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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Градуализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Градуализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualisme" title="Gradualisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gradualisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualismus" title="Gradualismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gradualismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualismo" title="Gradualismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gradualismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualismo" title="Gradualismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gradualismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تدریجی‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تدریجی‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualismo" title="Gradualismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gradualismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualisme" title="Gradualisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gradualisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualismo" title="Gradualismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gradualismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualisme" title="Gradualisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gradualisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E9%80%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="漸進主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漸進主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualizm" title="Gradualizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gradualizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualismo" title="Gradualismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gradualismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Градуализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Градуализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gradualism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gradualism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiferdet" title="Tiferdet – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiferdet" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kademecilik" title="Kademecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kademecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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("step"), is a hypothesis, a theory or a tenet assuming that change comes about gradually or that variation is gradual in nature and happens over time as opposed to in large steps.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incrementalism" title="Incrementalism">incrementalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> are similar concepts. </p><p>Gradualism can also refer to desired, controlled change in society, institutions, or policies. For example, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialists</a> see the socialist society as achieved through gradualism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_biology">Geology and biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology and biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternatives to Darwinism">Alternatives to Darwinism</a></div> <p>In the natural sciences, gradualism is the <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes, often contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophism</a>. The theory was proposed in 1795 by <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a>, a Scottish geologist, and was later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformitarianism (science)">uniformitarianism</a>. Tenets from both theories were applied to <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and formed the basis of early <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> theory. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> was influenced by Lyell's <i>Principles of Geology</i>, which explained both uniformitarian methodology and theory. Using uniformitarianism, which states that one cannot make an appeal to any force or phenomenon which cannot presently be observed (see <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophism</a>), Darwin theorized that the evolutionary process must occur gradually, not in <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">saltations</a>, since saltations are not presently observed, and extreme deviations from the usual phenotypic variation would be more likely to be selected against. </p><p>Gradualism is often confused with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">phyletic gradualism</a>. It is a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Niles Eldredge</a> to contrast with their model of <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">punctuated equilibrium</a>, which is gradualist itself, but argues that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability (called stasis), which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-punc1972_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punc1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Phyletic gradualism</a> is a model of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> which theorizes that most <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> is slow, uniform and gradual.<sup id="cite_ref-pe1972_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe1972-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> into a new one (through a process called <a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">anagenesis</a>). In this view no clear line of demarcation exists between an ancestral species and a descendant species, unless <a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">splitting</a> occurs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_gradualism" title="Punctuated gradualism">Punctuated gradualism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">microevolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> that refers to a species that has "relative stasis over a considerable part of its total duration [and] underwent periodic, relatively rapid, morphologic change that did not lead to lineage branching". It is one of the three common models of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. While the traditional model of palaeontology, the phylogenetic model, states that features evolved slowly without any direct association with speciation, the relatively newer and more controversial idea of <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">punctuated equilibrium</a> claims that major evolutionary changes do not happen over a gradual period but in localized, rare, rapid events of branching speciation. Punctuated gradualism is considered to be a variation of these models, lying somewhere in between the <a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">phyletic gradualism</a> model and the punctuated equilibrium model. It states that speciation is not needed for a lineage to rapidly evolve from one equilibrium to another but may show rapid transitions between long-stable states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_society">Politics and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, gradualism is the hypothesis that social change can be achieved in small, discrete increments rather than in abrupt strokes such as <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">uprisings</a>. Gradualism is one of the defining features of political <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavellian</a> politics pushes politicians to espouse gradualism. </p><p>Gradualism in <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a> implemented through <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> means is a moral principle to which the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> is committed. In a more general way, <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> is the assumption that gradual changes through and within existing institutions can ultimately change a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>'s fundamental <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> and political structures; and that an accumulation of reforms can lead to the emergence of an entirely different economic system and form of society than present-day <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. That hypothesis of social change grew out of opposition to <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a>, which contends that <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> is necessary for fundamental structural changes to occur. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist politics</a> and within the socialist movement, the concept of gradualism is frequently distinguished from reformism, with the former insisting that short-term goals need to be formulated and implemented in such a way that they inevitably lead into long-term goals. It is most commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> concept of dual power and is seen as a middle way between reformism and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> was opposed to the idea of gradualism as a method of eliminating <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>. The United States government wanted to try to integrate <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a> and European-Americans slowly into the same society, but many believed it was a way for the government to put off actually doing anything about racial segregation: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Martin Luther King Jr.'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech, delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the terminology of <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)#Gradualism" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">NWO</a>-related speculations, gradualism refers to the gradual implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics_and_language_change">Linguistics and language change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linguistics and language change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a> is seen as gradual, the product of chain reactions and subject to <a href="/wiki/Drift_(linguistics)#Long-term_cyclic_drift" title="Drift (linguistics)">cyclic drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view that <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a> are the product of <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophism</a> is heavily disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morality">Morality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_gradualness" title="Law of gradualness">Law of gradualness</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism,_Theravada_and_Yoga"><span id="Buddhism.2C_Theravada_and_Yoga"></span>Buddhism, Theravada and Yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism, Theravada and Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gradualism is the approach of certain schools of Buddhism and other Eastern philosophies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>), that <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> can be achieved step by step, through an arduous practice. The opposite approach, that <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">insight</a> is attained all at once, is called <a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">subitism</a>. The debate on the issue was very important to the history of the development of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, which rejected gradualism,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the establishment of the opposite approach within the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Debate_of_Samye" class="mw-redirect" title="Debate of Samye">Debate of Samye</a>. It was continued in other schools of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pe%C3%B1a#Contradictorial_gradualism" title="Lorenzo Peña">Contradictorial gradualism</a> is the paraconsistent treatment of <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">fuzziness</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Lorenzo Peña">Lorenzo Peña</a> which regards true contradictions as situations wherein a state of affairs enjoys only partial existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incrementalism" title="Incrementalism">Incrementalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_frog" title="Boiling frog">Boiling frog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian McGowran. (2008). <i>Biostratigraphy: Microfossils and Geological Time</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 384. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521048170" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521048170">978-0521048170</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-punc1972-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-punc1972_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eldredge, Niles, and S. J. Gould (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/eldredge.pdf">"Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism"</a>. In T.J.M. Schopf, ed., <i>Models in Paleobiology</i>. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Company, pp. 82-115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pe1972-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pe1972_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eldredge, N. and S. J. Gould (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/eldredge.asp">"Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism"</a> In T.J.M. Schopf, ed., <i>Models in Paleobiology</i>. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper. p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Blackledge2013" class="citation web cs1">Paul Blackledge (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/?id=903">"Left reformism, the state and the problem of socialist politics today"</a>. International Socialist Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Left+reformism%2C+the+state+and+the+problem+of+socialist+politics+today&rft.pub=International+Socialist+Journal&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Paul+Blackledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isj.org.uk%2F%3Fid%3D903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1963" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther</a> (August 28, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1951-/martin-luther-kings-i-have-a-dream-speech-august-28-1963.php">"I have a dream speech"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+have+a+dream+speech&rft.date=1963-08-28&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.rug.nl%2Fusa%2Fdocuments%2F1951-%2Fmartin-luther-kings-i-have-a-dream-speech-august-28-1963.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Wittmann" title="Henri Wittmann">Henri Wittmann</a> (1983). "Les réactions en chaîne en morphologie diachronique". <i>Actes du Colloque de la Société internationale de linguistique fonctionnelle</i> 10.285-92.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/1983c-morphodia.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Classic presentations of catastrophe theory include René Thom, <i>Stabilité structurelle et morphogénèse</i>. Reading MA: Benjamin, 1972; Monte Davis and Alexander Woodcock, <i>Catastrophe Theory</i>. NY: Dutton, 1978; and Saunders, <i>An Introduction to Catastrophe Theory</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a more-recent overview on the <i>pidgin/creole</i> language-change literature, see Sarah C. Thomasen, "Pidgins/Creoles and Historical Linguistics", esp. 246-60, in Silvia Kouwenberg and John Victor Singler, eds., <i>The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies</i>. London: John Wiley, 2009. books.google.com/books?id=AyFK3L-U_PIC&pg=PA246 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444305999" title="Special:BookSources/9781444305999">9781444305999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Miscellaneous/ChanZenStudies.htm">Bernard Faure, <i>Chan/Zen Studies in English: The State Of The Field</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1991" class="citation cs2">Gregory, Peter N., ed. (1991), <i><span></span></i>Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought<i><span></span></i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudden+and+Gradual.+Approaches+to+Enlightenment+in+Chinese+Thought&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&oldid=1247504473">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gradualism&oldid=1247504473</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_theories" title="Category:Geology theories">Geology theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rate_of_evolution" title="Category:Rate of evolution">Rate of evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_socialism" title="Category:Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_linguistics" title="Category:Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_theories" title="Category:Social theories">Social theories</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018">Articles with dead external links from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2024, at 15:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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