor-interacting protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid">N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brassai-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brassai_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrassaiSuvanjeievBánLakatos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brassai A, Suvanjeiev RG, Bán EG, Lakatos M (March 2015). "Role of synaptic and nonsynaptic glutamate receptors in ischaemia induced neurotoxicity". Review. <i>Brain Research Bulletin</i>. <b>112</b> (March 2015): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2014.12.007">10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540918">25540918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11292811">11292811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Role+of+synaptic+and+nonsynaptic+glutamate+receptors+in+ischaemia+induced+neurotoxicity&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=March+2015&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11292811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25540918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2014.12.007&rft.aulast=Brassai&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Suvanjeiev%2C+RG&rft.au=B%C3%A1n%2C+EG&rft.au=Lakatos%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12467378-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12467378_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12467378_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12467378_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetroff_OA2002" class="citation journal cs1">Petroff OA (December 2002). "GABA and glutamate in the human brain". <i>Neuroscientist</i>. <b>8</b> (6): 562–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1073858402238515">10.1177/1073858402238515</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12467378">12467378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84891972">84891972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscientist&rft.atitle=GABA+and+glutamate+in+the+human+brain&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=562-573&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84891972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12467378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1073858402238515&rft.au=Petroff+OA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Glutamate is the main excitatory and GABA the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cortex</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bris-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bris_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915085831/http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/glutamate.html">"Glutamate Receptors - Structures and Functions"</a>. <i>Centre of Synaptic Plasticity</i>. University of Bristol. 2007-01-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/glutamate.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+of+Synaptic+Plasticity&rft.atitle=Glutamate+Receptors+-+Structures+and+Functions&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bris.ac.uk%2FDepts%2FSynaptic%2Finfo%2Fglutamate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11837891-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11837891_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabeMaemuraKanbaraTamayama2002" class="citation book cs1">Watanabe M, Maemura K, Kanbara K, Tamayama T, Hayasaki H (2002). "GABA and GABA Receptors in the Central Nervous System and Other Organs". <i>A Survey of Cell Biology</i>. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 213. pp. 1–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2802%2913011-7">10.1016/S0074-7696(02)13011-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-364617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-364617-0"><bdi>978-0-12-364617-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11837891">11837891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GABA+and+GABA+Receptors+in+the+Central+Nervous+System+and+Other+Organs&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Cell+Biology&rft.series=International+Review+of+Cytology&rft.pages=1-47&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11837891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2802%2913011-7&rft.isbn=978-0-12-364617-0&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Maemura%2C+K&rft.au=Kanbara%2C+K&rft.au=Tamayama%2C+T&rft.au=Hayasaki%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinerLevitz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Reiner A, Levitz J (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6484838">"Glutamatergic Signaling in the Central Nervous System: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors in Concert"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>98</b> (6): 1080–1098. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2018.05.018">10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6484838">6484838</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29953871">29953871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Glutamatergic+Signaling+in+the+Central+Nervous+System%3A+Ionotropic+and+Metabotropic+Receptors+in+Concert&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1080-1098&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6484838%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29953871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2018.05.018&rft.aulast=Reiner&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Levitz%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6484838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15242652-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15242652_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebanneDaoudalSourdetRussier2003" class="citation journal cs1">Debanne D, Daoudal G, Sourdet V, Russier M (2003). "Brain plasticity and ion channels". <i>Journal of Physiology, Paris</i>. <b>97</b> (4–6): 403–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jphysparis.2004.01.004">10.1016/j.jphysparis.2004.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15242652">15242652</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19116187">19116187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physiology%2C+Paris&rft.atitle=Brain+plasticity+and+ion+channels&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4%E2%80%936&rft.pages=403-14&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19116187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15242652&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jphysparis.2004.01.004&rft.aulast=Debanne&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Daoudal%2C+G&rft.au=Sourdet%2C+V&rft.au=Russier%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8415757-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8415757_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarenToccoStandleyBaudry1993" class="citation journal cs1">Maren S, Tocco G, Standley S, Baudry M, Thompson RF (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47628">"Postsynaptic factors in the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP): increased glutamate receptor binding following LTP induction in vivo"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>90</b> (20): 9654–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...90.9654M">1993PNAS...90.9654M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.20.9654">10.1073/pnas.90.20.9654</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47628">47628</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8415757">8415757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Postsynaptic+factors+in+the+expression+of+long-term+potentiation+%28LTP%29%3A+increased+glutamate+receptor+binding+following+LTP+induction+in+vivo&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=9654-8&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47628%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8415757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.90.20.9654&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PNAS...90.9654M&rft.aulast=Maren&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Tocco%2C+G&rft.au=Standley%2C+S&rft.au=Baudry%2C+M&rft.au=Thompson%2C+RF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15866197-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15866197_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-OtañoEhlers2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Otaño I, Ehlers MD (May 2005). "Homeostatic plasticity and NMDA receptor trafficking". <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>28</b> (5): 229–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.03.004">10.1016/j.tins.2005.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15866197">15866197</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22901201">22901201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Homeostatic+plasticity+and+NMDA+receptor+trafficking&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=229-38&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22901201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15866197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.03.004&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Ota%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Ehlers%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8732537-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8732537_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsztélyGustafsson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Asztély F, Gustafsson B (February 1996). "Ionotropic glutamate receptors. Their possible role in the expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity". <i>Molecular Neurobiology</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02740744">10.1007/BF02740744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8732537">8732537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42232786">42232786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Ionotropic+glutamate+receptors.+Their+possible+role+in+the+expression+of+hippocampal+synaptic+plasticity&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42232786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8732537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02740744&rft.aulast=Aszt%C3%A9ly&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8102206-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8102206_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeilerGreenough1993" class="citation journal cs1">Weiler IJ, Greenough WT (August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47097">"Metabotropic glutamate receptors trigger postsynaptic protein synthesis"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>90</b> (15): 7168–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...90.7168W">1993PNAS...90.7168W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.15.7168">10.1073/pnas.90.15.7168</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47097">47097</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8102206">8102206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Metabotropic+glutamate+receptors+trigger+postsynaptic+protein+synthesis&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=7168-71&rft.date=1993-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47097%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8102206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.90.15.7168&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PNAS...90.7168W&rft.aulast=Weiler&rft.aufirst=IJ&rft.au=Greenough%2C+WT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1660422-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid1660422_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid1660422_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichberg1991" class="citation journal cs1">Teichberg VI (December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.15.1660422">"Glial glutamate receptors: likely actors in brain signaling"</a>. <i>FASEB Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (15): 3086–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.15.1660422">10.1096/fasebj.5.15.1660422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1660422">1660422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15094280">15094280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Glial+glutamate+receptors%3A+likely+actors+in+brain+signaling&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=3086-91&rft.date=1991-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15094280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1660422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffasebj.5.15.1660422&rft.aulast=Teichberg&rft.aufirst=VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffasebj.5.15.1660422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8843603-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8843603_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8843603_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8843603_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhäuserGallo1996" class="citation journal cs1">Steinhäuser C, Gallo V (August 1996). "News on glutamate receptors in glial cells". <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>19</b> (8): 339–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-2236%2896%2910043-6">10.1016/0166-2236(96)10043-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8843603">8843603</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31596399">31596399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=News+on+glutamate+receptors+in+glial+cells&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=339-45&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31596399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8843603&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0166-2236%2896%2910043-6&rft.aulast=Steinh%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Gallo%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen_298–487-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_298–487_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_298–487_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenWollmuthBowieFurukawa2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Kasper B.; Wollmuth, Lonnie P.; Bowie, Derek; Furukawa, Hiro; Menniti, Frank S.; Sobolevsky, Alexander I.; Swanson, Geoffrey T.; Swanger, Sharon A.; Greger, Ingo H.; Nakagawa, Terunaga; McBain, Chris J.; Jayaraman, Vasanthi; Low, Chian-Ming; Dell'Acqua, Mark L.; Diamond, Jeffrey S. (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8626789">"Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels"</a>. <i>Pharmacological Reviews</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 298–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpharmrev.120.000131">10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-0081">1521-0081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8626789">8626789</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753794">34753794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Structure%2C+Function%2C+and+Pharmacology+of+Glutamate+Receptor+Ion+Channels&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=298-487&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8626789%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1521-0081&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34753794&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fpharmrev.120.000131&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Kasper+B.&rft.au=Wollmuth%2C+Lonnie+P.&rft.au=Bowie%2C+Derek&rft.au=Furukawa%2C+Hiro&rft.au=Menniti%2C+Frank+S.&rft.au=Sobolevsky%2C+Alexander+I.&rft.au=Swanson%2C+Geoffrey+T.&rft.au=Swanger%2C+Sharon+A.&rft.au=Greger%2C+Ingo+H.&rft.au=Nakagawa%2C+Terunaga&rft.au=McBain%2C+Chris+J.&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+Vasanthi&rft.au=Low%2C+Chian-Ming&rft.au=Dell%27Acqua%2C+Mark+L.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8626789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenYiPerszykFurukawa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Kasper B.; Yi, Feng; Perszyk, Riley E.; Furukawa, Hiro; Wollmuth, Lonnie P.; Gibb, Alasdair J.; Traynelis, Stephen F. (2018-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6080888">"Structure, function, and allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors"</a>. <i>The Journal of General Physiology</i>. <b>150</b> (8): 1081–1105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.201812032">10.1085/jgp.201812032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7748">1540-7748</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6080888">6080888</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037851">30037851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Physiology&rft.atitle=Structure%2C+function%2C+and+allosteric+modulation+of+NMDA+receptors&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1081-1105&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6080888%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1540-7748&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30037851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1085%2Fjgp.201812032&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Kasper+B.&rft.au=Yi%2C+Feng&rft.au=Perszyk%2C+Riley+E.&rft.au=Furukawa%2C+Hiro&rft.au=Wollmuth%2C+Lonnie+P.&rft.au=Gibb%2C+Alasdair+J.&rft.au=Traynelis%2C+Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6080888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandel2013" class="citation book cs1">Kandel ER (2013). <i>Principles of neural science</i>. McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071390118" title="Special:BookSources/9780071390118"><bdi>9780071390118</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/970875967">970875967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+neural+science&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970875967&rft.isbn=9780071390118&rft.aulast=Kandel&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-such-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-such_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchanekSeeburgSprengel1995" class="citation journal cs1">Suchanek B, Seeburg PH, Sprengel R (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.1.41">"Gene structure of the murine N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2C"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>270</b> (1): 41–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.1.41">10.1074/jbc.270.1.41</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7814402">7814402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6758394">6758394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Gene+structure+of+the+murine+N-methyl+D-aspartate+receptor+subunit+NR2C&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-4&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6758394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7814402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.270.1.41&rft.aulast=Suchanek&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Seeburg%2C+PH&rft.au=Sprengel%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.270.1.41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goto-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goto_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGotoWatanabeAraragiKageyama2009" class="citation journal cs1">Goto H, Watanabe K, Araragi N, Kageyama R, Tanaka K, Kuroki Y, Toyoda A, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Fukumaki Y, Shibata H (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753569">"The identification and functional implications of human-specific "fixed" amino acid substitutions in the glutamate receptor family"</a>. <i>BMC Evol. Biol</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 224. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BMCEE...9..224G">2009BMCEE...9..224G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-224">10.1186/1471-2148-9-224</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753569">2753569</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19737383">19737383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=The+identification+and+functional+implications+of+human-specific+%22fixed%22+amino+acid+substitutions+in+the+glutamate+receptor+family&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=224&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2753569%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19737383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-224&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BMCEE...9..224G&rft.aulast=Goto&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+K&rft.au=Araragi%2C+N&rft.au=Kageyama%2C+R&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+K&rft.au=Kuroki%2C+Y&rft.au=Toyoda%2C+A&rft.au=Hattori%2C+M&rft.au=Sakaki%2C+Y&rft.au=Fujiyama%2C+A&rft.au=Fukumaki%2C+Y&rft.au=Shibata%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2753569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-din1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-din1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingledineBorgesBowieTraynelis1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SF (March 1999). "The glutamate receptor ion channels". <i>Pharmacol. Rev</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 7–61. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10049997">10049997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+glutamate+receptor+ion+channels&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-61&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10049997&rft.aulast=Dingledine&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Borges%2C+K&rft.au=Bowie%2C+D&rft.au=Traynelis%2C+SF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11735224-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11735224_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderssonStenqvistAttersandvon_Euler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andersson O, Stenqvist A, Attersand A, von Euler G (December 2001). "Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of genes encoding the human NMDA receptor subunits NR3A and NR3B". <i>Genomics</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 178–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2001.6666">10.1006/geno.2001.6666</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11735224">11735224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genomics&rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequence%2C+genomic+organization%2C+and+chromosomal+localization+of+genes+encoding+the+human+NMDA+receptor+subunits+NR3A+and+NR3B&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=178-84&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fgeno.2001.6666&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11735224&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Stenqvist%2C+A&rft.au=Attersand%2C+A&rft.au=von+Euler%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-con1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-con1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Conn PJ, et al. (2005). "Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit". <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>6</b> (10): 787–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn1763">10.1038/nrn1763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16276355">16276355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9473598">9473598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Metabotropic+glutamate+receptors+in+the+basal+ganglia+motor+circuit&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=787-98&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9473598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16276355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn1763&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jon1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jon1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonAscher1990" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson JW, Ascher P (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280813">"Voltage-dependent block by intracellular Mg2+ of N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated channels"</a>. <i>Biophys. J</i>. <b>57</b> (5): 1085–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990BpJ....57.1085J">1990BpJ....57.1085J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2890%2982626-6">10.1016/S0006-3495(90)82626-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280813">1280813</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1692749">1692749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophys.+J.&rft.atitle=Voltage-dependent+block+by+intracellular+Mg2%2B+of+N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated+channels&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1085-90&rft.date=1990-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1280813%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1692749&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2890%2982626-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990BpJ....57.1085J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=JW&rft.au=Ascher%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1280813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid=2437250-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid=2437250_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowderCroucherBradfordCollins1987" class="citation journal cs1">Crowder JM, Croucher MJ, Bradford HF, Collins JF (June 1987). "Excitatory amino acid receptors and depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx into hippocampal slices". <i>J. Neurochem</i>. <b>48</b> (6): 1917–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.1987.tb05756.x">10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05756.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2437250">2437250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12586076">12586076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurochem.&rft.atitle=Excitatory+amino+acid+receptors+and+depolarization-induced+Ca2%2B+influx+into+hippocampal+slices&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1917-24&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12586076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2437250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.1987.tb05756.x&rft.aulast=Crowder&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Croucher%2C+MJ&rft.au=Bradford%2C+HF&rft.au=Collins%2C+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19655118-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19655118_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoverMoreiraWeinreich2009" class="citation book cs1">Gover TD, Moreira TH, Weinreich D (2009). "Role of Calcium in Regulating Primary Sensory Neuronal Excitability". <i>Sensory Nerves</i>. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 194. pp. 563–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-79090-7_16">10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-79089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-79089-1"><bdi>978-3-540-79089-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19655118">19655118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role+of+Calcium+in+Regulating+Primary+Sensory+Neuronal+Excitability&rft.btitle=Sensory+Nerves&rft.series=Handbook+of+Experimental+Pharmacology&rft.pages=563-87&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19655118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-79090-7_16&rft.isbn=978-3-540-79089-1&rft.aulast=Gover&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=Moreira%2C+TH&rft.au=Weinreich%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19250948-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19250948_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbadoFabletRonjatDe_Waard2009" class="citation journal cs1">Barbado M, Fablet K, Ronjat M, De Waard M (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00394164/file/BARBADO-BBA-CMR-2008.pdf">"Gene regulation by voltage-dependent calcium channels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biochim. Biophys. Acta</i>. <b>1793</b> (6): 1096–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamcr.2009.02.004">10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.02.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19250948">19250948</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2807929">2807929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochim.+Biophys.+Acta&rft.atitle=Gene+regulation+by+voltage-dependent+calcium+channels&rft.volume=1793&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1096-104&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2807929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19250948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbamcr.2009.02.004&rft.aulast=Barbado&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Fablet%2C+K&rft.au=Ronjat%2C+M&rft.au=De+Waard%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hal.inserm.fr%2Finserm-00394164%2Ffile%2FBARBADO-BBA-CMR-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tak1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tak1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tak1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutoTsuchiyaMorikawaJingami2007" class="citation journal cs1">Muto T, Tsuchiya D, Morikawa K, Jingami H (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820657">"Structures of the extracellular regions of the group II/III metabotropic glutamate receptors"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>104</b> (10): 3759–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.3759M">2007PNAS..104.3759M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0611577104">10.1073/pnas.0611577104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820657">1820657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17360426">17360426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Structures+of+the+extracellular+regions+of+the+group+II%2FIII+metabotropic+glutamate+receptors&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3759-64&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1820657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17360426&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0611577104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..104.3759M&rft.aulast=Muto&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Tsuchiya%2C+D&rft.au=Morikawa%2C+K&rft.au=Jingami%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1820657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pin1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pin1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pin1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinAcher2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pin JP, Acher F (June 2002). "The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure, activation mechanism and pharmacology". <i>Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 297–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1568007023339328">10.2174/1568007023339328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12769621">12769621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Drug+Targets+CNS+Neurol+Disord&rft.atitle=The+metabotropic+glutamate+receptors%3A+structure%2C+activation+mechanism+and+pharmacology&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-317&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1568007023339328&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12769621&rft.aulast=Pin&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Acher%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plat1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plat1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt_SR2007" class="citation journal cs1">Platt SR (2007). "The role of glutamate in central nervous system health and disease--a review". <i>Vet. J</i>. <b>173</b> (2): 278–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2005.11.007">10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16376594">16376594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vet.+J.&rft.atitle=The+role+of+glutamate+in+central+nervous+system+health+and+disease--a+review&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278-86&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2005.11.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16376594&rft.au=Platt+SR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kin1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kin1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinnamonVandenbeuch2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kinnamon SC, Vandenbeuch A (July 2009). "Receptors and transduction of umami taste stimuli". <i>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci</i>. <b>1170</b> (1): 55–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NYASA1170...55K">2009NYASA1170...55K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04106.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04106.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19686108">19686108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20962248">20962248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+N.+Y.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Receptors+and+transduction+of+umami+taste+stimuli&rft.volume=1170&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-9&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04106.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20962248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19686108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NYASA1170...55K&rft.aulast=Kinnamon&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Vandenbeuch%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gill_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillPulidoMuellerMcGuire1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gill SS, Pulido OM, Mueller RW, McGuire PF (July 1998). "Molecular and immunochemical characterization of the ionotropic glutamate receptors in the rat heart". <i>Brain Res. Bull</i>. <b>46</b> (5): 429–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0361-9230%2898%2900012-4">10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00012-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9739005">9739005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36044371">36044371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res.+Bull.&rft.atitle=Molecular+and+immunochemical+characterization+of+the+ionotropic+glutamate+receptors+in+the+rat+heart&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=429-34&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36044371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9739005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0361-9230%2898%2900012-4&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Pulido%2C+OM&rft.au=Mueller%2C+RW&rft.au=McGuire%2C+PF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wea1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wea1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wea1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaverYaoPowersVerdoorn1996" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver CD, Yao TL, Powers AC, Verdoorn TA (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.22.12977">"Differential expression of glutamate receptor subtypes in rat pancreatic islets"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>271</b> (22): 12977–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.22.12977">10.1074/jbc.271.22.12977</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8662728">8662728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36816887">36816887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Differential+expression+of+glutamate+receptor+subtypes+in+rat+pancreatic+islets&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=12977-84&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36816887%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8662728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.271.22.12977&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Yao%2C+TL&rft.au=Powers%2C+AC&rft.au=Verdoorn%2C+TA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.271.22.12977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ber-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ber_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrandGrossPuechLoubatières-Mariani1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bertrand G, Gross R, Puech R, Loubatières-Mariani MM, Bockaert J (June 1993). "Glutamate stimulates glucagon secretion via an excitatory amino acid receptor of the AMPA subtype in rat pancreas". <i>Eur. J. Pharmacol</i>. <b>237</b> (1): 45–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-2999%2893%2990091-U">10.1016/0014-2999(93)90091-U</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7689469">7689469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=Glutamate+stimulates+glucagon+secretion+via+an+excitatory+amino+acid+receptor+of+the+AMPA+subtype+in+rat+pancreas&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-50&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0014-2999%2893%2990091-U&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7689469&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Gross%2C+R&rft.au=Puech%2C+R&rft.au=Loubati%C3%A8res-Mariani%2C+MM&rft.au=Bockaert%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wea2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wea2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaverGundersenVerdoorn1998" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver CD, Gundersen V, Verdoorn TA (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.3.1647">"A high affinity glutamate/aspartate transport system in pancreatic islets of Langerhans modulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>273</b> (3): 1647–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.3.1647">10.1074/jbc.273.3.1647</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9430708">9430708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27129532">27129532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=A+high+affinity+glutamate%2Faspartate+transport+system+in+pancreatic+islets+of+Langerhans+modulates+glucose-stimulated+insulin+secretion&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1647-53&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27129532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9430708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.273.3.1647&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Gundersen%2C+V&rft.au=Verdoorn%2C+TA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.273.3.1647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carl-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carl_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarltonHargettCoggeshall1995" class="citation journal cs1">Carlton SM, Hargett GL, Coggeshall RE (September 1995). "Localization and activation of glutamate receptors in unmyelinated axons of rat glabrous skin". <i>Neurosci. Lett</i>. <b>197</b> (1): 25–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-3940%2895%2911889-5">10.1016/0304-3940(95)11889-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8545047">8545047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44486341">44486341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosci.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Localization+and+activation+of+glutamate+receptors+in+unmyelinated+axons+of+rat+glabrous+skin&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-8&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44486341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8545047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-3940%2895%2911889-5&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Hargett%2C+GL&rft.au=Coggeshall%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9111034-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9111034_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonGahringTwymanRogers1997" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson NG, Gahring LC, Twyman RE, Rogers SW (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.17.11295">"Identification of amino acids in the glutamate receptor, GluR3, important for antibody-binding and receptor-specific activation"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>272</b> (17): 11295–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.17.11295">10.1074/jbc.272.17.11295</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9111034">9111034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7239019">7239019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Identification+of+amino+acids+in+the+glutamate+receptor%2C+GluR3%2C+important+for+antibody-binding+and+receptor-specific+activation&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=11295-301&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7239019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9111034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.272.17.11295&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=NG&rft.au=Gahring%2C+LC&rft.au=Twyman%2C+RE&rft.au=Rogers%2C+SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.272.17.11295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9040745-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9040745_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9040745_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGahringRogersTwyman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gahring LC, Rogers SW, Twyman RE (February 1997). "Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 in nonfamilial olivopontocerebellar degeneration". <i>Neurology</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 494–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.48.2.494">10.1212/wnl.48.2.494</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9040745">9040745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20274921">20274921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Autoantibodies+to+glutamate+receptor+subunit+GluR2+in+nonfamilial+olivopontocerebellar+degeneration&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=494-500&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20274921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9040745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2Fwnl.48.2.494&rft.aulast=Gahring&rft.aufirst=LC&rft.au=Rogers%2C+SW&rft.au=Twyman%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE_1994-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RE_1994_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE_1994_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028095257&txGid=EE6R1XksOaDX4fVxCrfwXhZ%3a2">Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis</a> - 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9459451-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9459451_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHePatelWhitneyJanumpalli1998" class="citation journal cs1">He XP, Patel M, Whitney KD, Janumpalli S, Tenner A, McNamara JO (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2980443-2">"Glutamate receptor GluR3 antibodies and death of cortical cells"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 153–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2980443-2">10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80443-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9459451">9459451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1742781">1742781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Glutamate+receptor+GluR3+antibodies+and+death+of+cortical+cells&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-63&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1742781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9459451&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2980443-2&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=XP&rft.au=Patel%2C+M&rft.au=Whitney%2C+KD&rft.au=Janumpalli%2C+S&rft.au=Tenner%2C+A&rft.au=McNamara%2C+JO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0896-6273%252800%252980443-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dub1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dub1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dub1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubinsky_JM1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dubinsky JM (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6576661">"Intracellular calcium levels during the period of delayed excitotoxicity"</a>. <i>J. Neurosci</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 623–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.13-02-00623.1993">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00623.1993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6576661">6576661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8093901">8093901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Intracellular+calcium+levels+during+the+period+of+delayed+excitotoxicity&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=623-31&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6576661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8093901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.13-02-00623.1993&rft.au=Dubinsky+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6576661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-man1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-man1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManevFavaronGuidottiCosta1989" class="citation journal cs1">Manev H, Favaron M, Guidotti A, Costa E (July 1989). "Delayed increase of Ca2+ influx elicited by glutamate: role in neuronal death". <i>Mol. Pharmacol</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 106–12. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2568579">2568579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=Delayed+increase+of+Ca2%2B+influx+elicited+by+glutamate%3A+role+in+neuronal+death&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-12&rft.date=1989-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2568579&rft.aulast=Manev&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Favaron%2C+M&rft.au=Guidotti%2C+A&rft.au=Costa%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mel1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mel1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel1_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel1_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mel1_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeldrum_B1993" class="citation journal cs1">Meldrum B (1993). "Amino acids as dietary excitotoxins: a contribution to understanding neurodegenerative disorders". <i>Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 293–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-0173%2893%2990014-Q">10.1016/0165-0173(93)90014-Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8401596">8401596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11003515">11003515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res.+Brain+Res.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Amino+acids+as+dietary+excitotoxins%3A+a+contribution+to+understanding+neurodegenerative+disorders&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-314&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11003515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8401596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0165-0173%2893%2990014-Q&rft.au=Meldrum+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aoy1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aoy1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAoyamaWatabeNakaki2008" class="citation journal cs1">Aoyama K, Watabe M, Nakaki T (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjphs.08R01CR">"Regulation of neuronal glutathione synthesis"</a>. <i>J. Pharmacol. Sci</i>. <b>108</b> (3): 227–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjphs.08R01CR">10.1254/jphs.08R01CR</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19008644">19008644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Pharmacol.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+neuronal+glutathione+synthesis&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-38&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1254%2Fjphs.08R01CR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19008644&rft.aulast=Aoyama&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Watabe%2C+M&rft.au=Nakaki%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1254%252Fjphs.08R01CR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mark1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mark1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mark1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitzWhiteKolsonJordan-Sciutto2007" class="citation journal cs1">Markowitz AJ, White MG, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613343">"Cellular interplay between neurons and glia: toward a comprehensive mechanism for excitotoxic neuronal loss in neurodegeneration"</a>. <i>Cellscience</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 111–146. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613343">2613343</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19122795">19122795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellscience&rft.atitle=Cellular+interplay+between+neurons+and+glia%3A+toward+a+comprehensive+mechanism+for+excitotoxic+neuronal+loss+in+neurodegeneration&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-146&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2613343%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19122795&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=White%2C+MG&rft.au=Kolson%2C+DL&rft.au=Jordan-Sciutto%2C+KL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2613343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nich1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nich1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls_DG2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholls DG (December 2009). "Spare respiratory capacity, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity". <i>Biochem. Soc. Trans</i>. <b>37</b> (Pt 6): 1385–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0371385">10.1042/BST0371385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19909281">19909281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14826555">14826555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem.+Soc.+Trans.&rft.atitle=Spare+respiratory+capacity%2C+oxidative+stress+and+excitotoxicity&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=Pt+6&rft.pages=1385-8&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14826555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19909281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FBST0371385&rft.au=Nicholls+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sza1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sza1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschGibson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Hirsch JA, Gibson GE (August 1984). "Selective alteration of neurotransmitter release by low oxygen in vitro". <i>Neurochem. Res</i>. <b>9</b> (8): 1039–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00964800">10.1007/BF00964800</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6149480">6149480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22594469">22594469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurochem.+Res.&rft.atitle=Selective+alteration+of+neurotransmitter+release+by+low+oxygen+in+vitro&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1039-49&rft.date=1984-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22594469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6149480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00964800&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Gibson%2C+GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obr1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obr1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrenovitchRichards1995" class="citation journal cs1">Obrenovitch TP, Richards DA (1995). "Extracellular neurotransmitter changes in cerebral ischaemia". <i>Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–54. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7742171">7742171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cerebrovasc+Brain+Metab+Rev&rft.atitle=Extracellular+neurotransmitter+changes+in+cerebral+ischaemia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-54&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7742171&rft.aulast=Obrenovitch&rft.aufirst=TP&rft.au=Richards%2C+DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beal-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beal_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beal_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal_MF1992" class="citation journal cs1">Beal MF (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.6.15.1464368">"Mechanisms of excitotoxicity in neurologic diseases"</a>. <i>FASEB J</i>. <b>6</b> (15): 3338–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.6.15.1464368">10.1096/fasebj.6.15.1464368</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1464368">1464368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22958157">22958157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+J.&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+excitotoxicity+in+neurologic+diseases&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=3338-44&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22958157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1464368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffasebj.6.15.1464368&rft.au=Beal+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffasebj.6.15.1464368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glutamate_receptor_magnesium_antagonist_reference-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glutamate_receptor_magnesium_antagonist_reference_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNechifor2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nechifor M (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/bio_rech/mrh/e-docs/00/04/3B/7E/article.phtml">"Magnesium in drug dependences"</a>. <i>Magnesium Research</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 5–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1684%2Fmrh.2008.0124">10.1684/mrh.2008.0124</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18557129">18557129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magnesium+Research&rft.atitle=Magnesium+in+drug+dependences&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-15&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1684%2Fmrh.2008.0124&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18557129&rft.aulast=Nechifor&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jle.com%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fbio_rech%2Fmrh%2Fe-docs%2F00%2F04%2F3B%2F7E%2Farticle.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlGlutamate_Receptors_-_Glutamate_Receptor_Summary_Report_|_CureHunter-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlGlutamate_Receptors_-_Glutamate_Receptor_Summary_Report_|_CureHunter_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD017470.do">"Glutamate Receptor Summary Report"</a>. CureHunter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glutamate+Receptor+Summary+Report&rft.pub=CureHunter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curehunter.com%2Fpublic%2FkeywordSummaryD017470.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadaszSaitoGyetvaiOros2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vadasz C, Saito M, Gyetvai BM, Oros M, Szakall I, Kovacs KM, Prasad VV, Toth R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2007.08.006">"Glutamate receptor metabotropic 7 is cis-regulated in the mouse brain and modulates alcohol drinking"</a>. <i>Genomics</i>. <b>90</b> (6): 690–702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2007.08.006">10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.08.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17936574">17936574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genomics&rft.atitle=Glutamate+receptor+metabotropic+7+is+cis-regulated+in+the+mouse+brain+and+modulates+alcohol+drinking.&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=690-702&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2007.08.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17936574&rft.aulast=Vadasz&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Saito%2C+M&rft.au=Gyetvai%2C+BM&rft.au=Oros%2C+M&rft.au=Szakall%2C+I&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+KM&rft.au=Prasad%2C+VV&rft.au=Toth%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ygeno.2007.08.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRM_adhd_1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRM_adhd_1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRM_adhd_1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliaGlessnerWangTakahashi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Elia J, Glessner JT, Wang K, Takahashi N, Shtir CJ, Hadley D, Sleiman PM, Zhang H, Kim CE, Robison R, et al. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310555">"Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"</a>. <i>Nat. Genet</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 78–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.1013">10.1038/ng.1013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310555">4310555</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22138692">22138692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+copy+number+variation+study+associates+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+gene+networks+with+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-84&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4310555%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22138692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.1013&rft.aulast=Elia&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Glessner%2C+JT&rft.au=Wang%2C+K&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+N&rft.au=Shtir%2C+CJ&rft.au=Hadley%2C+D&rft.au=Sleiman%2C+PM&rft.au=Zhang%2C+H&rft.au=Kim%2C+CE&rft.au=Robison%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4310555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/glutamate-receptor-gene-changes-identified-in-adhd/81246027/">"Glutamate Receptor Gene Changes Identified in ADHD"</a>. <i>Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News</i>. December 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News&rft.atitle=Glutamate+Receptor+Gene+Changes+Identified+in+ADHD&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Fgen-news-highlights%2Fglutamate-receptor-gene-changes-identified-in-adhd%2F81246027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-GRM_autism_1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRM_autism_1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRM_autism_1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmeisserEyWegenerBockmann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schmeisser MJ, Ey E, Wegener S, Bockmann J, Stempel AV, Kuebler A, Janssen AL, Udvardi PT, Shiban E, Spilker C, et al. (June 2012). "Autistic-like behaviours and hyperactivity in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2". <i>Nature</i>. <b>486</b> (7402): 256–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.486..256S">2012Natur.486..256S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11015">10.1038/nature11015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22699619">22699619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4412353">4412353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Autistic-like+behaviours+and+hyperactivity+in+mice+lacking+ProSAP1%2FShank2&rft.volume=486&rft.issue=7402&rft.pages=256-60&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4412353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22699619&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.486..256S&rft.aulast=Schmeisser&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Ey%2C+E&rft.au=Wegener%2C+S&rft.au=Bockmann%2C+J&rft.au=Stempel%2C+AV&rft.au=Kuebler%2C+A&rft.au=Janssen%2C+AL&rft.au=Udvardi%2C+PT&rft.au=Shiban%2C+E&rft.au=Spilker%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517133912/http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=119868&CultureCode=en">"Of Mice and Men: Characterization of a new autism gene"</a>. <i>AlphaGalileo Foundation</i> (Press release). 3 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=119868&CultureCode=en">the original</a> on 2012-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+Mice+and+Men%3A+Characterization+of+a+new+autism+gene&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphagalileo.org%2FViewItem.aspx%3FItemId%3D119868%26CultureCode%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-web4-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-web4_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb_B" class="citation web cs1">Plumb B. "Glutamate - A Pain Transmitter Your Subconscious May Be Able To Limit". <i>EzineArticles.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EzineArticles.com&rft.atitle=Glutamate+-+A+Pain+Transmitter+Your+Subconscious+May+Be+Able+To+Limit&rft.au=Plumb+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (August 2019)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17010153-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17010153_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorvalWiggCrosbieTannock2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dorval KM, Wigg KG, Crosbie J, Tannock R, Kennedy JL, Ickowicz A, Pathare T, Malone M, Schachar R, Barr CL (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833492">"Association of the glutamate receptor subunit gene GRIN2B with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"</a>. <i>Genes Brain Behav</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 444–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-183X.2006.00273.x">10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00273.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833492">4833492</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17010153">17010153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+Brain+Behav.&rft.atitle=Association+of+the+glutamate+receptor+subunit+gene+GRIN2B+with+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+disorder&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=444-52&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4833492%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17010153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1601-183X.2006.00273.x&rft.aulast=Dorval&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Wigg%2C+KG&rft.au=Crosbie%2C+J&rft.au=Tannock%2C+R&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+JL&rft.au=Ickowicz%2C+A&rft.au=Pathare%2C+T&rft.au=Malone%2C+M&rft.au=Schachar%2C+R&rft.au=Barr%2C+CL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4833492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11572967-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11572967_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGainetdinovMohnBohnCaron2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gainetdinov RR, Mohn AR, Bohn LM, Caron MG (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC58681">"Glutamatergic modulation of hyperactivity in mice lacking the dopamine transporter"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>98</b> (20): 11047–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9811047G">2001PNAS...9811047G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.191353298">10.1073/pnas.191353298</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC58681">58681</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11572967">11572967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Glutamatergic+modulation+of+hyperactivity+in+mice+lacking+the+dopamine+transporter&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=11047-54&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC58681%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11572967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.191353298&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...9811047G&rft.aulast=Gainetdinov&rft.aufirst=RR&rft.au=Mohn%2C+AR&rft.au=Bohn%2C+LM&rft.au=Caron%2C+MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC58681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15950021-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15950021_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuricLangleyWilliamsNorton2005" class="citation journal cs1">Turic D, Langley K, Williams H, Norton N, Williams NM, Moskvina V, Van den Bree MB, Owen MJ, Thapar A, O'Donovan MC (June 2005). "A family based study implicates solute carrier family 1-member 3 (SLC1A3) gene in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". <i>Biol. Psychiatry</i>. <b>57</b> (11): 1461–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2005.03.025">10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15950021">15950021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26867098">26867098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=A+family+based+study+implicates+solute+carrier+family+1-member+3+%28SLC1A3%29+gene+in+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+disorder&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1461-6&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26867098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15950021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2005.03.025&rft.aulast=Turic&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Langley%2C+K&rft.au=Williams%2C+H&rft.au=Norton%2C+N&rft.au=Williams%2C+NM&rft.au=Moskvina%2C+V&rft.au=Van+den+Bree%2C+MB&rft.au=Owen%2C+MJ&rft.au=Thapar%2C+A&rft.au=O%27Donovan%2C+MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRM_adhd_3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRM_adhd_3_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsherovich_L2012" class="citation journal cs1">Osherovich L (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscibx.2012.3">"Fine-tuning mGluRs"</a>. <i>Science-Business EXchange</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscibx.2012.3">10.1038/scibx.2012.3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science-Business+EXchange&rft.atitle=Fine-tuning+mGluRs&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscibx.2012.3&rft.au=Osherovich+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fscibx.2012.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChezBurtonDowlingChang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chez MG, Burton Q, Dowling T, Chang M, Khanna P, Kramer C (May 2007). "Memantine as adjunctive therapy in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders: an observation of initial clinical response and maintenance tolerability". <i>Journal of Child Neurology</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 574–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0883073807302611">10.1177/0883073807302611</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17690064">17690064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41428656">41428656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+Neurology&rft.atitle=Memantine+as+adjunctive+therapy+in+children+diagnosed+with+autistic+spectrum+disorders%3A+an+observation+of+initial+clinical+response+and+maintenance+tolerability&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=574-9&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41428656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17690064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0883073807302611&rft.aulast=Chez&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Burton%2C+Q&rft.au=Dowling%2C+T&rft.au=Chang%2C+M&rft.au=Khanna%2C+P&rft.au=Kramer%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricksonPoseyStiglerMullett2007" class="citation journal cs1">Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler KA, Mullett J, Katschke AR, McDougle CJ (March 2007). "A retrospective study of memantine in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders". <i>Psychopharmacology</i>. <b>191</b> (1): 141–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-006-0518-9">10.1007/s00213-006-0518-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17016714">17016714</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13128356">13128356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=A+retrospective+study+of+memantine+in+children+and+adolescents+with+pervasive+developmental+disorders&rft.volume=191&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-7&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13128356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17016714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00213-006-0518-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Posey%2C+DJ&rft.au=Stigler%2C+KA&rft.au=Mullett%2C+J&rft.au=Katschke%2C+AR&rft.au=McDougle%2C+CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinical trial number <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01333865">NCT01333865</a></i> for "A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders" at <a href="/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov" title="ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trud-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trud_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeauGagnonMassicotte2004" class="citation journal cs1">Trudeau F, Gagnon S, Massicotte G (April 2004). "Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and glutamate receptor regulation: influences of diabetes mellitus". <i>Eur. J. Pharmacol</i>. <b>490</b> (1–3): 177–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2004.02.055">10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15094084">15094084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=Hippocampal+synaptic+plasticity+and+glutamate+receptor+regulation%3A+influences+of+diabetes+mellitus&rft.volume=490&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=177-86&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2004.02.055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15094084&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Gagnon%2C+S&rft.au=Massicotte%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diq-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diq_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiguetFernagutNormandCentelles2004" class="citation journal cs1">Diguet E, Fernagut PO, Normand E, Centelles L, Mulle C, Tison F (April 2004). "Experimental basis for the putative role of GluR6/kainate glutamate receptor subunit in Huntington's disease natural history". <i>Neurobiol. Dis</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 667–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nbd.2003.12.010">10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15056475">15056475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41752581">41752581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurobiol.+Dis.&rft.atitle=Experimental+basis+for+the+putative+role+of+GluR6%2Fkainate+glutamate+receptor+subunit+in+Huntington%27s+disease+natural+history&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=667-75&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41752581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15056475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nbd.2003.12.010&rft.aulast=Diguet&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Fernagut%2C+PO&rft.au=Normand%2C+E&rft.au=Centelles%2C+L&rft.au=Mulle%2C+C&rft.au=Tison%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16959411-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16959411_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuTangBezprozvanny2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wu J, Tang T, Bezprozvanny I (October 2006). "Evaluation of clinically relevant glutamate pathway inhibitors in in vitro model of Huntington's disease". <i>Neurosci. Lett</i>. <b>407</b> (3): 219–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neulet.2006.08.036">10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16959411">16959411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18046017">18046017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosci.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+clinically+relevant+glutamate+pathway+inhibitors+in+in+vitro+model+of+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.volume=407&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219-23&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18046017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16959411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neulet.2006.08.036&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Tang%2C+T&rft.au=Bezprozvanny%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life_sciences/report-73183.html">"Test reveals effectiveness of potential Huntington's disease drugs"</a>. <i>Innovations Report</i>. 2006-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Innovations+Report&rft.atitle=Test+reveals+effectiveness+of+potential+Huntington%27s+disease+drugs&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovations-report.com%2Fhtml%2Freports%2Flife_sciences%2Freport-73183.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-nis1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nis1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishizawa_Y.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nishizawa Y. (2001). "Glutamate release and neuronal damage in ischemia". <i>Life Sci</i>. <b>69</b> (4): 369–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3205%2801%2901142-0">10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01142-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459428">11459428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+Sci.&rft.atitle=Glutamate+release+and+neuronal+damage+in+ischemia&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=369-81&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0024-3205%2801%2901142-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11459428&rft.au=Nishizawa+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttersen_OP" class="citation web cs1">Ottersen OP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981202040728/http://www.med.uio.no/imb/anatomi/gruppe_3/ischemia.htm">"Sources of Glutamate in Ischemia"</a>. <i>Neurodegeneration Research Group</i>. University of Oslo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.uio.no/imb/anatomi/gruppe_3/ischemia.htm">the original</a> on 1998-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neurodegeneration+Research+Group&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Glutamate+in+Ischemia&rft.au=Ottersen+OP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.uio.no%2Fimb%2Fanatomi%2Fgruppe_3%2Fischemia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10736372-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10736372_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeldrum2000" class="citation journal cs1">Meldrum BS (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.4.1007s">"Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology"</a>. <i>J. Nutr</i>. <b>130</b> (4S Suppl): 1007S–15S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.4.1007s">10.1093/jn/130.4.1007s</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10736372">10736372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&rft.atitle=Glutamate+as+a+neurotransmitter+in+the+brain%3A+review+of+physiology+and+pathology&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4S+Suppl&rft.pages=1007S-15S&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.4.1007s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10736372&rft.aulast=Meldrum&rft.aufirst=BS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F130.4.1007s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bol1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bol1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bol1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltonPaul2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bolton C, Paul C (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1592583">"Glutamate receptors in neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease"</a>. <i>Mediators of Inflammation</i>. <b>2006</b> (2): 93684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2FMI%2F2006%2F93684">10.1155/MI/2006/93684</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1592583">1592583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16883070">16883070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediators+of+Inflammation&rft.atitle=Glutamate+receptors+in+neuroinflammatory+demyelinating+disease&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93684&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1592583%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16883070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2FMI%2F2006%2F93684&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Paul%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1592583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuo1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cuo1_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuomo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cuomo D, et al. (2009). <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">"Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 selectively modulates both glutamate and GABA transmission in the striatum: implications for Parkinson's disease treatment"</a>. <i>J Neurochem</i>. <b>109</b> (4): 1096–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2009.06036.x">10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06036.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19519781">19519781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23414211">23414211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Neurochem&rft.atitle=Metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+subtype+4+selectively+modulates+both+glutamate+and+GABA+transmission+in+the+striatum%3A+implications+for+Parkinson%27s+disease+treatment&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1096-105&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23414211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19519781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2009.06036.x&rft.aulast=Cuomo&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYKl-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BYKl_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BYKl_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BYKl_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitanihirweLimKelleyKaneko2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bitanihirwe BK, Lim MP, Kelley JF, Kaneko T, Woo TU (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784456">"Glutamatergic deficits and parvalbumin-containing inhibitory neurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia"</a>. <i>BMC Psychiatry</i>. <b>9</b>: 71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-244X-9-71">10.1186/1471-244X-9-71</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784456">2784456</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19917116">19917116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Glutamatergic+deficits+and+parvalbumin-containing+inhibitory+neurons+in+the+prefrontal+cortex+in+schizophrenia&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2784456%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19917116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-244X-9-71&rft.aulast=Bitanihirwe&rft.aufirst=BK&rft.au=Lim%2C+MP&rft.au=Kelley%2C+JF&rft.au=Kaneko%2C+T&rft.au=Woo%2C+TU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2784456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wool-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wool_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooShresthaLambMinns2008" class="citation journal cs1">Woo TU, Shrestha K, Lamb D, Minns MM, Benes FM (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877780">"N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor and Calbindin-Containing Neurons in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder"</a>. <i>Biol Psychiatry</i>. <b>64</b> (9): 803–809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2008.04.034">10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877780">3877780</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18585682">18585682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=N-Methyl-D-Aspartate+Receptor+and+Calbindin-Containing+Neurons+in+the+Anterior+Cingulate+Cortex+in+Schizophrenia+and+Bipolar+Disorder&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=803-809&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3877780%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18585682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2008.04.034&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=TU&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+K&rft.au=Lamb%2C+D&rft.au=Minns%2C+MM&rft.au=Benes%2C+FM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3877780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woo2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woo2_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooShresthaArmstrongMinns2007" class="citation journal cs1">Woo TU, Shrestha K, Armstrong C, Minns MM, Walsh JP, Benes FM (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712609">"Differential alterations of kainate receptor subunits in inhibitory interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder"</a>. <i>Schizophrenia Research</i>. <b>96</b> (1–3): 46–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.schres.2007.06.023">10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712609">2712609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17698324">17698324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Research&rft.atitle=Differential+alterations+of+kainate+receptor+subunits+in+inhibitory+interneurons+in+the+anterior+cingulate+cortex+in+schizophrenia+and+bipolar+disorder&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=46-61&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2712609%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17698324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.schres.2007.06.023&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=TU&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+K&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+C&rft.au=Minns%2C+MM&rft.au=Walsh%2C+JP&rft.au=Benes%2C+FM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2712609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deluc-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deluc_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_LucenaFernandesBerk2009" class="citation journal cs1">de Lucena D, Fernandes BS, Berk M, et al. (October 2009). "Improvement of negative and positive symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with memantine as add-on therapy to clozapine". <i>J Clin Psychiatry</i>. <b>70</b> (10): 1416–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.08m04935gry">10.4088/JCP.08m04935gry</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19906345">19906345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26374475">26374475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Improvement+of+negative+and+positive+symptoms+in+treatment-refractory+schizophrenia%3A+a+double-blind%2C+randomized%2C+placebo-controlled+trial+with+memantine+as+add-on+therapy+to+clozapine&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1416-23&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26374475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19906345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.08m04935gry&rft.aulast=de+Lucena&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+BS&rft.au=Berk%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopez-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lopez_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-GilArtigasAdell2009" class="citation journal cs1">López-Gil X, Artigas F, Adell A (November 2009). "Unraveling Monoamine Receptors Involved in the Action of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics on Glutamatergic and Serotonergic Transmission in Prefrontal Cortex". <i>Curr. Pharm. Des</i>. <b>16</b> (5): 502–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138161210790361416">10.2174/138161210790361416</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F77721">10261/77721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19909228">19909228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Pharm.+Des.&rft.atitle=Unraveling+Monoamine+Receptors+Involved+in+the+Action+of+Typical+and+Atypical+Antipsychotics+on+Glutamatergic+and+Serotonergic+Transmission+in+Prefrontal+Cortex&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=502-15&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F77721&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19909228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138161210790361416&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Gil&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Artigas%2C+F&rft.au=Adell%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cha1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cha1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman_AG2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chapman AG (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.4.1043S">"Glutamate and epilepsy"</a>. <i>J. Nutr</i>. <b>130</b> (4S Suppl): 1043S–5S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.4.1043S">10.1093/jn/130.4.1043S</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10736378">10736378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&rft.atitle=Glutamate+and+epilepsy&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4S+Suppl&rft.pages=1043S-5S&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.4.1043S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10736378&rft.au=Chapman+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F130.4.1043S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mol1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mol1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoldrichChapmanDe_SarroMeldrum2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moldrich RX, Chapman AG, De Sarro G, Meldrum BS (August 2003). "Glutamate metabotropic receptors as targets for drug therapy in epilepsy". <i>Eur. J. Pharmacol</i>. <b>476</b> (1–2): 3–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-2999%2803%2902149-6">10.1016/S0014-2999(03)02149-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12969743">12969743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=Glutamate+metabotropic+receptors+as+targets+for+drug+therapy+in+epilepsy&rft.volume=476&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0014-2999%2803%2902149-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12969743&rft.aulast=Moldrich&rft.aufirst=RX&rft.au=Chapman%2C+AG&rft.au=De+Sarro%2C+G&rft.au=Meldrum%2C+BS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12575816-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12575816_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillessenBuddLipton2003" class="citation book cs1">Gillessen T, Budd SL, Lipton SA (2003). "Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity". <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology of Neuroprotection in the CNS</i>. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 513. pp. 3–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0123-7_1">10.1007/978-1-4615-0123-7_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-4934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-4934-1"><bdi>978-1-4613-4934-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12575816">12575816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excitatory+Amino+Acid+Neurotoxicity&rft.btitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology+of+Neuroprotection+in+the+CNS&rft.series=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.pages=3-40&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12575816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0123-7_1&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-4934-1&rft.aulast=Gillessen&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Budd%2C+SL&rft.au=Lipton%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Glutamate+Receptors">Glutamate+Receptors</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201514/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1285">"Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1285">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR+Database+of+Receptors+and+Ion+Channels&rft.atitle=Metabotropic+Glutamate+Receptors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuphar-db.org%2FGPCR%2FChapterMenuForward%3FchapterID%3D1285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlutamate+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel,_cell_surface_receptor:_ligand-gated_ion_channels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ligand-gated_ion_channels" title="Template:Ligand-gated ion channels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ligand-gated_ion_channels" title="Template talk:Ligand-gated ion channels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ligand-gated_ion_channels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ligand-gated ion channels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ion_channel,_cell_surface_receptor:_ligand-gated_ion_channels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">ligand-gated ion channels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Cys-loop_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Cys-loop receptors">Cys-loop receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">5-HT/serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTR3A" title="HTR3A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3B" title="HTR3B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3C" title="HTR3C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3D" title="HTR3D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3E" title="HTR3E">E</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid_receptor_subunit_alpha-1" title="Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1">α<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA2" title="GABRA2">α<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA3" title="GABRA3">α<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA4" title="GABRA4">α<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA5" title="GABRA5">α<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA6" title="GABRA6">α<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRB1" title="GABRB1">β<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRB2" title="GABRB2">β<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRB3" title="GABRB3">β<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRG1" title="GABRG1">γ<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRG2" class="mw-redirect" title="GABRG2">γ<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRG3" title="GABRG3">γ<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRD" title="GABRD">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRE" title="GABRE">ε</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRP" title="GABRP">π</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRQ" title="GABRQ">θ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA-rho_receptor" title="GABAA-rho receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>-ρ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABRR1" title="GABRR1">ρ<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRR2" title="GABRR2">ρ<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRR3" title="GABRR3">ρ<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor">Glycine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor,_alpha_1" title="Glycine receptor, alpha 1">α<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRA2" title="GLRA2">α<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRA3" title="GLRA3">α<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRA4" title="GLRA4">α<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRB" title="GLRB">β</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">Nicotinic acetylcholine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>monomers:</i> <a href="/wiki/CHRNA1" title="CHRNA1">α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA2" title="CHRNA2">α2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA3" title="CHRNA3">α3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA4" title="CHRNA4">α4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA5" class="mw-redirect" title="CHRNA5">α5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA6" title="CHRNA6">α6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA7" title="CHRNA7">α7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA9" title="CHRNA9">α9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA10" title="CHRNA10">α10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB1" title="CHRNB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB2" title="CHRNB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB3" title="CHRNB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB4" title="CHRNB4">β4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRND" title="CHRND">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNE" title="CHRNE">ε</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>pentamers:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-3_beta-4_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor">(α3)<sub>2</sub>(β4)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-4_beta-2_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor">(α4)<sub>2</sub>(β2)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor">(α7)<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_type_nicotinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglion type nicotinic receptor">(α1)<sub>2</sub>(β4)<sub>3</sub> - Ganglion type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_type_nicotinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle type nicotinic receptor">(α1)<sub>2</sub>β1δε - Muscle type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>Zinc</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc-activated_ion_channel" title="Zinc-activated ion channel">Zinc-activated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ionotropic</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">glutamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>Ligand-gated only</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/GRIA1" title="GRIA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIA2" title="GRIA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIA3" title="GRIA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIA4" title="GRIA4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor">Kainate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRIK1" title="GRIK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK2" title="GRIK2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK3" title="GRIK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK4" title="GRIK4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK5" title="GRIK5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>Voltage- and ligand-gated</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRIN1" title="GRIN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2A" title="GRIN2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2B" title="GRIN2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2C" title="GRIN2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2D" title="GRIN2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN3A" title="GRIN3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN3B" title="GRIN3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRINL1A" title="GRINL1A">L1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRINL1B" title="GRINL1B">L1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>‘Orphan’</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GluD</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRID1" title="GRID1">δ<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID2" title="GRID2">δ<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>-<i>gated channels</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Purinergic_receptors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2X_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="P2X receptor">P2X</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2RX1" title="P2RX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX2" title="P2RX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX3" title="P2RX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX4" title="P2RX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX5" title="P2RX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX6" title="P2RX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX7" title="P2RX7">7</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glutamate receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic_acid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor"><abbr title="α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor">AMPAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorowillardiine" title="5-Fluorowillardiine">5-Fluorowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromelic_acid_A" title="Acromelic acid A">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (page does not exist)">BOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willardiine" title="Willardiine">Willardiine</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX614" title="CX614">CX-614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX-717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-1739" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-1739">CX-1739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CX-1942&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CX-1942 (page does not exist)">CX-1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide" title="Hydrochlorothiazide">Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-392098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-392098 (page does not exist)">LY-392098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-395153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-395153 (page does not exist)">LY-395153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404187" title="LY-404187">LY-404187</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-451646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-451646 (page does not exist)">LY-451646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-503430" title="LY-503430">LY-503430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibampator" title="Mibampator">Mibampator (LY-451395)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-26576" title="ORG-26576">ORG-26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesampator" title="Pesampator">Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulrampator" title="Tulrampator">Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPO (page does not exist)">ATPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becampanel" title="Becampanel">Becampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanapanel" title="Fanapanel">Fanapanel (MPQX)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM90K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM90K (page does not exist)">YM90K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonampanel" title="Zonampanel">Zonampanel</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI_52466" title="GYKI 52466">GYKI-52466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GYKI-53655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GYKI-53655 (page does not exist)">GYKI-53655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irampanel" title="Irampanel">Irampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talampanel" title="Talampanel">Talampanel</a>; <i>Unknown/unsorted antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor"><abbr title="Kainate receptor">KAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Kainate receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromowillardiine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromowillardiine (page does not exist)">5-Bromowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Iodowillardiine" title="5-Iodowillardiine">5-Iodowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromelic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acromelic acid (page does not exist)">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPA (page does not exist)">ATPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-339434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-339434 (page does not exist)">LY-339434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYM-2081" title="SYM-2081">SYM-2081</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-382884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-382884 (page does not exist)">LY-382884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS102" title="NS102">NS102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBP-302" title="UBP-302">UBP-302</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-3763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-3763 (page does not exist)">NS-3763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (page does not exist)">AMAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">Aspartate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocysteic_acid" title="Homocysteic acid">Homocysteic acid (<small>L</small>-HCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoquinolinic_acid" title="Homoquinolinic acid">Homoquinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid">NMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinolinic_acid" title="Quinolinic acid">Quinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a>; <i>Glycine site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Fluoro-D-alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-Fluoro-D-alanine (page does not exist)">β-Fluoro-<small>D</small>-alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACBD_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACBD (drug) (page does not exist)">ACBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid">ACC (ACPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AK-51_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AK-51 (drug) (page does not exist)">AK-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B6B21" class="mw-redirect" title="B6B21">B6B21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxycyclopropylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxycyclopropylglycine (page does not exist)">CCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>D</small>-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine"><small>D</small>-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>D</small>-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide (page does not exist)">DHPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylglycine" title="Dimethylglycine">Dimethylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HA-966" title="HA-966">HA-966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-687414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-687414 (page does not exist)">L-687414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>L</small>-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>L</small>-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboglamine" title="Neboglamine">Neboglamine (nebostinel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a>; <i>Polyamine site agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermidine" title="Spermidine">Spermidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermine" title="Spermine">Spermine</a>; <i>Other positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/24S-Hydroxycholesterol" title="24S-Hydroxycholesterol">24<i>S</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone</span> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr> sulfate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epipregnanolone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epipregnanolone sulfate (page does not exist)">Epipregnanolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazinemdor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazinemdor (page does not exist)">Plazinemdor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-201 (page does not exist)">SAGE-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-301&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-301 (page does not exist)">SAGE-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE-718" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE-718">SAGE-718</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <i>Competitive antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/AP5" title="AP5">AP5 (APV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP-7_(drug)" title="AP-7 (drug)">AP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-37849" title="CGP-37849">CGP-37849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-39551" title="CGP-39551">CGP-39551</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-40116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-40116 (page does not exist)">CGP-40116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-19755" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS-19755">CGS-19755</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (page does not exist)">CPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-233053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-233053 (page does not exist)">LY-233053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-235959" title="LY-235959">LY-235959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-274614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-274614 (page does not exist)">LY-274614</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-100453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-100453 (page does not exist)">MDL-100453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midafotel" title="Midafotel">Midafotel (d-CPPene)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-12626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-12626 (page does not exist)">NPC-12626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-17742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-17742 (page does not exist)">NPC-17742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBPD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBPD (page does not exist)">PBPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEAQX" title="PEAQX">PEAQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perzinfotel" title="Perzinfotel">Perzinfotel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">PPDA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ-220581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ-220581 (page does not exist)">SDZ-220581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfotel" title="Selfotel">Selfotel</a>; <i>Glycine site antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Chlorokynurenine" title="4-Chlorokynurenine">4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,7-Dichlorokynurenic_acid" title="5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid">5,7-DCKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Chlorokynurenic_acid" title="7-Chlorokynurenic acid">7-CKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid">ACC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1328 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV-101" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-101">AV-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine"><small>D</small>-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavestinel" title="Gavestinel">Gavestinel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GV-196771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GV-196771 (page does not exist)">GV-196771</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harkoseride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harkoseride (page does not exist)">Harkoseride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689560 (page does not exist)">L-689560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-701324" title="L-701324">L-701324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LU-73068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LU-73068 (page does not exist)">LU-73068</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-105519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-105519 (page does not exist)">MDL-105519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRZ_2/576&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRZ 2/576 (page does not exist)">MRZ 2/576</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZD-9379" title="ZD-9379">ZD-9379</a>; <i>Polyamine site antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcaine (page does not exist)">Arcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co_101676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co 101676 (page does not exist)">Co 101676</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Diaminopropane" title="1,3-Diaminopropane">Diaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylenetriamine" title="Diethylenetriamine">Diethylenetriamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a>; <i>Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):</i> <a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCMo" title="3-MeO-PCMo">3-MeO-PCMo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline">8A-PDHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endopsychosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endopsychosin">α-Endopsychosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptiganel" title="Aptiganel">Aptiganel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argiotoxin-636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argiotoxin-636 (page does not exist)">Argiotoxin-636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-12495 (page does not exist)">ARL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-15896-AR" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-15896-AR">ARL-15896-AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-16247" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-16247">ARL-16247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budipine" title="Budipine">Budipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine (NPS-1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexoxadrol" title="Dexoxadrol">Dexoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethadone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethadone">Dextromethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogamine" title="Ibogamine">Ibogamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indantadol" title="Indantadol">Indantadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanicemine" title="Lanicemine">Lanicemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEFA_(drug)" title="NEFA (drug)">NEFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromemantine" title="Nitromemantine">Nitromemantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCPr" title="PCPr">PCPr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-137889" title="PD-137889">PD-137889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">Propoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">Remacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabeluzole" title="Sabeluzole">Sabeluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthine" title="Tabernanthine">Tabernanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a>; <i>Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besonprodil" title="Besonprodil">Besonprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine (nylidrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CO-101244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CO-101244 (page does not exist)">CO-101244 (PD-174494)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiprodil (page does not exist)">Radiprodil (RGH-896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rislenemdaz" title="Rislenemdaz">Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_8-4304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 8-4304 (page does not exist)">Ro 8-4304</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_25-6981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 25-6981 (page does not exist)">Ro 25-6981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaprodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaprodil">Safaprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traxoprodil" title="Traxoprodil">Traxoprodil (CP-101606)</a>; <i>NR2A-selective antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-004 (page does not exist)">MPX-004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-007 (page does not exist)">MPX-007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-201 (page does not exist)">TCN-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-213 (page does not exist)">TCN-213</a>; <i>Cations:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>; <i>Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:</i> <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexanol" title="Hexanol">Hexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octanol" title="Octanol">Octanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carbamate" title="Ethyl carbamate">Urethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">Xylene</a>; <i>Unknown/unsorted antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARR-15896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARR-15896 (page does not exist)">ARR-15896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conantokin" title="Conantokin">Conantokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-%CE%B1-Aminoadipate" class="mw-redirect" title="D-α-Aminoadipate"><small>D</small>-αAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexanabinol" title="Dexanabinol">Dexanabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FPL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPL-12495 (page does not exist)">FPL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-115427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-115427 (page does not exist)">FR-115427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipenoxazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipenoxazone (page does not exist)">Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27266 (page does not exist)">MDL-27266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">Pentamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine_isethionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamidine isethionate">Pentamidine isethionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotridine" title="Psychotridine">Psychotridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcrocetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcrocetin">Transcrocetin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unsorted:</b> <i>Allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/AGN-241751" class="mw-redirect" title="AGN-241751">AGN-241751</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor#Group_I" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Group I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">mGluR<sub>1</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyphenylglycine" title="Dihydroxyphenylglycine">DHPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro01-6128" title="Ro01-6128">Ro01-6128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro67-4853" title="Ro67-4853">Ro67-4853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro67-7476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro67-7476 (page does not exist)">Ro67-7476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-71 (page does not exist)">VU-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_36-7620&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 36-7620 (page does not exist)">BAY 36-7620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPCCOEt" title="CPCCOEt">CPCCOEt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-367,385&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-367,385 (page does not exist)">LY-367,385</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-456,236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-456,236 (page does not exist)">LY-456,236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCPG (page does not exist)">MCPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPS-2390&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPS-2390 (page does not exist)">NPS-2390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">mGluR<sub>5</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADX-47273" title="ADX-47273">ADX-47273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDPPB" title="CDPPB">CDPPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorohydroxyphenylglycine" title="Chlorohydroxyphenylglycine">CHPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)methylideneamino)methanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)methylideneamino)methanimine (page does not exist)">DFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyphenylglycine" title="Dihydroxyphenylglycine">DHPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-1545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-1545 (page does not exist)">VU-1545</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/LSN2463359" title="LSN2463359">LSN2463359</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/CTEP" title="CTEP">CTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMeOB" title="DMeOB">DMeOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-344,545" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-344,545">LY-344,545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavoglurant" title="Mavoglurant">Mavoglurant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCPG (page does not exist)">MCPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPS-2390&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPS-2390 (page does not exist)">NPS-2390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remeglurant" title="Remeglurant">Remeglurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1757" title="SIB-1757">SIB-1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1893" title="SIB-1893">SIB-1893</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/AZD9272" title="AZD9272">AZD9272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basimglurant" title="Basimglurant">Basimglurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipraglurant" title="Dipraglurant">Dipraglurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenobam" title="Fenobam">Fenobam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRN-529" title="GRN-529">GRN-529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEP" title="MTEP">MTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raseglurant" title="Raseglurant">Raseglurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor#Group_II_&_Group_III" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Group II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">mGluR<sub>2</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Biphenylindanone_A" title="Biphenylindanone A">BINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBiPES" title="CBiPES">CBiPES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCG-IV" title="DCG-IV">DCG-IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglumegad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglumegad">Eglumegad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-379,268" title="LY-379,268">LY-379,268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404,039" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-404,039">LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-487,379" title="LY-487,379">LY-487,379</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-566,332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-566,332 (page does not exist)">LY-566,332</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGS-0028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MGS-0028 (page does not exist)">MGS-0028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomaglumetad_methionil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomaglumetad methionil (page does not exist)">Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaglumetad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaglumetad (page does not exist)">Talaglumetad</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/JNJ-40411813" class="mw-redirect" title="JNJ-40411813">JNJ-40411813 (ADX-71149)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/1-Amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CECXG" title="CECXG">CECXG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGLU" title="EGLU">EGLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYDIA" title="HYDIA">HYDIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-307,452" title="LY-307,452">LY-307,452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-341,495" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-341,495">LY-341,495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCPG (page does not exist)">MCPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGS-0039" title="MGS-0039">MGS-0039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCCG-4" title="PCCG-4">PCCG-4</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Decoglurant" title="Decoglurant">Decoglurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO4491533" title="RO4491533">RO4491533</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">mGluR<sub>3</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/CBiPES" title="CBiPES">CBiPES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCG-IV" title="DCG-IV">DCG-IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglumegad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglumegad">Eglumegad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-379,268" title="LY-379,268">LY-379,268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404,039" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-404,039">LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-487,379" title="LY-487,379">LY-487,379</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGS-0028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MGS-0028 (page does not exist)">MGS-0028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomaglumetad_methionil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomaglumetad methionil (page does not exist)">Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaglumetad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaglumetad (page does not exist)">Talaglumetad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/1-Amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CECXG" title="CECXG">CECXG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGLU" title="EGLU">EGLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYDIA" title="HYDIA">HYDIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-307,452" title="LY-307,452">LY-307,452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-341,495" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-341,495">LY-341,495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCPG (page does not exist)">MCPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGS-0039" title="MGS-0039">MGS-0039</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Decoglurant" title="Decoglurant">Decoglurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO4491533" title="RO4491533">RO4491533</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor#Group_II_&_Group_III" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Group III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">mGluR<sub>4</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-AP4" title="L-AP4"><small>L</small>-AP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSP2-9166" title="LSP2-9166">LSP2-9166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHCCC" title="PHCCC">PHCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-001,171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-001,171 (page does not exist)">VU-001,171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0155,041&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0155,041 (page does not exist)">VU-0155,041</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Foliglurax" title="Foliglurax">Foliglurax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CPPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CPPG (page does not exist)">CPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAP4_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAP4 (drug) (page does not exist)">MAP4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (page does not exist)">MPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MSOP_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSOP (drug) (page does not exist)">MSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MTPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTPG (page does not exist)">MTPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UBP-1112&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UBP-1112 (page does not exist)">UBP-1112</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">mGluR<sub>6</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-AP4" title="L-AP4"><small>L</small>-AP4</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CPPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CPPG (page does not exist)">CPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAP4_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAP4 (drug) (page does not exist)">MAP4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (page does not exist)">MPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MSOP_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSOP (drug) (page does not exist)">MSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MTPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTPG (page does not exist)">MTPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UBP-1112&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UBP-1112 (page does not exist)">UBP-1112</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">mGluR<sub>7</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/AMN082" title="AMN082">AMN082</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-AP4" title="L-AP4"><small>L</small>-AP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSP2-9166" title="LSP2-9166">LSP2-9166</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CPPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CPPG (page does not exist)">CPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAP4_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAP4 (drug) (page does not exist)">MAP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMPIP" title="MMPIP">MMPIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (page does not exist)">MPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MSOP_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSOP (drug) (page does not exist)">MSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MTPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTPG (page does not exist)">MTPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UBP-1112&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UBP-1112 (page does not exist)">UBP-1112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAP044" title="XAP044">XAP044</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/ADX71743" title="ADX71743">ADX71743</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8"><abbr title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">mGluR<sub>8</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/DCPG" title="DCPG">DCPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-AP4" title="L-AP4"><small>L</small>-AP4</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/AZ12216052" title="AZ12216052">AZ12216052</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CPPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CPPG (page does not exist)">CPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAP4_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAP4 (drug) (page does not exist)">MAP4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (page does not exist)">MPPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MSOP_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSOP (drug) (page does not exist)">MSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MTPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTPG (page does not exist)">MTPG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UBP-1112&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UBP-1112 (page does not exist)">UBP-1112</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&oldid=1254908716">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&oldid=1254908716</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transmembrane_receptors" title="Category:Transmembrane receptors">Transmembrane receptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurotransmitters" title="Category:Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Category:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamate (neurotransmitter)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glutamate_receptors" title="Category:Glutamate receptors">Glutamate receptors</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: requires URL">CS1 errors: requires URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from August 2019">Articles with self-published sources from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 07:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_receptor&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-r7w9s","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.161","walltime":"1.401","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5943,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":513102,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":51975,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":348669,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1009.795 1 -total"," 55.40% 559.419 1 Template:Reflist"," 41.20% 416.083 65 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.49% 166.519 16 Template:Navbox"," 10.93% 110.337 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.24% 103.396 1 Template:Ligand-gated_ion_channels"," 5.97% 60.305 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.20% 52.513 1 Template:Glutamatergics"," 4.71% 47.553 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.56% 46.029 1 Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.618","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5759758,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-994pc","timestamp":"20241122141842","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Glutamate receptor","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glutamate_receptor","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q420510","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q420510","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-08T04:51:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T07:52:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/L-glutamic-acid-skeletal.png","headline":"cell-surface protein that binds glutamate and triggers changes which influence the behavior of cells"}</script> </body> </html>