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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complex_paramount_chiefdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_paramount_chiefdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Complex paramount chiefdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_paramount_chiefdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powhatan_builds_his_chiefdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powhatan_builds_his_chiefdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Powhatan builds his chiefdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powhatan_builds_his_chiefdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_settlers_in_the_land_of_the_Powhatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_settlers_in_the_land_of_the_Powhatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>English settlers in the land of the Powhatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_settlers_in_the_land_of_the_Powhatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Powhatan_Wars_and_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Powhatan_Wars_and_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anglo-Powhatan Wars and treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Powhatan_Wars_and_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_society_and_English_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_society_and_English_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Changing society and English expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_society_and_English_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_lifeways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_lifeways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and lifeways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_lifeways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes_of_the_paramount_chiefdom_and_their_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes_of_the_paramount_chiefdom_and_their_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tribes of the paramount chiefdom and their territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes_of_the_paramount_chiefdom_and_their_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>20th-century history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powhatan_tribes_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powhatan_tribes_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Powhatan tribes today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Powhatan_tribes_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Powhatan tribes today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Powhatan_tribes_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State-recognized_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-recognized_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>State-recognized tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-recognized_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federally_recognized_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federally_recognized_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Federally recognized tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federally_recognized_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powhatan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powhatan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Powhatan languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powhatan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powhatan_in_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powhatan_in_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Powhatan in films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powhatan_in_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Паўхатан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўхатан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Конфедерация Поухатан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конфедерация Поухатан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_(grup_hum%C3%A0)" title="Powhatan (grup humà) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Powhatan (grup humà)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADhatanoj" title="Paŭhatanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭhatanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatans" title="Powhatans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Powhatans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_powhatan" title="Pobo powhatan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo powhatan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9A%B0%ED%95%98%ED%83%84" title="포우하탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포우하탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouhatanai" title="Pouhatanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pouhatanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3hatanok" title="Póhatanok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Póhatanok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paohatana" title="Paohatana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Paohatana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_(volk)" title="Powhatan (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Powhatan (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8F%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="ポウハタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポウハタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powatanowie" title="Powatanowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powatanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Поухатаны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поухатаны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_people" title="Powhatan people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Powhatan people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Похатани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Похатани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatanit" title="Powhatanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Powhatanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Powhatan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Повхатан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повхатан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%93%A6%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="波瓦坦人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波瓦坦人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49291#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous Algonquian tribes from Virginia, U.S.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Algonquian people in Virginia. For the individual, see <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_(Native_American_leader)" title="Powhatan (Native American leader)">Powhatan (Native American leader)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Powhatan (disambiguation)">Powhatan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_too_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too long</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">length guidelines</a> and help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit">move details into the article's body</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Powhatan people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Historically <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pamlico" title="Pamlico">Pamlico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_people" title="Nanticoke people">Nanticoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg/220px-Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg/330px-Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg/440px-Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_(Native_American_leader)" title="Powhatan (Native American leader)">Powhatan</a> in a longhouse at <a href="/wiki/Werowocomoco" title="Werowocomoco">Werowocomoco</a> (detail of John Smith map, 1612)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Powhatan people</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a> who belong to member tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Powhatan Confederacy">Powhatan Confederacy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tsenacommacah" title="Tsenacommacah">Tsenacommacah</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> whose historic territories were in eastern <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indians.vipnet.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indians.vipnet.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan language</a> is an Eastern <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> language, also known as Virginia Algonquian. In 1607, an estimated 14,000 to 21,000 Powhatan people lived in eastern Virginia when <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> colonists established <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><b>Powhatan</b></i> is also a title among the Powhatan people. English colonial historians often used this meaning of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-waugaman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugaman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a <i>mamanatowick</i> (<a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chief</a>) named <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_(Native_American_leader)" title="Powhatan (Native American leader)">Wahunsenacawh</a> forged a Paramount Chiefdom consisting of 30 tributary tribes through inheritance, marriage and war, whose territory included much of eastern <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Their territory was called Tsenacommacah ("densely inhabited Land"). English colonists called Wahunsenacawh <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_(Native_American_leader)" title="Powhatan (Native American leader)">The Powhatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the tribes within the confederacy was led by a <i><a href="/wiki/Weroance" title="Weroance">weroance</a></i> (leader, commander), all of whom paid tribute to the Powhatan.<sup id="cite_ref-waugaman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugaman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Wahunsenacawh died in 1618, hostilities with colonists escalated under the chiefdom of his brother, <a href="/wiki/Opchanacanough" class="mw-redirect" title="Opchanacanough">Opchanacanough</a>, who unsuccessfully tried to repel encroaching English colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1622 and 1644 attacks against the invaders failed, and the English almost eliminated the confederacy. By 1646, the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom had been decimated, not just by warfare but from the <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> newly introduced to North America by Europeans. The Native Americans did not have any <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to these, which had been <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to Europe and Asia for centuries. At least 75 percent of the Powhatan people died from these diseases in the 17th century alone.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-17th century, English colonist were desperate for labor to develop the land. Almost half of the European immigrants to Virginia arrived as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">indentured servants</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a> continued, the <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">colonists</a> imported growing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a> <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Africans</a> for labor. By 1700, the colonies had about 6,000 enslaved Africans, one-twelfth of the population. Enslaved people would at times escape and join the surrounding Powhatan. Some white indentured servants were also known to have fled and joined the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a>. African slaves and indentured European servants often worked and lived together, and while marriage was not always legal, some Native people lived, worked, and had children with them. After <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a> in 1676, the colony enslaved Indians for control. In 1691, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> abolished the enslavement of Native peoples; however, many Powhatans were held in servitude well into the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English and Powhatan people often married, with the best-known being <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a>. Their son was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rolfe" title="Thomas Rolfe">Thomas Rolfe</a>, who has more than an estimated 100,000 descendants today.<sup id="cite_ref-gruenke_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruenke-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families of Virginia</a> have both English and Virginia Algonquian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-indians.vipnet.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indians.vipnet.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virginia <a href="/wiki/State-recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized">state-recognized</a> eight Native tribes with ancestral ties to the Powhatan Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey" title="Pamunkey">Pamunkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi</a> are the only two peoples who have retained reservation lands from the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-waugaman_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugaman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today many descendants of the Powhatan Confederacy are enrolled in six <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a> in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-voa_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickahominy Indian Tribe">Chickahominy Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_Indian_Tribe%E2%80%93Eastern_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division">Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_Indian_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansemond Indian Nation">Nansemond Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamunkey Indian Tribe">Pamunkey Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_Tribe,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Rappahannock Tribe, Inc.">Rappahannock Tribe, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mattaponi_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Mattaponi Tribe">Upper Mattaponi Tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-voa_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_terminology">Naming and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Powhatan" (also transcribed by Strachey as <i>Paqwachowng</i>), also spelled <i>Powatan</i>, is the name of the Native American village or town of Wahunsenacawh. The title <i>Chief</i> or <i>King</i> Powhatan, used by English colonists, is believed to have been derived from the name of this site. Although the specific site of his home village is unknown, in modern times the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End portion of the modern-day city of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> is thought by many to be in the general vicinity of the original village. Tree Hill Farm in <a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico County</a> is also a possible site. </p><p>"Powhatan" was also the name used by the Natives to refer to the river where the town sat at the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_navigation" title="Head of navigation">head of navigation</a>. The English colonists chose to name it after their leader, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a>. The English colonists named many features in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Colony">Virginia Colony</a> in honor of the king, as well as for his three children, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles. </p><p>Although portions of Virginia's longest river upstream from <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Virginia" title="Columbia, Virginia">Columbia</a> were much later named for <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> of Great Britain, in modern times, it is called the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a>. It forms at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_River_(Virginia)" title="Jackson River (Virginia)">Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowpasture_River" title="Cowpasture River">Cowpasture</a> Rivers near the present-day town of <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Forge,_Virginia" title="Clifton Forge, Virginia">Clifton Forge</a>, flowing east to <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>. (The <a href="/wiki/Rivanna_River" title="Rivanna River">Rivanna River</a>, a tributary of the James River, and <a href="/wiki/Fluvanna_County,_Virginia" title="Fluvanna County, Virginia">Fluvanna County</a>, were named after Queen Anne). The only water body in Virginia to retain a name related to the Powhatan people is Powhatan Creek, located in <a href="/wiki/James_City_County" class="mw-redirect" title="James City County">James City County</a> near <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_County,_Virginia" title="Powhatan County, Virginia">Powhatan County</a> and its <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Powhatan,_Virginia" title="Powhatan, Virginia">Powhatan, Virginia</a> were honorific names established years later, in locations west of the area populated by the Powhatan peoples. The county was formed in March 1777. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_paramount_chiefdom">Complex paramount chiefdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Complex paramount chiefdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various tribes each held some individual powers locally, and each had a chief known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Weroance" title="Weroance">weroance</a></i> (male) or, more rarely, a <i>weroansqua</i> (female), meaning "commander".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as the era of <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a>, the individual tribes of this grouping were recognized by English colonists as falling under the greater authority of the centralized power led by the chiefdom of <b>Powhatan</b> (c. 1545 – c. 1618), whose proper name was <b>Wahunsenacawh</b> or (in 17th century English spelling) <b>Wahunsunacock</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-indians.vipnet.org_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indians.vipnet.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1607, when the first permanent English colonial settlement in North America was founded at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, he ruled primarily from <a href="/wiki/Werowocomoco" title="Werowocomoco">Werowocomoco</a>, which was located on the northern shore of the <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York River</a>. This site of Werowocomoco was rediscovered in the early 21st century; it was central to the tribes of the Confederacy. The improvements discovered at the site during <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> research have confirmed that Powhatan had a paramount chiefdom over the other tribes in the power hierarchy. Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carneiro" title="Robert L. Carneiro">Robert L. Carneiro</a> in his <i>The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World</i> (1981), deeply explores the political structure of the chiefdom and confederacy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Powhatan (and his several successors) ruled what is called a <a href="/wiki/Complex_chiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex chiefdom">complex chiefdom</a>, referred to by scholars as the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_Paramount_Chiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom">Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom</a>. Research work continues at Werowocomoco and elsewhere that deepens understanding of the Powhatan world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powhatan_builds_his_chiefdom">Powhatan builds his chiefdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Powhatan builds his chiefdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wahunsenacawh had inherited control over six tribes but dominated more than 30 by 1607 when the English settlers established their <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Colony">Virginia Colony</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>. The original six tribes under Wahunsenacawh were: the Powhatan (proper), the <a href="/wiki/Arrohattoc" title="Arrohattoc">Arrohateck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appamattuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Appamattuck">Appamattuck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey" title="Pamunkey">Pamunkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chiskiack" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiskiack">Chiskiack</a>. </p><p>He added the <a href="/wiki/Kecoughtan,_Virginia" title="Kecoughtan, Virginia">Kecoughtan</a> to his fold by 1598. Some other affiliated groups included the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_people" title="Rappahannock people">Rappahannock</a>, Moraughtacund, <a href="/wiki/Weyanoak" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyanoak">Weyanoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paspahegh" title="Paspahegh">Paspahegh</a>, Quiyoughcohannock, <a href="/wiki/Warraskoyack" class="mw-redirect" title="Warraskoyack">Warraskoyack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nansemond" title="Nansemond">Nansemond</a>. Another closely related tribe of the same language group was the <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickahominy (tribe)">Chickahominy</a>, but they managed to preserve their autonomy from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. The Accawmacke, located on the Eastern Shore across the Chesapeake Bay, were nominally tributary to the Powhatan Chiefdom but enjoyed autonomy under their own Paramount Chief or "Emperor", <i><a href="/wiki/Debedeavon" title="Debedeavon">Debedeavon</a></i> (aka "The Laughing King"). Half a million Native Americans were living in the Allegheny Mountains around the year 1600. 30,000 of those 500,000 lived in the Chesapeake region under Powhatan’s rule, by 1677 only five percent of his population remained. The huge jump in deaths was caused by exposure and contact with Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> (1781–82), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> estimated that the Powhatan Confederacy occupied about 8,000 square miles (20,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of territory, with a population of about 8,000 people, of whom 2400 were warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars estimated the total population of the <a href="/wiki/Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramountcy">paramountcy</a> as 15,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_settlers_in_the_land_of_the_Powhatan">English settlers in the land of the Powhatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English settlers in the land of the Powhatan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Smith_taking_the_King_of_Pamavnkee_prisoner_-_etching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Smith_taking_the_King_of_Pamavnkee_prisoner_-_etching.jpg/170px-John_Smith_taking_the_King_of_Pamavnkee_prisoner_-_etching.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Smith_taking_the_King_of_Pamavnkee_prisoner_-_etching.jpg/255px-John_Smith_taking_the_King_of_Pamavnkee_prisoner_-_etching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Smith_taking_the_King_of_Pamavnkee_prisoner_-_etching.jpg/340px-John_Smith_taking_the_King_of_Pamavnkee_prisoner_-_etching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>'John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner', a fanciful image of Opechancanough from Smith's <i>General History of Virginia</i> (1624). The image of Opechancanough is based on a 1585 painting of another Native warrior by <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn05/tyme.cfm">[1]</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Powhatan Confederacy was where English colonists established their first permanent settlement in North America. Conflicts began immediately between the Powhatan people and English colonists; the colonists fired shots as soon as they arrived (due to a bad experience they had with the Spanish before their arrival). Within two weeks of the arrival of English colonists at Jamestown, deaths had occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settlers had hoped for friendly relations and had planned to trade with the Virginia Indians for food. Captain <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport" title="Christopher Newport">Christopher Newport</a> led the first colonial exploration party up the James River in 1607 when he met Parahunt, <i><a href="/wiki/Weroance" title="Weroance">weroance</a></i> of the Powhatan proper. English colonists initially mistook him for the paramount Powhatan (<i>mamanatowick</i>), his father Wahunsenacawh, who ruled the confederacy. Settlers coming into the region needed to befriend as many Native Americans as possible due to the unfamiliarity with the land. Not too long after settling down, they realized the huge potential for tobacco. To grow more and more tobacco, they had to impede on Native territory. There were immediate issues that resulted in 14 years of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a hunting and trade mission on the <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a> in December 1607, Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> wrote that he fought a small battle between the <a href="/wiki/Opechancanough" title="Opechancanough">Opechancanough</a>, and during this battle, he tied his Indigenous guide to his body and used him as a human shield. Although Smith was wounded in the leg and also had many arrows in his clothing he was not deathly injured, soon after he was captured by the Opechancanough. After Smith was captured the Natives had him ready for execution until he gave them a compass which they saw as a sign of friendliness so they did not kill him, instead took him to a more popular chief, followed by a ceremony. Smith first was introduced to Powhatan's brother, which was a chief under Powhatan to run a smaller portion of the tribe. Later Smith was introduced to Powhatan himself.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith was captured by <a href="/wiki/Opechancanough" title="Opechancanough">Opechancanough</a>, the younger brother of Wahunsenacawh. Smith became the first English colonist to meet the paramount chief Powhatan. According to Smith's account, <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>, Chief Powhatan's daughter, prevented her father from executing Smith. </p><p>Some researchers have asserted that a mock execution of Smith was a ritual intended to adopt Smith into the tribe, but other modern writers dispute this interpretation, noting that many of Smith's stories do not line up with the known facts. They point out that nothing is known of 17th-century Powhatan adoption ceremonies and that an execution ritual is different from known rites of passage. Other historians, such as Helen Rountree, have questioned whether there was any risk of execution. They note that Smith failed to mention it in his 1608 and 1612 accounts, and only added it to his 1624 memoir after Pocahontas had become famous. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_Chapman.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_Chapman.jpeg/220px-The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_Chapman.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_Chapman.jpeg/330px-The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_Chapman.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_Chapman.jpeg/440px-The_Coronation_of_Powhatan_John_Gadsby_Chapman.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><i>The Coronation of Powhatan</i>, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/John_Gadsby_Chapman" title="John Gadsby Chapman">John Gadsby Chapman</a>, 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1608, Captain Newport realized that Powhatan's friendship was crucial to the survival of the small Jamestown colony. In the summer of that year, he tried to "crown" the paramount Chief, with a ceremonial crown, to transform him into a "<a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also gave Powhatan many European gifts, such as a pitcher, feather mattress, bed frame, and clothes. The coronation went badly because they asked Powhatan to kneel to receive the crown, which he refused to do. As a powerful leader, Powhatan followed two rules: "he who keeps his head higher than others ranks higher," and "he who puts other people in a vulnerable position, without altering his own stance, ranks higher." To finish the "coronation", several English colonists had to lean on Powhatan's shoulders to get him low enough to place the crown on his head, as he was a tall man. Afterward, the English colonists might have thought that Powhatan had submitted to King James, whereas Powhatan likely thought nothing of the sort.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After John Smith became president of the colony, he sent a force under Captain Martin to occupy an island in <a href="/wiki/Nansemond" title="Nansemond">Nansemond</a> territory and drive the inhabitants away. At the same time, he sent another force with <a href="/wiki/Francis_West" title="Francis West">Francis West</a> to build a fort at the James River Falls. He purchased the nearby fortified Powhatan village (present site of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>) from Parahunt for some copper and an English colonist named <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spelman_of_Jamestown" title="Henry Spelman of Jamestown">Henry Spelman</a>, who wrote a rare firsthand account of the Powhatan ways of life. Smith then renamed the village "<i>Nonsuch</i>", and tried to get West's men to live in it. Both these attempts at settling beyond Jamestown soon failed, due to Powhatan resistance. Smith left Virginia for England in October 1609, never to return, because of an injury sustained in a gunpowder accident. Soon afterward, English colonists established a second fort, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Algernon" title="Fort Algernon">Fort Algernon</a>, in Kecoughtan territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Powhatan_Wars_and_treaties">Anglo-Powhatan Wars and treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglo-Powhatan Wars and treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Anglo-Powhatan Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1646linemap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/1646linemap.jpg/220px-1646linemap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/1646linemap.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Red line shows the boundary between the Virginia Colony and Tributary Indian tribes, as established by the Treaty of 1646. The red dot on the river shows Jamestown, capital of Virginia Colony.</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1609, Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)" title="John Ratcliffe (governor)">John Ratcliffe</a> was invited to <i>Orapakes</i>, Powhatan's new capital. After he had sailed up the Pamunkey River to trade there, a fight broke out between the colonists and the Powhatan. All of the English colonists ashore were killed, including Ratcliffe, who was tortured by the women of the tribe. Those aboard the <a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">pinnace</a> escaped and told the tale at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>. </p><p>During that next year, the tribe attacked and killed many Jamestown residents. The residents fought back, but only killed twenty. However, the arrival at Jamestown of a new Governor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr</a>, (Lord Delaware) in June 1610 signaled the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Powhatan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Powhatan War">First Anglo-Powhatan War</a>. A brief period of peace came only after the capture of Pocahontas, her baptism, and her marriage to a tobacco planter, <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a>, in 1614. Within a few years, both Powhatan and Pocahontas were dead. Powhatan died in Virginia, but Pocahontas died in England. Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to encroach on Powhatan territory. </p><p>After Wahunsenacawh's death, his younger brother, Opitchapam, briefly became chief, followed by their younger brother <a href="/wiki/Opechancanough" title="Opechancanough">Opechancanough</a>. The Powhatans were frightened by the influx of immigrants, the expansion of new villages on traditional farming lands, the subsequent need to purchase food from the settlers, and the enforced placement of Indian youth in "colleges." In March 1622, they attacked the Jamestown plantations killing hundreds. The settlers quickly sought retaliation, killing hundreds of tribesmen and their families, burning fields, and spreading smallpox.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1644 the Powhatans again attacked English colonial settlements to force them from Powhatan territories, which was again met with strong reprisals from the colonists, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo%E2%80%93Powhatan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo–Powhatan War">Second Anglo–Powhatan War</a> that followed the 1644 incident ended in 1646 after Royal Governor of Virginia <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">William Berkeley</a>'s forces captured Opechancanough, thought to be between 90 and 100 years old. While a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed, shot in the back by a soldier assigned to guard him. He was succeeded as <i>Weroance</i> by <a href="/wiki/Necotowance" title="Necotowance">Necotowance</a>, and later by <a href="/wiki/Totopotomoi" title="Totopotomoi">Totopotomoi</a> and by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Cockacoeske" title="Cockacoeske">Cockacoeske</a>. </p><p>The Treaty of 1646 marked the effective dissolution of the United Confederacy, as white colonists were granted an exclusive enclave between the York and Blackwater Rivers. This physically separated the Nansemonds, Weyanokes, and Appomattox, who retreated southward, from the other Powhatan tribes then occupying the Middle Peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a>. While the southern frontier demarcated in 1646 was respected for the remainder of the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> lifted the northern one on September 1, 1649. Waves of new immigrants quickly flooded the peninsular region, then known as <i>Chickacoan</i>, and restricted the dwindling tribes to lesser tracts of land that became some of the earliest Indian reservations. </p><p>In 1665, the House of Burgesses passed stringent laws requiring the Powhatan to accept chiefs appointed by the governor. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Albany">Treaty of Albany</a> in 1684, the Powhatan Confederacy all but vanished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_society_and_English_expansion">Changing society and English expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Changing society and English expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Educational programs established through the creation of the Indian School at the College of William and Mary in 1691 were a driving force behind cultural change. The College provided Powhatan boys with skills considered to be of little use by their people, however, literacy was generally viewed as a benefit of this Western education, and Powhatan boys who had received education at William and Mary sent their sons to the school. The increasing marriage of Powhatans to non-Indigenous people in the 17th century is also believed to have contributed to cultural change. </p><p>The Powhatans had begun gambling, smoking tobacco, and consuming alcohol recreationally by the end of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_lifeways">Culture and lifeways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture and lifeways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamestownsettlement.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jamestownsettlement.JPG/220px-Jamestownsettlement.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jamestownsettlement.JPG/330px-Jamestownsettlement.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jamestownsettlement.JPG/440px-Jamestownsettlement.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed Powhatan village at the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Settlement" title="Jamestown Settlement">Jamestown Settlement</a> living-history museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Powhatan lived east of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_Fall_Line" title="Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line">Fall Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater Virginia</a>. They built their houses, called <i>yehakins</i>, by bending saplings and placing woven mats or bark over top of the saplings. They supported themselves primarily by growing crops, especially <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, but they also fished and hunted in the great forest in their area. Villages consisted of many related families organized in tribes led by a chief (<i>weroance/werowance</i> or <i>weroansqua</i> if female). They paid tribute to the paramount chief (<i>mamanatowick</i>), Powhatan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region occupied by the Powhatan was bounded approximately by the Potomac River to the north, the Fall Line to the west, the Virginia-North Carolina border to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Generally peaceful interactions with the Pamlicos and Chowanocs occurred along the southern boundary, while the western and northern boundaries were more contested. Conflicts occurred with Monacans and Mannahoacs along the western boundary and Massawomecks along the northern boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Powhatans primarily used fires to heat their sleeping rooms. As a result, less bedding was needed, and bedding materials could be easily stored during daytime hours. Couples typically slept head to foot.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research by the National Park Service, Powhatan "men were warriors and hunters, while women were gardeners and gatherers. English colonial accounts described the men, who ran and walked extensively through the woods in pursuit of enemies or game, as tall and lean and possessed of handsome physiques. The women were shorter, and strong because of the hours they spent tending crops, pounding corn into meals, gathering nuts, and performing other domestic chores. When the men undertook extended hunts, the women went ahead of them to construct hunting camps. The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powhatan women would form work parties to accomplish tasks more efficiently. Women were also believed to serve as barbers, decorate homes, and produce decorative clothing. Overall, Powhatan women maintained a significant measure of autonomy in both their work lives and sexual lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long day, the Powhatan people would celebrate and burn off any last energy they had by dancing and singing. This also allowed them to release any tensions they had from working with others.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of Virginia's Native peoples practiced <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. They periodically moved their villages from site to site. Villagers cleared the fields by felling, <a href="/wiki/Girdling" title="Girdling">girdling</a>, or firing trees at the base and then using fire to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a> and stumps. A village became unusable as soil productivity gradually declined and local fish and game were depleted. The inhabitants then moved on to allow the depleted area to revitalize, the soil to replenish, the foliage to grow, and the number of fish and game to increase. With every location change, the people used fire to clear new land. They left more cleared land behind. Native people also used fire to maintain extensive areas of open game habitat throughout the East, later called "barrens" by European colonists. The Powhatan also had rich fishing grounds. <a href="/wiki/American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">Bison</a> had migrated to this area by the early 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Powhatans made offerings and prayed at sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, they also prayed and made offerings to specific gods, who were believed to be in control of the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used the land differently, and their religion was a Native one. Significantly, one of the major duties of Powhatan priests was controlling the weather.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribes_of_the_paramount_chiefdom_and_their_territories">Tribes of the paramount chiefdom and their territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tribes of the paramount chiefdom and their territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Powhatan" title="Special:EditPage/Powhatan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The number of tribes listed and the number of warriors are based on estimates or reports which mostly go back to <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">Captain John Smith</a> (1580 - 1631) and <a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">William Strachey</a> (1572 - 1621). Usually, only the number of the warriors of the individual tribes is known, the stem number will therefore be determined with a ratio of 1: 3, 1: 3,3, or the last 1: 4, and the studies of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Feest" title="Christian Feest">Christian Feest</a> are decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last-mentioned figures refer to the first mention as well as the last mention of the respective tribes - e.g. 1585/1627 for the Chesapeake (Source: <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians" title="Handbook of North American Indians">Handbook of North American Indians</a>). </p> <table cellpadding="12" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#EFEFEF"> <th style="background:#EFEFEF;">Tribe </th> <th style="background:#EFEFEF">From the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> upriver the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">Powhatan (James) River</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_people" title="Chesapeake people">Chesapeake</a> / Chesepian / Cassapecock / Chesepiooc </td> <td>Tribal name meaning is disputed: it may mean ″at a big river″, ″great water″ or it might have just referred to a village located at the bay's mouth. The Chesapeake lived in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> along the Rivers <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">Powhatan River (later: James River)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nansemond_River" title="Nansemond River">Nansemond River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth River (Virginia)">Elizabeth River</a> to the Chesapeake Bay, their territory encompassed the cities <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>. Their capital <i>Skicoke</i> may have been near the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Branch_Elizabeth_River" title="Eastern Branch Elizabeth River">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Branch_Elizabeth_River" title="Southern Branch Elizabeth River">Southern Branches</a> of the Elizabeth River in downtown Norfolk. Other evidence suggests it was located in the Pine Beach area of <a href="/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point" title="Sewell's Point">Sewell's Point</a>. The Chesapeake also had two other towns (or villages), <i>Apasus</i> and <i>Chesepioc</i>, both near the Chesapeake Bay in what is now the independent city of Virginia Beach. Of these, <i>Chesepioc</i> was known to have been located in the present <a href="/wiki/Great_Neck_Point" title="Great Neck Point">Great Neck Point</a>. West of them lived the Nansemond tribe; originally not a member of the Chiefdom, archaeological evidence suggests that the original Chesapeake people belonged to another Algonquian group - the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Algonquian">Carolina Algonquian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pamlico" title="Pamlico">Pamlico</a>. According to William Strachey, they were destroyed as a nation before 1607 based on a vision by the Powhatan, their villages were resettled, by members of other Powhatan tribes; their then-installed chief was <i>Keyghanghton</i>, about 100 warriors (335 tribal members). (1585 / 1627) - now extinct as a tribe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nansemond" title="Nansemond">Nansemond</a> </td> <td>They called their land along both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Nansemond_River" title="Nansemond River">Nansemond River</a> <i>Chuckatuck</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encompassed the areas of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia" title="Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a>, four villages are known by name (the main village or capital <i>Nansemond</i>, then <i>Mattanock</i>, <i>Teracosick,</i> and <i>Mentoughquemec</i>), on <a href="/wiki/Dumpling_Island_Archeological_Site" title="Dumpling Island Archeological Site">Dumpling Island</a> were their temples and the seat of the <i>Weroance</i>, English colonists burned the sanctuary and the settlement in 1609; their leading chief was <i>Weyhohomo</i>, further leaders were <i>Ampuetough, Weyingopo,</i> and <i>Tirchtough</i>; about 200 warriors (665 tribal members - according to Smith; Strachey) - according to their descendants, they numbered about 300 warriors (or 1,200 tribal members). (1585 - today one of the <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized tribes">state-recognized tribes</a> of Virginia).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Appomattoc" title="Appomattoc">Appomattoc</a> / Appamatuck / Apamatic </td> <td>Lived along the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_River" title="Appomattox River">Lower Appomattox River</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Virginia" title="Tri-Cities, Virginia">Tri-Cities of Virginia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a> as its head of navigation in adjoining counties of <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia" title="Chesterfield County, Virginia">Chesterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_County,_Virginia" title="Prince George County, Virginia">Prince George</a> in south-central Virginia; their leading chief (Werowance) was <i>Coquonasum</i> with his seat in the tribal town <i>Wighwhippoc</i> on the northside of Wighwhippoc Creek (now: Swift Creek), his sister <a href="/wiki/Opossunoquonuske" title="Opossunoquonuske">Opossunoquonuske (Opussoquionuske)</a> (referred to by English colonists as ″Queen of Appamattuck/Hattica″) was female chief (Weroansqua) of the main town <i>Mattica/Hattica</i> near the mouth of the Appomattox River; 60 warriors (or 200 tribal members - according to Smith) or 20 warriors / 100 warriors (or 65 / 335 tribal members according to Strachey). (1607 / 1705) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrohateck" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrohateck">Arrohateck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arrohattoc" title="Arrohattoc">Arrohattoc</a> </td> <td>Lived in six villages east of the Powhatan tribe on both sides of the James River in <a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico County, Virginia</a>, their main village was at the James River in today's <a href="/wiki/Henrico,_Virginia" title="Henrico, Virginia">Henrico, Virginia</a>; their chief was <i>Ashuaquid</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 100 warriors (or 200 tribal members - according to Smith and Strachey) - Feest estimated at least 300 tribal members. (1607 / 1611) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kecoughtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecoughtan">Kecoughtan</a> / Kikotan / Kiccowtan / Kikowtan </td> <td>Lived in the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>, they had only one settlement, its location is disputed - it is assumed at present-day <a href="/wiki/Kecoughtan,_Virginia" title="Kecoughtan, Virginia">Kecoughtan, Virginia</a> (later called: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_City_(Virginia_Company)" title="Elizabeth City (Virginia Company)">Elizabeth City</a>) or downtown <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>, according to William Strachey, Chief Powhatan had slain the weroance at Kecoughtan in 1597, appointing his own young son <i>Pochins</i> as successor there, while resettling some of the tribe at the Piankatank River. Powhatan annihilated the inhabitants at Piankatank in 1608. (1607 / 1610) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paspahegh" title="Paspahegh">Paspahegh</a> </td> <td>Lived opposite the <i>Quiyoughcohanock</i> along the north bank of the James River to the junction of the James and Chickahominy Rivers in today's <a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles City County">Charles City</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_City_County" class="mw-redirect" title="James City County">James City Counties</a>, they maintained a number of settlements on both sides upriver the Chickahominy River - <i>Namqosick</i> and <i>Cinquaoteck</i> on the east bank of the Chickahominy as three villages not known by name - including their main village or capital - on the west bank, their villages were the closest to <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>; their chief was <i>Wowinchopunck</i> (he could hold to his position even after submission of the tribe to Wahunsanocock/Powhatan); 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members - according to Smith and Strachey) - but Feest believes that these numbers are too low, quoting George Percy (1607: 139-140), who informed that the Paspahegh chieftain visited the British with "one hundred Sauages armed" and the next day "fortie of his men with a Deere." sent. (1607 / 1610) - now extinct as tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potchiack / Potchayick </td> <td>Lived along the James River in the area of <a href="/wiki/Surry_County,_Virginia" title="Surry County, Virginia">Surry County</a>, were formed and emerged as a new tribal polity at the beginning of the 17th century from scattered groups of <i>Nansemond</i>, <i>Warraskoyack,</i> and <i>Quiyoughcohannock</i>; in 1669 about 30 warriors (or 100 tribal members - according to Hening). (1661 /1669) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Powhatan / Powatan </td> <td>Lived east of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_fall_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Seaboard fall line">Atlantic Seaboard fall line</a> on both sides of the Powhatan (James) River and north of the Kingsland Creek, their capital <i>Powhatan</i> or <i>Paqwachowng</i> (literally ″village at the rapids″) was close to the waterfalls (called <i>Paqwachowng</i>) in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, the capital of Virginia, besides, they inhabited at least three smaller, not known, villages (according to Smith), Archer (1607a: 86) adds another village on Mayo Island in James River opposite of their capital, which he called <i>Pawatahs Towre</i> (Powhatan Town); their chief was <i>Parahunt</i>, another son of Wahunsanocock (Powhatan); about 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members - according to Smith) or 50 warriors (and 165 tribal members - according to Strachey), according Feest up to 300 tribal members is likely due to the number of settlements. (1607 / 1670) - now extinct as a tribe - Not the same as the Powhatan Renape Nation of New Jersey, a state-recognized tribe of New Jersey. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quiyoughcohannock / Quiockohannock / Coiacohanauke </td> <td>Lived east of the <a href="/wiki/Weyanoke_people" title="Weyanoke people">Weanock</a> on both sides of the James River in several villages, their capital <i>Quiyoughcohannock</i> was the spiritual center of the Powhatan Chiefdom, three villages are known by name: <i>Quiyoughcohannock</i>, <i>Nantapoyac</i> (perhaps Zuñiga's <i>Manattapoyek</i>), and <i>Chawopo</i>, which was led by the former Quiyoughcohannock tribal chief <i>Chopoke /Choapock</i>, there were also two other not known villages along Chippoak Creek (in the area of today <a href="/wiki/Chippokes_Plantation_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippokes Plantation State Park">Chippokes Plantation State Park</a>), they were often mistakenly referred to as the "Tappahannock" after the capital of the northern <i>Rappahanock</i>; their chief <i>Pepiscumah (Pipisco)</i> was appointed by Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) - further known leaders were the Weroansqua (female chief) <a href="/wiki/Oholasc" title="Oholasc">Oholasc</a> and the Weroance <i>Tatahcoope</i>; estimates range from 25 warriors (or 85 tribal members - according to Smith), 60 warriors (or 200 tribal members - according to Strachey) up to about 300 and even more tribal members (according to Feest), some banded together with splinter groups of <i>Warraskoyack</i> and <i>Nansemond</i> to form a new tribe - the short-lived <i>Potchiack</i>. (1607 / 1627) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Warraskoyack / Warrosquyoake / Warrascocke </td> <td>Lived northwest of the <i>Nansemond</i> along the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_River" title="Pagan River">Pagan (Warraskoyak) River</a> down to its mouth into the James River in <a href="/wiki/Warrosquyoake_Shire" title="Warrosquyoake Shire">Warrosquyoake Shire</a> (today: <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia" title="Isle of Wight County, Virginia">Isle of Wight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southampton_County,_Virginia" title="Southampton County, Virginia">Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greensville_County,_Virginia" title="Greensville County, Virginia">Greensville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_County,_Virginia" title="Brunswick County, Virginia">Brunswick Counties</a>), the main Warraskoyak village was located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Virginia" title="Smithfield, Virginia">Smithfield, Virginia</a>, while a satellite village called <i>Mokete</i> was at Pagan Point, and another called <i>Mathomank</i> was on Burwell's Bay under a sub-weroance named <i>Sasenticum</i>. To the southwest and west the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_River_(Virginia)" title="Blackwater River (Virginia)">Blackwater River</a> was the boundary to the enemy <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Iroquoian-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Nottoway_people" title="Nottoway people">Nottoway (Cheroenhaka) people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the south along the <a href="/wiki/Chowan_River" title="Chowan River">Chowan River</a> lived the rival <a href="/wiki/Chowanoc_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowanoc people">Chowanoc people</a> with 19 villages the most numerous and powerful of the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian-speaking</a> tribes in North Carolina, the shore of the James River was the northern boundary of Warraskoyack territory; their chief (weroance) was <a href="/wiki/Tackonekintaco" title="Tackonekintaco">Tackonekintaco</a>; about 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members according to Smith) or 60 warriors (and 200 tribal members according to Strachey), some banded together with splinter groups of Quiyoughcohannock and Nansemond to form a new tribe, the short-lived Potchiack (1585/1627) who are now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weyanoke_people" title="Weyanoke people">Weanock</a> / Weyanock / Weanoc / Weyanoke </td> <td>Lived on both sides of James River on Weyanoke Peninsula or Weanoc Neck in <a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City County, Virginia</a> upriver of the Quiyoughcohannock and Paspahegh and south of the Arrohateck and Appamatuck, to the north of their territory lived the <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_people" title="Chickahominy people">Chickahominy people</a>, while independent, the Chickahominy were at times allied to the Powhatan tribes; according to Smith their capital (Tindall's „<i>Pomonke</i>“) as well two not named villages on the north bank of the James River - Archer (1607a: 82) adds another village on the north bank -, south of the James River he tells of three more villages (the second of them is Tindall's "Wynough", perhaps identical with Zuñiga's "Weanock"), Strachey (1953: 64) mentions an additional Weanock "<a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a>" called Cecocomake near <a href="/wiki/Powell%27s_Creek_(Prince_George_County,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powell's Creek (Prince George County, Virginia)">Powell's Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_County,_Virginia" title="Prince George County, Virginia">Prince George County</a>. After 1623 the settlements Tanx (Little) Weanock north and Great Weanock south of the James River are mentioned and at least until 1627 there were still two Weanock villages; their chief was Kaquothocun; about 100 warriors (or 335 tribal members according to Smith) or 150 warriors (or 500 tribal members according to Strachey, which adds 50 warriors for <i>Cecocomake</i>, the Weanock-province). By the 18th century, they had fully integrated with the Nottoways and were speaking their language, their former presence visible only in the surname "Wineoak" (1607/1707), now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#EFEFEF;">Tribe </th> <th style="background:#EFEFEF">Along the <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">Pamunkey (York) River</a> and its tributaries - <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_River" title="Pamunkey River">Youghtanund (Pamunkey) River</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi_River" title="Mattaponi River">Mattaponi River</a> - as well as the southern <a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a> and the Pamunkey Neck<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiskiack" title="Kiskiack">Kiskiack</a> / Chisiack / Chiskiack </td> <td>Lived in several villages along the south bank of the York River in today's <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Virginia" title="York County, Virginia">York County</a> (formerly Charles River County) in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> between the <i>Paspehegh</i> in the west and the <i>Kecoughtan</i> to the east, their capital also known as <i>Kiskiack</i> was about 15 miles (24 km) from Jamestown; their chief was <i>Ottahotin</i>; about 40-50 warriors (or 135-170 tribal members - according to Smith & Strachey). (1607 / 1677) - now extinct as a tribe, the remaining Kiskiack appear to have merged and intermarried with other groups, probably the Pamunkey, Chickahominy, or Rappahannock. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cantauncack / Candaungack </td> <td>Lived along the north bank of the York River, between Carter and Cedarbush Creeks; their chief was <i>Ohonnamo</i>; about 100 warriors (or 335 tribal members - according to Strachey). (1608 / 1629) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Werowocomoco / Werowacomoco </td> <td>Were living along the York River upriver to the confluence of the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers - since the first capital of the Powhatan Confederation lay in their territory, this tribe was known by the same name as the capital - it was called <i>Werowocomoco/Werowacomoco</i> - the name ″Werowocomoco″ comes from the Powhatan <i>werowans (<a href="/wiki/Weroance" title="Weroance">weroance</a>)</i>, meaning "leader" in English; and <i>komakah (-comoco)</i>, "settlement" - literally: ″settlement of the leader or chief″, the capital of the Powhatan Chiefdom <a href="/wiki/Werowocomoco" title="Werowocomoco">Werowocomoco</a> itself lay on the north bank of the York River in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_Virginia" title="Gloucester County, Virginia">Gloucester County</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a> - here resided Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) until 1609 when he moved his capital to a new location named <i>Orapaks/Orapax/Orapakes</i>; about 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members - according to Smith & Strachey). (1607 / 1611) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caposepock(e) / Kaposecocke / Kupkipcock </td> <td>Lived along the north bank of the Pamunkey River; their chief was <i>Weyamat</i> - presumably<i> Kaposecocke </i>was, however, only one of the largest villages within the mighty Pamunkey tribe and therefore tributary to the leading chief (Werowance) of the Pamunkey; However, Strachey gives them to him about 400 warriors and 1,300 tribal members. (1608 / 1611) - now extinct as a tribe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orapaks / Orapax / Orapakes </td> <td>Lived between the upper reaches of the Chickahominy River and the Pamunkey River in the north, on their western border lived the hostile Eastern Sioux tribes, south of them lived the real Powhatan tribe, and north of them the Youghtanund, and directly downstream they had the powerful autonomous Chickahominy as neighbors, since 1609 the second capital of the Powhatan Confederation called "Orapaks/ Orapax/Orapakes" - Werowocomoco had been abandoned due to the colonists' pressure to settle - was located in their area, this was built for better defense in a swamp area in western New Kent County on the north bank of the Upper Chickahominy River, chief Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) resided here (about 1609 - 1611/1614); approx. 50 warriors or 165 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1607 / 1611) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pamareke / Pamuncoroy / Pamakeroy </td> <td>Lived along the south bank of the Pamunkey River - sometimes attributed to Pamunkey; their chief was <i>Attasquintan</i>; about 400 warriors or 1,300 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey" title="Pamunkey">Pamunkey</a> </td> <td>Lived on both sides of the Pamunkey River above its mouth into the York River in today's <a href="/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia" title="King William County, Virginia">King William</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Kent_County,_Virginia" title="New Kent County, Virginia">New Kent Counties</a> had several main villages, with about 300 warriors and 1000 tribal members the largest and most powerful tribe within the Confederacy (according to Smith & Strachey), Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) and his daughter Matoaka (<a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>) belonged to this tribe. (1607 – today one of the state-recognized tribes of Virginia and since 2015 also a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraconosko / Paraconos </td> <td>Along the Pamunkey River; their chief was <i>Attossomunck</i> (originally aleading chief (Werowance) of the <a href="/wiki/Doeg_people" title="Doeg people">Tauxenent/Doeg</a>); about 10 warriors or 35 tribal members. (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potaunk / Pataunck / Potawuncack </td> <td>Lived along the southern banks of the Pamunkey River; their chief was <i>Essenataught</i>; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shamapent / Shamapa </td> <td>Lived south of the Pamunkey River; their chief was <i>Nansuapunck</i>; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quackohamaock / Quackohowaon / Ochahannanke / Ochahannauke </td> <td>Lived either on both sides of the Mattaponi River or along the north bank of the Pamunkey River; their chief was <i>Vropaack</i>; about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Youghtanund / Youghtamund </td> <td>Lived northwest of the Pamunkey, along the Pamunkey River to the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/North_Anna_River" title="North Anna River">North Anna</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Anna_River" title="South Anna River">South Anna Rivers</a>, which form the Pamunkey River; their chief was <i>Pomiscatuck</i>; about 60 warriors or 200 tribal members (according to Smith) or 70 warriors or 235 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1607 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cattachiptico / Cattachipico / Cakkiptico / Chepecho / Chepeco </td> <td>The main village <i>Cattachiptico</i> was located on the site of today's <a href="/wiki/Pampatike" title="Pampatike">Pampatike</a> on the Pamunkey River<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what is now King William County, other smaller villages were along Totopotmoy Creek (Manskin Creek) and possibly along the Mattaponi River, presumably these villages all belonged to a subtribe of the Pamunkey – the <a href="/wiki/Manskin" title="Manskin">Manaskint / Manskin</a>, which also maintained close ties to the Youghtanand – during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Second Anglo-Powhatan War</a> their main village <i>Cattachiptico</i> figured as the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Opechancanough" title="Opechancanough">Opechancanough</a> then paramount chief; their chief was <i>Opopohcumunck</i> (possibly meaning Opechancanough); about 300 warriors or 1,000 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Menapacunt / Mummapacune / Mummapacun </td> <td>Lived between the north bank of the Pamunkey River to the Mattaponi River, their territory was most likely upstream (and thus northwest) of the mighty Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes; their chief was <i>Ottondeacommoc</i>; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi / Mattapanient</a> </td> <td>Lived along the central reaches of the Pamunkey and the Mattaponi Rivers until their confluence with the York River in today King William and King and Queen Counties, their main village was named <i>Mattapanient</i> according to Smith, another village was <i>Cinquoteck</i> in the area of <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_Virginia" title="West Point, Virginia">West Point (formerly Delaware)</a> (at the confluence of Pamunkey and Mattaponi);<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their chief was <i>Werowough</i>; approximately 30 warriors or 100 tribal members (according to Smith) or 140 warriors or 465 tribal members (according to Strachey)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1607 – now as <i>Mattaponi</i> and <i>Upper Mattaponi</i> two of the <i>state-recognized tribes</i> of Virginia).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Payankatank / Piankatank </td> <td>Lived in several villages - Smith names three - along the <a href="/wiki/Piankatank_River" title="Piankatank River">Piankatank River</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Virginia" title="Middlesex County, Virginia">Middlesex County</a>, to the west their territory bordered the <i>Opiscopank/Opiscatumek</i>, to the south the <i>Werowocomoco / Werowacomoco,</i> and to the north lived directly on the other side of the Rappahannock River the <i>Lower Cuttatawomen</i>, according to Strachey these were defeated by the Powhatan tribes in 1608, 24 warriors were killed and all women and children were taken captive, the area and the villages were then repopulated with former inhabitants of Kecoughtan; Smith gives two numbers: in 1608 about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members, and in 1624 about 50-60 warriors or 165-200 tribal members, according to Strachey about 40-50 warriors or 135-200 tribal members – according to Feest possibly up to 300 tribal members. (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#EFEFEF;">Tribe </th> <th style="background:#EFEFEF">Lived along the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a> north toward the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Patawomeck (Tidal Potomac) River</a> and on the northern <a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_people" title="Rappahannock people">Rappahannock</a> </td> <td>The dominant tribe in the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River Valley</a> settled in 13 villages on both sides of the river named after them, their main village was <i>Topahanocke / Tappahannock</i> and their main hunting grounds were south of the river. Due to their military strength and geographical distance from the center of the Powhatan Confederation, they were able to obtain partial autonomy; their chief was <i>Taweeren</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ca. 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 – now one of the state-recognized tribes of Virginia).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Opiscopank / Opiscatumek </td> <td>(1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lower Cuttatawomen / Corrotoman </td> <td>Lived in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Virginia" title="Lancaster County, Virginia">Lancaster County</a> as a direct neighbor of the Moraughtachand/Moratico to the northwest and the Wicocomoco/Wighcocomoco to the north – their territory bordered the Rappahannock River to the south and the Chesapeake Bay to the east; 30 warriors or 100 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 / 1656). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Matchotic / Mattehatique </td> <td>Sometimes referred to as <i>Lower Matchotic</i>, lived between the Rappahannock River and the Patawomeck (Potomac) River, north of them lived the <i>Pissaseck</i> and south of them lived the <i>Chicacoan (Seccawoni)</i> – further upstream another group called <i>Upper Matchotic</i> is identified; sometimes the tribal name <i>Matchotic</i> is used as <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a> for the <i>Tauxenent (Doeg), Patawomeck (Potomac), Cuttatawomen, Pissasec</i> and <i>Onawmanient</i> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Northumberland County, Virginia">Northumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia" title="King George County, Virginia">King George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland Counties</a>. (1608 / 1659 or 1669). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moraughtachund / Moratico </td> <td>Lived on the north bank of the Rappahannock River south of the mighty <i>Rappahannock tribe</i> and north of the <i>Lower Cuttatawomen</i> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Virginia" title="Lancaster County, Virginia">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richmond_County,_Virginia" title="Richmond County, Virginia">Richmond Counties</a>; their chief was <i>Ottondeacommoc</i>; 80 warriors or 270 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 / 1669). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pissaseck / Pissasec </td> <td>Lived from the north bank of the Rappahannock River to the south bank of the Potomac River, between the <i>Matchotic (Mattehatique)</i> in the south and the <i>Potomac (Patawomeck)</i> in the north. (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nantaughtacund /Nausatico / Nanzatico </td> <td>Lived on both sides of the Rappahannock River in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia" title="King George County, Virginia">King George</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Virginia" title="Essex County, Virginia">Essex Counties</a> above the mighty <i>Rappahannock tribe</i> and south of the <i>Potomac (Patawomeck)</i>; since the middle of the 17th century scattered Nantaughtacund, Patawomeck, Matchotic/Mattehatique, Rappahannock, the <i>Portobago/Portobacco</i> from Maryland, and smaller groups such as the cities <i>Nanzemond</i>, <i>Warisquock,</i> and <i>Ausaticon</i> are known under the anglicized name <i>Nanzatico</i> for this period, in <a href="/wiki/1705" title="1705">1705</a> after a murder committed by tribal members the entire tribe (including some refugees of neighboring tribes – with the exception of the Portobago/Portobacco and Rappahannock) were deported to <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> and thus ceased to exist as an ethnic group; their chief was <i>Vropaack</i>, about 150 warriors or 500 tribal members (according to Smith and Strachey). (1608 / 1705). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper Cuttatawomen </td> <td>Lived along the north bank of the Upper Rappahannock River in what is now <a href="/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia" title="King George County, Virginia">King George County</a>, to the north their territory bordered the <i>Patawomeck/Potomac</i>, and directly on the south side of the river lived the <i>Nantaughtacund</i>; about 20 warriors or 70 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 / 1611). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wicocomoco / Wicocomico / Wighcocomoco / Wicomico </td> <td>Lived at the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a> along the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and its estuary into the Chesapeake Bay; According to Stephen Potter, their main village was on the upper reaches and slightly north of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Wicomico_River" title="Little Wicomico River">Little Wicomico River</a> and another village called <i>Cinquck</i> near the mouth and south of the Little Wicomico in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Northumberland County, Virginia">Northumberland County</a>; their chief was <i>Mosco</i>; in <a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a> the colonial rulers ordered the <i>Chicacoan</i> to join forces with the Wicocomoco (between 1656/1659 the <i>Lower Cuttatawomen</i> had also joined them) and as a common new tribe under the leadership of the English-appointed chief <i>Machywap</i> to settle in a reservation (approximately 18 km2) near Dividing Creek south of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wicomico_River" title="Great Wicomico River">Great Wicomico River</a>; about 130 warriors or 435 tribal members (according to Smith and Strachey). (1608 / 1719). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chicacoan / Sekakawon / Sekakawoni / Seccawoni / Cekakawwon </td> <td>Lived along the <a href="/wiki/Coan_River" title="Coan River">Coan River</a>, a tributary of the Potomac River, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Northumberland County, Virginia">Northumberland County</a>, with about 30 warriors or 100 tribal members (according to Smith), other sources about 435 tribal members (according to Smith and Strachey). (1608 / 1660). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Onawmanient </td> <td>Lived south of <i>Upper Cuttatawomen</i> in Nominy Bay in <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland County</a>; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Smith). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patawomeck" title="Patawomeck">Patawomeck</a> / Potomac / Potomack </td> <td>Lived in at least ten villages along the south bank of the Patawomeck (Potomac) River; approx. 160 warriors or 540 tribal members (1612) or about 200 warriors or 670 tribal members (1624 – both according to Smith), according to Strachey about 160 warriors or 540 tribal members. (1608 / 1668). In 1666, the Governor's Council of Virginia called for the "utter destruction" of the Patawomeck. After a devastating attack by the English, the surviving Patawomeck converted to Christianity and remained in the area of <a href="/wiki/White_Oak,_Virginia" title="White Oak, Virginia">White Oak</a>. Their descendants were recognized as a tribe by the state of Virginia in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doeg_people" title="Doeg people">Tauxenent / Doeg</a> / Taux / Tacci / Doag / Dogue/ Dogi </td> <td>Lived in four villages north of the <i>Patawomeck</i> along the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Upper Patawomeck (Potomac) River</a> above <a href="/wiki/Aquia_Creek" title="Aquia Creek">Aquia Creek</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia" title="King George County, Virginia">King George Counties</a>, their main village <i>Tauxenent</i> was located on <i>Doggs Island</i> or <i>Miompse / May-Umps</i> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Mason_Neck,_Virginia" title="Mason Neck, Virginia">Mason Neck</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>), other villages were <i>Pamacocack</i> (later <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicized</a> to <i><a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico</a></i> along <a href="/wiki/Quantico_Creek" title="Quantico Creek">Quantico Creek</a>, <i>Yosococomico</i> along <a href="/wiki/Powells_Creek_(Prince_William_County,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powells Creek (Prince William County, Virginia)">Powells Creek</a> near <a href="/wiki/Montclair,_Virginia" title="Montclair, Virginia">Montclair, Virginia</a>, <i>Niopsco</i> along <a href="/wiki/Neabsco_Creek" title="Neabsco Creek">Neabsco Creek</a> and <i>Namassingakent</i> on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Dogue_Creek" title="Dogue Creek">Dogue Creek</a>, <i>Assaomeck</i> on the south bank of <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Creek" title="Hunting Creek">Hunting Creek</a> and <i>Namoraughquend</i> near today's Roosevelt Island; about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey), probably too low a population. (1607 / 1675). </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#EFEFEF;">Tribe </th> <th style="background:#EFEFEF">Lived on <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Southern Delmarva Peninsula</a> were usually only nominally members of the Powhatan Confederation from the mainland, as they were geographically separated from it by <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">the Chesapeake Bay</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accomac_people" title="Accomac people">Accomac</a> / Accomac / Accawmack / Accawmacke / Accowmack </td> <td>Were organized into a confederation of about 2,000 tribal members under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Debedeavon" title="Debedeavon">Debedeavon</a> ("The Laughing King", died 1657) when they first came into contact with English colonists in 1608, lived on the <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Southern Delmarva Peninsula</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia">Eastern Shore of Virginia</a>; but only about 80 warriors or 270 tribal members (according to Smith) – more recent archaeological/historical studies and comparisons with other sources make a much larger population more likely; in the late 17th century were mostly referred to by the colonists as <i>Gingaskins</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accohannock" class="mw-redirect" title="Accohannock">Accohannock</a> / Accohanoc / Occohannock </td> <td>Lived along Accohannock Creek in the counties of <a href="/wiki/Accomack_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Accomack County">Accomack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a> north of Accomac Confederation in Virginia; were under the leadership of <i>Kiptoteke</i>, the brother of Debedeavon, and therefore probably politically subject to the Accomac Confederation; about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members. </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th-century_history">20th-century history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th-century history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Virginia passed stringent <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> laws in the early 20th century, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">Racial Integrity Act of 1924</a> which mandated every person who had any African heritage be deemed "black", <a href="/wiki/Walter_Plecker" title="Walter Plecker">Walter Plecker</a>, the head of the vital Statistics office, directed all state and local registration offices to use only the terms "white" or "colored" to denote race on official documents. This eliminated all traceable records of Virginia Indians. All state documents, including birth certificates, death certificates, marriage licenses, tax forms, and land deeds, thus bear no record of Virginia Indians. Plecker oversaw the Vital Statistics office in the state for more than 30 years, beginning in the early 20th century, and took a personal interest in eliminating traces of Virginia Indians. Plecker surmised that no true Virginia Indians were remaining as years of intermarriage had "diluted the race". Over his years of service, he conducted a campaign to reclassify all biracial and multiracial individuals as Black, believing such persons were fraudulently attempting to claim their race to be Indian or white. The effect of his reclassification has been described by tribal members as "paper genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the United States entered WWII many Powhatans volunteered to serve in the military. Powhatan men fought to be regarded separately from the Black community by the Selective Service. In 1954, Powhatans were given partial legal recognition by the General Assembly through a law stating that people with one-fourth or more Indian ancestry and one-sixteenth or less African ancestry were to be recognized as tribal Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powhatan_tribes_today">Powhatan tribes today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Powhatan tribes today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State-recognized_tribes">State-recognized tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: State-recognized tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commonwealth of Virginia <a href="/wiki/State-recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized">state-recognized</a> 11 tribes, beginning with the Mattaponi and Pamunkey since its establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-gee_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, Virginia recognized six more tribes,<sup id="cite_ref-gee_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also descended from the Powhatan Confederacy. In 2010, Virginia recognized three more tribes;<sup id="cite_ref-gee_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one being the <a href="/wiki/Patawomeck_Indian_Tribe_of_Virginia" title="Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia">Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who identify as being descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Patawomeck_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Patawomeck people">Patawomeck people</a> who were loosely connected to the Powhatan Confederacy. </p><p>Of these state-recognized tribes who identify as being Powhatan descendants, all but the <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi_Indian_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattaponi Indian Nation">Mattaponi Indian Nation</a> and the Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia have since gained federal recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-voa_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fr2023_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr2023-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Powhatan Renape Nation are a <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized tribe">state-recognized tribe</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> who identify as descendants of the Powhatan Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federally_recognized_tribes">Federally recognized tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Federally recognized tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a> of Powhatan people today, all based in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-voa_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fr2023_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr2023-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickahominy Indian Tribe">Chickahominy Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_Indian_Tribe%E2%80%93Eastern_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division">Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_Indian_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansemond Indian Nation">Nansemond Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamunkey Indian Tribe">Pamunkey Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_Tribe,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Rappahannock Tribe, Inc.">Rappahannock Tribe, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mattaponi_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Mattaponi Tribe">Upper Mattaponi Tribe</a><sup id="cite_ref-voa_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fr2023_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr2023-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The Pamunkey Indian Tribe was the first to gain federal recognition in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-voa_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the other six were recognized by Congress through the <a href="/wiki/Thomasina_Jordan" title="Thomasina Jordan">Thomasina E. Jordan</a> Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-voa_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of these tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi" title="Mattaponi">Mattaponi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey" title="Pamunkey">Pamunkey</a>, still retain their reservations from the 17th century and are located in <a href="/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia" title="King William County, Virginia">King William County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-waugaman_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugaman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of a treaty in 1646, and then another in 1677, the tribes agreed to bring wild game to the governor of Virginia each year. <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powhatan_languages">Powhatan languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Powhatan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan language</a></div> <p>The tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy spoke mutually intelligible <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>. The most common was likely Powhatan. Its use became dormant due to the widespread deaths and social disruption suffered by the people. Much of the vocabulary bank is forgotten. Attempts have been made to reconstruct the vocabulary of the language using sources such as word lists provided by Smith and by the 17th-century writer <a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">William Strachey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powhatan_in_films">Powhatan in films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Powhatan in films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Powhatan people are featured in MGM's live-action film <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_John_Smith_and_Pocahontas" title="Captain John Smith and Pocahontas">Captain John Smith and Pocahontas</a></i> (1953) and the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney</a> animated musical film <i><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)" title="Pocahontas (1995 film)">Pocahontas</a></i> (1995). They also appeared in the straight-to-video sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_II:_Journey_to_a_New_World" title="Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World">Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World</a></i> (1998). Some of the current members of Powhatan-descended tribes complained about the Disney film. Roy Crazy Horse of the Powhatan Renape Nation said the Disney movie "distorts history beyond recognition".<sup id="cite_ref-myth_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt at a more historically accurate representation was the drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_World_(2005_film)" title="The New World (2005 film)">The New World</a></i> (2005), directed by <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Malick" title="Terrence Malick">Terrence Malick</a>, which had actors speaking a reconstructed Powhatan language devised by the linguist <a href="/wiki/Blair_Rudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blair Rudes">Blair Rudes</a>. The Powhatan people generally criticize the film for continuing the myth of a romance between <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a> and John Smith. Her actual husband was <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a>, whom she married on April 5, 1614. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_descendants">Notable descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Powhatan_descent" title="Category:American people of Powhatan descent">Category:American people of Powhatan descent</a></div> <p>More than an estimated 100,000 people today descend from Pocahontas' son Thomas Rolfe.<sup id="cite_ref-gruenke_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruenke-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable descendants include <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Bolling Galt Wilson</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and actor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton" title="Edward Norton">Edward Norton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNorton_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNorton-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribe (Native American)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patawomeck" title="Patawomeck">Patawomeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsenacommacah" title="Tsenacommacah">Tsenacommacah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/powhatan">"Powhatan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indians.vipnet.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indians.vipnet.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indians.vipnet.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indians.vipnet.org_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indians.vipnet.org/resources/writersGuide.pdf">"Writers' Guide"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224023658/http://indians.vipnet.org/resources/writersGuide.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Virginia Council on Indians, Commonwealth of Virginia, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Egloff and Deborah Woodward. <i>First People: The Early Indians of Virginia</i>, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waugaman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waugaman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugaman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugaman_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugaman_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandra F. Waugaman and Danielle Moretti-Langholtz. <i>We're Still Here: Contemporary Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories</i>. Richmond: Palari Publishing, 2006 (revised edition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Karenne. <i>The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail</i>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCapossela2006" class="citation web cs1">Capossela, Julie Ann (February 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022073344/http://niahd.wm.edu/index.php?browse=entry&id=4965&svr=www">"Jamestown from a Non-Western Perspective"</a>. <i>NIAHD Journals</i>. National Institute of American History & Democracy. 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Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-0003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-0003-4"><bdi>978-1-5416-0003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brave+and+Cunning+Prince%3A+The+Great+Chief+Opechancanough+and+the+War+for+America&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-0003-4&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXQsiEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dopechancanough%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/220.html">"1700: Virginia Native peoples succumb to smallpox"</a>. <i>Native Voices</i>. National Library of Medicine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Native+Voices&rft.atitle=1700%3A+Virginia+Native+peoples+succumb+to+smallpox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fnativevoices%2Ftimeline%2F220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rountree 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gruenke-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gruenke_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gruenke_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenke2019" class="citation news cs1">Gruenke, Jonathan (March 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypress.com/2019/03/22/new-project-to-identify-descendants-of-pocahontas-underway/">"New project to identify descendants of Pocahontas underway"</a>. <i>Daily Press</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=New+project+to+identify+descendants+of+Pocahontas+underway&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.aulast=Gruenke&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2F2019%2F03%2F22%2Fnew-project-to-identify-descendants-of-pocahontas-underway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiaplaces.org/vacities/matchut.html">"Matchut"</a>. <i>www.virginiaplaces.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Santa Barbara, CA: ABL-CLIO, Inc. pp. Introduction: l-li. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamestown+Colony%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=Introduction%3A+l-li&rft.pub=ABL-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-637-4&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRountree,_Helen_C.1996" class="citation book cs1">Rountree, Helen C. (1996). <i>Pocahontas's people: the Powhatan Indians of Virginia through four centuries</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-15425-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-15425-2"><bdi>0-585-15425-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44957641">44957641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocahontas%27s+people%3A+the+Powhatan+Indians+of+Virginia+through+four+centuries&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44957641&rft.isbn=0-585-15425-2&rft.au=Rountree%2C+Helen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRountree1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rountree, Helen C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Chesapeake+Bay+Region+and+its+People+in+1607%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsmith400.org%2F2TheChesapeakeBayRegionanditsPeoplein1607.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRountree1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rountree, Helen C. (1998). "Powhatan Indian Women: The People Captain John Smith Barely Saw". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F483170">10.2307/483170</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/483170">483170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Powhatan+Indian+Women%3A+The+People+Captain+John+Smith+Barely+Saw&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F483170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F483170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rountree&rft.aufirst=Helen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Hutch (Summer 2000). "Wildland Burning by American Indians in Virginia". <i>Fire Management Today</i>. <b>60</b> (3). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 30–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Management+Today&rft.atitle=Wildland+Burning+by+American+Indians+in+Virginia&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30-33&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Hutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=tel_a_pstcc&id=GALE%7CA174239554&v=2.1&it=r&sid=ITOF&asid=da4802e4">"Gale General OneFile - Document - Pocahontas celebrates: a Powhatan harvest festival"</a>. <i>go.gale.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=go.gale.com&rft.atitle=Gale+General+OneFile+-+Document+-+Pocahontas+celebrates%3A+a+Powhatan+harvest+festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DITOF%26u%3Dtel_a_pstcc%26id%3DGALE%257CA174239554%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3DITOF%26asid%3Dda4802e4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRountree1992" class="citation journal cs1">Rountree, Helen C. (August 28, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A13775089/AONE?u=tel_a_pstcc&sid=zotero&xid=d62889ac">"Powhatan priests and English rectors: world views and congregations in conflict"</a>. <i>The American Indian Quarterly</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 485–. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1185294">10.2307/1185294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1185294">1185294</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span> – via Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Indian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Powhatan+priests+and+English+rectors%3A+world+views+and+congregations+in+conflict&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=485-&rft.date=1992-08-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1185294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1185294%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rountree&rft.aufirst=Helen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA13775089%2FAONE%3Fu%3Dtel_a_pstcc%26sid%3Dzotero%26xid%3Dd62889ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263851645">"<i>Seventeenth Century Virginia Algonquian Population Estimates</i> (1973)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventeenth+Century+Virginia+Algonquian+Population+Estimates+%281973%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263851645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/cajo/learn/upload/James-Land.pdf">"Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail - James River Basin - Indian Towns & Natural Resources They Relied On"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captain+John+Smith+Chesapeake+National+Historic+Trail+-+James+River+Basin+-+Indian+Towns+%26+Natural+Resources+They+Relied+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcajo%2Flearn%2Fupload%2FJames-Land.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmai.si.edu/sites/1/files/pdf/education/chesapeake.pdf">"WE HAVE A STORY TO TELL - Native Peoples of Chesapeake Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WE+HAVE+A+STORY+TO+TELL+-+Native+Peoples+of+Chesapeake+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnmai.si.edu%2Fsites%2F1%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Feducation%2Fchesapeake.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/instruction/history/virginias-first-people/today/nansemond/index.shtml">"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Nansemond"</a>. <i>www.doe.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doe.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=VDOE+%3A%3A+Virginia%27s+First+People+Past+%26+Present+-+Nansemond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doe.virginia.gov%2Finstruction%2Fhistory%2Fvirginias-first-people%2Ftoday%2Fnansemond%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/cbhf/native/nam031.html">"Chesapeake Bay - Native Americans - The Mariners' Museum"</a>. <i>www.marinersmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marinersmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Chesapeake+Bay+-+Native+Americans+-+The+Mariners%27+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinersmuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fmicro%2Fcbhf%2Fnative%2Fnam031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>Nottoway</i> may derive from ″Nadawa″ or ″Nadowessioux″ (widely translated as "poisonous snake"), an Algonquian-language term which speakers used to refer to members of competing language families, specifically the Iroquoian- or Siouan-speaking tribes. Because the Algonquian occupied the coastal areas, they were the first tribes met by the English colonists, who often adopted the use of such Algonquian ethnonyms, names for other tribes, not realizing at first that these differed from the tribes' autonyms or names for themselves. The Nottoway called themselves in their tongue Nottaway (Dar-sun-ke) <i>Cheroenhaka</i> - "People at the Fork of the Stream" (because they lived in the region of the Nottaway, Blackwater River, and Chowan River - all <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater rivers</a>), but the meaning of the name Cheroenhaka is uncertain and still disputed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=GNISPQ:3:::NO::P3_FID:1472037">"GNIS Detail - Pamunkey River"</a>. <i>geonames.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captain+John+Smith+Chesapeake+National+Historic+Trail+-+York+River+Basin+-+Indian+Towns+%26+Natural+Resources+They+Relied+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcajo%2Flearn%2Fupload%2FYork-Land.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/instruction/history/virginias-first-people/today/pamunkey/index.shtml">"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Pamunkey"</a>. <i>www.doe.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doe.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=VDOE+%3A%3A+Virginia%27s+First+People+Past+%26+Present+-+Pamunkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doe.virginia.gov%2Finstruction%2Fhistory%2Fvirginias-first-people%2Ftoday%2Fpamunkey%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pampatike.org/">"Pampatike Farm - From Opechancanough to Col Thomas Carter"</a>. <i>www.pampatike.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pampatike.org&rft.atitle=Pampatike+Farm+-+From+Opechancanough+to+Col+Thomas+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pampatike.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">not to be confused with the small chieftain, also referred to as <i>Mattapanient</i> along the <a href="/wiki/Patuxent_River" title="Patuxent River">Patuxent River</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Calvert_County,_Maryland" title="Calvert County, Maryland">Calvert</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's Counties</a> of Maryland, which was under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Patuxent_people" title="Patuxent people">Patuxent</a> or the mighty <a href="/wiki/Piscataway_people" title="Piscataway people">Piscataway (Conoy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The information on the number of warriors (and hereby the population) for the <i>additional</i> tribes listed by Strachey – the <i>Cantauncack,'Menapacunt, Pataunck, Ochahannauke, Kaposecock(e), Pamareke, Shamapa, Orapaks, Chepeco</i> and the <i>Paraconos</i> – far exceed the usual populations for the Powhatan tribes. According to Feest Strachey's population numbers for the York and Mattaponi Rivers are to prefer over those of Smith (especially with regard to the mighty Mattaponie) – but are probably too high for the tribes along the Pamunkey River (the given 400 warriors or 1,300 tribal members for the Pamareke and Kaposecock(s) are questionable – since both tribes are often regarded as <i>subgroups</i> of the mighty Pamunkey – which according to Smith & Strachey could raise itself about 300 warriors or 1,000 Tribal members counted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/instruction/history/virginias-first-people/today/mattaponi/index.shtml">"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Mattaponi"</a>. <i>www.doe.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doe.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=VDOE+%3A%3A+Virginia%27s+First+People+Past+%26+Present+-+Mattaponi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doe.virginia.gov%2Finstruction%2Fhistory%2Fvirginias-first-people%2Ftoday%2Fmattaponi%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/instruction/history/virginias-first-people/today/upper-mattaponi/index.shtml">"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Upper Mattaponi"</a>. <i>www.doe.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doe.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=VDOE+%3A%3A+Virginia%27s+First+People+Past+%26+Present+-+Upper+Mattaponi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doe.virginia.gov%2Finstruction%2Fhistory%2Fvirginias-first-people%2Ftoday%2Fupper-mattaponi%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/cajo/learn/upload/Rappa-Land.pdf">"Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail - Rappahannock River Basin - Indian Towns & Natural Resources They Relied On"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Virginia Humanities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Patawomeck+Tribe&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fpatawomeck-tribe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/cajo/learn/upload/Lower-Eastern-Shore-Land.pdf">"Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail – Lower Eastern Shore – Indian Towns & Natural Resources They Relied On"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cause+IQ&rft.atitle=Patawomeck+Indian+Tribe+of+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.causeiq.com%2Forganizations%2Fpatawomeck-indian-tribe-of-virginia%2C471481316%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr2023-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fr2023_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr2023_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr2023_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Affairs_Bureau2023" class="citation journal cs1">Indian Affairs Bureau (January 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00504/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of">"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>88</b>: 2112–16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Indian+Entities+Recognized+by+and+Eligible+To+Receive+Services+From+the+United+States+Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=2112-16&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.au=Indian+Affairs+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2023%2F01%2F12%2F2023-00504%2Findian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2019" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Jim (March 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/news/local/south-jersey/2019/03/18/new-jersey-recognizes-powhatan-renape-ramapough-lenape-american-indian-tribes/3204424002/">"State affirms status of Powhatan Renape, Ramapough Lenape tribes"</a>. <i>Courier Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Courier+Post&rft.atitle=State+affirms+status+of+Powhatan+Renape%2C+Ramapough+Lenape+tribes&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courierpostonline.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsouth-jersey%2F2019%2F03%2F18%2Fnew-jersey-recognizes-powhatan-renape-ramapough-lenape-american-indian-tribes%2F3204424002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tribes-uphold-centuries-old-treaty-by-delivering-dead-deer-to-virginia-governor/ar-AA1uRKlL?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=deb61b8943a64678bda863a0fccf9f7e&ei=6">https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tribes-uphold-centuries-old-treaty-by-delivering-dead-deer-to-virginia-governor/ar-AA1uRKlL?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=deb61b8943a64678bda863a0fccf9f7e&ei=6</a> tribes-uphold-centuries-old-treaty-by-delivering-dead-deer-to-virginia-governor 11/27/2024}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myth-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myth_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powhatan.org/pocc.html">The Pocahontas Myth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705184807/http://www.powhatan.org/pocc.html">Archived</a> July 5, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Roy Crazy Horse, Powhatan Renape Nation website, accessed November 28, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatch, p. 42; Waldrup, p. 186; For a genealogy of Pocahontas' elite slave-holding settler descendants, see Wyndham Robertson, <i>Pocahontas: Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April 1614, with John Rolph, Gentleman</i> (J W Randolph & English, Richmond, VA, 1887).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNorton-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCNorton_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpert2023" class="citation web cs1">Halpert, Madeline (January 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64158055">"How actor Edward Norton is related to Pocahontas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+actor+Edward+Norton+is+related+to+Pocahontas&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft.aulast=Halpert&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-64158055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowhatan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Powhatan</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Powhatan&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Powhatan">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Powhatan&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A360475550/AONE?u=tel_a_pstcc&sid=AONE&xid=bdfd2e2c">Sakas, Karliana. "The indigenous authorship of the narratives of the Spanish Jesuit mission of Ajacan (1570-1572)." EHumanista, vol. 19, 2011, p. 511+. Gale Academic Onefile, Accessed 14 Nov. 2019.</a></li> <li>Gleach, Frederic W. (1997) <i>Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures.</i> Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Gleach, Frederic W. (2006) "Pocahontas: An Exercise in Mythmaking and Marketing", In <i>New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations</i>, ed. by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong, pp. 433–455. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Karen Kupperman, <i>Settling With the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640</i>, 1980</li> <li>A. Bryant Nichols Jr., <i>Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia</i>, Sea Venture, 2007</li> <li>James Rice, <i>Nature and History in the Potomac Country: From Hunter-Gatherers to the Age of Jefferson</i>, 2009.</li> <li>Helen C. Rountree, <i>Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries</i>, 1990</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powhatan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Powhatan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Powhatan">Powhatan</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/chronology-of-powhatan-indian-activity.htm">Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity</a>, National Park Service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiaplaces.org/nativeamerican/anglopowhatan.html">The Anglo-Powhatan Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/jame1/moretti-langholtz/">A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626053514/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/static-legacy/ngm/jamestown/">"American in 1607"</a>, <i>National Geographic</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-01/uonc-ucl011906.php">UNC Charlotte linguist Blair Rudes restores lost language, culture for 'The New World'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203134011/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10950199">How a linguist revived 'New World' language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630144908/http://www.kunstpedia.com/articles/452/1/The-Indigenous-Maps-and-Mapping-of-North-American-Indians/Page1.html">The Indigenous Maps and Mapping of North American Indians</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Accokeek_people" title="Accokeek people">Accokeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assateague_people" title="Assateague people">Assateague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptico" title="Chaptico">Chaptico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choptank_people" title="Choptank people">Choptank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doeg_people" title="Doeg people">Doeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattawoman" title="Mattawoman">Mattawoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacotchtank" title="Nacotchtank">Nacotchtank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_people" title="Nanticoke people">Nanticoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuxent_people" title="Patuxent people">Patuxent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_Indian_Nation_and_Tayac_Territory" title="Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory">Piscataway Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_people" title="Piscataway people">Piscataway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocomoke_people" title="Pocomoke people">Pocomoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potapoco" title="Potapoco">Potapoco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tockwogh" title="Tockwogh">Tockwogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaocomico" title="Yaocomico">Yaocomico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Historical languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Present territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_Indian_Nation_and_Tayac_Territory" title="Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory">Tayac Territory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Tayac" title="Turkey Tayac">Turkey Tayac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Will" title="Indian Will">Indian Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accokeek_Creek_Site" title="Accokeek Creek Site">Accokeek Creek Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiuctucuc" title="Caiuctucuc">Caiuctucuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham,_Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Nottingham, Prince George's County, Maryland">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Old_Fields_Village_Site" title="Shawnee Old Fields Village Site">Shawnee Old Fields Village Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Prehistoric peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Prehistoric communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisquith_Farm_E_Archeological_Site" title="Aisquith Farm E Archeological Site">Aisquith Farm E Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Cove_Archaeological_Site" title="Arundel Cove Archaeological Site">Arundel Cove Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Village_Site" title="Barton Village Site">Barton Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beck_Northeast_Site_(18AN65)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beck Northeast Site (18AN65)">Beck Northeast Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biggs_Ford_Site" title="Biggs Ford Site">Biggs Ford Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsfield_I_Site" title="Brinsfield I Site">Brinsfield I Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Archeological_Site" title="Buckingham Archeological Site">Buckingham Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpstead_Archeological_Site" title="Bumpstead Archeological Site">Bumpstead Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkridge_Site" title="Elkridge Site">Elkridge Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grear_Prehistoric_Village_Site" title="Grear Prehistoric Village Site">Grear Prehistoric Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Farm_Camp_Archeological_Site" title="Heath Farm Camp Archeological Site">Heath Farm Camp Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Farm_Jasper_Quarry_Archeological_Site" title="Heath Farm Jasper Quarry Archeological Site">Heath Farm Jasper Quarry Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye_Site" title="Hoye Site">Hoye Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Hill_Cut_Jasper_Quarry_Archeological_Site" title="Iron Hill Cut Jasper Quarry Archeological Site">Iron Hill Cut Jasper Quarry Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katcef_Archeological_Site" title="Katcef Archeological Site">Katcef Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martins_Pond_Site" title="Martins Pond Site">Martins Pond Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Archeological_Site" title="McCandless Archeological Site">McCandless Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Site" title="Meyer Site">Meyer Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocacy_Site" title="Monocacy Site">Monocacy Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolands_Ferry_I_Archeological_Site" title="Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site">Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Point_Site" title="Sandy Point Site">Sandy Point Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaker_III_Village_Site" title="Shoemaker III Village Site">Shoemaker III Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Prehistoric_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Walker Prehistoric Village Archeological Site">Walker Prehistoric Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willin_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Willin Village Archeological Site">Willin Village Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other prehistoric places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Creek_Soapstone_Quarries" title="Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries">Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magothy_Quartzite_Quarry_Archeological_Site" title="Magothy Quartzite Quarry Archeological Site">Magothy Quartzite Quarry Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Archeological_Site_(College_Park,_Maryland)" title="National Archives Archeological Site (College Park, Maryland)">National Archives Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Cove_Site" title="Old Colony Cove Site">Old Colony Cove Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_American_Indian_Center" title="Baltimore American Indian Center">Baltimore American Indian Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maryland_placenames_of_Native_American_origin" title="List of Maryland placenames of Native American origin">Native American place names in Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We-Sorts" class="mw-redirect" title="We-Sorts">We-Sorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49291#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img 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