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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kingship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Danes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_Danes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conflict with the Danes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict_with_the_Danes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conflict with the Danes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Danes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Maldon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Maldon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Battle of Maldon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Maldon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_begins_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_begins_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>England begins tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_begins_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_Danish_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_Danish_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Renewed Danish raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_Danish_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Brice's_Day_massacre_of_1002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Brice's_Day_massacre_of_1002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Brice's_Day_massacre_of_1002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_1013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_1013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Invasion of 1013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_1013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_jury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_jury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Origin of the jury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_jury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Appearance and character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Marriages and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Æthelred the Unready</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethelred_II_van_Engeland" title="Aethelred II van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aethelred II van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%C3%B0elred_Unr%C7%A3d" title="Æðelred Unrǣd – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æðelred Unrǣd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="إثيلريد أونريدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إثيلريد أونريدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85" title="اذلرد بدفهم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اذلرد بدفهم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred" title="Æthelred – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Æthelred" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Этэльрэд Неразумны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Этэльрэд Неразумны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Этэльрэд Неразумны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Этэльрэд Неразумны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_Nespremni" title="Ethelred Nespremni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ethelred Nespremni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_II" title="Æthelred II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Æthelred II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelred_l%27Indec%C3%ADs" title="Etelred l'Indecís – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etelred l'Indecís" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_II_%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Этельред II Тăнсăрскер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этельред II Тăнсăрскер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II." title="Ethelred II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ethelred II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_yr_Amharod" title="Ethelred yr Amharod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ethelred yr Amharod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_2._den_R%C3%A5dvilde" title="Ethelred 2. den Rådvilde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ethelred 2. den Rådvilde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_(England)" title="Æthelred (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Æthelred (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II" title="Ethelred II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ethelred II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BE" title="Έθελρεντ του Ουέσσεξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έθελρεντ του Ουέσσεξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelredo_II_el_Indeciso" title="Etelredo II el Indeciso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etelredo II el Indeciso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_la_2-a_(Anglio)" title="Ethelred la 2-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ethelred la 2-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_Zalantzatia" title="Æthelred Zalantzatia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Æthelred Zalantzatia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اتلرد بدسگال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتلرد بدسگال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_le_Malavis%C3%A9" title="Æthelred le Malavisé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Æthelred le Malavisé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EC%84%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C_2%EC%84%B8" title="애설레드 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애설레드 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_II" title="Էթելրեդ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էթելրեդ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II._Nespremni" title="Ethelred II. Nespremni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ethelred II. Nespremni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II" title="Ethelred II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ethelred II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B0alr%C3%A1%C3%B0ur_r%C3%A1%C3%B0lausi" title="Aðalráður ráðlausi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aðalráður ráðlausi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelredo_II_d%27Inghilterra" title="Etelredo II d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etelredo II d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אתלרד השני, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתלרד השני, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ეთელრედ უწიგნური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთელრედ უწიგნური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelredus_II_(rex_Anglorum)" title="Ethelredus II (rex Anglorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ethelredus II (rex Anglorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ethelred_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Ethelred angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Ethelred angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Етелред II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етелред II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89" title="اثيلريد اونريدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثيلريد اونريدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II" title="Ethelred II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethelred II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%892%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="エゼルレッド2世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エゼルレッド2世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_II_av_England" title="Æthelred II av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Æthelred II av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II_av_England" title="Ethelred II av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ethelred II av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II_Bezradny" title="Ethelred II Bezradny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ethelred II Bezradny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelredo_II_de_Inglaterra" title="Etelredo II de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etelredo II de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_al_II-lea_cel_%C8%98ov%C4%83ielnic" title="Æthelred al II-lea cel Șovăielnic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Æthelred al II-lea cel Șovăielnic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_II_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Этельред II Неразумный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этельред II Неразумный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_the_Unready" title="Ethelred the Unready – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethelred the Unready" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II." title="Ethelred II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ethelred II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II._Nepripravljeni" title="Ethelred II. Nepripravljeni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ethelred II. Nepripravljeni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ئیتیلرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتیلرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Етелред Неспремни – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етелред Неспремни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_Nespremni" title="Æthelred Nespremni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Æthelred Nespremni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_Neuvoton" title="Ethelred Neuvoton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ethelred Neuvoton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II_av_England" title="Ethelred II av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ethelred II av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าแอเธลเรดที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าแอเธลเรดที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred" title="Æthelred – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Æthelred" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Етельред Безрадний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Етельред Безрадний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF" title="ایتھلریڈ غیر مستعد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایتھلریڈ غیر مستعد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of England (r. 978–1013 & 1014–16)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Æthelred II" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Æthelred II (disambiguation)">Æthelred II (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Æthelred the Unready</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg/220px-Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg/330px-Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg/440px-Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="2258" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Æthelred II in an early thirteenth-century copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Ecclesie_Abbendonensis" title="Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis">Abingdon Chronicle</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the English">King of the English</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 978 – 1013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a> (978–984)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1014 – 23 April 1016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Sweyn Forkbeard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund II">Edmund II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 966</span><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1016 (aged about 50)<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London, now lost</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York" title="Ælfgifu of York">Ælfgifu of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_%C3%86theling" title="Æthelstan Ætheling">Æthelstan Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund II">Edmund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred_%C3%86theling" title="Eadred Ætheling">Eadred Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig_%C3%86theling" title="Eadwig Ætheling">Eadwig Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_%C3%86theling" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ætheling">Alfred Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godgifu,_daughter_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" class="mw-redirect" title="Godgifu, daughter of Æthelred the Unready">Godgifu, Countess of the Vexin and Boulogne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, King of the English">Edgar, King of the English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_wife_of_Edgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar">Ælfthryth</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Æthelred II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Æþelræd</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-footnote_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnote-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈæðelræːd]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Aðalráðr</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 966 – 23 April 1016), known as <b>Æthelred the Unready</b>, was <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of the English</a> from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> comes from the Old English word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">unræd</i></span> meaning "poorly advised"; it is a pun on his name, which means "well advised". </p><p>Æthelred was the son of <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">King Edgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Queen Ælfthryth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came to the throne at about the age of 12, following the assassination of his elder half-brother, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>. </p><p>The chief characteristic of Æthelred's reign was conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a>. After several decades of relative peace, Danish raids on English territory began again in earnest in the 980s, becoming markedly more serious in the early 990s. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a> in 991, Æthelred paid tribute, or <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Danish king</a>. In 1002, Æthelred ordered what became known as the <a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day massacre</a> of Danish settlers. In 1013, King <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, as a result of which Æthelred fled to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in 1013 and was replaced by Sweyn. After Sweyn died in 1014, Æthelred returned to the throne, but he died just two years later. Æthelred's 37-year combined reign was the longest of any Anglo-Saxon English king and was only surpassed in the 13th century, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>. Æthelred was briefly succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>, but Edmund died after a few months and was replaced by Sweyn's son <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a>. Another of Æthelred's sons, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, would become king of England in 1042. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Æthelred's first name, composed of the elements <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Ethel" title="Ethel">æðele</a></i></span> 'noble', and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ræd</i></span> 'counsel',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller1882781_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller1882781-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is typical of the compound names of those who belonged to the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a>, and it characteristically alliterates with the names of his ancestors, like <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a></i></span> 'noble-wolf', <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfred" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfred">Ælfred</a></i></span> 'elf-counsel', <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Eadweard</a></i></span> 'rich-protection', and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Eadgar</a></i></span> 'rich-spear'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchröder1944_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchröder1944-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelred's notorious nickname, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Unræd</i></span>, is commonly translated into present-day English as "The Unready" (less commonly but more accurately "The Redeless").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Saxon noun <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">unræd</i></span> means "evil counsel", "bad plan", or "folly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller18821124_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller18821124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was most often used in reference to decisions and deeds, but once in reference to the ill-advised <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">disobedience of Adam and Eve</a>. The element <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ræd</i></span> in <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">unræd</i></span> is the same element in Æthelred's name that means 'counsel' (compare the <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> in the German word <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rat#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rat">Rat</a></i> and Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">raad</i></span>). Thus <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Æþelræd Unræd</i></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a>: "Noble counsel, No counsel". The nickname has also been translated as "ill-advised", "ill-prepared", thus "Æthelred the ill-advised".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the nickname was first recorded in the 1180s, more than 150 years after Æthelred's death, it is doubtful that it carries any implications as to the reputation of the king in the eyes of his contemporaries or near contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1978240–241_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1978240–241-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg/220px-Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg/330px-Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg/440px-Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Mancus" title="Mancus">mancus</a> of Æthelred wearing armour, 1003–1006</figcaption></figure> <p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Frank Stenton</a> remarked that "much that has brought condemnation of historians on King Æthelred may well be due in the last resort to the circumstances under which he became king."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001374_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001374-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelred's father, <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">King Edgar</a>, had died suddenly in July 975, leaving two young sons behind. The elder, Edward (later <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>), was probably illegitimate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was "still a youth on the verge of manhood" in 975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The younger son was Æthelred, whose mother, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a>, Edgar had married in 964. Ælfthryth was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ordgar" title="Ordgar">Ordgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, and widow of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwald,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia">Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia</a>. At the time of his father's death, Æthelred could have been no more than 10 years old. As the elder of Edgar's sons, Edward – reportedly a young man given to frequent violent outbursts – probably would have naturally succeeded to the throne of England despite his young age, had he not "offended many important persons by his intolerable violence of speech and behaviour."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, a number of English nobles took to opposing Edward's succession and to defending Æthelred's claim to the throne; Æthelred was, after all, the son of Edgar's last, living wife, and no rumour of illegitimacy is known to have plagued Æthelred's birth, as it might have his elder brother's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1999163_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1999163-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both boys, Æthelred certainly, were too young to have played any significant part in the political manoeuvring which followed Edgar's death. It was the brothers' supporters, and not the brothers themselves, who were responsible for the turmoil which accompanied the choice of a successor to the throne. Æthelred's cause was led by his mother and included <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Mercia" title="Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia">Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold of Winchester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham20007–8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham20007–8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford198958_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford198958-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Edward's claim was supported by <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1909_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1909-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other noblemen, notably <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia">Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byrhtnoth" title="Byrhtnoth">Byrhtnoth</a>, ealdorman of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. In the end, Edward's supporters proved the more powerful and persuasive, and he was crowned king at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a> before the year was out. </p><p>Edward reigned for only three years before he was murdered by members of his brother's household.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980166_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though little is known about Edward's short reign, it is known that it was marked by political turmoil. Edgar had made extensive grants of land to monasteries which pursued the new monastic ideals of ecclesiastical reform, but his doing so disrupted aristocratic families' traditional patronage. The end of his firm rule saw a reversal of this policy, with aristocrats recovering their lost properties or seizing new ones. This was opposed by Dunstan, but according to Cyril Hart, "The presence of supporters of church reform on both sides indicates that the conflict between them depended as much on issues of land ownership and local power as on ecclesiastical legitimacy. Adherents of both Edward and Æthelred can be seen appropriating, or recovering, monastic lands."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, favour for Edward must have been strong among the monastic communities. When Edward was killed at Æthelred's estate at <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> in March 978, the job of recording the event, as well as reactions to it, fell to monastic writers. Stenton offers a summary of the earliest account of Edward's murder, which comes from a work praising the life of St <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the surface his [Edward's] relations with Æthelred his half-brother and Ælfthryth his stepmother were friendly, and he was visiting them informally when he was killed. [Æthelred's] retainers came out to meet him with ostentatious signs of respect, and then, before he had dismounted, surrounded him, seized his hands, and stabbed him ... So far as can be seen the murder was planned and carried out by Æthelred's household men in order that their young master might become king. There is nothing to support the allegation, which first appears in writing more than a century later, that Queen Ælfthryth had plotted her stepson's death. No one was punished for a part in the crime, and Æthelred, who was crowned a month after the murder, began to reign in an atmosphere of suspicion which destroyed the prestige of the crown. It was never fully restored in his lifetime.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFStenton2001">Stenton 2001</a>, p. 373</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingship">Kingship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Government in Anglo-Saxon England</a></div> <p>Nevertheless, at first, the outlook of the new king's officers and counsellors seems in no way to have been bleak. According to one chronicler, the coronation of Æthelred took place with much rejoicing by the councillors of the English people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a> notes that "<a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth" title="Byrhtferth">Byrhtferth of Ramsey</a> states similarly that when Æthelred was consecrated king, by <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Archbishop Dunstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Archbishop Oswald</a>, "there was great joy at his consecration", and describes the king in this connection as "a young man in respect of years, elegant in his manners, with an attractive face and handsome appearance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelred was between nine and twelve years old when he became king and affairs were initially managed by leading councillors such as Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, Queen Ælfthryth and Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Æthelwold was especially influential and when he died, on 1 August 984, Æthelred abandoned his early councillors and launched on policies which involved encroachment on church privileges, to his later regret. In a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> of 993, he stated that Æthelwold's death had deprived the country of one "whose industry and pastoral care administered not only to my interest but also to that of all inhabitants of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ælfthryth enjoyed renewed status in the 990s, when she brought up his heirs and her brother Ordulf became one of Æthelred's leading advisers. She died between 1000 and 1002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite conflicts with the Danes throughout his reign, Æthelred's reign of England saw expansion in England's population, trade and wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_Danes">Conflict with the Danes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Danes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>England had experienced a period of peace after the reconquest of the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> in the mid-10th century by <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">King Edgar</a>, Æthelred's father. However, beginning in 980, when Æthelred could not have been more than 14 years old, small companies of Danish adventurers carried out a series of coastline raids against England. <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet" title="Isle of Thanet">Thanet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> were attacked in 980, Devon and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in 981, and Dorset in 982. A period of six years then passed before, in 988, another coastal attack is recorded as having taken place to the south-west, though here a famous battle was fought between the invaders and the <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> of Devon. Stenton notes that, though this series of isolated raids had no lasting effect on England itself, "their chief historical importance is that they brought England for the first time into diplomatic contact with <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001375_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001375-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danish attacks started becoming more serious in the early 990s, with highly devastating assaults in 1006–1007 and 1009–1012.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribute payments by Æthelred did not successfully temper the Danish attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelred's forces were primarily composed of infantry, with substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries. He did not have substantial numbers of trained cavalry forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> offered shelter to Danes returning from raids on England. This led to tension between the English and Norman courts, and word of their enmity eventually reached <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">Pope John XV</a>. The pope was disposed to dissolve their hostility towards each other, and took steps to engineer a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rouen_(991)" title="Treaty of Rouen (991)">peace between England and Normandy</a>, which was ratified in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> in 991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenham2020189–204_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenham2020189–204-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brusher_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusher-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Maldon">Battle of Maldon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Maldon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 991, a sizeable Danish fleet began a sustained campaign in the south-east of England. It arrived off <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, and made its way around the south-east coast and up the <a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex" title="River Blackwater, Essex">River Blackwater</a>, coming eventually to its estuary and occupying <a href="/wiki/Northey_Island" title="Northey Island">Northey Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2 kilometres (1 mile) west of Northey lies the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Maldon</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Byrhtnoth" title="Byrhtnoth">Byrhtnoth</a>, ealdorman of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, was stationed with a company of <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">battle</a> that followed between English and Danes is immortalised by the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Maldon" title="The Battle of Maldon">The Battle of Maldon</a></i>, which describes the doomed but heroic attempt of Byrhtnoth to defend the coast of Essex against overwhelming odds. This was the first of a series of crushing defeats felt by the English: beaten first by Danish raiders, and later by organised Danish armies. Stenton summarises the events of the poem: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For access to the mainland they (the Danes) depended on a <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a>, flooded at high tide, which led from Northey to the flats along the southern margin of the estuary. Before they (the Danes) had left their camp on the island[,] Byrhtnoth, with his retainers and a force of local militia, had taken possession of the landward end of the causeway. Refusing a demand for tribute, shouted across the water while the tide was high, Byrhtnoth drew up his men along the bank, and waited for the ebb. As the water fell the raiders began to stream out along the causeway. But three of Byrhtnoth's retainers held it against them, and at last they asked to be allowed to cross unhindered and fight on equal terms on the mainland. With what even those who admired him most called 'over-courage', Byrhtnoth agreed to this; the pirates rushed through the falling tide, and battle was joined. Its issue was decided by Byrhtnoth's fall. Many even of his own men immediately took to flight and the English ranks were broken. What gives enduring interest to the battle is the superb courage with which a group of Byrhtnoth's thegns, knowing that the fight was lost, deliberately gave themselves to death in order that they might avenge their lord."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFStenton2001">Stenton 2001</a>, pp. 376–377</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_begins_tributes">England begins tributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England begins tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_(YORYM_2000_632)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg/220px-Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg/330px-Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg/440px-Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Silver penny of Æthelred II</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Maldon</a>, it was decided that the English should grant the tribute to the Danes that they desired, and so a <i>gafol</i> of £10,000 was paid them for their peace. Yet it was presumably the Danish fleet that had beaten <a href="/wiki/Byrhtnoth" title="Byrhtnoth">Byrhtnoth</a> at Maldon that continued to ravage the English coast from 991 to 993. In 994, the Danish fleet, which had swollen in ranks since 991, turned up the Thames estuary and headed toward London. The battle fought there was inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was about this time that Æthelred met with the leaders of the Danish fleet and arranged an uneasy accord. A treaty was signed that provided for seemingly civilised arrangements between the then-settled Danish companies and the English government, such as regulation of settlement disputes and trade. But the treaty also stipulated that the ravaging and slaughter of the previous year would be forgotten, and ended abruptly by stating that £22,000 of gold and silver had been paid to the raiders as the price of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001377–378_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001377–378-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 994, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a>, a Norwegian prince and already a baptised Christian, was <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmed</a> as Christian in a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire" title="Andover, Hampshire">Andover</a>; King Æthelred stood as his sponsor. After receiving gifts, Olaf promised "that he would never come back to England in hostility."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olaf then left England for Norway and never returned, though "other component parts of the Viking force appear to have decided to stay in England, for it is apparent from the treaty that some had chosen to enter into King Æthelred's service as mercenaries, based presumably on the Isle of Wight."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_Danish_raids">Renewed Danish raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renewed Danish raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 997, Danish raids began again. According to Keynes, "there is no suggestion that this was a new fleet or army, and presumably the mercenary force created in 994 from the residue of the raiding army of 991 had turned on those whom it had been hired to protect."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It harried <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, Devon, western <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> and south Wales in 997, Dorset, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> in 998. In 999, it raided Kent, and, in 1000, it left England for Normandy, perhaps because the English had refused in this latest wave of attacks to acquiesce to the Danish demands for <i>gafol</i> or tribute, which would come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a>, 'Dane-payment'. This sudden relief from attack Æthelred used to gather his thoughts, resources, and armies: the fleet's departure in 1000 "allowed Æthelred to carry out a devastation of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a>, the motive for which is part of the lost history of the north."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001379_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001379-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1001, a Danish fleet – perhaps the same fleet from 1000 – returned and ravaged west <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. During its movements, the fleet regularly returned to its base in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. There was later an attempted attack in the south of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, though the English mounted a successful defence at <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>. Nevertheless, Æthelred must have felt at a loss, and, in the Spring of 1002, the English bought a truce for £24,000. Æthelred's frequent payments of immense Danegelds are often held up as exemplary of the incompetency of his government and his own short-sightedness. However, Keynes points out that such payments had been practice for at least a century, and had been adopted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> and many others. Indeed, in some cases it "may have seemed the best available way of protecting the people against loss of life, shelter, livestock and crops. Though undeniably burdensome, it constituted a measure for which the king could rely on widespread support."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Brice's_Day_massacre_of_1002"><span id="St._Brice.27s_Day_massacre_of_1002"></span>St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day massacre</a></div> <p>Æthelred ordered the <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> of all Danish men in England to take place on 13 November 1002, <a href="/wiki/Brice_of_Tours" title="Brice of Tours">St Brice</a>'s Day. <a href="/wiki/Gunhilde" title="Gunhilde">Gunhilde</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">King of Denmark</a>, was said to have been among the victims. It is likely that a wish to avenge her was a principal motive for Sweyn's invasion of western England the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001380_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001380-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1004, Sweyn was in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, where he sacked <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>. In this year, a nobleman of East Anglia, <a href="/wiki/Ulfcytel_Snillingr" title="Ulfcytel Snillingr">Ulfcytel Snillingr</a> met Sweyn in force, and made an impression on the until-then rampant Danish expedition. Though Ulfcytel was eventually defeated, outside <a href="/wiki/Thetford" title="Thetford">Thetford</a>, he caused the Danes heavy losses and was nearly able to destroy their ships. The Danish army left England for Denmark in 1005, perhaps because of the losses they sustained in East Anglia, perhaps from the very severe famine which afflicted the continent and the British Isles in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An expedition the following year was bought off in early 1007 by tribute money of £36,000, and for the next two years England was free from attack. In 1008, the government created a new fleet of warships, organised on a national scale, but this was weakened when one of its commanders took to piracy, and the king and his council decided not to risk it in a general action. In Stenton's view: "The history of England in the next generation was really determined between 1009 and 1012 ... the ignominious collapse of the English defence caused a loss of morale which was irreparable." The Danish army of 1009, led by <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> and his brother Hemming, was the most formidable force to invade England since Æthelred became king. It harried England until it was bought off by £48,000 in April 1012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001381–384_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001381–384-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_1013">Invasion of 1013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Invasion of 1013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweyn then launched an invasion in 1013 intending to crown himself king of England. By the end of 1013, English resistance had collapsed and Sweyn had conquered the country, forcing Æthelred into exile in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. But the situation changed suddenly when Sweyn died on 3 February 1014. The crews of the Danish ships in the Trent that had supported Sweyn immediately swore their allegiance to Sweyn's son <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut the Great</a>, but leading English noblemen sent a deputation to Æthelred to negotiate his restoration to the throne. He was required to declare his loyalty to them, to bring in reforms regarding everything that they disliked and to forgive all that had been said and done against him in his previous reign. The terms of this agreement are of great constitutional interest in early English history as they are the first recorded pact between a King and his subjects; they are also widely regarded as showing that many English noblemen had submitted to Sweyn simply because of their distrust of Æthelred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001384–386_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001384–386-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>they [the counsellors] said that no lord was dearer to them than their natural (<i>gecynde</i>) lord, if he would govern them more justly than he did before. Then the king sent his son Edward hither with his messengers and bade them greet all his people and said that he would be a gracious (<i>hold</i>) lord to them, and reform all the things which they hated; and all the things which had been said and done against him should be forgiven on condition that they all unanimously turned to him (<i>to him gecyrdon</i>) without treachery. And complete friendship was then established with oath and pledge (<i>mid worde and mid wædde</i>) on both sides, and they pronounced every Danish king an exile from England forever.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 123</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Æthelred then launched an expedition against Cnut and his allies. Only the people of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Kingdom of Lindsey</a> (modern North Lincolnshire) supported Cnut. Æthelred first set out to recapture London, apparently with the help of the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf Haraldsson</a>. According to the Icelandic historian <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, Olaf led a successful attack on London Bridge with a fleet of ships. He then went on to help Æthelred retake London and other parts of the country. Cnut and his army decided to withdraw from England in April 1014, leaving his Lindsey allies to suffer Æthelred's revenge. In about 1016, it is thought that Olaf left to concentrate on raiding <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaglandWatson2005328–333_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaglandWatson2005328–333-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Cnut returned to find a complex and volatile situation unfolding in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaglandWatson2005328–333_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaglandWatson2005328–333-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelred's son, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>, had revolted against his father and established himself in the North, which was angry at Cnut and Æthelred for the ravaging of Lindsey and was prepared to support Edmund in any uprising against both of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the next few months Cnut conquered most of England, while Edmund rejoined Æthelred to defend London when Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The subsequent war between Edmund and Cnut ended in a decisive victory for Cnut at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a> on 18 October 1016. Edmund's reputation as a warrior was such that Cnut nevertheless agreed to divide England, Edmund taking <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and Cnut the whole of the country beyond the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>. However, Edmund died on 30 November, and Cnut became king of the whole country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001386–393_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001386–393-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelred was buried in <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London. The tomb and his monument in the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">quire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinclair190993_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinclair190993-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were destroyed along with the cathedral in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> in 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012129_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012129-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern monument in the crypt lists his among the important graves lost.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg/300px-Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg/450px-Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg/600px-Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>A charter of Æthelred's in 1003 to a follower, also called Æthelred. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Æthelred's government produced extensive legislation, which he "ruthlessly enforced".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald197849_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald197849-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of at least six legal codes survive from his reign, covering a range of topics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebermann1903216–270_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebermann1903216–270-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, one of the members of his council (known as the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Witan</i></span>) was <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York</a>, a well-known <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homilist</a>. The three latest codes from Æthelred's reign seemed to have been drafted by Wulfstan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These codes are extensively concerned with ecclesiastical affairs. They also exhibit the characteristics of Wulfstan's highly rhetorical style. Wulfstan went on to draft codes for King Cnut, and recycled there many of the laws which were used in Æthelred's codes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a356–360_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a356–360-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the failure of his government in the face of the Danish threat, Æthelred's reign was not without some important institutional achievements. The quality of the coinage, a good indicator of the prevailing economic conditions, significantly improved during his reign due to his numerous coinage reform laws.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later perspectives of Æthelred have been less than flattering. Numerous legends and anecdotes have sprung up to explain his shortcomings, often elaborating abusively on his character and failures. One such anecdote is given by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> (lived <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1080 – 1143), who reports that Æthelred had defecated in the <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">baptismal font</a> as a child, which led St Dunstan to prophesy that the English monarchy would be overthrown during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story is, however, a fabrication and a similar story is told of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine Copronymus</a> (the epithet means "dung-named"), another medieval monarch who was unpopular among certain of his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to rehabilitate Æthelred's reputation have gained momentum since about 1980. Chief among the rehabilitators has been <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a>, who has often argued that our poor impression of Æthelred is almost entirely based upon after-the-fact accounts of, and later accretions to, the narrative of events during Æthelred's long and complex reign. Chief among the culprits is in fact one of the most important sources for the history of the period, the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, which, as it reports events with a retrospect of 15 years, cannot help but interpret events with the eventual English defeat a foregone conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet, as virtually no strictly contemporary narrative account of the events of Æthelred's reign exists, historians are forced to rely on what evidence there is. Keynes and others thus draw attention to some of the inevitable snares of investigating the history of a man whom later popular opinion has utterly damned. Recent cautious assessments of Æthelred's reign have more often uncovered reasons to doubt, rather than uphold, Æthelred's later infamy. Though the failures of his government will always put Æthelred's reign in the shadow of the reigns of kings Edgar, Æthelstan, and Alfred, historians' current impression of Æthelred's personal character is certainly not as unflattering as it once was: "Æthelred's misfortune as a ruler was owed not so much to any supposed defects of his imagined character, as to a combination of circumstances which anyone would have found difficult to control."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1986217_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1986217-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_jury">Origin of the jury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origin of the jury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Æthelred has been credited with the formation of a local investigative body made up of twelve <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> who were charged with publishing the names of any notorious or wicked men in their respective districts. Because the members of these bodies were under solemn oath to act in accordance with the law and their own good consciences, they have been seen by some legal historians as the prototype for the English <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelred makes provision for such a body in the <a href="/wiki/Wantage_Code" title="Wantage Code">Wantage Code</a> (<i>III Æthelred</i>), promulgations enacted at <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a> in 997, which states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þæt man habbe gemot on ælcum wæpentace; & gan ut þa yldestan XII þegnas & se gerefa mid, & swerian on þam haligdome, þe heom man on hand sylle, þæt hig nellan nænne sacleasan man forsecgean ne nænne sacne forhelan. & niman þonne þa tihtbysian men, þe mid þam gerefan habbað, & heora ælc sylle VI healfmarc wedd, healf landrican & healf wæpentake.</i></span></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLiebermann1903">Liebermann 1903</a>, pp. 228–232, "III Æthelred" 3.1–3.2</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>that there shall be an assembly in every <a href="/wiki/Wapentake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapentake">wapentake</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in that assembly shall go forth the twelve eldest <a href="/wiki/Thegns" class="mw-redirect" title="Thegns">thegns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reeve_(England)" title="Reeve (England)">reeve</a> along with them, and let them swear on <a href="/wiki/Relic#Christian_relics" title="Relic">holy relics</a>, which shall be placed in their hands, that they will never knowingly accuse an innocent man nor conceal a guilty man. And thereafter let them seize those notorious [lit. "charge-laden"] men, who have business with the reeve, and let each of them give a <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> of 6 half-marks, half of which shall go to the lord of that district, and half to the wapentake.</p></blockquote> <p>But the wording here suggests that Æthelred was perhaps revamping or re-confirming a custom which had already existed. He may actually have been expanding an established English custom for use among the Danish citizens in the North (the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>). Previously, King Edgar had legislated along similar lines in his Whitbordesstan code: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ic wille, þæt ælc mon sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge buton burgum. & gewitnes sy geset to ælcere byrig & to ælcum hundrode. To ælcere byrig XXXVI syn gecorone to gewitnesse; to smalum burgum & to ælcum hundrode XII, buton ge ma willan. & ælc mon mid heora gewitnysse bigcge & sylle ælc þara ceapa, þe he bigcge oððe sylle aþer oððe burge oððe on wæpengetace. & heora ælc, þonne hine man ærest to gewitnysse gecysð, sylle þæne að, þæt he næfre, ne for feo ne for lufe ne for ege, ne ætsace nanes þara þinga, þe he to gewitnysse wæs, & nan oðer þingc on gewitnysse ne cyðe buton þæt an, þæt he geseah oððe gehyrde. & swa geæþdera manna syn on ælcum ceape twegen oððe þry to gewitnysse.</i></span></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLiebermann1903">Liebermann 1903</a>, pp. 206–214, "IV Edgar" 3–6.2</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is my wish that each person be in <a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">surety</a>, both within settled areas and without. And "witnessing" shall be established in each city and each <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (country subdivision)">hundred</a>. To each city let there be 36 chosen for witnessing; to small towns and to each hundred let there be 12, unless they desire more. And everybody shall purchase and sell their goods in the presence of a witness, whether he is buying or selling something, whether in a city or a wapentake. And each of them, when they first choose to become a witness, shall give an oath that he will never, neither for wealth nor love nor fear, deny any of those things which he will be a witness to, and will not, in his capacity as a witness, make known any thing except that which he saw and heard. And let there be either two or three of these sworn witnesses at every sale of goods.</p></blockquote> <p>The "legend" of an Anglo-Saxon origin to the <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> was first challenged seriously by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brunner" title="Heinrich Brunner">Heinrich Brunner</a> in 1872, who claimed that evidence of the jury was only seen for the first time during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, some 200 years after the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, and that the practice had originated with the Franks, who in turn had influenced the Normans, who thence introduced it to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner19681–2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner19681–2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a4–26,_especially_pp._7–8_and_17–18_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a4–26,_especially_pp._7–8_and_17–18-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Brunner's thesis, the origin of the English jury has been much disputed. Throughout the 20th century, legal historians disagreed about whether the practice was English in origin, or was introduced, directly or indirectly, from either <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the legal historians <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Patrick Wormald</a> and Michael Macnair have reasserted arguments in favour of finding in practices current during the Anglo-Saxon period traces of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Angevin</a> practice of conducting inquests using bodies of sworn, private witnesses. Wormald has gone as far as to present evidence suggesting that the English practice outlined in Æthelred's Wantage Code is at least as old as, if not older than, 975, and ultimately traces it back to a <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian</a> model (something Brunner had done).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1999b598–599,_''et_passim''_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999b598–599,_''et_passim''-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no scholarly consensus has yet been reached. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_character">Appearance and character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Appearance and character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The twelfth century English chronicler, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Worcester" title="John of Worcester">John of Worcester</a>, describes Æthelred as "elegant in his manners, handsome in visage, glorious in appearance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_of_Worcester1995430–431_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_of_Worcester1995430–431-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No contemporary descriptions of Æthelred's appearance survive. The thirteenth-century Icelandic text, <i><a href="/wiki/Gunnlaugs_saga_ormstungu" title="Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu">Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu</a></i>, preserves a positive assessment of Æthelred's character, in which he is described by a visiting Icelander as "a good prince", a "generous prince", and a "war-swift king".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnlaugs_saga_Ormstungu195715_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnlaugs_saga_Ormstungu195715-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth20201–14_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth20201–14-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Æthelred married first <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York" title="Ælfgifu of York">Ælfgifu</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thored,_earl_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Thored, earl of Northumbria">Thored, earl of Northumbria</a>, in about 985.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their known children are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_%C3%86theling" title="Æthelstan Ætheling">Æthelstan Ætheling</a> (died 1014);<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ecgberht Ætheling (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1005);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a> (King of England, died 1016);<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred_%C3%86theling" title="Eadred Ætheling">Eadred Ætheling</a> (died before 1013);<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig_%C3%86theling" title="Eadwig Ætheling">Eadwig Ætheling</a> (executed by Cnut 1017);</li> <li>Edgar Ætheling (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1008);<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eadgyth or Edith (married <a href="/wiki/Eadric_Streona" title="Eadric Streona">Eadric Streona</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ælfgifu (married <a href="/wiki/Uhtred_the_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhtred the Bold">Uhtred the Bold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>);</li> <li>Wulfhild? (married <a href="/wiki/Ulfcytel_Snillingr" title="Ulfcytel Snillingr">Ulfcytel Snillingr</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abbess of <a href="/wiki/Wherwell_Abbey" title="Wherwell Abbey">Wherwell Abbey</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 1002, Æthelred married <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II, Duke of Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their children were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> (King of England, died 1066);<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling" title="Alfred Aetheling">Alfred Aetheling</a> (died 1036–37);<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godgifu_(daughter_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready)" title="Godgifu (daughter of Æthelred the Unready)">Godgifu</a> or Goda of England (married firstly <a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Mantes" title="Drogo of Mantes">Drogo of Mantes</a>, Count of Mantes, Valois and the Vexin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and secondly <a href="/wiki/Eustace_II,_Count_of_Boulogne" title="Eustace II, Count of Boulogne">Eustace II, Count of Boulogne</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All of Æthelred's sons were named after English kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199728_and_family_tree_in_endpaper_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199728_and_family_tree_in_endpaper-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/23px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/35px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/47px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Portal:Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/32px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/48px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/64px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="222" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Royalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Royalty">Royalty portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_places_of_British_royalty" title="Burial places of British royalty">Burial places of British royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Cultural depictions of Æthelred the Unready">Cultural depictions of Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex#Family_tree" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">House of Wessex family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-weir-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeir1989" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (1989). <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>. Vintage. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099539735" title="Special:BookSources/9780099539735"><bdi>9780099539735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780099539735&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller1882781-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller1882781_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworthToller1882">Bosworth & Toller 1882</a>, p. 781.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchröder1944-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchröder1944_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchröder1944">Schröder 1944</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller18821124-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthToller18821124_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworthToller1882">Bosworth & Toller 1882</a>, p. 1124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1978240–241-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1978240–241_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1978">Keynes 1978</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001374-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001374_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton2001">Stenton 2001</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2007">Hart 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001372_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton2001">Stenton 2001</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1999163-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1999163_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1999">Miller 1999</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham20007–8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham20007–8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2000">Higham 2000</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford198958-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford198958_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford1989">Stafford 1989</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1909-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1909_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1909">Phillips 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980166-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980166_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1980">Keynes 1980</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2004">Keynes 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford2004">Stafford 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2003" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXp1yYjq94C"><i>Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-928-1"><bdi>0-85115-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swein+Forkbeard%27s+Invasions+and+the+Danish+Conquest+of+England%2C+991%E2%80%931017&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85115-928-1&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzXp1yYjq94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001375-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001375_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton2001">Stenton 2001</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolyneaux2015" class="citation book cs1">Molyneaux, George (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1HCBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102775-8"><bdi>978-0-19-102775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+English+Kingdom+in+the+Tenth+Century&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102775-8&rft.aulast=Molyneaux&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1HCBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2003" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXp1yYjq94C"><i>Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-928-1"><bdi>0-85115-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swein+Forkbeard%27s+Invasions+and+the+Danish+Conquest+of+England%2C+991%E2%80%931017&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85115-928-1&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzXp1yYjq94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenham2020189–204-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenham2020189–204_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenham2020">Benham 2020</a>, pp. 189–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brusher-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brusher_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusher" class="citation web cs1">Brusher, Joseph. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldhistory.org&rft.atitle=Constantine+V&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FConstantine_V%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge2014" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZkzAQAAQBAJ&dq=anglo-saxon+chronicle+aethelred+reputation&pg=PT52"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. N.p. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118316108" title="Special:BookSources/9781118316108"><bdi>9781118316108</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pages=N.p&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118316108&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZkzAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Danglo-saxon%2Bchronicle%2Baethelred%2Breputation%26pg%3DPT52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1986217-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1986217_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1986">Keynes 1986</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1968''passim''_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1968">Turner 1968</a>, pp. <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner19681–2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner19681–2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1968">Turner 1968</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a4–26,_especially_pp._7–8_and_17–18-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1999a4–26,_especially_pp._7–8_and_17–18_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWormald1999a">Wormald 1999a</a>, pp. 4–26, especially pp. 7–8 and 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1999b598–599,_''et_passim''-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1999b598–599,_''et_passim''_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWormald1999b">Wormald 1999b</a>, pp. 598–599, <i>et passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_of_Worcester1995430–431-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_of_Worcester1995430–431_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_of_Worcester1995">John of Worcester 1995</a>, pp. 430–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnlaugs_saga_Ormstungu195715-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnlaugs_saga_Ormstungu195715_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnlaugs_saga_Ormstungu1957">Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu 1957</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth20201–14-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth20201–14_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFirth2020">Firth 2020</a>, pp. 1–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy199627_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1996">Fryde et al. 1996</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1965232_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1965">Barlow 1965</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199728_and_family_tree_in_endpaper-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199728_and_family_tree_in_endpaper_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1997">Barlow 1997</a>, p. 28 and family tree in endpaper.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-footnote-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnote_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Different spellings of this king's name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> form <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Æþelræd</i></span>. Compare the modern dialect word <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/athel#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:athel">athel</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ethelred the Redeless" e.g. in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin1808" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin" title="Thomas Hodgkin">Hodgkin, Thomas</a> (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wUkNAAAAIAAJ"><i>The History of England from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wUkNAAAAIAAJ/page/n960">373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_wUkNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span> While <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">rede</i></span> 'counsel' survived into modern English, the negative <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">unrede</i></span> appears to fall out of use by the 15th century; cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Redeless" title="Richard the Redeless">Richard the Redeless</a></i>, a 15th century poem in reference to <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For this king's forebear of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred of Wessex">Æthelred of Wessex</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that this terms specifies the north and north-eastern territories in England which were at the time largely governed according to Danish custom; no mention is made of the law's application to the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (country subdivision)">hundreds</a>, the southern and English equivalent of the Danish wapentake.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1965" class="citation journal cs1">Barlow, Frank (1965). "Edward the Confessor's Early Life, Character and Attitudes". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>80</b> (315). Oxford University Press: 225–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXX.CCCXV.225">10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXV.225</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/560131">560131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor%27s+Early+Life%2C+Character+and+Attitudes&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=315&rft.pages=225-251&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXX.CCCXV.225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F560131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1997" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Frank (1997). <i>Edward the Confessor</i>. London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Benham, Jenny (2020). "The earliest arbitration treaty? A reassessment of the Anglo-Norman treaty of 991*". <i>Historical Research</i>. <b>93</b> (260): 189–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhisres%2Fhtaa001">10.1093/hisres/htaa001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3471">0950-3471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+earliest+arbitration+treaty%3F+A+reassessment+of+the+Anglo-Norman+treaty+of+991%2A&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=260&rft.pages=189-204&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhisres%2Fhtaa001&rft.issn=0950-3471&rft.aulast=Benham&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthToller1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bosworth" title="Joseph Bosworth">Bosworth, Joseph</a>; Toller, T. N. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anglosaxondictio00bosw/page/780/mode/2up"><i>An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anglo-Saxon+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Toller%2C+T.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglosaxondictio00bosw%2Fpage%2F780%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Matthew (2020). "Æthelred II 'the Unready' and the Role of Kingship in <i>Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu</i>". <i>The Court Historian</i>. <b>25</b>: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14629712.2020.1728930">10.1080/14629712.2020.1728930</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-9712">1462-9712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216504721">216504721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Court+Historian&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelred+II+%27the+Unready%27+and+the+Role+of+Kingship+in+Gunnlaugs+saga+Ormstungu&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216504721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-9712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14629712.2020.1728930&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1996" class="citation book cs1">Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I, eds. (1996). <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X"><bdi>0-521-56350-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56350-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnlaugs_saga_Ormstungu1957" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/The%20Saga%20of%20Gunnlaug%20Serpent-Tongue.pdf"><i>Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu: The Saga of Gunnlaug Wormtongue</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Quirke, R. London: Thomas Nelson. 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunnlaugs+saga+Ormstungu%3A+The+Saga+of+Gunnlaug+Wormtongue&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2FThe%2520Saga%2520of%2520Gunnlaug%2520Serpent-Tongue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaglandWatson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hagland, J. R.; Watson, B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-457-1/dissemination/pdf/vol10/vol10_12/10_12_328_333.pdf">"Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>London Archaeologist</i>. 12. <b>10</b>. London Archaeologist Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Fact+or+folklore%3A+the+Viking+attack+on+London+Bridge&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hagland&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Watson%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-457-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol10%2Fvol10_12%2F10_12_328_333.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hart, Cyril (24 May 2007). "Edward the Martyr". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8515">10.1093/ref:odnb/8515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Martyr&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8515&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2000" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Nick J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxdGPgAACAAJ"><i>The Death of Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2469-6"><bdi>978-0-7509-2469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-2469-6&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxdGPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_of_Worcester1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Worcester" title="John of Worcester">John of Worcester</a> (1995). Darlington, R. R.; McGurk, P. (eds.). <i>The Chronicle of John of Worcester</i>. Vol. 2. Translated by Bray, Jennifer; McGurk, P. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John+of+Worcester&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1995&rft.au=John+of+Worcester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1978" class="citation cs2">Keynes, Simon (1978), "The Declining Reputation of King Æthelred the Unready", in Hill, David (ed.), <i>Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference</i>, British Archaeological Reports – British Series 59, pp. 227–253</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Declining+Reputation+of+King+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready&rft.btitle=Ethelred+the+Unready%3A+Papers+from+the+Millenary+Conference&rft.series=British+Archaeological+Reports+%E2%80%93+British+Series+59&rft.pages=227-253&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1980" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (1980). <i>The Diplomas of King Æthelred 'the Unready' 978–1016</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22718-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22718-6"><bdi>0-521-22718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomas+of+King+%C3%86thelred+%27the+Unready%27+978%E2%80%931016&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-22718-6&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1986" class="citation journal cs1">Keynes, Simon (1986). "A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. Fifth Series 36. <b>36</b>: 195–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679065">10.2307/3679065</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679065">3679065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161932925">161932925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Kings%3A+Alfred+the+Great+and+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=195-217&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161932925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679065&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keynes, Simon (23 September 2004). "Æthelred II (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 966–1016)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8915">10.1093/ref:odnb/8915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelred+II+%28%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E+966%E2%80%931016%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8915&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2012" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2012). "The Burial of King Æthelred the Unready at St. Paul's". In David Roffe (ed.). <i>The English and Their Legacy, 900–1200: Essays in Honour of Ann Williams</i>. Boydell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Burial+of+King+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready+at+St.+Paul%27s&rft.btitle=The+English+and+Their+Legacy%2C+900%E2%80%931200%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Ann+Williams&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). "Edmund II". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8502">10.1093/ref:odnb/8502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmund+II&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8502&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebermann1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liebermann, Felix (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diegesetzederang01liebuoft/page/i/mode/2up"><i>Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen: in der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung und Erläuterungen</i></a> (in German). Vol. 1. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gesetze+der+Angelsachsen%3A+in+der+Ursprache+mit+Uebersetzung+und+Erl%C3%A4uterungen&rft.place=Halle+a.S.&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Liebermann&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiegesetzederang01liebuoft%2Fpage%2Fi%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Sean (1999). "Edward the Martyr". In Lapidge, M.; Blair, J.; Keynes, S.; Scragg, D. (eds.). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopædia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0"><bdi>0-631-22492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Martyr&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-22492-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Phillips, G. E. (1909). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Edward the Martyr"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Edward_the_Martyr">"St. Edward the Martyr" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Edward+the+Martyr&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröder1944" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schröder, Edward (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHcrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Deutsche Namenkunde: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kunde deutsche Personen- und Ortsnamen</i></a> [<i>German name customs: Collected essays on the customs of German personal and place names</i>] (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Namenkunde%3A+Gesammelte+Aufs%C3%A4tze+zur+Kunde+deutsche+Personen-+und+Ortsnamen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHcrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Sinclair_(archdeacon_of_London)" title="William Sinclair (archdeacon of London)">Sinclair, William Macdonald</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXJEAQAAMAAJ"><i>Memorials of St. Paul's Cathedral</i></a>. George W. Jacobs & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.pub=George+W.+Jacobs+%26+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=William+Macdonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXJEAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford1989" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Pauline (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WNuQgAACAAJ"><i>Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries</i></a>. E. Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6532-6"><bdi>978-0-7131-6532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unification+and+Conquest%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History+of+England+in+the+Tenth+and+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-6532-6&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WNuQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-194">"Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F194">10.1093/ref:odnb/194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lfthryth+%28d.+999x1001%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F194&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank Merry</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIwiKnT_bRQC"><i>Anglo-Saxon England</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank+Merry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIwiKnT_bRQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1968" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Ralph V. (1968). "The Origins of the Medieval English Jury: Frankish, English or Scandinavian?". <i>The Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385549">10.1086/385549</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175292">175292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146678716">146678716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Medieval+English+Jury%3A+Frankish%2C+English+or+Scandinavian%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146678716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175292%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385549&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Ann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EMHHtK4V1EC"><i>Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-382-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-382-4"><bdi>1-85285-382-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Unready%3A+The+Ill-Counselled+King&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85285-382-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EMHHtK4V1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1978" class="citation cs2">Wormald, Patrick (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/id/438373">"Aethelred the lawmaker"</a>, in David Hill (ed.), <i>Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference</i>, British Archaeological Reports – British Series 59, pp. 47–80</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aethelred+the+lawmaker&rft.btitle=Ethelred+the+Unready%3A+Papers+from+the+Millenary+Conference&rft.series=British+Archaeological+Reports+%E2%80%93+British+Series+59&rft.pages=47-80&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.regesta-imperii.de%2Fid%2F438373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1999a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wormald, Patrick (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyarQgAACAAJ"><i>Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century</i></a>. Vol. 1: Legislation and its Limits. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13496-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13496-1"><bdi>978-0-631-13496-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+of+English+Law%3A+King+Alfred+to+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-13496-1&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyarQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1999b" class="citation journal cs1">Wormald, Patrick (1999b). "Neighbors, Courts, and Kings: Reflections on Michael Macnair's Vicini". <i><a href="/wiki/Law_and_History_Review" title="Law and History Review">Law and History Review</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 597–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F744383">10.2307/744383</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/744383">744383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147200281">147200281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Neighbors%2C+Courts%2C+and+Kings%3A+Reflections+on+Michael+Macnair%27s+Vicini&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=597-601&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147200281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F744383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F744383&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wormald, Patrick (23 September 2004). "Wulfstan (d. 1023)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30098">10.1093/ref:odnb/30098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulfstan+%28d.+1023%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30098&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubitt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cubitt, Catherine (2012). "The politics of remorse: penance and royal piety in the reign of Æthelred the Unready". <i>Historical Research</i>. <b>85</b> (228): 179–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2011.00571.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.2011.00571.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+remorse%3A+penance+and+royal+piety+in+the+reign+of+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=228&rft.pages=179-192&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2011.00571.x&rft.aulast=Cubitt&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbride" class="citation web cs1">Gilbride, M.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618195311/http://www.medievalmysteries.com/HollowCrownReview.html">"A Hollow Crown review"</a>. Medieval Mysteries.com "Reviews of Outstanding Historical Novels set in the Medieval Period". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalmysteries.com/HollowCrownReview.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Hollow+Crown+review&rft.pub=Medieval+Mysteries.com+%22Reviews+of+Outstanding+Historical+Novels+set+in+the+Medieval+Period%22&rft.aulast=Gilbride&rft.aufirst=M.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalmysteries.com%2FHollowCrownReview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godsell,_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Godsell, Andrew">Godsell, Andrew</a> "Ethelred the Unready" in "History For All" magazine September 2000, republished in "Legends of British History" (2008).</li> <li>Hart, Cyril, ed. and tr. (2006), <i>Chronicles of the Reign of Æthelred the Unready: An Edition and Translation of the Old English and Latin Annals</i>. The Early Chronicles of England 1.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2008" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2008). <i>Aethelred II: King of the English 978–1016</i> (New ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4678-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4678-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-4678-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aethelred+II%3A+King+of+the+English+978%E2%80%931016&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4678-3&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2016" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Levi (2016). <i>Æthelred the Unready</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19629-0"><bdi>978-0-300-19629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Unready&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19629-0&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Skinner, Patricia, ed, <i>Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter</i> (2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52359-0">978-2-503-52359-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred_the_Unready&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/%C3%86thelred_II." class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Æthelred II.">Æthelred the Unready</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/ethelred-ii-unready-r-978-1013-and-1014-1016">Ethelred II</a> at the official website of the British monarchy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=7748">Æthelred 32</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=person&id=EthelredtheUnready">"Æthelred the Unready"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Unready&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-saxons.net%2Fhwaet%2F%3Fdo%3Dget%26type%3Dperson%26id%3DEthelredtheUnready&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelred+the+Unready" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222045/http://www2.meridiantv.com/itvlocal/index.htm?channel=Documentaries&void=33041">Documentary – The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp86609">Portraits of King Ethelred II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183499#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the English">King of the English</a> </b><br />978–1013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the English">King of the English</a> </b><br />1014–1016 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183499#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000371196605">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/250703474">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33197/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHF8dkY3mXW9XD6c3hHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118682474">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79035339">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61539771">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653567605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007431906805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/ebe9d60c-b392-4bd7-8e98-bf35f799a5b2">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118682474.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118682474">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079933696">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66168">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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