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class="mw-page-title-main">Punitive expedition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafexpedition" title="Strafexpedition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strafexpedition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_punitiva" title="Expedición punitiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición punitiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C" title="لشکرکشی تنبیهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لشکرکشی تنبیهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%B2%8C" title="토벌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토벌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaznena_ekspedicija" title="Kaznena ekspedicija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaznena ekspedicija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_hukuman" title="Ekspedisi hukuman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspedisi hukuman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_punitiva" title="Spedizione punitiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spedizione punitiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_eksped%C4%ABcija" title="Soda ekspedīcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Soda ekspedīcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafexpeditie" title="Strafexpeditie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Strafexpeditie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E4%BC%90" title="征伐 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="征伐" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straffeekspedisjon" title="Straffeekspedisjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Straffeekspedisjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_punitiva" title="Expedição punitiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expedição punitiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карательная акция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карательная акция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaznena_ekspedicija" title="Kaznena ekspedicija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaznena ekspedicija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military journey undertaken to punish a state</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malolo_by_Agate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Malolo_by_Agate.jpg/220px-Malolo_by_Agate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Malolo_by_Agate.jpg/330px-Malolo_by_Agate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Malolo_by_Agate.jpg/440px-Malolo_by_Agate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><i>The American punitive expedition against <a href="/wiki/Malolo" title="Malolo">Malolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> in 1840</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Agate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Agate">Alfred Agate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>punitive expedition</b> is a military journey undertaken to <a href="/wiki/Punish" class="mw-redirect" title="Punish">punish</a> a <a href="/wiki/Political_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Political entity">political entity</a> or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">union</a>. It is usually undertaken in response to perceived disobedient or morally wrong behavior by <a href="/wiki/Miscreants" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscreants">miscreants</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corrective_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrective action">corrective action</a>, or to apply strong diplomatic pressure without a formal <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Surgical_strike" title="Surgical strike">surgical strike</a>). In the 19th century, punitive expeditions were used more commonly as pretexts for colonial adventures that resulted in annexations, regime changes or changes in policies of the affected state to favour one or more <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial powers</a>. </p><p>Stowell (1921) provides the following definition: </p> <blockquote><p>When the territorial sovereign is too weak or is unwilling to enforce respect for international law, a state which is wronged may find it necessary to invade the territory and to chastise the individuals who violate its rights and threaten its security.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell192141–42_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell192141–42-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punitive_expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_(Nicolaas_Baur,_1818).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg/220px-Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg/330px-Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg/440px-Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> by the Anglo–Dutch fleet in 1816 to support the ultimatum to release <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">European slaves</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg/220px-%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg/330px-%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg/440px-%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Veracruz_(1838)" title="Battle of Veracruz (1838)">raids San Juan de Ulua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a> (1838).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In the 5th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> launched a series of campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> to punish certain Greek city-states for involving themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a>.</li> <li>In the early 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> engaged in punitive expeditions against the Germanic tribes as repercussion for the Roman Legions that were destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teutoburg_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Teutoburg Forest">Battle of Teutoburg Forest</a>.</li> <li>In 518, <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaleb_of_Axum" title="Kaleb of Axum">Kaleb of Axum</a> dispatched a <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_invasion_of_Himyar#Aksumite_invasion_of_518" title="Aksumite invasion of Himyar">punitive expedition</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution of Christians</a> by the Himyarite Jews.</li> <li>In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, often engaged in punitive expeditions, either as a pretext or to quell rebellions against his rule. Some notable examples include his <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Khwarezmia_and_Eastern_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran">invasion of Khwarazim</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">campaigns against the Western Xia kingdom</a>.</li> <li>Also in the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, a grandson of Genghis and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>, sent emissaries demanding tribute from the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Singhasari kingdom">Singhasari kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. The ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Kertanagara" title="Kertanagara">Kertanagara</a>, refused to pay tribute and tattooed a Chinese messenger, Meng Qi, on his face. <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">A punitive expedition</a> sent by Kublai Khan arrived off the coast of Java in 1293. <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a>, a rebel from the Kediri Kingdom, had killed Kertanagara by that time. The Mongols allied with <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> against Jayakatwang and, once the Singhasari kingdom was destroyed, Wijaya turned against the Mongols and forced them to withdraw in confusion.</li> <li>In 1599, the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a> ordered his nephew <a href="/wiki/Vicente_de_Zald%C3%ADvar" title="Vicente de Zaldívar">Vicente de Zaldívar</a> to engage in a punitive expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a> natives of <a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a>. When the Spanish arrived, they fought a three-day <a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma Massacre">battle</a> with the Keres leaving about 800 men, women and children dead.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, Spanish Admiral <a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a> made a successful raid to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> in 1605 with his fleet. He sailed from Spain to <a href="/wiki/Araya,_Venezuela" title="Araya, Venezuela">Araya</a>, on the Venezuelan coast, where he <a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Salinas_de_Araya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attack on Salinas de Araya (page does not exist)">massacred</a> a fleet of smugglers and Dutch privateers who blocked the area and were engaged in illegally extracting <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Powhatan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Powhatan War">First Anglo-Powhatan War</a> (1610–1614), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr</a> (1577–1618), an English nobleman, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia's</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">first royal governor</a> and ordered to defend the colony against the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a>. Lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colony’s council president, <a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)" title="John Ratcliffe (governor)">John Ratcliffe</a>.</li> <li>In the summer of 1614, Ottomans led by <a href="/wiki/Damat_Halil_Pasha" title="Damat Halil Pasha">Damat Halil Pasha</a> engaged a successful punitive expedition against Sefer Dā'yl, an insurgent in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1784, a brief expedition was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Danish_Gold_Coast" title="Danish Gold Coast">Denmark</a> and its native allies against the <a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a>. in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sagbadre_War" title="Sagbadre War">Sagbadre War</a></li> <li>From 1838 to 1842, ships of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> engaged in three punitive expeditions against Pacific islanders.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–1842) was a retaliation against the burning of opiate products by Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a>, which resulted in the opening of a number of ports, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Colonial_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colonial Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">cession</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nanjing">Treaty of Nanjing</a>.</li> <li>The 1842 <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory Coast Expedition">Ivory Coast Expedition</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> against the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bereby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bereby (page does not exist)">Bereby</a> people of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> after two <a href="/wiki/Mary_Carver_Affair" title="Mary Carver Affair">attacks</a> on American merchant ships.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1842)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kabul (1842)">Battle of Kabul</a> in 1842 was undertaken by the British against the Afghans following their disastrous <a href="/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul" title="1842 retreat from Kabul">retreat from Kabul</a> in which 16,000 people were killed.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/French_Campaign_against_Korea,_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="French Campaign against Korea, 1866">French Campaign</a> against Korea in 1866 was a response to the earlier execution by Korea of French priests proselytizing in Korea.</li> <li>The 1867 <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a> was a failed punitive operation of the United States to Taiwan.</li> <li>The 1868 <a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">British Expedition to Abyssinia</a> (Ethiopia) was a rescue mission and punitive expedition against Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewodros II of Ethiopia">Tewodros II of Ethiopia</a>, who had imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government in an attempt to force the British government to comply with his requests for military assistance. The commander of the expedition, General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Sir Robert Napier</a>, was victorious in every battle against the troops of Tewodros, captured the Ethiopian capital, and rescued all the hostages.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a> in 1871 was in retaliation to the <a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_incident" title="General Sherman incident"><i>General Sherman</i> incident</a>, where a U.S. merchant ship was burned as it entered Pyongyang.</li> <li>The 1874 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Expedition_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Expedition of 1874">expedition</a> against <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How is this a punitive expedition? (June 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT1894_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1894-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition of 1897</a> was a British punitive action that led to the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported on January 13, 1897 that a "punitive expedition" would be formed to "punish the murderers of the Benin City expedition".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1897_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1897-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a>'s invasion of China in 1900 was in response to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_International_Legations" title="Siege of the International Legations">Siege of the International Legations</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a> in December 1903-September 1904. The expedition was effectively a temporary invasion by <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Armed Forces (page does not exist)">British Indian Armed Forces</a> under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Frontier_Commission" title="Tibet Frontier Commission">Tibet Frontier Commission</a>, whose purported mission was to establish diplomatic relations and resolve the dispute over the border between <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero and Namaqua genocide</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a> by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How is this a punitive expedition? (June 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>During World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">battle of Asiago</a>, nicknamed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Strafexpedition</i></span> (punitive expedition), was an unsuccessful counteroffensive launched by <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a> from 1916 to 1917, led by General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, was an operation in retaliation against Pancho Villa's incursion into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Elser_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elser-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_revolt_against_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi revolt against the British">1920 Iraqi Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia">British Mandate of Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></span> were involved in the mass murders of civilians in Poland and USSR as the punishment for the acts of resistance and collaboration with the communists.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 Indo-Pakistani War</a>, the Indian offensive across the international border into <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> was characterized as a punitive expedition necessitated by Pakistan's offensive across the CFL into <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Indian Kashmir</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">Operation Grand Slam</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">1979 invasion of Vietnam by China</a> was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> as an act of punishment necessitated by Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia, saying that "Children who don't listen have to be spanked."<sup id="cite_ref-Swami_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swami-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The destruction of half of the operational ships of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Islamic Republic of Iran Navy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in 1988 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a> was punishment for damaging <a href="/wiki/USS_Samuel_B._Roberts_(FFG-58)" title="USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58)">USS <i>Samuel B. Roberts</i></a> by mining international waters of the Persian Gulf.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2016_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_military_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation">2016 Indo-Pakistani military confrontation</a> began with alleged punitive "surgical strikes" carried out by India. These strikes were a punitive action in response to Pakistan's inaction in curbing the activities of terrorist organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish-e-Mohammad">Jaish-e-Mohammad</a>, which India held responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Uri_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Uri attack">Uri attack</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine</a> has been described as a punitive expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Israel's 2024 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">invasion into the Hamas-run Gaza strip</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> has been labeled a punitive expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punitive_expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque_and_reprisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of marque and reprisal">Letter of marque and reprisal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punitive_expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell192141–42-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell192141–42_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStowell1921">Stowell 1921</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpiteri2013" class="citation journal cs1">Spiteri, Stephen C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-occasional-papers-in-defence-of-the-coast-i.html">"In Defence of the Coast (I) - The Bastioned Towers"</a>. <i>Arx - International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification</i> (3): 43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arx+-+International+Journal+of+Military+Architecture+and+Fortification&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+the+Coast+%28I%29+-+The+Bastioned+Towers&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Spiteri&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryarchitecture.com%2Findex.php%2FJournals%2Farx-occasional-papers-in-defence-of-the-coast-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1894-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1894_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E2DB1730E033A25751C2A96E9C94659ED7CF">"A Victory for the Chinese; Japanese Driven with Heavy Loss from Ping-yang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. August 22, 1894. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Victory+for+the+Chinese%3B+Japanese+Driven+with+Heavy+Loss+from+Ping-yang&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1894-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9902E2DB1730E033A25751C2A96E9C94659ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1897-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1897_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E7D7173DE633A25750C1A9679C94669ED7CF">"To Punish the Murderers; Great Britain Will Send Another Expedition to Benin City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. January 13, 1897<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-24</span></span>. <q>The Daily News will to-morrow say that the Government has ordered that an expedition be formed to punish the murderers of the Benin City expedition. The punitive expedition, which will be prepared at Old Calaber, will be made up of men from the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate and a contingent of sailors from the British West African squadron.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Punish+the+Murderers%3B+Great+Britain+Will+Send+Another+Expedition+to+Benin+City&rft.date=1897-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9902E7D7173DE633A25750C1A9679C94669ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elser-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elser_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElser1916" class="citation news cs1">Elser, Frank B. (April 14, 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE1DD163BE633A25757C1A9629C946796D6CF">"Assure Pershing of Co-operation; Gen. Herrera and Staff Greet Villa's Pursuers After 100-Mile Ride in Desert"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-25</span></span>. <q>The first Carranza General to exchange formal courtesies with General John J. Pershing, leader of the punitive expedition after Pancho Villa, came riding into camp this afternoon on a pacing gray horse and, seated on an empty hardtack tin, paid his respects, and inquired after the health of the American forces</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Assure+Pershing+of+Co-operation%3B+Gen.+Herrera+and+Staff+Greet+Villa%27s+Pursuers+After+100-Mile+Ride+in+Desert&rft.date=1916-04-14&rft.aulast=Elser&rft.aufirst=Frank+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9A0CE1DD163BE633A25757C1A9629C946796D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (May 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/24/opinion/24ferguson.html">"Cowboys and Indians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-25</span></span>. <q>The United States also faces two other problems that the United Kingdom did not 85 years ago. The British were able to be ruthless: they used air raids and punitive expeditions to inflict harsh collective punishments on villages that supported the insurgents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cowboys+and+Indians&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F24%2Fopinion%2F24ferguson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swami-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swami_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2010" class="citation news cs1">Swami, Praveen (24 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916203522/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/praveenswami/100065335/china-is-treading-on-dangerous-ground/">"China is treading on dangerous ground"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/praveenswami/100065335/china-is-treading-on-dangerous-ground/">the original</a> on 2011-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-16</span></span>. <q>Children who don't listen have to be spanked.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=China+is+treading+on+dangerous+ground&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft.aulast=Swami&rft.aufirst=Praveen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpraveenswami%2F100065335%2Fchina-is-treading-on-dangerous-ground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltonSenesac" class="citation web cs1">Bolton, John Q.; Senesac, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/does-ukraine-spell-death-operational-level-offense">"Does Ukraine Spell the Death of the Operational-Level Offense?"</a>. <i>Small Wars Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+Journal&rft.atitle=Does+Ukraine+Spell+the+Death+of+the+Operational-Level+Offense%3F&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=John+Q.&rft.au=Senesac%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmallwarsjournal.com%2Fjrnl%2Fart%2Fdoes-ukraine-spell-death-operational-level-offense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVindman" class="citation web cs1">Vindman, Yevgeny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/russia-war-united-nations-ukraine/">"Putin's War Is an Existential Crisis for the United Nations"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+War+Is+an+Existential+Crisis+for+the+United+Nations&rft.aulast=Vindman&rft.aufirst=Yevgeny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2022%2F04%2F01%2Frussia-war-united-nations-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri" class="citation web cs1">Puri, Samir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/putin-salvage-victory-in-ukraine-russia-invasion-takeover-war-division-destabilize-turkey-peace-ceasefire-negotiations-talks-donbas-crimea-nato-us-security-guarantees-11648674411">"Russia Could Still Salvage Victory in Ukraine"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Russia+Could+Still+Salvage+Victory+in+Ukraine&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fputin-salvage-victory-in-ukraine-russia-invasion-takeover-war-division-destabilize-turkey-peace-ceasefire-negotiations-talks-donbas-crimea-nato-us-security-guarantees-11648674411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/gaza-israel-legal-and-military-view">"Gaza-Israel: The Legal and the Military View"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza-Israel%3A+The+Legal+and+the+Military+View&rft.pub=Gresham+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gresham.ac.uk%2Fwatch-now%2Fgaza-israel-legal-and-military-view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punitive_expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1965" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Leonard (1965). "Japan's Abortive Colonial Venture in Taiwan, 1874". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i>. <b>37</b> (2): 171–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F239635">10.1086/239635</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1878308">1878308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145215441">145215441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Abortive+Colonial+Venture+in+Taiwan%2C+1874&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-185&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145215441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1878308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F239635&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowell1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Cory_Stowell" title="Ellery Cory Stowell">Stowell, Ellery Cory</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interventioninin00stowuoft"><i>Intervention in International Law</i></a>. Washington, D. C.: J. Bryne & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interventioninin00stowuoft/page/41">41</a>–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intervention+in+International+Law&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.+C.&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=J.+Bryne+%26+Co.&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=Ellery+Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterventioninin00stowuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunitive+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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