CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mary, Queen of Scots - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"320c0b6e-cb6d-4c18-ac5c-df8e808a619f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mary,_Queen_of_Scots","wgTitle":"Mary, Queen of Scots","wgCurRevisionId":1257536648,"wgRevisionId":1257536648,"wgArticleId":20603,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Featured articles","Use British English from February 2014","Use dmy dates from July 2024","Articles containing French-language text","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles with LibriVox links","Mary, Queen of Scots","1542 births","1587 deaths", "16th-century executions by England","16th-century queens regnant","16th-century Scottish monarchs","16th-century Scottish women","Babington Plot","Burials at Westminster Abbey","Child monarchs","Children of James V","Daughters of kings","Dauphines of France","Dauphines of Viennois","Executed monarchs","Executed Scottish women","Heads of government who were later imprisoned","Heirs presumptive to the English throne","Heirs to the Scottish throne","House of Stuart","Scottish lutenists","Monarchs who abdicated","Mothers of English monarchs","People executed by Tudor England by decapitation","People executed under Elizabeth I","People executed under the Tudors for treason against England","People from Linlithgow","People of Linlithgow Palace","People of Stirling Castle","People of the Elizabethan era","Pretenders to the English throne","Queens consort of France","Queens regnant of Scotland","Remarried queens consort","Roman Catholic monarchs","Scottish expatriates in France", "Scottish people of French descent","Scottish people of the Rough Wooing","Scottish poets","Scottish princesses","Scottish Roman Catholics","Women of the Tudor period"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mary,_Queen_of_Scots","wgRelevantArticleId":20603,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q131412","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1200px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1854"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/800px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1236"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/640px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="989"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mary, Queen of Scots - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mary_Queen_of_Scots rootpage-Mary_Queen_of_Scots skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Childhood and early reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Childhood_and_early_reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Childhood and early reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Greenwich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Greenwich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Treaty of Greenwich </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Greenwich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Life in France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claim_to_the_English_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claim_to_the_English_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Claim to the English throne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claim_to_the_English_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Return to Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Lord_Darnley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Lord_Darnley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Marriage to Lord Darnley </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_to_Lord_Darnley-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marriage to Lord Darnley subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Lord_Darnley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Darnley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Darnley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Murder of Darnley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Darnley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment_in_Scotland_and_abdication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment_in_Scotland_and_abdication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment_in_Scotland_and_abdication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_and_imprisonment_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_and_imprisonment_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Escape and imprisonment in England </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escape_and_imprisonment_in_England-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Escape and imprisonment in England subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Escape_and_imprisonment_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casket_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casket_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Casket letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casket_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Plots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogical_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genealogical chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mary, Queen of Scots</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_van_Skotland" title="Maria I van Skotland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maria I van Skotland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Scotta_Cw%C4%93n" title="Maria Scotta Cwēn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Maria Scotta Cwēn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ماري ملكة إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري ملكة إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_I_d%27Escocia" title="María I d'Escocia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="María I d'Escocia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_St%C3%BCart_(krali%C3%A7a)" title="Mariya Stüart (kraliça) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mariya Stüart (kraliça)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مری ایستوارت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مری ایستوارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF,_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="মেরি, স্কটল্যান্ডের রানী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরি, স্কটল্যান্ডের রানী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(So%CD%98-kat-l%C3%A2n)" title="Mary (So͘-kat-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mary (So͘-kat-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Марыя Сцюарт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыя Сцюарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Марыя Ст’юарт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марыя Ст’юарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_Reyna_kan_mga_Eskoses" title="Maria, Reyna kan mga Eskoses – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Maria, Reyna kan mga Eskoses" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мария Стюарт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_I,_kraljica_%C5%A0kota" title="Marija I, kraljica Škota – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marija I, kraljica Škota" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Stuart" title="Mari Stuart – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mari Stuart" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Maria I d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria I d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мария Стюарт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мария Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_Rayna_sa_Scot" title="Maria, Rayna sa Scot – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Maria, Rayna sa Scot" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Stuartovna" title="Marie Stuartovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marie Stuartovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_brenhines_yr_Alban" title="Mari, brenhines yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mari, brenhines yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Stuart" title="Marie Stuart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marie Stuart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart" title="Mary Stuart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary Stuart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μαρία Α΄ της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρία Α΄ της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_I_de_Escocia" title="María I de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="María I de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I.a_Eskoziakoa" title="Maria I.a Eskoziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maria I.a Eskoziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ماری، ملکه اسکاتلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماری، ملکه اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Stuart" title="Marie Stuart – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie Stuart" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marije_I_fan_Skotl%C3%A2n" title="Marije I fan Skotlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marije I fan Skotlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_I,_Banr%C3%ADon_na_nAlbanach" title="Máire I, Banríon na nAlbanach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máire I, Banríon na nAlbanach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0iri_I,_B%C3%A0nrigh_na_h-Alba" title="Màiri I, Bànrigh na h-Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Màiri I, Bànrigh na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_I_de_Escocia" title="María I de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="María I de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_1%EC%84%B8_(%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="메리 1세 (스코틀랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메리 1세 (스코틀랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Մարի Ստյուարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարի Ստյուարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)" title="मैरी १ (स्कॉटलैंड की रानी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैरी १ (स्कॉटलैंड की रानी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_I.,_kraljica_%C5%A0kotske" title="Marija I., kraljica Škotske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marija I., kraljica Škotske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Ratu_Skotlandia" title="Mary, Ratu Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mary, Ratu Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Skotadrottning" title="María Skotadrottning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="María Skotadrottning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuarda" title="Maria Stuarda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria Stuarda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מרי, מלכת הסקוטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי, מלכת הסקוטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მარიამ სტიუარტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარიამ სტიუარტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мария Стюарт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мария Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мария Стюарт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мария Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_(regina_Scotiae)" title="Maria I (regina Scotiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria I (regina Scotiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_I_Stjuarte" title="Marija I Stjuarte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marija I Stjuarte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Stiuart" title="Marija Stiuart – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marija Stiuart" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M%C3%A1ria_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91" title="I. Mária skót királynő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Mária skót királynő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мери Стјуарт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мери Стјуарт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mary, Queen of Scots" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF,_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മേരി, ക്വീൻ ഓഫ് സ്കോട്ട്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേരി, ക്വീൻ ഓഫ് സ്കോട്ട്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मेरी स्टुअर्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेरी स्टुअर्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مارى ملكه اسكتلندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى ملكه اسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_(%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99)" title="မယ်ရီ (စကော့တလန်ဘုရင်မ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မယ်ရီ (စကော့တလန်ဘုရင်မ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_van_Schotland" title="Maria I van Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maria I van Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="メアリー (スコットランド女王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリー (スコットランド女王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мария Стюарт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мария Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I._(Skotlun)" title="Maria I. (Skotlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maria I. (Skotlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_av_Skottland" title="Maria I av Skottland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maria I av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart" title="Mary Stuart – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mary Stuart" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د سکاټلنډ ملکه، ماري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سکاټلنډ ملکه، ماري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_Stuart" title="Maria I Stuart – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria I Stuart" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Maria da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart" title="Mary Stuart – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mary Stuart" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мария Стюарт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мария Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)" title="मेरी १ (स्काटलैंड) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मेरी १ (स्काटलैंड)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_o_Scots" title="Mary, Queen o Scots – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mary, Queen o Scots" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary, Queen of Scots" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_I._(%C5%A0k%C3%B3tsko)" title="Mária I. (Škótsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mária I. (Škótsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_I._%C5%A0kotska" title="Marija I. Škotska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marija I. Škotska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ماری شاژنی سکۆتلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماری شاژنی سکۆتلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мери Стјуарт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мери Стјуарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_kraljica_%C5%A0kota" title="Mary, kraljica Škota – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mary, kraljica Škota" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stuart" title="Maria Stuart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maria Stuart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_Reyna_ng_mga_Eskoses" title="Maria, Reyna ng mga Eskoses – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maria, Reyna ng mga Eskoses" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ஸ்காட்லாந்தின் முதலாம் மேரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்காட்லாந்தின் முதலாம் மேரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถแมรีที่ 1 แห่งสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถแมรีที่ 1 แห่งสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mary_(%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ya_krali%C3%A7esi)" title="I. Mary (İskoçya kraliçesi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Mary (İskoçya kraliçesi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_I_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Марія I Стюарт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія I Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Scotland" title="Mary I của Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mary I của Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Reyna_han_Escoses" title="Mary, Reyna han Escoses – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mary, Reyna han Escoses" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%89" title="玛丽一世（苏格兰） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛丽一世（苏格兰）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" title="瑪麗一世 (蘇格蘭) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪麗一世 (蘇格蘭)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="玛丽一世 (苏格兰) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玛丽一世 (苏格兰)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131412#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=1257536648" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots&id=1257536648&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMary%2C_Queen_of_Scots">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMary%2C_Queen_of_Scots">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mary_Stuart" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131412" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people called Mary, Queen of Scots, see <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mary, Queen of Scots (disambiguation)">Mary, Queen of Scots (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Mary</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(1542-87)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="3216" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Mary at about 17 years old, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1558–1560</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Queen of Scotland</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1542 – 24 July 1567</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1543</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regents</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_2nd_Earl_of_Arran" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran">James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran</a> (1542–1554) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a> (1554–1560)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen consort of France</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1542<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a>, Linlithgow, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1587 (aged 44)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a>, Northamptonshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 1587 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a></div> 28 October 1612 <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1558; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1560)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1565; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1567)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1567; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1578)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryIofScotlandSig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary's signature"><img alt="Mary's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/MaryIofScotlandSig.svg/125px-MaryIofScotlandSig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/MaryIofScotlandSig.svg/188px-MaryIofScotlandSig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/MaryIofScotlandSig.svg/250px-MaryIofScotlandSig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="72" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or Mary I of Scotland,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Queen of Scotland</a> from 14 December 1542 until her forced <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> in 1567. The only surviving legitimate child of <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a>, Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne. During her childhood, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> was governed by <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a>, first by the heir to the throne, <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_Earl_of_Arran" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hamilton, Earl of Arran">James Hamilton, Earl of Arran</a>, and then by her mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>. In 1548, she was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>, and was sent to be brought up in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, where she would be safe from invading <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a>. Mary <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Francis,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France">married Francis</a> in 1558, becoming <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">queen consort of France</a> from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary <a href="/wiki/Entry_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_into_Edinburgh" title="Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots, into Edinburgh">returned to Scotland</a> in August 1561. The tense religious and political climate following the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> that Mary encountered on her return to Scotland was further agitated by prominent Scots such as <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, who openly questioned whether her subjects had a duty to obey her. The early years of her personal rule were marked by pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. She issued a proclamation accepting the religious settlement in Scotland as she had found it upon her return, retained advisers such as <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stewart, Earl of Moray">James Stewart, Earl of Moray</a> (her illegitimate half-brother), and <a href="/wiki/William_Maitland_of_Lethington" title="William Maitland of Lethington">William Maitland of Lethington</a>, and governed as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> monarch of a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> kingdom. Mary <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Henry,_Lord_Darnley" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry, Lord Darnley">married her half-cousin</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a>, in 1565, and in 1566 she bore him a son <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a>. But their marriage soured after Darnley orchestrated the murder of Mary's Italian secretary and close friend <a href="/wiki/David_Rizzio" title="David Rizzio">David Rizzio</a>. In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lord_Darnley#Darnley's_murder" title="Murder of Lord Darnley">was found murdered</a> in the nearby garden. <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell</a>, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567 and in the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Lochleven Castle</a>. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James VI. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southward seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>. As a great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>, Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many <a href="/wiki/English_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="English Catholics">English Catholics</a>, including participants in a rebellion known as the <a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_North" title="Rising of the North">Rising of the North</a>. Perceiving Mary as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen-and-a-half years in captivity, Mary was found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">plotting to assassinate Elizabeth</a> in 1586 and was beheaded the following year at <a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a>. Mary's life and execution established her <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Cultural depictions of Mary, Queen of Scots">in popular culture</a> as a romanticised historical character. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_early_reign">Childhood and early reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and early reign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linlithgow_Palace_NW_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Linlithgow_Palace_NW_03.jpg/310px-Linlithgow_Palace_NW_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Linlithgow_Palace_NW_03.jpg/465px-Linlithgow_Palace_NW_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Linlithgow_Palace_NW_03.jpg/620px-Linlithgow_Palace_NW_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Both Mary and her father <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">King James V</a> were born at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a>, Scotland, to King <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a> and his French second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>. She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> She was the great-granddaughter of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> through her paternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a>. Margaret was <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s older sister so Mary was Henry VIII's great-niece. On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Queen of Scotland</a> when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Battle of Solway Moss</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> A popular tale, first recorded by <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, states that James, upon hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a lass and it will <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gang#Verb_9" class="extiw" title="wikt:gang">gang</a> wi' a lass!"<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> His <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> had gained the throne of Scotland in the 14th century through "a lass"—via the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce" title="Marjorie Bruce">Marjorie Bruce</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland</a>—and it would be lost from his family "wi' a lass". This legendary statement came true much later – not through Mary, but through her great-great-granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Mary was christened at the nearby <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Parish_Church,_Linlithgow" title="St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow">Church of St Michael</a> shortly after she was born.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> but an English diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Sadler" title="Ralph Sadler">Ralph Sadler</a>, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, unwrapped by her nurse <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sinclair" title="Jean Sinclair">Jean Sinclair</a>, and wrote, "it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age, and as like to live."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two claims to the regency: one from the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Beaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Beaton">Cardinal Beaton</a>, and the other from the Protestant <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_2nd_Earl_of_Arran" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran">Earl of Arran</a>, who was next in line to the throne. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the king's <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a> that his opponents dismissed as a forgery.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Greenwich">Treaty of Greenwich</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treaty of Greenwich">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_22_shillings_coin_1553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scottish_22_shillings_coin_1553.jpg/220px-Scottish_22_shillings_coin_1553.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scottish_22_shillings_coin_1553.jpg/330px-Scottish_22_shillings_coin_1553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scottish_22_shillings_coin_1553.jpg/440px-Scottish_22_shillings_coin_1553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scottish_coinage" title="Scottish coinage">Gold coin</a> (22 Shillings) of 1553: obverse, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" title="Coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms of Scotland</a>; reverse, <a href="/wiki/Royal_monogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal monogram">royal monogram</a></figcaption></figure> Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward</a>, hoping for a union of Scotland and England. On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenwich" title="Treaty of Greenwich">Treaty of Greenwich</a> was signed, which promised that, at the age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move to England, where Henry could oversee her upbringing.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weirp8-17">[17]</a> The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and, if the couple failed to have children, the temporary union would dissolve.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, angering Henry, who wanted to break the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Scottish alliance with France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weirp8-17">[17]</a> Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>. Regent Arran resisted the move but backed down when Beaton's <a href="/wiki/Secret_Bond" title="Secret Bond">armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stuart,_4th_Earl_of_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a> escorted Mary and her mother to <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Mary was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots">crowned</a> in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weirp8-17">[17]</a> with "such solemnity as they do use in this country, which is not very costly", according to the report of Ralph Sadler and <a href="/wiki/Berwick_Pursuivant" title="Berwick Pursuivant">Henry Ray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Shortly before Mary's coronation, Henry arrested Scottish merchants headed for France and impounded their goods. The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> in December.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "<a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a>", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In May 1544, the English <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Earl of Hertford</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Somerset" title="Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a>) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a> for safety.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In May 1546, Beaton was murdered by Protestant <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">lairds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and on 10 September 1547, nine months after the death of Henry VIII, the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie" title="Battle of Pinkie">Battle of Pinkie</a>. Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to <a href="/wiki/Inchmahome_Priory" title="Inchmahome Priory">Inchmahome Priory</a> for no more than three weeks and turned to the French for help.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis</a>. On the promise of French military help and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In February 1548, Mary was moved, again for her safety, to <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The English left a trail of devastation behind them once more and seized the strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a>. In June, the much-awaited French help arrived at <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haddington" title="Siege of Haddington">besiege and ultimately take Haddington</a>. On 7 July 1548, a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Haddington" title="Treaty of Haddington">the French marriage treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_France">Life in France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life in France">edit</a>]</div> With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court. The French fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Villegagnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas de Villegagnon">Nicolas de Villegagnon</a>, sailed with Mary from <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a> on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at <a href="/wiki/Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Mary was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half-brothers, and the "four Marys" (four girls her own age, all named Mary), who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beaton" title="Mary Beaton">Beaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Seton" title="Mary Seton">Seton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fleming" title="Mary Fleming">Fleming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Livingston" title="Mary Livingston">Livingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Janet_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Janet Stewart">Janet, Lady Fleming</a>, who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> When Lady Fleming left France in 1551, she was succeeded by a French governess, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Paroy" title="Françoise de Paroy">Françoise de Paroy</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BnF,_NAL_83,_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg/170px-BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg/255px-BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg/340px-BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3848" /></a><figcaption>Mary and <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1574. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, Paris.</figcaption></figure> Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> At the French court, she was a favourite with many people, except Henry II's wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Mary learned to play <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">virginals</a>, was competent in prose, poetry, horsemanship, falconry, and needlework, and was taught French, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Spanish, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, in addition to her native <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Jehan Paulle, a balladin, taught her to dance.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Her future sister-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a>, became a close friend of whom Mary "retained nostalgic memories in later life".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Mary's maternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoinette de Bourbon">Antoinette de Bourbon</a>, was another strong influence on her childhood<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and acted as one of her principal advisors.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, oval-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth pale skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features. She was considered a pretty child and later, as a woman, strikingly attractive.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> At some point in her infancy or childhood, she caught <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, but it did not mark her features.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Mary was eloquent, and especially tall by 16th-century standards (she attained an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m);<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> while Henry II's son and heir, Francis, stuttered and was unusually short. Henry commented: "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> On 4 April 1558, Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Twenty days later, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Francis,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France">she married the Dauphin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>, and he became king consort of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claim_to_the_English_throne">Claim to the English throne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Claim to the English throne">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_(1559).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559%29.svg/170px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559%29.svg/255px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559%29.svg/340px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms sent from France in July 1559.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">Sinister</a>: Mary's arms as Queen of Scotland quartered with the arms of England, reflecting her claim to the English throne. Dexter: Francis's arms as Dauphin of France and king consort of Scotland, with an <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)#Inescutcheon" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">inescutcheon</a> of England.</figcaption></figure> In November 1558, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s elder daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a>, was succeeded by her only surviving sibling, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third Succession Act</a>, passed in 1543 by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, Elizabeth was recognised as her sister's heir, and Henry VIII's <a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Last will and testament">last will and testament</a> had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. Yet, in the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate and Mary Stuart was the rightful queen of England, as the senior surviving legitimate descendant of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> through her grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter-in-law king and queen of England. In France, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of England">royal arms of England</a> were <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartered</a> with those of Francis and Mary.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Mary's claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between her and Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> When Henry II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained in a <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a>, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Two of the Queen's uncles, the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Duke of Guise</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Cardinal of Lorraine</a>, were now dominant in French politics,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In Scotland, the power of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Congregation" title="Lords of the Congregation">Lords of the Congregation</a> was rising at the expense of Mary's mother, who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In early 1560, the Protestant lords <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1560)" title="Treaty of Berwick (1560)">invited English troops into Scotland</a> in an attempt to secure Protestantism. A <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> uprising in France, the <a href="/wiki/Tumult_of_Amboise" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumult of Amboise">Tumult of Amboise</a>, made it impossible for the French to send further support.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Instead, the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On 11 June 1560, their sister, Mary's mother, died, and so the question of future Franco-Scots relations was a pressing one. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh" title="Treaty of Edinburgh">Treaty of Edinburgh</a>, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland. France recognised Elizabeth's right to rule England, but the seventeen-year-old Mary, still in France and grieving for her mother, refused to ratify the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Scotland">Return to Scotland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Scotland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryQueenofScotsMourning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MaryQueenofScotsMourning.jpg/170px-MaryQueenofScotsMourning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MaryQueenofScotsMourning.jpg/255px-MaryQueenofScotsMourning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MaryQueenofScotsMourning.jpg/340px-MaryQueenofScotsMourning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Mary's all-white mourning garb earned her the sobriquet La Reine Blanche ("the White Queen").<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, 1560.</figcaption></figure> Francis II died on 5 December 1560 of a middle-ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain. Mary was grief-stricken.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Her mother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, who inherited the French throne.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Mary <a href="/wiki/Entry_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_into_Edinburgh" title="Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots, into Edinburgh">returned to Scotland</a> nine months later, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Having lived in France since the age of five, Mary had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by the Queen of England.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions. Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Moray" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray">Earl of Moray</a>, was a leader of the Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>, dancing, and dressing too elaborately.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him but was unsuccessful. She later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> To the surprise and dismay of the Catholic party, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and kept her half-brother Moray as her chief advisor.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Her <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">privy council</a> of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state. The council was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 1559–1560: the Earls of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_5th_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll">Argyll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham,_4th_Earl_of_Glencairn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Cunningham, 4th Earl of Glencairn">Glencairn</a>, and Moray. Only four of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_4th_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 4th Earl of Atholl">Atholl</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hay,_7th_Earl_of_Erroll" title="George Hay, 7th Earl of Erroll">Erroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Graham,_2nd_Earl_of_Montrose" title="William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose">Montrose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Huntly" title="George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly">Huntly</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Modern historian <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Jenny Wormald</a> found this remarkable and suggested that Mary's failure to appoint a council sympathetic to Catholic and French interests was an indication of her focus on the English throne, over the internal problems of Scotland. Even the one significant later addition to the council, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ruthven,_3rd_Lord_Ruthven" title="Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven">Lord Ruthven</a> in December 1563, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords, while also following a policy that strengthened her links with England. She joined with Moray in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562, after he led a rebellion against her in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_arms,_South_Leith_Parish_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_arms%2C_South_Leith_Parish_Church.JPG/170px-Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_arms%2C_South_Leith_Parish_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_arms%2C_South_Leith_Parish_Church.JPG/255px-Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_arms%2C_South_Leith_Parish_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_arms%2C_South_Leith_Parish_Church.JPG/340px-Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_arms%2C_South_Leith_Parish_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2553" /></a><figcaption>Mary's royal arms from the <a href="/wiki/Tolbooth" title="Tolbooth">Tolbooth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> (1565), now in <a href="/wiki/South_Leith_Parish_Church" title="South Leith Parish Church">South Leith Parish Church</a></figcaption></figure> Mary sent <a href="/wiki/William_Maitland_of_Lethington" title="William Maitland of Lethington">William Maitland of Lethington</a> as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to the English throne. Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir, fearing that would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> However, she assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than Mary.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In late 1561 and early 1562, arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562. In July, Elizabeth sent <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Sidney" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Sidney">Sir Henry Sidney</a> to cancel Mary's visit because of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">civil war in France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Mary then turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe. When her uncle, the <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Cardinal of Lorraine</a>, began negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Archduke Charles of Austria</a> without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Don Carlos</a>, the mentally unstable <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, was rebuffed by Philip.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>. Dudley was Sir Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a>, whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> She sent an ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Randolph_(ambassador)" title="Thomas Randolph (ambassador)">Thomas Randolph</a>, to tell Mary that if she married an English nobleman, Elizabeth would "proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The proposal came to nothing, not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In contrast, a French poet at Mary's court, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Boscosel_de_Chastelard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard">Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard</a>, was apparently besotted with Mary.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In early 1563, he was discovered during a security search hidden underneath her bed, apparently planning to surprise her when she was alone and declare his love for her. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. He ignored the edict. Two days later, he forced his way into her chamber as she was about to disrobe. She reacted with fury and fear. When Moray rushed into the room after hearing her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger into the villain!" Moray refused, as Chastelard was already under restraint. Chastelard was tried for treason and beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Maitland claimed that Chastelard's ardour was feigned and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_to_Lord_Darnley">Marriage to Lord Darnley</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage to Lord Darnley">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Stuart_James_Darnley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary_Stuart_James_Darnley.jpg/220px-Mary_Stuart_James_Darnley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary_Stuart_James_Darnley.jpg/330px-Mary_Stuart_James_Darnley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary_Stuart_James_Darnley.jpg/440px-Mary_Stuart_James_Darnley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Mary with her second husband, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Lord Darnley</a></figcaption></figure> Mary had briefly met her English-born half-cousin <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a>, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis. Darnley's parents, the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stuart,_4th_Earl_of_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox">Earl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Douglas" title="Margaret Douglas">Countess of Lennox</a>, were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners. They sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences, while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII of England, and <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> descendants of the <a href="/wiki/High_Stewards_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Stewards of Scotland">High Stewards of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Hamilton" title="Clan Hamilton">Hamilton family</a> as a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a>. They next met on Saturday 17 February 1565 at <a href="/wiki/Wemyss_Castle" title="Wemyss Castle">Wemyss Castle</a> in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Mary fell in love with the "long lad", as Queen Elizabeth called him since he was over six feet tall.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Henry,_Lord_Darnley" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry, Lord Darnley">They married</a> at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> English statesmen <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a> had worked to obtain Darnley's licence to travel to Scotland from his home in England.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Although her advisors had brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Their children, if any, would inherit an even stronger, combined claim.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation; the English ambassador <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Throckmorton" title="Nicholas Throckmorton">Nicholas Throckmorton</a> stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched",<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> adding that the marriage could only be averted "by violence".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The union infuriated Elizabeth, who felt the marriage should not have gone ahead without her permission, as Darnley was both her cousin and an English subject.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell,_c_1535_-_1578._Third_husband_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/James_Hepburn%2C_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell%2C_c_1535_-_1578._Third_husband_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-James_Hepburn%2C_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell%2C_c_1535_-_1578._Third_husband_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/James_Hepburn%2C_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell%2C_c_1535_-_1578._Third_husband_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-James_Hepburn%2C_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell%2C_c_1535_-_1578._Third_husband_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/James_Hepburn%2C_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell%2C_c_1535_-_1578._Third_husband_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-James_Hepburn%2C_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell%2C_c_1535_-_1578._Third_husband_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3971" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell</a></figcaption></figure> Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_5th_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll">Argyll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham,_4th_Earl_of_Glencairn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Cunningham, 4th Earl of Glencairn">Glencairn</a>, in open rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them. On the 30th, Moray entered Edinburgh but left soon afterwards, having failed to take the castle. Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chaseabout_Raid" title="Chaseabout Raid">Chaseabout Raid</a>, Mary with her forces and Moray with the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_5th_Earl_of_Huntly" title="George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly">Lord Huntly's son</a> and the return of <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell</a>, from exile in France.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Unable to muster sufficient support, Moray left Scotland in October for asylum in England.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Mary broadened her privy council, bringing in both Catholics (<a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ross_(Scotland)" title="Bishop of Ross (Scotland)">Bishop of Ross</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lesley" title="John Lesley">John Lesley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provost_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Provost of Edinburgh">Provost of Edinburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Preston_of_Craigmillar" title="Simon Preston of Craigmillar">Simon Preston of Craigmillar</a>) and Protestants (the new Lord Huntly, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Galloway" title="Bishop of Galloway">Bishop of Galloway</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(archbishop_of_Glasgow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Gordon (archbishop of Glasgow)">Alexander Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell,_4th_Lord_Herries_of_Terregles" title="John Maxwell, 4th Lord Herries of Terregles">John Maxwell of Terregles</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Balfour,_Lord_Pittendreich" title="James Balfour, Lord Pittendreich">Sir James Balfour</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Before long, Darnley grew arrogant. Not content with his position as king consort, he demanded the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Matrimonial" title="Crown Matrimonial">Crown Matrimonial</a>, which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself, if he outlived his wife.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Mary refused his request and their marriage grew strained, although they conceived by October 1565. He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary, <a href="/wiki/David_Rizzio" title="David Rizzio">David Rizzio</a>, who was rumoured to be the father of her child.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> By March 1566, Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On 9 March, a group of the conspirators accompanied by Darnley stabbed Rizzio to death in front of the pregnant Mary at a dinner party in Holyrood Palace.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Over the next two days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides and Mary received Moray at Holyrood.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On the night of 11–12 March, Darnley and Mary escaped from the palace. They took temporary refuge in <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a> before returning to Edinburgh on 18 March.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The former rebels Lords Moray, Argyll and Glencairn were restored to the council.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Darnley">Murder of Darnley</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Murder of Darnley">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lord_Darnley" title="Murder of Lord Darnley">Murder of Lord Darnley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirk_o%27_Field_contemporary_sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Kirk_o%27_Field_contemporary_sketch.jpg/220px-Kirk_o%27_Field_contemporary_sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Kirk_o%27_Field_contemporary_sketch.jpg/330px-Kirk_o%27_Field_contemporary_sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Kirk_o%27_Field_contemporary_sketch.jpg/440px-Kirk_o%27_Field_contemporary_sketch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kirk_o%27_Field" title="Kirk o' Field">Kirk o' Field</a> drawn for <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil</a> shortly after the murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, 1567</figcaption></figure> Mary's son by Darnley, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a>, was born on 19 June 1566 in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>. However, the murder of Rizzio led to the breakdown of her marriage.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In October 1566, while staying at <a href="/wiki/Jedburgh" title="Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a>, Mary made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Castle" title="Hermitage Castle">Hermitage Castle</a>, where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with <a href="/wiki/Little_Jock_Elliot" title="Little Jock Elliot">John Elliot of Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Immediately after her return to Jedburgh, she suffered a serious illness that included frequent vomiting, loss of sight, loss of speech, convulsions and periods of unconsciousness. She was thought to be dying. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The cause of her illness is unknown. Potential diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Craigmillar_Castle" title="Craigmillar Castle">Craigmillar Castle</a>, near Edinburgh, at the end of November 1566, Mary and leading nobles held a meeting to discuss the "problem of Darnley".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Divorce was discussed, but a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to remove Darnley by other means:<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> "It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth ... that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them; ... that he should be put off by one way or another; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it, they should defend."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Darnley feared for his safety, and after the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_James_VI" title="Baptism of James VI">baptism of his son at Stirling</a> and shortly before Christmas, he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a fever–possibly smallpox, syphilis or the result of poison. He remained ill for some weeks.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh. He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of <a href="/wiki/James_Balfour,_Lord_Pittendreich" title="James Balfour, Lord Pittendreich">Sir James Balfour</a> at the former abbey of <a href="/wiki/Kirk_o%27_Field" title="Kirk o' Field">Kirk o' Field</a>, just within the city wall.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On the night of 9–10 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, <a href="/wiki/Bastian_Pagez" title="Bastian Pagez">Bastian Pagez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In the early hours of the morning, an explosion devastated Kirk o' Field. Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently smothered.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">Bothwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stewart, Earl of Moray">Moray</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Maitland_of_Lethington" title="William Maitland of Lethington">Secretary Maitland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not ... tell you what all the world is thinking. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></blockquote> By the end of February, Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded that Bothwell be tried before the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates of Parliament">Estates of Parliament</a>, to which Mary agreed, but Lennox's request for a delay to gather evidence was denied. In the absence of Lennox and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the <a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Tavern_Bond" title="Ainslie Tavern Bond">Ainslie Tavern Bond</a>, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment_in_Scotland_and_abdication">Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Stuart_James.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mary_Stuart_James.jpg/220px-Mary_Stuart_James.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mary_Stuart_James.jpg/330px-Mary_Stuart_James.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mary_Stuart_James.jpg/440px-Mary_Stuart_James.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Mary depicted with her son, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>; in reality, Mary saw her son for the last time when he was ten months old.</figcaption></figure> Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a>, where he may have raped her.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh. On 15 May, at either <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a>, they were married according to Protestant rites.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Bothwell and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gordon,_Countess_of_Bothwell" title="Jean Gordon, Countess of Bothwell">Jean Gordon</a>, who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Originally, Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage, but relations quickly soured between the newly elevated Bothwell (created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Orkney">Duke of Orkney</a>) and his former peers and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Twenty-six <a href="/wiki/Scottish_peers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish peers">Scottish peers</a>, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised their own army. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at <a href="/wiki/Carberry_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Carberry Hill">Carberry Hill</a> on 15 June, but there was no battle, as Mary's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Bothwell was given safe passage from the field. The lords took Mary to Edinburgh, where crowds of spectators denounced her as an adulteress and murderer.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The following night, she was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Lochleven Castle</a> on an island in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Loch_Leven_(Kinross)" title="Loch Leven (Kinross)">Loch Leven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 24 July, she was forced to <a href="/wiki/Act_Anent_the_demission_of_the_Crown_in_favour_of_our_Sovereign_Lord,_and_his_Majesty%27s_Coronation_1567" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567">abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Moray was made regent,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> while Bothwell was driven into exile. He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane, and died in 1578.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_and_imprisonment_in_England">Escape and imprisonment in England</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Escape and imprisonment in England">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the UK with location of Mary's places of imprisonment"><img alt="Map of the UK with location of Mary's places of imprisonment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="464" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2083" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:40%;left:57.652%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Lochleven Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Lochleven Castle</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53%;left:56.515%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Workington Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Workington_Hall" title="Workington Hall">Workington Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.833%;left:61.061%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Carlisle Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.667%;left:68.561%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Bolton Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Castle" title="Bolton Castle">Bolton Castle</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.833%;left:70.53%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Tutbury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.5%;left:72.273%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.917%;left:72.424%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Wingfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Wingfield_Manor" title="Wingfield Manor">Wingfield</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.75%;left:71.136%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Chatsworth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.5%;left:68.864%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Buxton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.917%;left:68.258%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Chartley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chartley_Castle" title="Chartley Castle">Chartley</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.333%;left:67.955%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Tixall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tixall_Gatehouse" title="Tixall Gatehouse">Tixall</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.667%;left:80%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Fotheringhay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:United Kingdom relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Mary's places of imprisonment</div></div></div> On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from <a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Lochleven Castle</a> with the aid of George Douglas, brother of <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Morton" title="William Douglas, 6th Earl of Morton">Sir William Douglas</a>, the castle's owner.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Managing to raise an army of 6,000 men, she met Moray's smaller forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langside" title="Battle of Langside">Battle of Langside</a> on 13 May.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Defeated, she fled south. After spending the night at <a href="/wiki/Dundrennan_Abbey" title="Dundrennan Abbey">Dundrennan Abbey</a>, she crossed the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a> into England by fishing boat on 16 May.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> She landed at <a href="/wiki/Workington" title="Workington">Workington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">north of England</a> and stayed overnight at <a href="/wiki/Workington_Hall" title="Workington Hall">Workington Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On 18 May, local officials led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lowther_(1532%E2%80%931608)" title="Richard Lowther (1532–1608)">Richard Lowther</a> took her into protective custody at <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Elizabeth was cautious, ordering an inquiry into the conduct of the confederate lords and the question of whether Mary was guilty of Darnley's murder.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary to <a href="/wiki/Bolton_Castle" title="Bolton Castle">Bolton Castle</a>, because it was farther from the Scottish border but not too close to London.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Mary's clothes, sent from Lochleven Castle, arrived on 20 July.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A commission of inquiry, or conference, as it was known, was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In Scotland, her supporters fought a <a href="/wiki/Marian_civil_war" title="Marian civil war">civil war</a> against Regent Moray and his successors.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casket_letters">Casket letters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casket letters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casket_letters" title="Casket letters">Casket letters</a></div> As an anointed queen, Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her. She refused to attend the inquiry at York personally but sent representatives. Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> As evidence against Mary, Moray presented the so-called <a href="/wiki/Casket_letters" title="Casket letters">casket letters</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a>—eight unsigned letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell, two marriage contracts, and a love sonnet or sonnets. All were said to have been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than one foot (30 cm) long and decorated with the monogram of King Francis II.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Mary denied writing them and insisted they were forgeries,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> arguing that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shared the guilt for Darnley's murder.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The head of the commission of inquiry, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_4th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a>, described them as horrible letters and diverse fond ballads. He sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that if they were genuine, they might prove Mary's guilt.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The authenticity of the casket letters has been the source of much controversy among historians. It is impossible now to prove either way. The originals, written in French, were possibly destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The surviving copies, in French or translated into English, do not form a complete set. There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French, and Latin from the 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town's registers.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Mary's biographers, such as <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Alison Weir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">John Guy</a>, have concluded that either the documents were complete forgeries,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> or the letters were written to Bothwell by a different person or written by Mary to a different person.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Guy points out that the letters are disjointed and that the French language and grammar employed in the sonnets are too poor for a writer with Mary's education<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> but certain phrases in the letters, including verses in the style of <a href="/wiki/Ronsard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronsard">Ronsard</a>, and some characteristics of style are compatible with known writings by Mary.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg/220px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg/330px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg/440px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Mary from the latter half of the 16th century</figcaption></figure> The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Mary had been forced to abdicate and held captive for the better part of a year in Scotland; the letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Historian <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Jenny Wormald</a> believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In contrast, Weir thinks it demonstrates that the lords required time to fabricate them.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission, although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans, saying "he meant never to marry with a person, where he could not be sure of his pillow".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The majority of the commissioners accepted the casket letters as genuine after a study of their contents and a comparison of the penmanship with examples of Mary's handwriting.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven against either the Confederate lords or Mary.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor to acquit Mary of murder. There was never any intention to proceed judicially; the conference was intended as a political exercise. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as regent and Mary remained in custody in England. Elizabeth succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In Fraser's opinion, it was one of the strangest "trials" in legal history, ending with no finding of guilt against either party, one of whom was allowed to return home to Scotland while the other remained in custody.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plots">Plots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plots">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_-_A_catte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_A_catte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_A_catte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_A_catte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_A_catte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_A_catte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_A_catte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="2965" /></a><figcaption>"A•CATTE". Embroidery done by Mary in captivity (now in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>)<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> On 26 January 1569, Mary was moved to <a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> and placed in the custody of the <a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_6th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury">Earl of Shrewsbury</a> and his formidable wife <a href="/wiki/Bess_of_Hardwick" title="Bess of Hardwick">Bess of Hardwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Castle" title="Sheffield Castle">Sheffield Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Manor_Lodge" title="Sheffield Manor Lodge">Sheffield Manor Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wingfield_Manor" title="Wingfield Manor">Wingfield Manor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> all located in the interior of England, halfway between Scotland and London and distant from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Mary was permitted her own domestic staff, which never numbered fewer than 16.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> She needed 30 carts to transport her belongings from house to house.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets, as well as her <a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth of state">cloth of state</a> on which she had the French phrase, En ma fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning"), embroidered.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Her bed linen was changed daily,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and her own chefs prepared meals with a choice of 32 dishes served on silver plates.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision,<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> spent seven summers at the spa town of <a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a>, and spent much of her time doing embroidery.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Her health declined, perhaps through <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a> or lack of exercise. By the 1580s, she had severe <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a> in her limbs, rendering her lame.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention held at <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> rejected the deal overwhelmingly.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> between October 1569 and August 1570.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Early the following year, Moray was assassinated. His death occurred soon after an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_North" title="Rising of the North">rebellion in the North of England</a>, led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat. English troops then intervened in the Scottish civil war, consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">principal secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_Lord_Burghley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cecil, Lord Burghley">William Cecil, Lord Burghley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Walsingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Walsingham">Sir Francis Walsingham</a> watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in her household.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Queen_of_Scots_by_Nicholas_Hilliard_1578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_by_Nicholas_Hilliard_1578.jpg/220px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_by_Nicholas_Hilliard_1578.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_by_Nicholas_Hilliard_1578.jpg/330px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_by_Nicholas_Hilliard_1578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_by_Nicholas_Hilliard_1578.jpg/440px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_by_Nicholas_Hilliard_1578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Mary in captivity, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>, c. 1578</figcaption></figure> In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham (at that time England's ambassador to France) uncovered the <a href="/wiki/Ridolfi_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridolfi Plot">Ridolfi Plot</a>, a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk was executed and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Plots centred on Mary continued. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and illegitimate half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>, who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Mary sent letters in cipher to the French ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Castelnau" title="Michel de Castelnau">Michel de Castelnau</a>, scores of which were discovered and decrypted in 2022–2023.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Throckmorton_Plot" title="Throckmorton Plot">Throckmorton Plot</a> of 1583, Walsingham (now the queen's principal secretary) introduced the <a href="/wiki/Bond_of_Association" title="Bond of Association">Bond of Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_the_Queen,_etc._Act_1584" title="Safety of the Queen, etc. Act 1584">Act for the Queen's Safety</a>, which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent a putative successor from profiting from her murder.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In 1584, Mary proposed an "<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_James_VI" title="Association of Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI">association</a>" with her son, James. She announced that she was ready to stay in England, to renounce the Pope's bull of excommunication, and to retire, abandoning her pretensions to the English Crown. She also offered to join an offensive league against France. For Scotland, she proposed a general amnesty, agreed that James should marry with Elizabeth's knowledge, and accepted that there should be no change in religion. Her only condition was the immediate alleviation of the conditions of her captivity. James went along with the idea for a while, but eventually rejected it and signed an alliance treaty with Elizabeth, abandoning his mother.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Elizabeth also rejected the association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In February 1585, <a href="/wiki/William_Parry_(spy)" title="William Parry (spy)">William Parry</a> was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, without Mary's knowledge, although her agent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morgan_(of_Llantarnam)" title="Thomas Morgan (of Llantarnam)">Thomas Morgan</a> was implicated.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In April, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Amias_Paulet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Amias Paulet">Sir Amias Paulet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at <a href="/wiki/Chartley_Castle" title="Chartley Castle">Chartley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_-_Documents_relating_to_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(1586),_f.569*_-_BL_Add_MS_48027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Trial_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_Documents_relating_to_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281586%29%2C_f.569%2A_-_BL_Add_MS_48027.jpg/260px-Trial_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_Documents_relating_to_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281586%29%2C_f.569%2A_-_BL_Add_MS_48027.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Trial_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_Documents_relating_to_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281586%29%2C_f.569%2A_-_BL_Add_MS_48027.jpg/390px-Trial_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_Documents_relating_to_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281586%29%2C_f.569%2A_-_BL_Add_MS_48027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Trial_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_Documents_relating_to_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281586%29%2C_f.569%2A_-_BL_Add_MS_48027.jpg/520px-Trial_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_-_Documents_relating_to_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281586%29%2C_f.569%2A_-_BL_Add_MS_48027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, 14–15 October 1586, in the great hall of <a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a>, Northamptonshire, where she was later beheaded.</figcaption></figure> On 11 August 1586, after being implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a>, Mary was arrested while out riding and taken to <a href="/wiki/Tixall_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Tixall Hall">Tixall Hall</a> in Staffordshire.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Mary was moved to <a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a> in a four-day journey ending on 25 September. In October, she was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Spirited in her defence, Mary denied the charges.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> She told her triers, "Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England."<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel, and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and therefore could not be convicted of treason.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> She was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Edward_la_Zouche,_11th_Baron_Zouche" title="Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche">Lord Zouche</a>, expressing any form of dissent.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Nevertheless, Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution, even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity".<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> On 1 February 1587, Elizabeth signed the death warrant, and entrusted it to <a href="/wiki/William_Davison_(diplomat)" title="William Davison (diplomat)">William Davison</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Privy_councillor" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy councillor">privy councillor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> On 3 February,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> ten members of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council of England</a>, having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution">Execution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Execution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExecutionOf_MaryQueenOfScots_DrawingBy_RobertBeale_1587.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ExecutionOf_MaryQueenOfScots_DrawingBy_RobertBeale_1587.png/170px-ExecutionOf_MaryQueenOfScots_DrawingBy_RobertBeale_1587.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ExecutionOf_MaryQueenOfScots_DrawingBy_RobertBeale_1587.png/255px-ExecutionOf_MaryQueenOfScots_DrawingBy_RobertBeale_1587.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ExecutionOf_MaryQueenOfScots_DrawingBy_RobertBeale_1587.png/340px-ExecutionOf_MaryQueenOfScots_DrawingBy_RobertBeale_1587.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>The execution scene, drawn by eyewitness <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beale_(diplomat)" title="Robert Beale (diplomat)">Robert Beale</a></figcaption></figure> At Fotheringhay, on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told she was to be executed the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, distributing her belongings to her household, and writing her will and a letter to the King of France.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scaffold_(execution_site)" title="Scaffold (execution site)">scaffold</a> that was erected in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hall">Great Hall</a> was draped in black cloth. It was reached by two or three steps, and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on, and three stools for her and the earls of <a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_6th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_6th_Earl_of_Kent" title="Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent">Kent</a>, who were there to witness the execution.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The executioner Bull and his assistant knelt before her and asked forgiveness, as it was typical for the executioner to request the pardon of the one being put to death. Mary replied, "I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles."<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Her servants, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Kennedy_(courtier)" title="Jane Kennedy (courtier)">Jane Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Curle" title="Gilbert Curle">Elizabeth Curle</a>, and the executioners helped Mary remove her outer garments, revealing a velvet petticoat and a pair of sleeves in crimson brown, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical colour">liturgical colour</a> of martyrdom in the Catholic Church,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> with a black satin bodice and black trimmings.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> As she disrobed Mary smiled and said she "never had such grooms before ... nor ever put off her clothes before such a company".<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, knelt down on the cushion in front of the block on which she positioned her head, and stretched out her arms. Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit").<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Mary was not beheaded with a single strike. The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using the axe. Afterwards, he held her head aloft and declared "God save the Queen." At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had very short, grey hair.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death, "Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts<a href="#cite_note-Fraser540-235">[235]</a>—though eyewitness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his "exhaustive report".<a href="#cite_note-fugger-236">[236]</a> Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance;<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> contemporary accounts state that all her clothing, the block, and everything touched by her blood was burnt in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic hunters.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser540-235">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_effigy_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(copy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tomb_effigy_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%28copy%29.jpg/220px-Tomb_effigy_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%28copy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tomb_effigy_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%28copy%29.jpg/330px-Tomb_effigy_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%28copy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tomb_effigy_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%28copy%29.jpg/440px-Tomb_effigy_of_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%28copy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>A copy of Mary's effigy, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>. The original, by <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cure" title="Cornelius Cure">Cornelius Cure</a>, is in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.</figcaption></figure> When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Elizabeth's vacillation and deliberately vague instructions gave her <a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">plausible deniability</a> to attempt to avoid the direct stain of Mary's blood.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Davison was arrested, thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, and found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Misprision#Positive_misprision" title="Misprision">misprision</a>. He was released nineteen months later, after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Mary's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Funeral of Mary, Queen of Scots">burial in a Protestant service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a> in late July 1587.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Her entrails, removed as part of the embalming process, were buried secretly within Fotheringhay Castle.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Her body was exhumed in 1612 when her son, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, ordered that she be reinterred in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In 1867, her tomb was opened in an attempt to ascertain the resting place of her son, James I of England. He was ultimately found with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. Many of her other descendants, including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia">Elizabeth of Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a> and the children of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a>, were interred in her vault.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Cultural depictions of Mary, Queen of Scots">Cultural depictions of Mary, Queen of Scots</a></div> Assessments of Mary in the 16th century divided between Protestant reformers such as <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, who vilified her mercilessly, and Catholic apologists such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Blackwood" title="Adam Blackwood">Adam Blackwood</a>, who praised, defended and eulogised her.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> After the accession of James I in England, historian <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a> wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents. It condemned Buchanan's work as an invention,<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> and "emphasized Mary's evil fortunes rather than her evil character".<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Differing interpretations persisted into the 18th century: <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(historian)" title="William Robertson (historian)">William Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> argued that the casket letters were genuine and that Mary was guilty of adultery and murder, while <a href="/wiki/William_Tytler" title="William Tytler">William Tytler</a> argued the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In the latter half of the 20th century, the work of <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> was acclaimed as "more objective ... free from the excesses of adulation or attack" that had characterised older biographies,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> and her contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Donaldson" title="Gordon Donaldson">Gordon Donaldson</a> and Ian B. Cowan also produced more balanced works.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Jenny Wormald</a> concluded that Mary was a tragic failure, who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her,<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell. Such accusations rest on assumptions,<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> and Buchanan's biography is today discredited as "almost complete fantasy".<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogical_chart">Genealogical chart</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Genealogical chart">edit</a>]</div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Mary's relationship to the houses of Stuart, Guise, and Tudor<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary Stewart</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran">James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Elizabeth Hamilton</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_2nd_Earl_of_Arran" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran">James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_3rd_Earl_of_Lennox" title="John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox">John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoinette de Bourbon">Antoinette de Bourbon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus">Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_4th_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox">Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Douglas" title="Margaret Douglas">Margaret Douglas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Mary, Queen of Scots</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewels_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots">Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Wardrobe of Mary, Queen of Scots">Wardrobe of Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Lesley" title="John Lesley">John Lesley</a> said Mary was born on the 7th, but Mary and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> claimed the 8th, which was the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a> (<a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 11). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> While Catholic Europe switched to the <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">New Style</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> in the 1580s, England and Scotland retained the Old Style <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> until 1752. In this article, dates before 1752 are Old Style, with the exception that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Also spelled as Marie and as <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Steuart or Stewart</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/mary-queen-of-scots">"National Records of Scotland; Hall of Fame A-Z – Mary Queen of Scots"</a>. NRS. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Records+of+Scotland%3B+Hall+of+Fame+A-Z+%E2%80%93+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.pub=NRS&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Flearning%2Fhall-of-fame%2Fhall-of-fame-a-z%2Fmary-queen-of-scots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> This version is taken from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_of_Pitscottie" title="Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie">Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie</a>'s The History of Scotland from 21 February 1436 to March 1565 written in the 1570s. The phrase was first recorded by <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> in the 1560s as "The devil go with it! It will end as it began: it came from a woman, and it will end in a woman" (<a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 11–12). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Sadler to Henry VIII, 23 March 1543, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFClifford1809">Clifford 1809</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 15; <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> claimed the king had signed a blank sheet of paper that Beaton had then filled in, while Arran claimed that Beaton had taken the dying king's hand in his own and traced out the signature (<a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 46–47). The disputed will is printed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorical_Manuscripts_Commission1887" class="citation book cs1">Historical Manuscripts Commission (1887). "Eleventh Report, Appendix, Part VI". The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton, KT. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 205, 219–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eleventh+Report%2C+Appendix%2C+Part+VI&rft.btitle=The+Manuscripts+of+the+Duke+of+Hamilton%2C+KT&rft.place=London&rft.pages=205%2C+219-220&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Historical+Manuscripts+Commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 17, 60; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 20, 60; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 17–18;<a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weirp8-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weirp8_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weirp8_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weirp8_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 19–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFClifford1809">Clifford 1809</a>, p. 289; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 58–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 23–24; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 29–30; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 40–41; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 41–42; "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_St_Mauris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de St Mauris (page does not exist)">St Mauris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">the Queen Dowager</a>", 25 August 1548, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumeTyler1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sharp_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Sharp (journalist)">Hume, Martin A. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Royall_Tyler_(historian)" title="Royall Tyler (historian)">Tyler, Royall</a>, eds. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol9/pp531-581">"Appendix: Miscellaneous 1548"</a>. Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Volume IX: 1547–1549. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 577.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Miscellaneous+1548&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Spain%3A+Volume+IX%3A+1547%E2%80%931549&rft.place=London&rft.pages=577&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1912&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fspain%2Fvol9%2Fpp531-581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord_Guthrie1907" class="citation journal cs1">Lord Guthrie (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_042/42_013_018.pdf">"Mary Stuart and Roscoff"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 42: 13–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Mary+Stuart+and+Roscoff&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=13-18&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Lord+Guthrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-352-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_042%2F42_013_018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 31–32; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 36, 44–45, 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 77; Catherine's dislike of Mary became apparent only after Henry II's death (<a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 102–103, 115–116, 119; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 46). Catherine's interests competed with those of the Guise family, and there may have been an element of jealousy or rivalry between the two queens (<a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1974">Donaldson 1974</a>, pp. 50–51; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 102–103, 116, 119). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 178–182; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 71–80; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._McGowan" title="Margaret M. McGowan">Margaret M. McGowan</a>, Dance in the Renaissance: European Fashion, French Obsession (Yale, 2008), p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 39–40, 43, 75–80; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 90–91; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1558" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anonymous (1558). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214223317/http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/festivalbooks/BookDetails.aspx?strFest=0021">Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage du tresnoble & magnifique Prince Francois de Valois Roy Dauphin, filz aisné du tres-chrestien Roy de France Henry II du nom & de treshaulte & vertueuse Princesse madame Marie d'Estreuart Roine d'Escosse</a> (in French). Paris: Annet Briere. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/festivalbooks/BookDetails.aspx?strFest=0021">the original</a> on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discours+du+grand+et+magnifique+triumphe+faict+au+mariage+du+tresnoble+%26+magnifique+Prince+Francois+de+Valois+Roy+Dauphin%2C+filz+aisn%C3%A9+du+tres-chrestien+Roy+de+France+Henry+II+du+nom+%26+de+treshaulte+%26+vertueuse+Princesse+madame+Marie+d%27Estreuart+Roine+d%27Escosse&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Annet+Briere&rft.date=1558&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecial-1.bl.uk%2Ftreasures%2Ffestivalbooks%2FBookDetails.aspx%3FstrFest%3D0021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeulet,_Alexandre1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teulet, Alexandre (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYVCAAAAcAAJ">Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle</a> (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Renouard. pp. 302–311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relations+politiques+de+la+France+et+de+l%27Espagne+avec+l%27%C3%89cosse+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=302-311&rft.pub=Renouard&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Teulet%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYVCAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2021/10/elizabeth-and-mary-royal-cousins-rival-queens-curators-picks.html">"Elizabeth and Mary, Royal Cousins, Rival Queens: Curators' Picks"</a>. British Library. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+and+Mary%2C+Royal+Cousins%2C+Rival+Queens%3A+Curators%27+Picks&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fdigitisedmanuscripts%2F2021%2F10%2Felizabeth-and-mary-royal-cousins-rival-queens-curators-picks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 95–96; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 85; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 86–88; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 80, 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Westfall_Thompson" title="James Westfall Thompson">Thompson, James</a> (1909). The Wars of Religion in France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7435-1"><bdi>978-1-4179-7435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Religion+in+France&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-7435-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 96–97; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 108–109; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 94–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 100–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 97–101; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 114–115; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 102–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 105–107; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 119–120; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 137; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 134; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Knox, John, History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland, 4th Book, various editions, e.g., Lennox, Cuthbert (editor) (1905). London: Andrew Melrose, pp. 225–337 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/thehistoryofther00knoxuoft">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 155–156, 215–217; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 140–143, 176–177, 186–187; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 125, 145–146 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 167; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> The other members were <a href="/wiki/Lord_Justice_Clerk" title="Lord Justice Clerk">Lord Justice Clerk</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bellenden_of_Auchinoul" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bellenden of Auchinoul">John Bellenden of Auchinoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Clerk_Register" title="Lord Clerk Register">Lord Clerk Register</a> <a href="/wiki/James_MacGill_of_Nether_Rankeillour" class="mw-redirect" title="James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour">James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State, Scotland">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Maitland_of_Lethington" title="William Maitland of Lethington">William Maitland of Lethington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Scotland" title="Treasurer of Scotland">Lord High Treasurer</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_(Lord_Treasurer)" title="Robert Richardson (Lord Treasurer)">Robert Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">the Earl of Bothwell</a>, the Earls of <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_2nd_Earl_of_Arran" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran">Arran</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">Morton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/William_Keith,_4th_Earl_Marischal" title="William Keith, 4th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_6th_Lord_Erskine" class="mw-redirect" title="John Erskine, 6th Lord Erskine">Lord Erskine</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mar" title="Earl of Mar">Earl of Mar</a>) (<a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 30). </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 114–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 192–203; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 123–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 162; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 168–169; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 157–161 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 212; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 175, 181; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 114–117; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 173–174; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennie,_James_(published_anonymously)1826" class="citation book cs1">Rennie, James (published anonymously) (1826). Mary, Queen of Scots: Her Persecutions, Sufferings, and Trials from her Birth till her Death. Glasgow: W. R. McPhun. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots%3A+Her+Persecutions%2C+Sufferings%2C+and+Trials+from+her+Birth+till+her+Death&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=W.+R.+McPhun&rft.date=1826&rft.au=Rennie%2C+James+%28published+anonymously%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 202; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 178; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 206; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 118; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter2022">Hunter 2022</a>, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBain1900">Bain 1900</a>, p. 125; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 204; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> For the quote and his height see <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 221 and <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 49, 56; for falling in love see <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 224; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 63 and <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 230; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> A dispensation, backdated to 25 May, was granted in Rome on 25 September (<a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 82). </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBain1900">Bain 1900</a>, p. 124; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 219; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 219; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 64, 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBingham1995">Bingham 1995</a>, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBingham1995">Bingham 1995</a>, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 151–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 79–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 229–230; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 77, 79; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 151–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 234; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 231; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 151–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 239; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 87–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 245–246; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 88–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 245; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 249–252; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 248–249; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 105–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 255–256; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 253–258; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 256–258; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 259; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 116–117, 121; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 259; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 260; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 259 ff; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Hutson" title="Lorna Hutson">Lorna Hutson</a>, England's Insular Imagining: The Elizabethan Erasure of Scotland (Cambridge, 2023), pp. 149–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBingham1995">Bingham 1995</a>, pp. 158–159; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 273–274; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 274–275; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 157–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 274–275; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 158–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 275–276; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 274; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 161–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 276; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 275; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBingham1995">Bingham 1995</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBingham1995">Bingham 1995</a>, pp. 160–163; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 277–279; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 176–178, 261; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Confession of James Ormiston, one of Bothwell's men, 13 December 1573, quoted (from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pitcairn_(antiquary)" title="Robert Pitcairn (antiquary)">Robert Pitcairn</a>'s Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland from AD 1488 to AD 1624) in <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 177; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 279 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 190–192 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 285–292; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 292–294; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 227–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 232–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 296–297; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 297–299; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 244–247 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 296; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 252; <a href="#CITEREFGreig2004">Greig 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> claimed the surgeons who examined the body were lying and that Darnley had been strangled, but all the sources agree that there were no marks on the body, and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way (<a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 255). </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 298–299 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The original letter is in French, this translation is from <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 308–309. For other versions see <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 312 and <a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis 1999</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 304; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 312–313 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 311–312; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 336–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 313; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 343–345; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Melville_of_Halhill" title="James Melville of Halhill">James Melville of Halhill</a>, who was in the castle, wrote that Bothwell "had ravished her and lain with her against her will" (quoted in <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 314–317). Other contemporaries dismissed the abduction as bogus (<a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1974">Donaldson 1974</a>, p. 117; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 317). See also <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 328–329; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 351–355; and <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 367, 374 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 319; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 330–331; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 366–367 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 382 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 322–323; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 336–337 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 383–390; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 391–393 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 335; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 351; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 398 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 364; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 413; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 347; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 366; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 421; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 422, 501; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 357–359; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 367; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 432; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 368; <a href="#CITEREFHunter2022">Hunter 2022</a>, p. 229; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 433 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 369; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 433–434: <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 368–369 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 369; <a href="#CITEREFScott2024">Scott 2024</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 435 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 369; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 435; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 434; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 430; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 445 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 444 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBain1900">Bain 1900</a>, p. 460; <a href="#CITEREFHunter2022">Hunter 2022</a>, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 385–390; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 447; Mary later requested to attend the conference at Westminster, but Elizabeth refused permission. In response, Mary's commissioners withdrew from the inquiry (<a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 461–463). </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 432; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 464; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> For the list of documents see, for example, <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 397 and <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 176; for the casket description see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson,_Joseph1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robertson_(historian)" title="Joseph Robertson (historian)">Robertson, Joseph</a> (1863). Inventaires de la Royne d'Ecosse. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. p. lviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventaires+de+la+Royne+d%27Ecosse&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=lviii&rft.pub=Bannatyne+Club&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> and <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 435; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 446–447 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 407; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> e.g., <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 395; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 453, 468 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_4th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Radclyffe,_3rd_Earl_of_Sussex" title="Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex">Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Sadler" title="Ralph Sadler">Sadler</a> to Elizabeth, 11 October 1568, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFBain1900">Bain 1900</a>, p. 527; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 451–452 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBingham1995">Bingham 1995</a>, p. 193; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 465; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 392; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 466–467 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcInnes1970">McInnes 1970</a>, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 400, 416; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 465–474 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 396–397; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 400–404, 408–412, 416; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 465–474 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 404, 410, 420–426; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 287, 396–401 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 399, 401–417 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Malcolm_Thomson_(1899%E2%80%931996)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Malcolm Thomson (1899–1996)">Thomson, George Malcolm</a> (1967). The Crime of Mary Stuart. London: Hutchinson. pp. 148–153, 159–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-081730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-081730-6"><bdi>978-0-09-081730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crime+of+Mary+Stuart&rft.place=London&rft.pages=148-153%2C+159-165&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-09-081730-6&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=George+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 352; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 171, 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 470; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 177–178 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1964">Williams 1964</a>, pp. 137–139; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 453 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 459; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1964">Williams 1964</a>, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 475–476 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 390; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 481 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 481 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 391 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRC28224" class="citation web cs1">Mary, Queen of Scots. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/28224">"A catte"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a>. Inventory no. 28224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Collection+Trust&rft.atitle=A+catte&rft.au=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2F28224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxburgh_Hangings" title="Oxburgh Hangings">Embroideries</a> by Mary are also kept in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O137608/the-marian-hanging-hanging-mary-queen-of/">Marian Hangings</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?listing_type=&offset=0&limit=15&narrow=&extrasearch=&q=Oxburgh+Hangings&commit=Search&quality=0&objectnamesearch=&placesearch=&after=&after-adbc=AD&before=&before-adbc=AD&namesearch=&materialsearch=&mnsearch=&locationsearch=">Oxburgh Hangings</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hardwick_Hall" title="Hardwick Hall">Hardwick Hall</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 484 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 410–411; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 441; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 442; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 484 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 440–441 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 438 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 439 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> It had been her mother's motto (<a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 443–444). </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 443 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 444–445 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 453–454 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 448–450, 518 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 443–446, 511; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 447, 458 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 415–424; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 487 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 496; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 469; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 451 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 464–470; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 492–494; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 467; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 493; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 446 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2024">Scott 2024</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasryBiermannTomokiyo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lasry, George; Biermann, Norbert; Tomokiyo, Satoshi (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01611194.2022.2160677">"Deciphering Mary Stuart's lost letters from 1578-1584"</a>. Cryptologia. 47 (2): 101–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01611194.2022.2160677">10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-1194">0161-1194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256720092">256720092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryptologia&rft.atitle=Deciphering+Mary+Stuart%27s+lost+letters+from+1578-1584&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-202&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256720092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0161-1194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01611194.2022.2160677&rft.aulast=Lasry&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Biermann%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Tomokiyo%2C+Satoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F01611194.2022.2160677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 473; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 474–476; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 458–462 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 458–462 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 472 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 457; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 507 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 479 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 484–485; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 493 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 482–483; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 477–480; <a href="#CITEREFScott2024">Scott 2024</a>, p. 212; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 507 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 482–483; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 477–480; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 507 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 483–485; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 507; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 509 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Two of the commissioners were Catholics (<a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis 1999</a>, p. 22). </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyd1915">Boyd 1915</a>, pp. 59–65, 143–145, 309–314; <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 506–512; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 488–489, 492; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 488 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 506–512; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 489–493 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 517 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 521–522; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 529 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 528 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 496 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 531; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 498; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 533–534; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 500 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 537; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis 1999</a>, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 538; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 209; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Morris, John (ed.) (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterbooksofsir00poulrich">Letter Book of Amias Paulet</a>, pp. 368–369 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis 1999</a>, pp. 41, 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 539; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser540-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser540_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser540_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 540; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-fugger-236"><a href="#cite_ref-fugger_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomascon1924" class="citation book cs1">Tomascon, Emanuel (1924). "79. Execution of Mary Stuart". In von Klarwill, Victor (ed.). The Fugger Newsletters. London: John Lane The Bodley Head. pp. 97–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=79.+Execution+of+Mary+Stuart&rft.btitle=The+Fugger+Newsletters&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97-105&rft.pub=John+Lane+The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Tomascon&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 540 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 541 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 497 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchinson_(historian)" title="Robert Hutchinson (historian)">Hutchinson, Robert</a> (2006). Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the secret war that saved England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 196–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84613-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84613-0"><bdi>978-0-297-84613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Spy+Master%3A+Francis+Walsingham+and+the+secret+war+that+saved+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196-201&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84613-0&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 532 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 542, 546–547; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 509 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 541; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 504; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 509 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 554 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 505–506; <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 13–14, 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 17, 192–193 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1988">Wormald 1988</a>, pp. 188–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, pp. 269–270; <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 313: <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 510 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 391; see also <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, p. 502; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 3–4, 509 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarnicke2006">Warnicke 2006</a>, pp. xvi–xvii </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1900" class="citation book cs1">Bain, Joseph, ed. (1900). Calendar State Papers, Scotland: Volume II. Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+State+Papers%2C+Scotland%3A+Volume+II&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=General+Register+Office+%28Scotland%29&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham1995" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Caroline (1995). Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots. London: <a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" title="Constable & Robinson">Constable & Robinson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-472530-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-472530-0"><bdi>978-0-09-472530-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darnley%3A+A+Life+of+Henry+Stuart%2C+Lord+Darnley%2C+Consort+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-09-472530-0&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1915" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, William K., ed. (1915). Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: Volume IX. Glasgow: General Register Office (Scotland).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Scotland%3A+Volume+IX&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=General+Register+Office+%28Scotland%29&rft.date=1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford1809" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, Arthur, ed. (1809). The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Constable_and_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Constable and Co">Archibald Constable and Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Papers+and+Letters+of+Sir+Ralph+Sadler&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+and+Co&rft.date=1809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Donaldson" title="Gordon Donaldson">Donaldson, Gordon</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00dona">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>. London: English Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12383-6"><bdi>978-0-340-12383-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-340-12383-6&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryqueenofscots00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (1994) [1969]. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17773-9"><bdi>978-0-297-17773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-297-17773-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreig2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greig, Elaine Finnie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/26/101026473/">"Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. Oxfordshire: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26473">10.1093/ref:odnb/26473</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+Henry%2C+duke+of+Albany+%5BLord+Darnley%5D+%281545%2F6%E2%80%931567%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26473&rft.aulast=Greig&rft.aufirst=Elaine+Finnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Findex%2F26%2F101026473%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (2004). "My Heart Is My Own": The Life of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-753-5"><bdi>978-1-84115-753-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22My+Heart+Is+My+Own%22%3A+The+Life+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-753-5&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2022" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Clare (2022). Embroidering Her Truth: Mary, Queen of Scots and the Language of Power. London: Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52934-628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52934-628-2"><bdi>978-1-52934-628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embroidering+Her+Truth%3A+Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots+and+the+Language+of+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52934-628-2&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth (1999). The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21815-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21815-7"><bdi>978-0-312-21815-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21815-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jayne+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnes1970" class="citation book cs1">McInnes, Charles T., ed. (1970). Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland Volume 12. Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+of+the+Lord+High+Treasurer+of+Scotland+Volume+12&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=General+Register+Office+%28Scotland%29&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2024" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Jade (2024). Captive Queen: The Decrypted History of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Michael O'Mara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78929-646-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78929-646-4"><bdi>978-1-78929-646-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captive+Queen%3A+The+Decrypted+History+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-78929-646-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnicke2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Retha_Warnicke" title="Retha Warnicke">Warnicke, Retha M.</a> (2006). Mary Queen of Scots. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29182-8"><bdi>978-0-415-29182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29182-8&rft.aulast=Warnicke&rft.aufirst=Retha+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2008) [2003]. Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley. London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952707-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952707-7"><bdi>978-0-09-952707-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots+and+the+Murder+of+Lord+Darnley&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-952707-7&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1964" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Neville (1964). Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk. London: Barrie & Rockliff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Howard%2C+Fourth+Duke+of+Norfolk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Rockliff&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (1988). Mary, Queen of Scots. London: George Philip. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-540-01131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-540-01131-5"><bdi>978-0-540-01131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Philip&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-540-01131-5&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bath, Michael (2008). Emblems for a Queen: The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Archetype Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904982-36-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904982-36-4"><bdi>978-1-904982-36-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emblems+for+a+Queen%3A+The+Needlework+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Archetype+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904982-36-4&rft.aulast=Bath&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Labanov, A. I. (Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky) (1844). Lettres et Mémoires de Marie, Reine d'Écosse. London: Charles Dolman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres+et+M%C3%A9moires+de+Marie%2C+Reine+d%27%C3%89cosse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Charles+Dolman&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Labanov&rft.aufirst=A.+I.+%28Prince+Lobanov-Rostovsky%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Rosalind (2006). Queen Mary's Women: Female Relatives, Servants, Friends and Enemies of Mary, Queen of Scots. Edinburgh: John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-667-8"><bdi>978-0-85976-667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Mary%27s+Women%3A+Female+Relatives%2C+Servants%2C+Friends+and+Enemies+of+Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-667-8&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Rosalind (2013). Mary, Queen of Scots. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905267-78-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905267-78-1"><bdi>978-1-905267-78-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=National+Museums+of+Scotland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-905267-78-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Merriman" title="Marcus Merriman">Merriman, Marcus</a> (2000). The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots 1542–1551. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-862-32090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-862-32090-1"><bdi>978-1-862-32090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Wooings%3A+Mary+Queen+of+Scots+1542%E2%80%931551&rft.place=East+Linton&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-862-32090-1&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Read" title="Conyers Read">Read, Conyers</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thebardonpapers17royauoft">The Bardon Papers: Documents relating to the imprisonment and trial of Mary, Queen of Scots</a>. London: Camden Series.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bardon+Papers%3A+Documents+relating+to+the+imprisonment+and+trial+of+Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Camden+Series&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Conyers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthebardonpapers17royauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Swain, Margaret (1973). The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-29962-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-29962-0"><bdi>978-0-442-29962-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Needlework+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-442-29962-0&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Alexander S. (2004). Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion, 1542–1600. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230286153">10.1057/9780230286153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28615-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28615-3"><bdi>978-0-230-28615-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Queen+of+Scots+and+French+Public+Opinion%2C+1542%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230286153&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28615-3&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Alexander+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+Queen+of+Scots" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mary, Queen of Scots at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" class="extiw" title="c:Mary, Queen of Scots">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" class="extiw" title="q:Mary, Queen of Scots">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" class="extiw" title="s:Mary, Queen of Scots">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/mary-queen-scots-r1542-1567">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/trails/mary-queen-of-scots-1542-1587">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02996">Portraits of Mary, Queen of Scots</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131412#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/publication/?publicationId=b78493b8-3cf3-4b47-a7c2-a9eb00f39ad1">Edinburgh Castle Research: The Dolls of Mary Queen of Scots (Historic Environment Scotland, 2019).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14175">Works by Mary, Queen of Scots</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/bb1fe5d4-6059-4a98-8a6d-19a0009e6693?accessToken=zwAF__ohguaYkdO7H-XUYFlKmNOKbRmgAJ5mkw.MEQCIEhW8I3rbd94t4k5318lGjdD7LeF7lOOgD-1qynTU6wrAiBDJc2ZF_J-s5vBAKdjeyVDSDEVACvYa-vV4ElNjinegg&sharetype=gift&token=a1acd4b0-907b-44a8-9d62-5a2e8371c2e6">How three amateurs cracked a 445-year-old code to reveal Mary Queen of Scots' secrets</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Mary, Queen of Scots </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></div>Born: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Scotland">Queen of Scotland</a> 1542–1567 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen consort of France</a> 1559–1560 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dauphines_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dauphines_of_France" title="Template:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dauphines_of_France" title="Template talk:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphines_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dauphines_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France">Dauphines of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a> (1350–1364)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Nevers" title="Margaret of Nevers">Margaret of Burgundy</a> (1412–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut">Jacqueline of Bavaria</a> (1415–1417)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret of Scotland</a> (1436–1445)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a> (1451–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> (1536–1547)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Stuart</a> (1558–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Victoria_of_Bavaria" title="Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria">Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria</a> (1680–1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" title="Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a> (1711–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain</a> (1745–1746)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a> (1747–1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Maria Antonia of Austria</a> (1770–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse of France</a> (1824–1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_consorts" title="Template:French consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_consorts" title="Template talk:French consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal consorts of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish queens">List of Frankish queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">List of French royal consorts</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultragotha" title="Ultragotha">Ultragotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntheuc" title="Guntheuc">Guntheuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegund" title="Radegund">Radegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingund" title="Ingund">Ingund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aregund" title="Aregund">Aregund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingoberga" title="Ingoberga">Ingoberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merofleda" title="Merofleda">Merofleda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcovefa" title="Marcovefa">Marcovefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudechild" title="Theudechild">Theudechild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austregilde" title="Austregilde">Austregilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audovera" title="Audovera">Audovera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galswintha" title="Galswintha">Galswintha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda of Austrasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrude" title="Bertrude">Bertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichilde" title="Sichilde">Sichilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomentrude" title="Gomentrude">Gomentrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanthild" title="Nanthild">Nanthild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragintrudis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragintrudis">Ragintrudis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfefundis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfefundis">Wulfefundis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertechildis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertechildis">Bertechildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthild_of_Chelles" title="Balthild of Chelles">Balthild of Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilichild_(wife_of_Childeric_II)" title="Bilichild (wife of Childeric II)">Bilichild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrothildis" title="Chrothildis">Chrothildis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon" title="Bertrada of Laon">Bertrada of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga,_wife_of_Carloman_I" title="Gerberga, wife of Carloman I">Gerberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_of_the_Lombards" title="Desiderata of the Lombards">Desiderata of the Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastrada" title="Fastrada">Fastrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)" title="Luitgard (Frankish queen)">Luitgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ermentrude of Orléans">Ermentrude of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richilde_of_Provence" title="Richilde of Provence">Richilde of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Paris" title="Adelaide of Paris">Adelaide of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardis" title="Richardis">Richardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odrate_of_Troyes" title="Théodrate of Troyes">Théodrate of Troyes</a>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederuna" title="Frederuna">Frederuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Wessex" title="Eadgifu of Wessex">Eadgifu of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Vermandois" title="Beatrice of Vermandois">Beatrice of Vermandois</a>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_France" title="Emma of France">Emma of France</a>B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony" title="Gerberga of Saxony">Gerberga of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Italy" title="Emma of Italy">Emma of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Aquitaine" title="Adelaide of Aquitaine">Adelaide of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozala_of_Italy" title="Rozala of Italy">Rozala of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Burgundy" title="Bertha of Burgundy">Bertha of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Arles" title="Constance of Arles">Constance of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Frisia" title="Matilda of Frisia">Matilda of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Kiev" title="Anne of Kiev">Anne of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Holland" title="Bertha of Holland">Bertha of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrade_of_Montfort" title="Bertrade of Montfort">Bertrade of Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_France" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France">Ingeborg of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania" title="Agnes of Merania">Agnes of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France">Isabella of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Brabant, Queen of France">Marie of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France">Margaret of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Hungary" title="Clementia of Hungary">Clementia of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan II, Countess of Burgundy">Joan II, Countess of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy" title="Blanche of Burgundy">Blanche of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Joan of Évreux">Joan of Évreux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Lame" title="Joan the Lame">Joan of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_France" title="Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France">Blanche of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I,_Countess_of_Auvergne" title="Joan I, Countess of Auvergne">Joan I, Countess of Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Anjou" title="Marie of Anjou">Marie of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Joan of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> (1422–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie de Montijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131412#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131412#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131412#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121035913">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/104722318">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53298/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1550665/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd8RVbMT8HVxHXK7TmBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118577808">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80044764">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121808234">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121808234">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621085">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV023545">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36245804">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701156&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070738106">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053904">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000258390&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000060779">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=109518">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtv5zz35r4l5g">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659357405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/99792">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265172105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530081106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14767939">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08521313?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500220567">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/33094d15-0153-4a39-a52b-1a633a39f036">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1236002">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118577808.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118577808">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027706893">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60p0wxk">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68236">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/383962">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=1257536648">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=1257536648</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Category:Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1542_births" title="Category:1542 births">1542 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1587_deaths" title="Category:1587 deaths">1587 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_executions_by_England" title="Category:16th-century executions by England">16th-century executions by England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_queens_regnant" title="Category:16th-century queens regnant">16th-century queens regnant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Scottish_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Scottish monarchs">16th-century Scottish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Scottish_women" title="Category:16th-century Scottish women">16th-century Scottish women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Babington_Plot" title="Category:Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Westminster_Abbey" title="Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey">Burials at Westminster Abbey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_monarchs" title="Category:Child monarchs">Child monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_James_V" title="Category:Children of James V">Children of James V</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_kings" title="Category:Daughters of kings">Daughters of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dauphines_of_France" title="Category:Dauphines of France">Dauphines of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dauphines_of_Viennois" title="Category:Dauphines of Viennois">Dauphines of Viennois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_monarchs" title="Category:Executed monarchs">Executed monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_Scottish_women" title="Category:Executed Scottish women">Executed Scottish women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_who_were_later_imprisoned" title="Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned">Heads of government who were later imprisoned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heirs_presumptive_to_the_English_throne" title="Category:Heirs presumptive to the English throne">Heirs presumptive to the English throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heirs_to_the_Scottish_throne" title="Category:Heirs to the Scottish throne">Heirs to the Scottish throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Stuart" title="Category:House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_lutenists" title="Category:Scottish lutenists">Scottish lutenists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_who_abdicated" title="Category:Monarchs who abdicated">Monarchs who abdicated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mothers_of_English_monarchs" title="Category:Mothers of English monarchs">Mothers of English monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_by_Tudor_England_by_decapitation" title="Category:People executed by Tudor England by decapitation">People executed by Tudor England by decapitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_under_Elizabeth_I" title="Category:People executed under Elizabeth I">People executed under Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_under_the_Tudors_for_treason_against_England" title="Category:People executed under the Tudors for treason against England">People executed under the Tudors for treason against England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Linlithgow" title="Category:People from Linlithgow">People from Linlithgow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Linlithgow_Palace" title="Category:People of Linlithgow Palace">People of Linlithgow Palace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Stirling_Castle" title="Category:People of Stirling Castle">People of Stirling Castle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Category:People of the Elizabethan era">People of the Elizabethan era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pretenders_to_the_English_throne" title="Category:Pretenders to the English throne">Pretenders to the English throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queens_consort_of_France" title="Category:Queens consort of France">Queens consort of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queens_regnant_of_Scotland" title="Category:Queens regnant of Scotland">Queens regnant of Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Remarried_queens_consort" title="Category:Remarried queens consort">Remarried queens consort</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_monarchs" title="Category:Roman Catholic monarchs">Roman Catholic monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_expatriates_in_France" title="Category:Scottish expatriates in France">Scottish expatriates in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_people_of_French_descent" title="Category:Scottish people of French descent">Scottish people of French descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_people_of_the_Rough_Wooing" title="Category:Scottish people of the Rough Wooing">Scottish people of the Rough Wooing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_poets" title="Category:Scottish poets">Scottish poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_princesses" title="Category:Scottish princesses">Scottish princesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Scottish Roman Catholics">Scottish Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_of_the_Tudor_period" title="Category:Women of the Tudor period">Women of the Tudor period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_February_2014" title="Category:Use British English from February 2014">Use British English from February 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 12:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-846d5d75fc-9mzx8","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.084","walltime":"2.459","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16555,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":315206,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17102,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":260214,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2044.263 1 -total"," 32.20% 658.257 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.17% 391.920 470 Template:Harvnb"," 15.15% 309.761 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 14.24% 291.146 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.23% 209.147 1 Template:Plainlist"," 9.97% 203.853 3 Template:Marriage"," 7.65% 156.464 33 Template:Cite_book"," 6.63% 135.537 2 Template:Lang"," 5.80% 118.570 6 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.087","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20887528,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnonymous1558\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBingham1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifford1809\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorical_Manuscripts_Commission1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumeTyler1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasryBiermannTomokiyo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLord_Guthrie1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcInnes1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRennie,_James_(published_anonymously)1826\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson,_Joseph1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeulet,_Alexandre1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomascon1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnicke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeir2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWormald1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Br separated entries\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart\"] = 15,\n [\"Chart bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart top\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart/start\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Mary, Queen Of Scots\"] = 1,\n [\"Dauphines of France\"] = 1,\n [\"English, Scottish and British monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"French consorts\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Hanging indent\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 470,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"List collapsed\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 12,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 3,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"ODNBsub\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Pictish and Scottish Monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Royal Collection\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-roy\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"S-vac\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","23.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","21.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","12.5"],["type","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","5.4"],["rawset","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getSiteLinkPageName","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.6"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.6"],["[others]","140","12.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-9wwql","timestamp":"20241125142738","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131412","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131412","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-24T22:07:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T12:34:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e9\/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots_%281542-87%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","headline":"Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567"}</script> </body> </html>