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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>England and France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War and rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rufus_Stone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rufus_Stone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rufus Stone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rufus_Stone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Contemporary assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William II of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_II_van_Engeland" title="Willem II van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Willem II van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willelm_II_Engla_Cyning" title="Willelm II Engla Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Willelm II Engla Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_II_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Вилгелм II (Англиа акрал) – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Вилгелм II (Англиа акрал)" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="وليام الثاني (ملك إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليام الثاني (ملك إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="ایکینجی ویلیام (اینگیلیس) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی ویلیام (اینگیلیس)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_2-s%C3%A8_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="William 2-sè (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="William 2-sè (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_II_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5)" title="Вильгельм II (Англия короле) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вильгельм II (Англия короле)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_II_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вільгельм II Руды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм II Руды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_II_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Уилям II (Англия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям II (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilim_II,_kralj_Engleske" title="Vilim II, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vilim II, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwilherm_II_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Gwilherm II (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwilherm II (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_II_d%27Anglaterra" title="Guillem II d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillem II d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_II._Ry%C5%A1av%C3%BD" title="Vilém II. Ryšavý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilém II. Ryšavý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiliam_II,_brenin_Lloegr" title="Wiliam II, brenin Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wiliam II, brenin Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_2._af_England" title="Vilhelm 2. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilhelm 2. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II._(England)" title="Wilhelm II. (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm II. (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II" title="William II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γουλιέλμος Β΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμος Β΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_II_de_Inglaterra" title="Guillermo II de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermo II de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmo_la_2-a_(Anglio)" title="Vilhelmo la 2-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilhelmo la 2-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilen_II.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Gilen II.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilen II.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ویلیام دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_le_Roux" title="Guillaume le Roux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guillaume le Roux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_II_Shasana" title="Liam II Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liam II Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_2%EC%84%B8_(%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="윌리엄 2세 (잉글랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 2세 (잉글랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilim_II.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Vilim II., kralj Engleske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vilim II., kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_la_2ma_di_Anglia" title="William la 2ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William la 2ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_dari_Inggris" title="William II dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William II dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhj%C3%A1lmur_2._Englandskonungur" title="Vilhjálmur 2. Englandskonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vilhjálmur 2. Englandskonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_II_d%27Inghilterra" title="Guglielmo II d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo II d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ויליאם השני, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם השני, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_II_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="უილიამ II (ინგლისი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ II (ინგლისი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="II Уильям (Англия королі) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Уильям (Англия королі)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_II_(rex_Angliae)" title="Gulielmus II (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus II (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_II_Rudais" title="Viljams II Rudais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams II Rudais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Vilmos_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Vilmos angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Vilmos angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_II" title="Вилијам II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इंग्लंडचा दुसरा विल्यम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडचा दुसरा विल्यम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="ويليام التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_II_de_Anglaterra" title="Guillermo II de Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guillermo II de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_II_van_Engeland" title="Willem II van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Willem II van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A02%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ウィリアム2世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム2世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_II_av_England" title="Vilhelm II av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilhelm II av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_II_av_England" title="Vilhelm II av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilhelm II av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ولیم دوم شاہ انگلستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولیم دوم شاہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="د انګلستان دویم ویلیام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګلستان دویم ویلیام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_II._(Normandie)" title="Willem II. (Normandie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Willem II. (Normandie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II_Rudy" title="Wilhelm II Rudy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm II Rudy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_II_de_Inglaterra" title="Guilherme II de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilherme II de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_al_II-lea_al_Angliei" title="William al II-lea al Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William al II-lea al Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Вильгельм II (король Англии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильгельм II (король Англии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William II of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viliam_II._(Anglicko)" title="Viliam II. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viliam II. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljem_II._Angle%C5%A1ki" title="Viljem II. Angleški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viljem II. Angleški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_II_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%92%D0%B8" title="Вилијам II Риђи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам II Риђи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_od_Engleske" title="William II od Engleske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William II od Engleske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Punainen" title="Vilhelm Punainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilhelm Punainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_II_av_England" title="Vilhelm II av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilhelm II av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าวิลเลียมที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าวิลเลียมที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._William" title="II. William – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. William" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_II_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вільгельм II Рудий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм II Рудий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ولیم دوم شاہ انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولیم دوم شاہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B4%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%89_%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83%D9%83%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%89" title="ئېنگىلاند پادىشدھى ۋىليام ئىككىنجى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېنگىلاند پادىشدھى ۋىليام ئىككىنجى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="William II của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William II của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_II_van_Iengeland" title="Willem II van Iengeland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Willem II van Iengeland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%89" title="威廉两世（英格兰） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉两世（英格兰）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%80%AB)" title="威廉二世 (英倫) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉二世 (英倫)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" title="威廉二世 (英格蘭) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉二世 (英格蘭)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"William Rufus" redirects here. For the American diplomat and jurist, see <a href="/wiki/William_Rufus_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rufus Day">William Rufus Day</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">William II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_II_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/William_II_of_England.jpg/220px-William_II_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/William_II_of_England.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="506" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Miniature from <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>'s <i>Historia Anglorum</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1253</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of English sovereigns">(more...)</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 September 1087 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">2 August 1100</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 September 1087<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1057</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 1100 (aged approximately 43–44)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, Hampshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a>: <i lang="xno">Williame</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1057</span> – 2 August 1100) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a> from 26 September 1087 until his death in 1100, with powers over <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> and influence in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. He was less successful in extending control into <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. The third son of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, he is commonly referred to as <b>William Rufus</b> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rufus</i></span></i> being Latin for "the Red"), perhaps because of his ruddy appearance or, more likely, due to having red hair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow200011–12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow200011–12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William was a figure of complex temperament, capable of both bellicosity and flamboyance. He did not marry or have children, which – along with contemporary accounts – has led some historians to speculate on homosexuality or <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a>. He died after being hit by an arrow while hunting. Circumstantial evidence in the behaviour of those around him – including his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> – raises strong, but unproven, suspicions of murder. Henry immediately seized the treasury and had himself crowned king. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Frank Barlow</a> observed William was "[a] rumbustious, devil-may-care soldier, without natural dignity or social graces, with no cultivated tastes and little show of conventional religious piety or morality – indeed, according to his critics, addicted to every kind of vice, particularly lust and especially sodomy." On the other hand, he was a wise ruler and victorious general. Barlow noted, "His <a href="/wiki/Chivalrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalrous">chivalrous</a> virtues and achievements were all too obvious. He had maintained good order and satisfactory justice in England and restored good peace to Normandy. He had extended Anglo-Norman rule in Wales, brought Scotland firmly under his lordship, recovered <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a>, and kept up the pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William's exact date of birth is not known, but according to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Frank Barlow</a> it occurred by 1060.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow20003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow20003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the third of four sons born to <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a>, the eldest being <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Richard_(son_of_William_the_Conqueror)" title="Richard (son of William the Conqueror)">Richard</a>, and the youngest <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry</a>. Richard died around 1075 while hunting in the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>. William succeeded to the throne of England on his father's death in 1087, but Robert inherited Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas393_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas393-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William had five or six sisters. The existence of sisters <a href="/wiki/Adeliza" title="Adeliza">Adeliza</a> and Matilda is not absolutely certain, but four sisters are more securely attested: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Normandy" title="Adela of Normandy">Adela</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_Count_of_Blois" title="Stephen, Count of Blois">Stephen, Count of Blois</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_of_Normandy" title="Cecilia of Normandy">Cecily</a>, who became a nun;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agatha of Normandy">Agatha</a>, who died unmarried;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Normandy" title="Constance of Normandy">Constance</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Alan_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan IV, Duke of Brittany">Alan IV, Duke of Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas395_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas395-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Records indicate strained relations between the three surviving sons of William I. William's contemporary, chronicler <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a>, wrote about an incident that took place at <a href="/wiki/L%27Aigle" title="L'Aigle">L'Aigle</a> in Normandy in 1077 or 1078: William and Henry, having grown bored with casting dice, decided to make mischief by emptying a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">chamber pot</a> onto their brother Robert from an upper gallery, thus infuriating and shaming him. A brawl broke out, and their father had to intercede to restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow200033–34_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow200033–34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, writing in the 12th century, William Rufus was "well set; his complexion florid, his hair yellow; of open countenance; <a href="/wiki/Heterochromia_iridum" title="Heterochromia iridum">different coloured eyes</a>, varying with certain glittering specks; of astonishing strength, though not very tall, and his belly rather projecting."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_France">England and France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: England and France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Norman_and_Angevin_England" title="Government in Norman and Angevin England">Government in Norman and Angevin England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_William_Rufus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Great_Seal_of_William_Rufus.jpg/310px-Great_Seal_of_William_Rufus.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Great_Seal_of_William_Rufus.jpg/465px-Great_Seal_of_William_Rufus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Great_Seal_of_William_Rufus.jpg/620px-Great_Seal_of_William_Rufus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the Great Seal of William II</figcaption></figure> <p>The division of William the Conqueror's lands into two parts upon his death presented a dilemma for those nobles who held land on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. Since the younger William and his brother Robert were natural rivals, these nobles worried that they could not hope to please both of their lords, and thus ran the risk of losing the favour of one ruler or the other, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only solution, as they saw it, was to unite <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> once more under one ruler. The pursuit of this aim led them to revolt against William in favour of Robert in the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_1088" title="Rebellion of 1088">Rebellion of 1088</a>, under the leadership of the powerful Bishop <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Bayeux" title="Odo of Bayeux">Odo of Bayeux</a>, who was a half-brother of William the Conqueror.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter129_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter129-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Robert failed to appear in England to rally his supporters, William won the support of the English with silver and promises of better government, and defeated the rebellion, thus securing his authority. In 1091 he invaded Normandy, crushing Robert's forces and forcing him to cede a portion of his lands. The two made up their differences and William agreed to help Robert recover lands lost to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a>. This plan was later abandoned, but William continued to pursue a ferociously warlike defence of his French possessions and interests to the end of his life, exemplified by his response to the attempt by <a href="/wiki/Elias_I,_Count_of_Maine" title="Elias I, Count of Maine">Elias de la Flèche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maine">Count of Maine</a>, to take <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> in 1099.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000402–406_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000402–406-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Rufus was thus secure in his kingdom. As in Normandy, his bishops and abbots were bound to him by feudal obligations, and his right of investiture in the Norman tradition prevailed within his kingdom during the age of the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> that brought excommunication upon the Salian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>. The king's personal power, through an effective and loyal <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chancery</a>, penetrated to the local level to an extent unmatched in France. The king's administration and law unified the realm, rendering him relatively impervious to papal condemnation. In 1097 he commenced the original <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, built "to impress his subjects with the power and majesty of his authority".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_penny_of_William_II_(YORYM_2000_2062)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Silver_penny_of_William_II_%28YORYM_2000_2062%29_obverse.jpg/170px-Silver_penny_of_William_II_%28YORYM_2000_2062%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Silver_penny_of_William_II_%28YORYM_2000_2062%29_obverse.jpg/255px-Silver_penny_of_William_II_%28YORYM_2000_2062%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Silver_penny_of_William_II_%28YORYM_2000_2062%29_obverse.jpg/340px-Silver_penny_of_William_II_%28YORYM_2000_2062%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2706" /></a><figcaption>Silver penny of William II showing a crowned head facing forward (1089), <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a>, York</figcaption></figure> <p>Less than two years after becoming king, William II lost his father's adviser and confidant, the Italian-Norman <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. After Lanfranc's death in 1089, the king delayed appointing a new archbishop for many years, appropriating ecclesiastical revenues in the interim. In panic, owing to serious illness in 1093, William nominated as archbishop another Norman-Italian, <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a> – considered the greatest theologian of his generation – but this led to a long period of animosity between Church and State, Anselm being a stronger supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian reforms">Gregorian reforms</a> in the Church than Lanfranc. William and Anselm disagreed on a range of ecclesiastical issues, in the course of which the king declared of Anselm that, "Yesterday I hated him with great hatred, today I hate him with yet greater hatred and he can be certain that tomorrow and thereafter I shall hate him continually with ever fiercer and more bitter hatred."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English clergy, beholden to the king for their preferments and livings, were unable to support Anselm publicly. In 1095 William called a council at <a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Northamptonshire" title="Rockingham, Northamptonshire">Rockingham</a> to bring Anselm to heel, but the archbishop remained firm. In October 1097, Anselm went into exile, taking his case to the Pope. The diplomatic and flexible <a href="/wiki/Urban_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban II">Urban II</a>, a new pope, was involved in a major conflict with <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Henry_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV">Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV</a>, who supported <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Antipope Clement III</a>. Reluctant to make another enemy, Urban came to a <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> with William, whereby William recognised Urban as pope, and Urban gave sanction to the Anglo-Norman ecclesiastical <i>status quo</i>. Anselm remained in exile, and William was able to claim the revenues of the archbishop of Canterbury to the end of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this conflict was symptomatic of medieval English politics, as exemplified by the murder of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> during the reign of the later <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> king <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (his great-nephew through his brother Henry) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s actions centuries later, and as such should not be seen as a defect of William's reign in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, contemporary churchmen were themselves not above engaging in such politics: it is reported that, when Archbishop Lanfranc suggested to William I that he imprison the rebellious bishop <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Bayeux" title="Odo of Bayeux">Odo of Bayeux</a>, he exclaimed "What! He is a clergyman." Lanfranc retorted that "You will not seize the bishop of Bayeux, but confine the earl of Kent." (Odo held both titles.)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there are complaints of contemporaries regarding William's personal behaviour, he was instrumental in assisting the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Bermondsey_Abbey" title="Bermondsey Abbey">Bermondsey Abbey</a>, endowing it with the manor of Bermondsey, and it is reported that his "customary oath" was "By the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Lucca" title="Holy Face of Lucca">Face at Lucca</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_and_rebellion">War and rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War and rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Rufus inherited the Anglo-Norman settlement detailed in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086, a survey undertaken at his father's command, essentially for the purposes of taxation, which was an example of the control of the English monarchy. If he was less effective than his father in containing the Norman lords' propensity for rebellion and violence, through charisma or political skills, he was forceful in overcoming the consequences. In 1095, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Mowbray" title="Robert de Mowbray">Robert de Mowbray</a>, the earl of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, refused to attend the <i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Regis" class="mw-redirect" title="Curia Regis">Curia Regis</a></i>, the thrice-annual court where the King announced his governmental decisions to the great lords. William led an army against Robert and defeated him. Robert was dispossessed and imprisoned, and another noble, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Eu" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Eu">William of Eu</a>, accused of treachery, was blinded and <a href="/wiki/Castrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrated">castrated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In external affairs, William had some successes. In 1091 he repulsed an invasion by King <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a>, forcing Malcolm to pay homage. In 1092 he built <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a>, taking control of <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westmorland" title="Westmorland">Westmorland</a>, which had previously been claimed by the Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter129_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter129-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the two kings quarrelled over Malcolm's possessions in England, and Malcolm again invaded, ravaging Northumbria. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alnwick_(1093)" title="Battle of Alnwick (1093)">Battle of Alnwick</a>, on 13 November 1093, Malcolm was ambushed by Norman forces led by Robert de Mowbray. Malcolm and his son Edward were killed and Malcolm's brother <a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald</a> seized the Scottish throne. William supported Malcolm's son <a href="/wiki/Duncan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan II">Duncan II</a>, who held power for a short time, and then another of Malcolm's sons, <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a>. Edgar conquered <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> in 1094 and eventually removed Donald in 1097 with William's aid in a campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a>. The new king recognised William's authority over Lothian and attended William's court. </p><p>William made two forays into Wales in 1097. Nothing decisive was achieved, but a series of castles were constructed as a marchland defensive barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1096, William's brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. He needed money to fund this venture and pledged his <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> to William in return for a payment of 10,000 marks, which equates to about a quarter of William's annual revenue. In a display of the effectiveness of English taxation, William raised the money by levying a special, heavy, and much-resented tax upon the whole of England. He then ruled Normandy as regent in Robert's absence. Robert did not return until September 1100, one month after William's death.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As regent in Normandy, William campaigned in France from 1097 to 1099. He secured northern Maine but failed to seize the French-controlled part of the <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a> region. According to William of Malmesbury he was planning to invade the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a> at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William went hunting on 2 August 1100 in the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, probably near <a href="/wiki/Brockenhurst" title="Brockenhurst">Brockenhurst</a>, and was killed by an arrow through the lung, although the circumstances remain unclear. The earliest statement of the event was in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, which noted that the king was "shot by an arrow by one of his own men."<sup id="cite_ref-QRufus420_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QRufus420-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later chroniclers added the name of the killer, a nobleman named <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tirel" title="Walter Tirel">Walter Tirel</a>, although the description of events was later embroidered with other details that may or may not be true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000420–423_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000420–423-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mention of any location more exact than the New Forest comes from <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a>, who wrote in 1530 that William died at Thorougham, a placename that is no longer used, but that probably referred to a location on what is now Park Farm on the <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu,_Hampshire" title="Beaulieu, Hampshire">Beaulieu</a> estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorial stone in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_Abbey" title="Beaulieu Abbey">Beaulieu Abbey</a>, Hampshire, states "Remember King William Rufus who died in these parts then known as Truham whilst hunting on 2nd August 1100". </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamRufus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="William's death in an illustration from the Grandes Chroniques de France (13th cent.)"><img alt="William's death in an illustration from the Grandes Chroniques de France (13th cent.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WilliamRufus.png/112px-WilliamRufus.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WilliamRufus.png/167px-WilliamRufus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WilliamRufus.png/223px-WilliamRufus.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">William's death in an illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Chroniques_de_France" title="Grandes Chroniques de France">Grandes Chroniques de France</a></i> <small>(13th cent.)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_123_-_Death_of_William_the_Red.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William's death from Doyle's English history (1864)[26]"><img alt="William's death from Doyle's English history (1864)[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_123_-_Death_of_William_the_Red.jpg/117px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_123_-_Death_of_William_the_Red.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_123_-_Death_of_William_the_Red.jpg/175px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_123_-_Death_of_William_the_Red.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_123_-_Death_of_William_the_Red.jpg/234px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_123_-_Death_of_William_the_Red.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">William's death from <a href="/wiki/James_William_Edmund_Doyle" title="James William Edmund Doyle">Doyle</a>'s English history <small>(1864)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle1864123_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle1864123-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_William_Rufus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William's death from Ridpath's world history (1895)[27]"><img alt="William's death from Ridpath's world history (1895)[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Death_of_William_Rufus.jpg/80px-Death_of_William_Rufus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Death_of_William_Rufus.jpg/120px-Death_of_William_Rufus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Death_of_William_Rufus.jpg/161px-Death_of_William_Rufus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">William's death from <a href="/wiki/John_Clark_Ridpath" title="John Clark Ridpath">Ridpath</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cyclopedia_of_Universal_History" title="Cyclopedia of Universal History">world history</a> <small>(1895)</small><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AnselmP164.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Morris Meredith Williams's illustration of the discovery of William's body (1915)[28]"><img alt="Morris Meredith Williams's illustration of the discovery of William's body (1915)[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AnselmP164.gif/77px-AnselmP164.gif" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AnselmP164.gif/116px-AnselmP164.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AnselmP164.gif/155px-AnselmP164.gif 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Meredith_Williams" title="Morris Meredith Williams">Morris Meredith Williams</a>'s illustration of the discovery of William's body <small>(1915)</small><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_Rufus_memorial_at_Beaulieu_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial stone in the grounds of Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire"><img alt="Memorial stone in the grounds of Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/King_William_Rufus_memorial_at_Beaulieu_Abbey.jpg/120px-King_William_Rufus_memorial_at_Beaulieu_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/King_William_Rufus_memorial_at_Beaulieu_Abbey.jpg/180px-King_William_Rufus_memorial_at_Beaulieu_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/King_William_Rufus_memorial_at_Beaulieu_Abbey.jpg/240px-King_William_Rufus_memorial_at_Beaulieu_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial stone in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_Abbey" title="Beaulieu Abbey">Beaulieu Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_William_Rufus,_Winchester_Cathedral_(Robert_Chambers,_p.161,_1832)_-_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of William Rufus in Winchester Cathedral (1832)[29]"><img alt="Tomb of William Rufus in Winchester Cathedral (1832)[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_William_Rufus%2C_Winchester_Cathedral_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.161%2C_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_William_Rufus%2C_Winchester_Cathedral_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.161%2C_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_William_Rufus%2C_Winchester_Cathedral_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.161%2C_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_William_Rufus%2C_Winchester_Cathedral_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.161%2C_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_William_Rufus%2C_Winchester_Cathedral_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.161%2C_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_William_Rufus%2C_Winchester_Cathedral_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.161%2C_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of William Rufus in <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> <small>(1832)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_125_-_William_de_Breteuil_Defends_the_Treasury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_125_-_William_de_Breteuil_Defends_the_Treasury.jpg/250px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_125_-_William_de_Breteuil_Defends_the_Treasury.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_125_-_William_de_Breteuil_Defends_the_Treasury.jpg/375px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_125_-_William_de_Breteuil_Defends_the_Treasury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_125_-_William_de_Breteuil_Defends_the_Treasury.jpg/500px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_125_-_William_de_Breteuil_Defends_the_Treasury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_William_of_Breteuil" class="mw-redirect" title="St William of Breteuil">St William of Breteuil</a> defending the <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a> against <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Prince Henry</a> at William's death</figcaption></figure> <p>The king's body was abandoned by the nobles at the place where he fell. An arrow maker, Eli Parratt, later found the body. William's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry</a>, hastened to Winchester to secure the royal treasury (initially defended by the Norman <a href="/wiki/St_William_of_Breteuil" class="mw-redirect" title="St William of Breteuil">St William</a> of <a href="/wiki/Breteuil,_Eure" title="Breteuil, Eure">Breteuil</a> in deference to the claims of Duke Robert),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then to London, where he was crowned within days before either archbishop could arrive. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, in his account of William's death, stated that the body was taken to <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> by a few countrymen, including Eli who discovered the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd11_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the chroniclers, men of the Church, such an "<a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">act of God</a>" was a just end for a wicked king, and was regarded as a fitting demise for a ruler who came into conflict with the religious orders to which they belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following centuries, the obvious suggestion that one of William's enemies had a hand in this event has repeatedly been made: chroniclers of the time point out themselves that Tirel was renowned as a keen bowman, and thus was unlikely to have loosed such an impetuous shot. Moreover, Bartlett says that rivalry between brothers was the pattern of political conflict in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's brother Henry was among the hunting party that day and succeeded him as king. </p><p>Modern scholars have reopened the question, and some have found the assassination theory credible or compelling,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the theory is not universally accepted. Barlow says that accidents were common and there is not enough hard evidence to prove murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000408–432_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000408–432-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartlett notes that hunting was dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poole says the facts "look ugly" and "seem to suggest a plot." John Gillingham points out that if Henry had planned to murder William it would have been in his interest to wait until a later time. It looked as though there would soon be a war between William and his brother Robert, which would result in one of them being eliminated, thus opening the way for Henry to acquire both England and Normandy through a single assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tirel fled immediately. Henry had the most to gain by his brother's death. Indeed, Henry's actions "seem to be premeditated: wholly disregarding his dead brother, he rode straight for Winchester, seized the treasury (always the first act of a usurping king), and the next day had himself elected."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William's remains are in <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a>. The tomb long thought to be his is now thought to belong to William's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Blois" title="Henry of Blois">Henry of Blois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, his remains are scattered among royal mortuary chests positioned on the presbytery screen, flanking the choir.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His skull appears to be missing, but some <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bones</a> may remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd41_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd41-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rufus_Stone">Rufus Stone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rufus Stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rufus_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rufus_Stone.jpg/260px-Rufus_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rufus_Stone.jpg/390px-Rufus_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rufus_Stone.jpg/520px-Rufus_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>The site of the Rufus Stone, now a metal monument</figcaption></figure> <p>A stone known as the "Rufus Stone", close to the <a href="/wiki/A31_road" title="A31 road">A31</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Minstead" title="Minstead">Minstead</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=William_II_of_England&params=50.910441_N_1.617338_W_region:GB_scale:25000">SU270124</a></span>), is claimed to mark the spot where William fell. The claim that this is the location of his death appears to date from no earlier than a 17th century visit by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> to the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the most popular account of William's death involved the fatal arrow deflecting off a tree, and Charles appears to have been shown a suitable tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i> reported that the tree was cut down and burned during the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in that century the Rufus Stone was set up.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally it was around 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall with a stone ball on top.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> visited the stone in 1789, along with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a>, and an inscription was added to the stone to commemorate the visit.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was protected with a <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> cover in 1841 after repeated vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription on the Rufus Stone reads: </p> <blockquote><p>Here stood the Oak Tree, on which an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrrell at a Stag, glanced and struck King William the Second, surnamed Rufus, on the breast, of which he instantly died, on the second day of August, anno 1100. </p><p>That the spot where an Event so Memorable might not hereafter be forgotten; the enclosed stone was set up by John Lord Delaware who had seen the Tree growing in this place. This Stone having been much mutilated, and the inscriptions on each of its three sides defaced, this more Durable Memorial, with the original inscriptions, was erected in the year 1841, by Wm [William] Sturges Bourne Warden. </p><p> King William the Second, surnamed Rufus being slain, as before related, was laid in a cart, belonging to one Purkis,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and drawn from hence, to Winchester, and buried in the Cathedral Church, of that City.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_assessment">Contemporary assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William was an effective soldier, but he was a ruthless ruler and, it seems, was little liked by those he governed. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, he was "hated by almost all his people and abhorrent to God."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chroniclers</a> tended to take a dim view of William's reign, arguably on account of his long and difficult struggles with the Church: these chroniclers were themselves generally clerics, and so might be expected to report him somewhat negatively. His chief minister was <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Flambard" title="Ranulf Flambard">Ranulf Flambard</a>, whom he appointed <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a> in 1099: this was a political appointment, to a <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> that was also a great <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefdom</a>. The particulars of the king's relationship with the people of England are not credibly documented. Contemporaries of William, as well as those writing after his death, roundly denounced him for presiding over what these dissenters considered a dissolute court. In keeping with the tradition of Norman leaders, William scorned the English and the English culture.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporaries of William raised concerns about a court dominated by homosexuality and effeminacy, epitomised through seemingly "luxurious" attire and <a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">unusual footwear</a> than with sexual practices.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citing the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Abbey" title="Wilton Abbey">Wilton Abbey</a> in the 1140s, <a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Tournai" title="Herman of Tournai">Herman of Tournai</a> wrote that the abbess had ordered the Scottish princess <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Edith</a> (later Matilda, wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>) to become a nun in order to protect her from the lust of William Rufus, which angered Edith's father because of the effect it might have on her prospects of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian Emma Mason has noted that while during his reign William himself was never openly accused of homosexuality, in the decades after his death numerous medieval writers spoke of this and a few began to describe him as a "sodomite".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians cannot state with certainty whether William was homosexual or not; however, he never took a wife or a mistress, or fathered any children. As a bachelor king without an heir, William would have been pressed to take a wife and would have had numerous proposals for marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That he never accepted any of these proposals nor had any relations with women may show that he either had no desire for women, or he may have taken a vow of chastity or celibacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barlow said that the Welsh chronicles claim that Henry was able to succeed to the throne because his brother had made use of <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a> and thus died childless, although no illegitimate offspring are named. Barlow also allows that William may have been sterile. Noting that no "<a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourites</a>" were identified, and that William's "baronial friends and companions were mostly married men", despite having concluded that the chroniclers were "hostile and biased witnesses", Barlow considers that "there seems no reason why they should have invented this particular charge" (of homosexuality) and states that, in his opinion, "On the whole the evidence points to the king's bisexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000109_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000109-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Miraculis Sancti Eadmundi</i></span> is alone in calling him William Longsword.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow suggests that William and Henry probably urinated over Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow200033–34_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow200033–34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a>, an unusually well placed witness, William II "protested that Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> could not possibly keep at the same time both the allegiance which he owed to the King and obedience to the Apostolic See against the King's will."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anselm found himself in similar conflict with William II's successor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>, as also reported by Eadmer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of such blasphemous oaths, see <a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, pp. 116–118. An alternative, pagan interpretation of this oath proposed by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a> is that William swore by the "face of <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a>": Murray, Margaret A., <i>The God of the Witches</i>, <a href="/wiki/OUP" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP">OUP</a>, 1970, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The claim was first made by a certain Mr Purkis of the family of charcoal-burners and cottagers remaining at the same spot, who claimed descent when, in 1806, he sold a bridle he claimed was the king's to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Phillips">Sir Richard Phillips</a>, claiming also to have possessed a wheel from the cart that carried his body.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir Francis Palgrave in his <i>The History of Normandy and of England</i>, reported the story uncritically. The Purkis family cottage remained at Canterton until the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTout" class="citation cs2">Tout, <i>An Advanced History of Great Britain from the Earliest Times to 1918</i>, p. 94</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+Great+Britain+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+1918&rft.pages=94&rft.au=Tout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow200011–12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow200011–12_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, <i>King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England</i>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29449">"William II (c.1060–1100)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+II+%28c.1060%E2%80%931100%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F29449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow20003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow20003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas393-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas393_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas <i>William the Conqueror</i> p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas395-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas395_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas <i>William the Conqueror</i> p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow200033–34-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow200033–34_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow200033–34_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William of Malmesbury <i>History of the Norman Kings</i> p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Struggle for Mastery</i>, pp. 125f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter129-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter129_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter129_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Struggle for Mastery</i>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000402–406-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000402–406_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, pp. 402–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCescinskyGribble1922" class="citation journal cs1">Cescinsky, Herbert; Gribble, Ernest R. (February 1922). "Westminster Hall and Its Roof". <i>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</i>. <b>40</b> (227): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/861585">861585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=Westminster+Hall+and+Its+Roof&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=227&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1922-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F861585%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cescinsky&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Gribble%2C+Ernest+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosanquet (tr.) <i>Eadmer's History</i> p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter <i>Struggle for Mastery</i> p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosanquet (tr.) <i>Eadmer's History</i> p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William of Malmesbury <i>History of the Norman Kings</i>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Struggle for Mastery</i>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip J. Potter, <i>Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399</i> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA47">p. 47</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-II-duke-of-Normandy">"Robert II | Duke of Normandy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Robert+II+%7C+Duke+of+Normandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRobert-II-duke-of-Normandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillingham, William II, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QRufus420-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QRufus420_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, p. 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000420–423-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000420–423_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, pp. 420–423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd19_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Arthur (2000). <i>The Death of Rufus</i>. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4"><bdi>0-9526120-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Rufus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=The+New+Forest+Ninth+Centenary+trust&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9526120-5-4&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Arthur (2000). <i>The Death of Rufus</i>. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4"><bdi>0-9526120-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Rufus&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=The+New+Forest+Ninth+Centenary+trust&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9526120-5-4&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle1864123-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle1864123_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle1864">Doyle (1864)</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidpath1895" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Clark_Ridpath" title="John Clark Ridpath">Ridpath, John Clark</a> (1895), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopediauniver197274ridp"><i>Cyclopedia of Universal History</i></a>, Boston: Balch Brothers & Co., p. 644</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopedia+of+Universal+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=644&rft.pub=Balch+Brothers+%26+Co.&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Ridpath&rft.aufirst=John+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyclopediauniver197274ridp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmot-Buxton1915" class="citation cs2">Wilmot-Buxton, Ethel M. (1915), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage-history.com/site/hclass/british_middle_ages/ebooks/pdf/wilmotbuxton_anselm.pdf"><i>Anselm</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, London: George G. Harrap & Co., p. 164</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm&rft.place=London&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=George+G.+Harrap+%26+Co.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Wilmot-Buxton&rft.aufirst=Ethel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage-history.com%2Fsite%2Fhclass%2Fbritish_middle_ages%2Febooks%2Fpdf%2Fwilmotbuxton_anselm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1832" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Robert (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0UJAAAAIAAJ&q=Robert+Chambers+1832"><i>The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character, Vol. 2</i></a>. London: W. & R. Chambers Limited. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Days%3A+A+Miscellany+of+Popular+Antiquities+in+Connection+with+the+Calendar%2C+Including+Anecdote%2C+Biography%2C+%26+History%2C+Curiosities+of+Literature+and+Oddities+of+Human+Life+and+Character%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=W.+%26+R.+Chambers+Limited&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0UJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DRobert%2BChambers%2B1832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1864" class="citation cs2">Doyle, James E. (1864), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YcM_AAAAYAAJ"><i>A Chronicle of England B.C. 55–A.D. 1485</i></a>, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, p. 125</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronicle+of+England+B.C.+55%E2%80%93A.D.+1485&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts%2C+%26+Green&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYcM_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd11-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd11_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Arthur (2000). <i>The Death of Rufus</i>. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4"><bdi>0-9526120-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Rufus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=The+New+Forest+Ninth+Centenary+trust&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9526120-5-4&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plumtree, James. "Stories of the Death of Kings: Retelling the Demise and Burial of William I, William II and Henry I", <i>Southern African Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies</i> 21 (2012 for 2011), pp. 10–17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/3123675/Stories_of_the_Death_of_Kings_Retelling_the_Demise_and_Burial_of_William_I_William_II_and_Henry_I">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bartlett, <i>England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225</i> (2000) p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell-Milne <i>Killing of William Rufus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000408–432-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000408–432_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, pp. 408–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bartlett, <i>England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225</i> (2000) p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gillingham, "The Early Middle Ages" in <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain</i> ed. Kenneth O. Morgan, Oxford University Press 1984, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austin Lane Poole, <i>From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087–1216</i> (1955) pp. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Warren Hollister, "The Strange Death of William Rufus," <i>Speculum</i> (1973) 48#4 pp. 637–653 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856221">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2008" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Emma (2008). <i>King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4635-6"><bdi>978-0-7524-4635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Rufus%3A+The+Life+and+Murder+of+William+II+of+England&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4635-6&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winchester-cathedral.org.uk/history-treasures/royal-connections/">"Royal connections"</a>. <i>Winchester Cathedral website</i>. Dean and Chapter of Winchester Cathedral. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Winchester+Cathedral+website&rft.atitle=Royal+connections&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinchester-cathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory-treasures%2Froyal-connections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd41-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd41_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Arthur (2000). <i>The Death of Rufus</i>. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4"><bdi>0-9526120-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Rufus&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=The+New+Forest+Ninth+Centenary+trust&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9526120-5-4&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd22-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd22_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Arthur (2000). <i>The Death of Rufus</i>. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526120-5-4"><bdi>0-9526120-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Rufus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=The+New+Forest+Ninth+Centenary+trust&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9526120-5-4&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timbs <i>Historic Ninepins</i> p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodgers and Parson "New Forest" <i>English Woodland</i> p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollister <i>Henry I</i> pp. 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garmonsway (ed.) <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantor <i>Civilization of the Middle Ages</i> pp. 280–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2015" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6J0BgAAQBAJ"><i>Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226169262" title="Special:BookSources/9780226169262"><bdi>9780226169262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Sodomy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780226169262&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6J0BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_M._Tyler" title="Elizabeth M. Tyler">Elizabeth M. Tyler</a>, "Edith Becomes Matilda", <i>England in Europe: English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, C. 1000–C. 1150</i>, University of Toronto Press, Toronto; Buffalo; London, 2017, pp. 302–353, 308. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1whm96v.14">10.3138/j.ctt1whm96v.14</a>. Accessed 4 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, <i>King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England</i>, pp. 9–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000109-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2000109_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2000">Barlow 2000</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (2000). <i>William Rufus</i> (Second ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08291-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08291-6"><bdi>0-300-08291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Rufus&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-08291-6&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bosanquet, G. (1964). <i>Eadmer's History of Recent Events in England</i>. Cresset.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eadmer%27s+History+of+Recent+Events+in+England&rft.pub=Cresset&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Bosanquet%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Norman F. (1993). <i>The Civilization of the Middle Ages</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-092553-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-092553-1"><bdi>0-06-092553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-06-092553-1&rft.au=Cantor%2C+Norman+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Carpenter_(historian)" title="David Carpenter (historian)">Carpenter, David</a> (2004). <i>The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284</i>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014824-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014824-8"><bdi>0-14-014824-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery%3A+The+Penguin+History+of+Britain+1066%E2%80%931284&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-14-014824-8&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Douglas" title="David C. Douglas">Douglas, David C.</a> (1964). <i>William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+the+Conqueror%3A+The+Norman+Impact+Upon+England&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Edward Augustus (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reignwilliamruf00freegoog"><i>The Reign of William Rufus and the Accession of Henry the First</i></a>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+William+Rufus+and+the+Accession+of+Henry+the+First&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Edward+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freignwilliamruf00freegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Garmonsway, G.N. (1972). <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>. Dent, UK: Dutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=Dent%2C+UK&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Garmonsway%2C+G.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gillingham, John (2015). <i>William II (Penguin Monarchs): The Red King</i>. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141978550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141978550"><bdi>978-0141978550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+II+%28Penguin+Monarchs%29%3A+The+Red+King&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0141978550&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grinnell-Milne, Duncan (1968). <i>The Killing of William Rufus: An Investigation in The New Forest</i>. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5839-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-5839-1"><bdi>0-7153-5839-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+of+William+Rufus%3A+An+Investigation+in+The+New+Forest&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+UK&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-7153-5839-1&rft.au=Grinnell-Milne%2C+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Warren_Hollister" title="C. Warren Hollister">Hollister, C. Warren</a> (1973). "The Strange Death of William Rufus". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">637–</span>653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2856221">10.2307/2856221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856221">2856221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162819807">162819807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Death+of+William+Rufus&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162819807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2856221%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2856221&rft.au=Hollister%2C+C.+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mason, Emma (2008). <i>King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4635-6"><bdi>978-0-7524-4635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Rufus%3A+The+Life+and+Murder+of+William+II+of+England&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4635-6&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mason, Emma (2005). <i>William II: Rufus, the Red King</i>. Stroud, UK: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3528-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3528-0"><bdi>0-7524-3528-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+II%3A+Rufus%2C+the+Red+King&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7524-3528-0&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Emma (1977). "William Rufus: myth and reality". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medieval_History" title="Journal of Medieval History">Journal of Medieval History</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4181%2877%2990037-9">10.1016/0304-4181(77)90037-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=William+Rufus%3A+myth+and+reality&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4181%2877%2990037-9&rft.au=Mason%2C+Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Plumtree, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3123675">"Stories of the Death of Kings: Retelling the Demise and Burial of William I, William II and Henry I"</a>. <i>Southern African Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies</i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+African+Journal+of+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=Stories+of+the+Death+of+Kings%3A+Retelling+the+Demise+and+Burial+of+William+I%2C+William+II+and+Henry+I&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Plumtree%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3123675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, John & Parson, Elsie Clews. "The New Forest". <i>The English Woodland</i> (Second ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Forest&rft.btitle=The+English+Woodland&rft.edition=Second&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Parson%2C+Elsie+Clews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Timbs, John (1869). <i>Historic Ninepins: A book of curiosities</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Ninepins%3A+A+book+of+curiosities&rft.place=London&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Timbs%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tout, Thomas Frederick (1920). "William II, Rufus (1087–1100)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedhistory00tout"><i>An Advanced History of Great Britain from the Earliest Times to 1918</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedhistory00tout/page/94">94</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+II%2C+Rufus+%281087%E2%80%931100%29&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+Great+Britain+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+1918&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Tout&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedhistory00tout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Warren, W. L. (1959). "The Death of William Rufus". <i>History Today</i>. <b>9</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+William+Rufus&rft.volume=9&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Warren%2C+W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> (1989). <i>A History of the Norman Kings (1066–1125)</i>. Llanerch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780947992309" title="Special:BookSources/9780947992309"><bdi>9780947992309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Norman+Kings+%281066%E2%80%931125%29&rft.pub=Llanerch&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780947992309&rft.au=William+of+Malmesbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_II_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/william-rufus">William II</a> at the official website of the British monarchy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_ii_king.shtml">William II</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp57842">Portraits of King William II ('Rufus')</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102005#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>William Rufus</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">House of Normandy</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1056</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 2 August 1100</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> </b><br />1087–1100 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102005#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102005#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102005#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000067011880">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/70172250">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109149842020802842832">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8143/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwFxXqMkQB6DD3tFyDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123055415">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50024705">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973717p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973717p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000490049&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810532594205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007270079005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/123055415.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/123055415">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v98ps9">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>William II of England</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span 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{\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-57rb8","timestamp":"20250214040727","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"William II of England","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_II_of_England","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q102005","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q102005","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-22T21:39:08Z","dateModified":"2025-01-09T11:40:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/William_II_of_England.jpg","headline":"King of England from 1087 to 1100"}</script> </body> </html>