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<span>Neuropsychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuropsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exercise-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Exercise-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Music-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sex-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Drug-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stimulants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimulants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Stimulants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimulants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Depressants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opioids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opioids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Opioids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannabinoids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabinoids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Cannabinoids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabinoids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhalants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhalants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Inhalants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhalants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychedelics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Psychedelics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glucocorticoids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glucocorticoids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.7</span> <span>Glucocorticoids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glucocorticoids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_euphoriants_by_mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_euphoriants_by_mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.8</span> <span>List of euphoriants by mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_euphoriants_by_mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasting–induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasting–induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fasting–induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasting–induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuropsychiatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuropsychiatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Neuropsychiatric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuropsychiatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Mania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epilepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Epilepsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epilepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Migraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_sclerosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_sclerosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Multiple sclerosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_sclerosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_euphoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_euphoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.5</span> <span>Gender euphoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_euphoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Euphoria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="ابتهاج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابتهاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyforiya" title="Eyforiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eyforiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эйфарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эйфарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эўфарыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўфарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еуфория – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еуфория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euf%C3%B2ria" title="Eufòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eufòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforie" title="Euforie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Euforie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufori" title="Eufori – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eufori" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorie" title="Euphorie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Euphorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufooria" title="Eufooria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eufooria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ευφορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευφορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia_(estado)" title="Euforia (estado) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Euforia (estado)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADforio" title="Eŭforio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭforio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سرخوشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخوشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorie" title="Euphorie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Euphorie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%89%EB%B3%B5%EA%B0%90" title="행복감 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="행복감" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B5%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էյֆորիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էյֆորիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforija" title="Euforija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Euforija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אופוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ეიფორია (ემოცია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეიფორია (ემოცია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эйфория – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эйфория" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiforija" title="Eiforija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiforija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforija" title="Euforija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Euforija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euf%C3%B3ria" title="Eufória – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eufória" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="യുഫോറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുഫോറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforie" title="Euforie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Euforie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B8%E6%84%9F" title="多幸感 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多幸感" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufori" title="Eufori – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eufori" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyforiya" title="Eyforiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eyforiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforie" title="Euforie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Euforie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эйфория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйфория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdilliriu" title="Sdilliriu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sdilliriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Euphoria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a 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interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еуфорија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еуфорија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforija" title="Euforija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Euforija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euforia" title="Euforia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euforia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufori" title="Eufori – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eufori" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96fori" title="Öfori – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Öfori" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ейфорія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ейфорія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Euphoria">reviewed</a> on <i>21 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intense feelings of well-being</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Euphoric" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Euphoria (disambiguation)">Euphoria (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphoric_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Euphoric (disambiguation)">Euphoric (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia"><i>Euphorbia</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_happiness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Supreme_happiness.jpg/262px-Supreme_happiness.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Supreme_happiness.jpg/393px-Supreme_happiness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Supreme_happiness.jpg/524px-Supreme_happiness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Playing</a> can induce an intense state of happiness and contentment, like this girl playing in the snow.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Euphoria</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/En-us-euphoria.ogg\/En-us-euphoria.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-euphoria.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En-us-euphoria.ogg/En-us-euphoria.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-euphoria.ogg" title="File:En-us-euphoria.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoo-<span style="font-size:90%">FOR</span>-ee-ə</i></a>) is the experience (or <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> or excitement and intense feelings of <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> and <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euphoria_definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21396397_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21396397-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain <a href="/wiki/Natural_rewards" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rewards">natural rewards</a> and social activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a>, listening to or making music and dancing, can induce a state of euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM4phrases_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM4phrases-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Primary-Rower's_high_definition_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primary-Rower's_high_definition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euphoria is also a symptom of certain <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric disorder">neuropsychiatric disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">Romantic love</a> and components of the <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">human sexual response cycle</a> are also associated with the induction of euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_cycle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_cycle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ΔFosB_reward_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ΔFosB_reward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intimacy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intimacy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain drugs, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictive</a>, can cause euphoria, which at least partially motivates their recreational use.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_hotspot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonic hotspot">Hedonic hotspots</a> – i.e., the pleasure centers of the brain – are functionally linked. Activation of one hotspot results in the recruitment of the others. Inhibition of one hotspot results in the blunting of the effects of activating another hotspot.<sup id="cite_ref-Pleasure_system_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pleasure_system-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OFC_and_Insula_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OFC_and_Insula-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward system</a> is believed to be necessary for generating the sensation of an intense euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-Euphoria_+_pleasure_circuitry_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euphoria_+_pleasure_circuitry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History <span class="anchor" id="History_of_the_term"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "euphoria" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> terms <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὐφορία</span></span>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BD%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:εὖ">εὖ</a> <i>eu</i> meaning "well" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:φέρω">φέρω</a> <i>pherō</i> meaning "to bear".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)" title="Opposite (semantics)">semantically opposite</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/The_New_World_of_English_Words" title="The New World of English Words">1706 English dictionary</a> defines euphoria as "the well bearing of the Operation of a Medicine, i.e., when the patient finds himself eas'd or reliev'd by it".<sup id="cite_ref-:1706Dictionary_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1706Dictionary-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1860s, the English physician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Laycock_(physiologist)" title="Thomas Laycock (physiologist)">Thomas Laycock</a> described euphoria as the feeling of bodily well-being and <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hopefulness</a>; he noted its misplaced presentation in the final stage of some <a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">terminal illnesses</a> and attributed such euphoria to neurological dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-1862-64Laycock_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1862-64Laycock-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s 1884 monograph <i>Über Coca</i> described (his own) consumption of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> producing "the normal euphoria of a healthy person",<sup id="cite_ref-:1884Freud_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1884Freud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while about 1890 the German <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">neuropsychiatrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wernicke" title="Carl Wernicke">Carl Wernicke</a> lectured about the "abnormal euphoria" in patients with mania.<sup id="cite_ref-:1890Wernicke_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1890Wernicke-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1903 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Daily Globe</a></i> refers to euphoria as "pleasant excitement" and "the sense of ease and well-being".<sup id="cite_ref-:1903BostonGlobe_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1903BostonGlobe-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> magazine described euphoria as "a high sounding name" meaning "feeling fit": normally making life worth living, motivating drug use, and ill formed in certain mental illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1920PopScience_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1920PopScience-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">Robert S. Woodworth</a>'s 1921 textbook <i>Psychology: A study of mental life</i>, describes euphoria as an organic state which is the opposite of fatigue, and "means about the same as feeling good."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Psychology" title="The Journal of Psychology">The Journal of Psychology</a></i> defined euphoria as a "state of general well being ... and pleasantly toned feeling."<sup id="cite_ref-:1940Psychology_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1940Psychology-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade later, finding <i>ordinary feelings of well being</i> difficult to evaluate, American addiction researcher <a href="/wiki/Harris_Isbell" title="Harris Isbell">Harris Isbell</a> redefined euphoria as behavioral changes and objective signs typical of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1950Isbell_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1950Isbell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1957 British pharmacologist D. A. Cahal did not regard opioid euphoria as <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">medically undesirable</a> but an effect which "enhance[s] the value of a major analgesic."<sup id="cite_ref-:1957Cahal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1957Cahal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1977 edition of <i>A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry</i> called euphoria "a mood of <a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">contentment</a> and well-being," with pathologic associations when used in a psychiatric context. As a sign of cerebral disease, it was described as bland and out of context, representing an inability to experience <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1977Encyclopedia_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1977Encyclopedia-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, euphoria is <i>generally</i> defined as a state of great happiness, well-being and excitement, which may be normal, or abnormal and inappropriate when associated with psychoactive drugs, manic states, or brain disease or injury.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology <span class="anchor" id="Neural_substrates"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neuropsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reward_system#Pleasure_centers" title="Reward system">Reward system § Pleasure centers</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_hotspot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonic hotspot">Hedonic hotspots</a> are functionally interrelated <a href="/wiki/Neural_substrate" title="Neural substrate">neural substrates/structures</a> that (intrinsically or extrinsically) generate the feelings of <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a>. Activation of one hedonic hotspot involves the stimulation of the others. Inhibition of one hedonic hotspot blunts the activation the other ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Pleasure_system_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pleasure_system-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OFC_and_Insula_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OFC_and_Insula-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the reward system is probably necessary for generating the sensation of euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-Euphoria_+_pleasure_circuitry_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euphoria_+_pleasure_circuitry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different types of stimuli can induce euphoria, including <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_reward" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural reward">natural rewards</a>, and social activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euphoria_definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_euphoria_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz_euphoria-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Primary-Rower's_high_definition_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primary-Rower's_high_definition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Affective_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective disorder">Affective disorders</a> such as unipolar <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> can involve euphoria as a symptom.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise-induced">Exercise-induced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exercise-induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Exercise-induced_euphoria" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Exercise-induced euphoria</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise&action=edit#Exercise-induced_euphoria">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Continuous exercise can produce a transient state of euphoria – an emotional state involving the experience of <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> and feelings of profound contentment, elation, and well-being – which is colloquially known as a "<a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_high" title="Runner's high">runner's high</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Distance_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance running">distance running</a> or a "rower's high" in <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Euphoria_review_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Euphoria_review-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Runner_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Runner-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Runner_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Runner-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Rower_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Rower-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music-induced">Music-induced <span class="anchor" id="Music_euphoria"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music-induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Frisson" title="Frisson">Frisson</a></div> <p>Euphoria can occur as a result of dancing to music, music-making, and listening to emotionally arousing music.<sup id="cite_ref-Primary-Rower's_high_definition_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primary-Rower's_high_definition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21217764_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21217764-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Music_-_NAcc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_-_NAcc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward system</a> plays a central role in mediating music-induced pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Music_-_NAcc_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_-_NAcc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Music_-_reward_system_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_-_reward_system-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pleasurable emotionally arousing music strongly increases <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> neurotransmission in the <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopaminergic pathway">dopaminergic pathways</a> that project to the <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a> (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" title="Mesolimbic pathway">mesolimbic pathway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway" title="Nigrostriatal pathway">nigrostriatal pathway</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21217764_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21217764-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Music_-_NAcc_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_-_NAcc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Music_-_reward_system_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_-_reward_system-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 5% of the population experiences a phenomenon termed "<a href="/wiki/Musical_anhedonia" title="Musical anhedonia">musical anhedonia</a>", in which individuals do not experience pleasure from listening to emotionally arousing music despite having the ability to perceive the intended emotion that is conveyed in passages of music.<sup id="cite_ref-Music_-_reward_system_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_-_reward_system-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A clinical study from January 2019 that assessed the effect of a dopamine precursor (<a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>), dopamine antagonist (<a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>), and a placebo on reward responses to music – including the degree of pleasure experienced during <a href="/wiki/Musical_chill" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical chill">musical chills</a>, as measured by changes in <a href="/wiki/Electrodermal_activity" title="Electrodermal activity">electrodermal activity</a> as well as subjective ratings – found that the manipulation of dopamine neurotransmission bidirectionally regulates pleasure cognition (specifically, the hedonic impact of music) in human subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Secondary_source_for_'Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact'_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secondary_source_for_'Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact'-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research suggests that increased dopamine neurotransmission acts as a <i><a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a></i> condition for pleasurable hedonic reactions to music in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Secondary_source_for_'Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact'_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secondary_source_for_'Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact'-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex-induced">Sex-induced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sex-induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various stages of copulation may also be described as inducing euphoria in some people. Various analysts have described either the entire sexual act, the moments leading to <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>, or the orgasm itself as the pinnacle of human pleasure or euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug-induced">Drug-induced<span class="anchor" id="Euphoriant"></span><span class="anchor" id="Euphoriants"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drug-induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg/250px-Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg/375px-Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg/500px-Blue_Crystal_Meth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>A large dose of <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> causes a drug-induced euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>euphoriant</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drug</a> which tends to induce euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most euphoriants are <a href="/wiki/Addictive_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Addictive drugs">addictive drugs</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">reinforcing properties</a> and ability to activate the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stimulants">Stimulants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stimulants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a> stimulants like <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> are euphoriants.<sup id="cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euphoria_definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">parasympathetic stimulant</a> that acts as a mild euphoriant in some people.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xanthines" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthines">Xanthines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> may also be considered mild euphoriants by some.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chewing <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> (seeds from the <i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i> palm) with slaked lime (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>) – a common practice in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> – produces stimulant effects and euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garg2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garg2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major psychoactive ingredients – <a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">muscarinic receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Garg2014_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garg2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arecaidine" title="Arecaidine">arecaidine</a> (a <a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GABA reuptake inhibitor</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – are responsible for the euphoric effect.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depressants">Depressants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Depressants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressants</a> can produce euphoria; some of those drugs in this class include <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> in moderate doses,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18448634_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18448634-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-hydroxybutyric acid">γ-hydroxybutyric acid</a></span> (GHB),<sup id="cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euphoria_definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euphoria_definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> may cause euphoria. Euphoriant effects are determined by the drug's speed of onset,<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_Brady_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack_Brady-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing dose,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbiturates more likely to cause euphoria include <a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">amobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">secobarbital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benzodiazepines more likely to cause euphoria are <a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">flunitrazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_Brady_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack_Brady-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benzodiazepines also tend to enhance opioid-induced euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a> induces <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose-dependent</a> euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-Martinotti2016_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martinotti2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schjerning2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schjerning2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occurring in a small percentage of individuals at recommended doses, euphoria is increasingly frequent at <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">supratherapeutic doses</a> (or with <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal administration</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schjerning2016_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schjerning2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martinotti2016_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martinotti2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At doses five times the maximum recommended, intense euphoria is reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Martinotti2016_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martinotti2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another <a href="/wiki/GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, may induce euphoria.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithRV_2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithRV_2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characterized as opioid-like but less intense,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="So it caused euphoria similar to, but weaker than opioids, when mixed with... buprenorphine, a ultra potent partial inverse MOR agonist with nearly double the binding affinity of fentanyl and limited dysphoric effects at normal dosages, or methadone, which is a full and more or less pure MOR agonist with the additional complexity of SERT and NET reuptake inhibition which cause further euphoric effects. The wording here seems to indicate that gabapentin actually reduces euphoria in those combinations. There are other problems with this logic in general, since non-tolerant people would likely need to hit 8-10 on the pain scale before they stopped grinning stupidly about their situation on either drug, but that's less important (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it may occur at supratherapeutic doses, or in combination with other drugs, such as opioids or alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithRV_2016_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithRV_2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">perampanel</a> can also produce euphoria at therapeutic doses.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HawkinsGidal2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HawkinsGidal2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opioids">Opioids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opioids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor">μ-Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> are a set of euphoriants<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that include drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptor</a> agonists, like the endogenous <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">neuropeptide</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a></i>, are known to cause <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mood state opposite to euphoria that involves feelings of profound discontent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cannabinoids">Cannabinoids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cannabinoids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_1" title="Cannabinoid receptor 1">Cannabinoid receptor 1</a> agonists are a group of euphoriants that includes certain <a href="/wiki/Phytocannabinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytocannabinoids">plant-based cannabinoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> plant), <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoids">endogenous cannabinoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">anandamide</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">synthetic cannabinoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inhalants">Inhalants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inhalants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain gases, like <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (N<sub>2</sub>O, aka "laughing gas"), can induce euphoria when inhaled.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychedelics">Psychedelics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Psychedelics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional psychedelic drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> are capable of inducing euphoria despite lacking addictive qualities. The Global Drug Survey has revealed that out of 22,000 participant reports, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, LSD, and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psilocybin mushrooms</a> were ranked most positively on the Net Pleasure Index of all recreational drugs included in the study.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glucocorticoids">Glucocorticoids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Glucocorticoids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acute exogenous <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> administration is known to produce euphoria, but this effect is not observed with long-term exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_euphoriants_by_mechanism_of_action">List of euphoriants by mechanism of action</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of euphoriants by mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a full list of euphoriant or rewarding/reinforcing drugs:<sup id="cite_ref-VolkowMichaelidesBaler2019_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolkowMichaelidesBaler2019-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JonesAroutLuba2024_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesAroutLuba2024-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tzschentke2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tzschentke2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z-drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-drug">Z-drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, ) and <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">muscimol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">gaboxadol</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Engin2022_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engin2022-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krogsgaard-LarsenFrølundLiljefors2006_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogsgaard-LarsenFrølundLiljefors2006-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchoedelRosenAlexander2009_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoedelRosenAlexander2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kalman2002_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalman2002-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Classical <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">dopamine releasing agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Psychostimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulant">psychostimulants</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-HealGosdenSmith2014_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealGosdenSmith2014-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HealSmithGosden2013_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealSmithGosden2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rothman1994_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothman1994-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor">μ-Opioid receptor</a> agonists (<a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NummenmaaTuominen2018_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NummenmaaTuominen2018-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB<sub>1</sub> receptor</a> agonists (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol"><abbr title="delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol">Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol</span>, <a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">nabilone</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GraczykŁukowiczDzierzanowski2021_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GraczykŁukowiczDzierzanowski2021-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ameri1999_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ameri1999-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">dissociatives</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-MorrisWallach2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisWallach2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DriverJacksonLagopoulos2022_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DriverJacksonLagopoulos2022-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a> (α<sub>2</sub>δ ligands) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-HäggJönssonAhlner2020_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HäggJönssonAhlner2020-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PenzakBulloch2024_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PenzakBulloch2024-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutyrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Hydroxybutyrate">γ-Hydroxybutyrate</a> (GHB) and <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogues</a> (<a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB</a> and <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub> receptor</a> agonists) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-hydroxybutyrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-hydroxybutyrate"><abbr title="γ-hydroxybutyrate">GHB</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-hydroxybutyrate</span>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-butyrolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-butyrolactone"><abbr title="γ-butyrolactone">GBL</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-butyrolactone</span>, <a href="/wiki/1,4-butanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="1,4-butanediol"><abbr title="1,4-butanediol">1,4-BD</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 1,4-butanediol</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FelmleeMorseMorris2021_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FelmleeMorseMorris2021-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">perampanel</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-HawkinsGidal2017_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HawkinsGidal2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent" title="Serotonin releasing agent">Serotonin releasing agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">entactogens</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/MBDB" title="MBDB">MBDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDAI" title="MDAI">MDAI</a>, <a href="/wiki/MEAI" title="MEAI">MEAI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Oeri2021_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oeri2021-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AngererSchmidFranz2024_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AngererSchmidFranz2024-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonergic_psychedelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonergic psychedelic">Serotonergic psychedelics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">non-selective</a> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">serotonin receptor agonists</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide"><abbr title="lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip lysergic acid diethylamide</span>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine"><abbr title="dimethyltryptamine">DMT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip dimethyltryptamine</span>) (mixed/variable and non-addictive)<sup id="cite_ref-StricklandJohnson2022_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StricklandJohnson2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrellerVollenweider2018_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrellerVollenweider2018-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanalMurnane2017_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanalMurnane2017-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid receptor</a> agonists (<a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-PattenNeutel2000_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PattenNeutel2000-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BrownKhanNejtek1999_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownKhanNejtek1999-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasting–induced"><span id="Fasting.E2.80.93induced"></span>Fasting–induced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fasting–induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a> has been associated with improved mood, well-being, and sometimes euphoria. Various mechanisms have been proposed and possible applications in treating depression considered.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuropsychiatric">Neuropsychiatric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neuropsychiatric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mania">Mania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euphoria is also strongly associated with both <a href="/wiki/Hypomania" title="Hypomania">hypomania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, mental states characterized by a pathological heightening of mood, which may be either euphoric or irritable, in addition to other symptoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Pressured_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressured speech">pressured speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight of ideas">flight of ideas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruggero_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggero-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although hypomania and mania are syndromes with multiple <a href="/wiki/Etiologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiologies">etiologies</a> (that is, ones that may arise from any number of conditions), they are most commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, a psychiatric illness characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruggero_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggero-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Epilepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euphoria may occur during auras of seizures<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes2007_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes2007-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically originating in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a>, but affecting the anterior <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insular cortex</a>. This euphoria is symptomatic of a rare syndrome called <a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_seizures" title="Ecstatic seizures">ecstatic seizures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gschwind2016_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gschwind2016-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Picard2014_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard2014-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often also involving <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">mystical experiences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euphoria (or more commonly <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>) may also occur in periods between epileptic seizures. This condition, <i><a href="/wiki/Interictal_dysphoric_disorder" title="Interictal dysphoric disorder">interictal dysphoric disorder</a></i>, is considered an atypical <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">affective disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persons who experience feelings of depression or anxiety between or before seizures occasionally experience euphoria afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel2013_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migraine">Migraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Migraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some persons experience euphoria in the <a href="/wiki/Prodrome" title="Prodrome">prodrome</a> – hours to days before the onset – of a <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine headache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodick2016_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodick2016-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green2015_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2015-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walling2013_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walling2013-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a euphoric state occurs in some persons following the migraine episode.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodick2016_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodick2016-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walling2013_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walling2013-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Multiple sclerosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euphoria sometimes occurs in persons with <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> as the illness progresses. This euphoria is part of a syndrome originally called <i>euphoria sclerotica,</i> which typically includes <a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">disinhibition</a> and other symptoms of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_euphoria">Gender euphoria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gender euphoria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gender_euphoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender euphoria">Gender euphoria</a> is satisfaction or enjoyment felt by a person due to consistency between their <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> and gendered features associated with a gender different to the sex they were <a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">assigned at birth</a>. It is considered to be the positive counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related euphorias have also been recorded in studies of alignments between sexual identity and social recognition such as support in schools for lesbian and gay people, and experiences of intersex variation and their diagnoses such as receiving a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia which explained physical differences for example.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_experience" title="Peak experience">Peak experience</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Psychological</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymia_(medicine)" title="Euthymia (medicine)">Euthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthymic_temperament" title="Hyperthymic temperament">Hyperthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Pharmacological</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Euphoria_definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euphoria_definition_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBearnO'Brien2015" class="citation book cs1">Bearn J, O'Brien M (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082">"Chapter Ten - "Addicted to Euphoria": The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse"</a></span>. <i>"Addicted to Euphoria": The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse</i>. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol. 120. Academic Press. pp. 205–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.irn.2015.02.005">10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128029787" title="Special:BookSources/9780128029787"><bdi>9780128029787</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26070759">26070759</a>. <q>Eating, drinking, sexual activity and parenting invoke pleasure, an emotion that promotes repetition of these behaviors, are essential for survival. Euphoria, a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness, is an amplification of pleasure, aspired to one's essential biological needs that are satisfied. People use party drugs as a shortcut to euphoria. Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), γ-hydroxybutyric acid, and ketamine fall under the umbrella of the term "party drugs," each with differing neuropharmacological and physiological actions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Ten+-+%22Addicted+to+Euphoria%22%3A+The+History%2C+Clinical+Presentation%2C+and+Management+of+Party+Drug+Misuse&rft.btitle=%22Addicted+to+Euphoria%22%3A+The+History%2C+Clinical+Presentation%2C+and+Management+of+Party+Drug+Misuse&rft.series=International+Review+of+Neurobiology&rft.pages=205-33&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26070759&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.irn.2015.02.005&rft.isbn=9780128029787&rft.aulast=Bearn&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0074774215000082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21396397-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21396397_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcaroPanksepp2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alcaro A, Panksepp J (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455">"The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression"</a></span>. <i>Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews</i>. <b>35</b> (9): 1805–1820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2011.03.002">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21396397">21396397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6613696">6613696</a>. <q>Recent human data have demonstrated that the SEEKING brain circuitry, as predicted, is involved in the emergence of a characteristic appetitive affective state, which may be described as "enthusiastic positive excitement" or "euphoria" (Drevets et al., 2001; Volkow and Swanson, 2003) and that do not resemble any kind of sensory pleasure (Heath, 1996; Panksepp et al., 1985) ... However, in our view, cognitive processes, are only one "slice of the pie", and gamma oscillations may be more globally viewed as the overall emotional–motivational neurodynamics through which the SEEKING disposition is expressed, accompanied by a feeling of excitement/eurphoria (not 'pleasure') that is evolutionarily designed to achieve a diversity of useful outcomes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+and+Biobehavioral+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+SEEKING+mind%3A+primal+neuro-affective+substrates+for+appetitive+incentive+states+and+their+pathological+dynamics+in+addictions+and+depression&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1805-1820&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6613696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21396397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2011.03.002&rft.aulast=Alcaro&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Panksepp%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0149763411000455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM4phrases-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSM4phrases_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases">"Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases"</a> (Content adapted from "Brain Calipers, 2nd Edition, David J. Robinson, MD".). Gateway Psychiatric Services. Mood and Affect. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases">the original</a> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+DSM-IV+Mental+Status+Exam+Phrases&rft.pages=Mood+and+Affect&rft.pub=Gateway+Psychiatric+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewaypsychiatric.com%2Fkey-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Primary-Rower's_high_definition-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Primary-Rower's_high_definition_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Primary-Rower's_high_definition_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Primary-Rower's_high_definition_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenEjsmond-FreyKnightDunbar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817271">"Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds"</a>. <i>Biol. Lett</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 106–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0670">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817271">2817271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19755532">19755532</a>. <q>This heightened effect from synchronized activity may explain the sense of euphoria experienced during other social activities (such as laughter, music-making and dancing) that are involved in social bonding in humans and possibly other vertebrates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Rowers%27+high%3A+behavioural+synchrony+is+correlated+with+elevated+pain+thresholds&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-8&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817271%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19755532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0670&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Ejsmond-Frey%2C+R&rft.au=Knight%2C+N&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+RI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-DA_stims,_opioids,_nicotine,_cannabinoids,_inhalants,_corticoids_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). <i>Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience</i> (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274" title="Special:BookSources/9780071481274"><bdi>9780071481274</bdi></a>. <q>Changes in appetite and energy may reflect abnormalities in various hypothalamic nuclei. Depressed mood and anhedonia (lack of interest in pleasurable activities) in depressed individuals, and euphoria and increased involvement in goal-directed activities in patients, who experience mania, may reflect opposing abnormalities in the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, or other structures. ... Although short-term administration of glucocorticoids often produces euphoria and increased energy, the impact of long-lasting increases in endogenous glucocorticoids produced during depression can involve complex adaptations such as those that occur in Cushing syndrome (Chapter 10). ... Exposure to addictive chemicals not only produces extreme euphoric states that may initially motivate drug use, but also causes equally extreme adaptations in reinforcement mechanisms and motivated behavior that eventually lead to compulsive use. Accordingly, the evolutionary design of human and animal brains that has helped to promote our survival also has made us vulnerable to addiction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=191%2C+350-351%2C+367-368%2C+371-375&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780071481274&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_cycle-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex_cycle_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiadisKringelbach2012" class="citation journal cs1">Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf">"The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prog. Neurobiol</i>. <b>98</b> (1): 49–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2012.05.004">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609047">22609047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3793929">3793929</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span> – via Hedonia. <q>Strong feelings of pleasure and euphoria, as well as marked alterations in cognitive processing, self-referential thought, and physiological arousal are defining features of sexual consummation, especially during orgasm (Mah and Binik, 2001).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prog.+Neurobiol.&rft.atitle=The+human+sexual+response+cycle%3A+brain+imaging+evidence+linking+sex+to+other+pleasures&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-81&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3793929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22609047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2012.05.004&rft.aulast=Georgiadis&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Kringelbach%2C+ML&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kringelbach.org%2Fpapers%2FPN_Georgiadis2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ΔFosB_reward-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ΔFosB_reward_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumWernerCarnesCarnes2012" class="citation journal cs1">Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040958">"Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms"</a>. <i>Journal of Psychoactive Drugs</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 38–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02791072.2012.662112">10.1080/02791072.2012.662112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040958">4040958</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22641964">22641964</a>. <q>Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. ... Under normal conditions, it is not surprising that sexual activity is physiologically regulated by the reward circuitry of the brain, specifically by dopaminergic pathways (see Figure 1). Moreover, the early stages of a new, romantic relationship can be a powerful and absorbing experience. Individuals in new romantic relationships report feeling euphoric and energetic. They also become emotionally dependent on, desire closeness with, and have highly focused attention on their partner (Reynaud et al. 2010; Young 2009). Human neuroimaging studies have shown that feelings experienced during the early stages of a romantic relationship are associated with neural activations in several reward-system and affect-processing regions of the brain (Young 2009; Aron et al. 2005; Bartels & Zeki 2000; Mashek, Aron & Fisher 2000).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychoactive+Drugs&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+drugs%2C+and+rock+%27n%27+roll%3A+hypothesizing+common+mesolimbic+activation+as+a+function+of+reward+gene+polymorphisms&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-55&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22641964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02791072.2012.662112&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Werner%2C+T&rft.au=Carnes%2C+S&rft.au=Carnes%2C+P&rft.au=Bowirrat%2C+A&rft.au=Giordano%2C+J&rft.au=Oscar-Berman%2C+M&rft.au=Gold%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intimacy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intimacy_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowiakPaladino2013" class="citation book cs1">Jankowiak, William; Paladino, Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&pg=PA1">"Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum"</a>. In Jankowiak, William R. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC"><i>Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231508766" title="Special:BookSources/9780231508766"><bdi>9780231508766</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>These emotional states may also be manifested behaviorally as "labile psychophysical responses to the loved person, including exhilaration, euphoria, buoyancy, spiritual feelings, increased energy, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, shyness, awkwardness ... in the presence of the loved person" (Fisher 1998:32). The presence of similar neurological mechanisms and brain patterns may account for the ability to readily identify when someone is romantically involved or erotically excited (Fisher 1998:32; Fisher 1995).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+Desiring+Sex%2C+Longing+for+Love%3A+A+Tripartite+Conundrum&rft.btitle=Intimacies%3A+Love+and+Sex+Across+Cultures&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780231508766&rft.aulast=Jankowiak&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Paladino%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3ap573MxWwC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoache2010" class="citation book cs1">Roache JD (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&pg=PA129">"Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence"</a>. In Johnson BA (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC"><i>Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice</i></a></span>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441903389" title="Special:BookSources/9781441903389"><bdi>9781441903389</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>It has been observed that drugs of abuse as diverse as alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, and psychomotor stimulants all share a profile of psychoactive effects characterized as euphoria. It is generally accepted that euphoria is at least a partial explanation why these drugs are abused.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Human+Laboratory+in+the+Development+of+Medications+for+Alcohol+and+Drug+Dependence&rft.btitle=Addiction+Medicine%3A+Science+and+Practice&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441903389&rft.aulast=Roache&rft.aufirst=JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzvbr4Zn9S9MC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pleasure_system-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pleasure_system_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pleasure_system_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerridgeKringelbach2015" class="citation journal cs1">Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425246">"Pleasure systems in the brain"</a>. <i>Neuron</i> (Review). <b>86</b> (3): 646–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2015.02.018">10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425246">4425246</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25950633">25950633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Pleasure+systems+in+the+brain&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=646-664&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4425246%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25950633&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2015.02.018&rft.aulast=Berridge&rft.aufirst=KC&rft.au=Kringelbach%2C+ML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4425246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OFC_and_Insula-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OFC_and_Insula_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OFC_and_Insula_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastroBerridge2017" class="citation journal cs1">Castro, DC; Berridge, KC (24 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664503">"Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> (Research article). <b>114</b> (43): E9125–E9134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E9125C">2017PNAS..114E9125C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1705753114">10.1073/pnas.1705753114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664503">5664503</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073109">29073109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Opioid+and+orexin+hedonic+hotspots+in+rat+orbitofrontal+cortex+and+insula.&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=E9125-E9134&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5664503%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29073109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1705753114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E9125C&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=DC&rft.au=Berridge%2C+KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5664503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euphoria_+_pleasure_circuitry-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Euphoria_+_pleasure_circuitry_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euphoria_+_pleasure_circuitry_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKringelbach_ML,_Berridge_KC2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf">"The Joyful Mind"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>307</b> (2): 44–45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SciAm.307b..40K">2012SciAm.307b..40K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0812-40">10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22844850">22844850</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>So it makes sense that the real pleasure centers in the brain – those directly responsible for generating pleasurable sensations – turn out to lie within some of the structures previously identified as part of the reward circuit. One of these so-called hedonic hotspots lies in a subregion of the nucleus accumbens called the medial shell. A second is found within the ventral pallidum, a deep-seated structure near the base of the forebrain that receives most of its signals from the nucleus accumbens. ... <br />     On the other hand, intense euphoria is harder to come by than everyday pleasures. The reason may be that strong enhancement of pleasure – like the chemically induced pleasure bump we produced in lab animals – seems to require activation of the entire network at once. Defection of any single component dampens the high.<br />     Whether the pleasure circuit – and in particular, the ventral pallidum – works the same way in humans is unclear.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Joyful+Mind&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-45&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22844850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0812-40&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012SciAm.307b..40K&rft.au=Kringelbach+ML%2C+Berridge+KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsa.umich.edu%2Fpsych%2Fresearch%26labs%2Fberridge%2Fpublications%2FKringelbach%2520%26%2520Berridge%25202012%2520Joyful%2520mind%2520Sci%2520Am.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell HG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott R</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Revised and augmented throughout by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Sir Henry Stuart Jones</a>, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Perseus – via Tufts University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=Perseus&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=HG&rft.au=Scott%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252345426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&searchmode=none">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Deuphoria%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1706Dictionary-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1706Dictionary_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerseyPhillips1706" class="citation book cs1">Kersey J, Phillips E (1706). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ"><i>The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary</i></a>. London: Printed for J. Phillips. pp. EU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+world+of+words%3A+or%2C+Universal+English+dictionary.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=EU&rft.pub=Printed+for+J.+Phillips&rft.date=1706&rft.aulast=Kersey&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Phillips%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHBUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1862-64Laycock-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1862-64Laycock_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock1862" class="citation book cs1">Laycock T (4 January 1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog"><i>The Medical Times & Gazette</i></a>. London: John Churchill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11">1</a>. <q>Not unfrequently, indeed, the appearance of the patient is more diagnostic than his feelings. This is the case in some very grave diseases, in which that portion of the nervous system which subserves to the feeling of bodily well-being,—termed, in psychological phrase, euphoria—is morbidly modified as to function.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medical+Times+%26+Gazette&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Churchill&rft.date=1862-01-04&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicaltimesand00churgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><br />  <b>•</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock1864" class="citation book cs1">Laycock T (17 May 1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog"><i>The Medical Times & Gazette</i></a>. London: John Churchill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510">500</a>. <q>The morbid hopefulness of phthisis, physiologically termed euphoria, is seen more particularly in this class of patients. I have often called attention to it at the bedside, and shown that it ushers in the last stage. It is really a disease of the nervous system of a low type, a sort of insanity, and is of the worst significance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medical+Times+%26+Gazette&rft.place=London&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=John+Churchill&rft.date=1864-05-17&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicaltimesand00churgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1884Freud-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1884Freud_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud1884" class="citation book cs1">Freud S (1884). <i>Über Coca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+Coca&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span>, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel_RK1977" class="citation book cs1">Siegel RK (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130">"Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Petersen RC, Stillman RC (eds.). <i>NIDA Research Monograph #13</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 130. <q>The psychic effect (of cocaine) consists of exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which does not differ in any way from <i>the normal euphoria of a healthy person</i>.... One senses an increase of self-control and feels more vigorous and more capable of work; on the other hand, if one works, one misses the heightening of the mental powers which alcohol, tea, or coffee induce. One is simply normal, and soon finds it difficult to believe that one is under the influence of any drug at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VI+Cocaine%3A+Recreational+Use+and+Intoxication&rft.btitle=NIDA+Research+Monograph+%2313&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Siegel+RK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de%3A8081%2Fdocportal%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2FDocPortal_derivate_00003764%2F013.pdf%23page%3D130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1890Wernicke-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1890Wernicke_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerDennison2015" class="citation book cs1">Miller R, Dennison J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216">"Lecture 31"</a>. <i>An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke</i>. Springer. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319180519" title="Special:BookSources/9783319180519"><bdi>9783319180519</bdi></a> – via Google books. <q>[R]ational judgment of actual ability is lost, and a feeling of increased capacity arises, … it induces feelings of happiness, to the point of abnormal euphoria; but here too, assuming that some degree of psychic ability prevails, self-awareness of the change in personality may be enabled—an autopsychic paraesthesia in the above sense. Consequently, the Affective state of abnormal euphoria which determines the clinical picture often shows up as transitions to autopsychic disarray.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lecture+31&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+Psychiatry+in+Clinical+Lectures%3A+The+Lectures+of+Carl+Wernicke&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783319180519&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Dennison%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1N1CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1903BostonGlobe-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1903BostonGlobe_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs". <i>Paris Herald</i>. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paris+Herald&rft.atitle=Paris+Doctors+Say+That+Scorching+is+Like+Effects+of+Drugs&rft.date=1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/">The Boston Daily Globe</a>, 13 May 1903. p. 6 <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1920PopScience-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1920PopScience_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79">"Have You Euphoria?"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>97</b> (6): 79. December 1920 – via Google books. <q>It takes a doctor to give a high-sounding name to a well known phenomenon. "Euphoria" means "feeling fit." It is as much a physiological fact as scarlet fever. <br />     Nature makes it worth while to be alive simply through euphoria. The joy of making a good tennis stroke, the delight that a Woodsman gets in the open air, the artist's rhapsody—all are due to euphoria. Why do we drink alcohol—when we can get it or smoke tobacco? To affect euphoria. When a lunatic thinks that he is Napoleon and demands the homage due an emperor; he has euphoria in its worst form. <br />     Too little is known about euphoria. Since it can be affected by drugs and chemicals, who knows but it may have its seat in some gland?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Have+You+Euphoria%3F&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1920-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ikDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodworthRS1921" class="citation book cs1">Woodworth, RS (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up">"Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them"</a>. <i>Psychology, a study of mental life</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 119–120<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span> – via Internet archive. <q>Something was said before about "organic states", under the general head of tendencies to reaction. Fatigue was an example. Now we could include fatigue under the term, "stirred-up state of the organism"; at least, if not precisely "stirred-up", it is uneasy. It is a deviation from the normal or neutral state. Also, it is often a conscious state, as when we speak of the "tired feeling"; not a purely cognitive state, either not simply a recognition of the fact that we are fatigued but a state of disinclination to work any longer. Though fatigue is thus so much like an emotion that it fits under our definition, it is not called an emotion, but a sensation or complex of sensations....<br />     Many other organic states are akin to emotion in the same way. The opposite of fatigue, the "warmed-up" condition, brought on by a certain amount of activity after rest, is a case in point. It is a deviation from the average or neutral condition, in the direction of greater readiness for activity. The warmed-up person <i>feels</i> ready for business, full of "ginger" or "pep" in short, full of life. The name "euphoria", which means about the same as "feeling good", is given to this condition. Drowsiness is another of these emotion-like states; but hunger and thirst are as typical examples as any.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VII%3A+Emotion%3A+Various+organic+states%2C+and+the+conscious+states+that+go+with+them&rft.btitle=Psychology%2C+a+study+of+mental+life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Woodworth&rft.au=RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpsychologystudyo00wooduoft%23page%2F118%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1940Psychology-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1940Psychology_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousfield1940" class="citation journal cs1">Bousfield WA (1940). "The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep". <i>The Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 393–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223980.1940.9917707">10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707</a>. <q>Euphoria is a term aptly denoting the state of general well being, and while it involves a relatively enduring and pleasantly toned feeling, its psychological significance derives primarily from its being a semi-emotional attitude of considerable determining power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Relation+of+the+Euphoric+Attitude+to+the+Quality+of+Sleep&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=393-401&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223980.1940.9917707&rft.aulast=Bousfield&rft.aufirst=WA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1950Isbell-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1950Isbell_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeatsBeecher1952" class="citation journal cs1">Keats AS, Beecher HK (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract">"Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man"</a>. <i>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i>. <b>105</b> (2): 210–215. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3565">0022-3565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14928223">14928223</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>[Footnote 3] Since matters of some interest hang upon the definition of 'euphoria', direct enquiry of Dr. Isbell brought the following comment (letter of November 1, 1951). 'I think it would be wise to exercise a certain degree of care in our use of the term "euphoria". We use it here in the sense of a train of effects similar to those seen after the administration of morphine. These effects include changes in behavior and objective signs, such as constriction of the pupil, depression of the respiratory rate and volume, drop in rectal temperature, etc. We do not use it in the sense of "feeling of well-being", as this is something that I have been utterly unable to evaluate.' The present authors prefer to limit the definition of euphoria to 'a sense of well-being'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Analgesic+activity+and+toxic+effects+of+acetylmethadol+isomers+in+man&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-215&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14928223&rft.issn=0022-3565&rft.aulast=Keats&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Beecher%2C+HK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpet.aspetjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F105%2F2%2F210.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <b>•</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbellVogel1949" class="citation journal cs1">Isbell H, Vogel VH (1949). "The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome". <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>105</b> (12): 909–914. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.105.12.909">10.1176/ajp.105.12.909</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X">0002-953X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18127077">18127077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+addiction+liability+of+methadon+%28amidone%2C+dolophine%2C+10820%29+and+its+use+in+the+treatment+of+the+morphine+abstinence+syndrome&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=909-914&rft.date=1949&rft.issn=0002-953X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18127077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.105.12.909&rft.aulast=Isbell&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Vogel%2C+VH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <b>•</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffeJaffe1989" class="citation book cs1">Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK (1989). "4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs". In Fischman MW, Mello NK (eds.). <i>Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans</i>. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Vol. 92. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Historical+Perspectives+on+the+Use+of+Subjective+Effects+Measures+in+Assessing+the+Abuse+Potential+of+Drugs&rft.btitle=Testing+for+Abuse+Liability+of+Drugs+in+Humans&rft.place=Rockville%2C+MD&rft.series=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse+Research+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+FK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1957Cahal-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1957Cahal_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahal1957" class="citation journal cs1">Cahal DA (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509651">"Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 97–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0366-0826">0366-0826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509651">1509651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13413158">13413158</a>. <q>Not all of these effects can be regarded as undesirable. Drowsiness, euphoria, sleep, and 'detachment,' for instance, are effects which enhance the value of a major analgesic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Analgesic+activity+of+dipipanone+hydrochloride+in+student+volunteers&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-99&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1509651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0366-0826&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13413158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x&rft.aulast=Cahal&rft.aufirst=DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1509651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1977Encyclopedia-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1977Encyclopedia_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighPare_CMMarks1977" class="citation book cs1">Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152"><i>A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401159135" title="Special:BookSources/9789401159135"><bdi>9789401159135</bdi></a> – via Google books. <q>A mood of contentment and wellbeing. Euphoria in psychiatric terms always has a pathological connotation and is often an important early sign of organic cerebral disease. It differs from elation in subtle but important ways. It has no infectious quality and no element of gaiety, for its bland contentment is based on lack of awareness and inability to experience sadness or anxiety rather than on anything positive.<br />     It may be seen in any condition involving extensive cerebral damage, particularly if the frontal lobes are involved. It occurs sooner or later in senile and arteriosclerotic dementias (q.v.), in disseminated sclerosis and in Huntington's chorea (q.v.) and is often seen also after severe head injury and old-fashioned forms of leucotomy (q.v.). Euphoria is sometimes seen in Addison's disease (q.v.).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+Psychiatry&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9789401159135&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Pare+CM&rft.au=Marks%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-bzCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria">"definition of euphoria in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria">the original</a> on 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=definition+of+euphoria+in+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Feuphoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <b>•</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria">"definition of euphoria"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>a state of intense happiness and self-confidence<br />     (psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=definition+of+euphoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Feuphoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <b>•</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadockSadock2009" class="citation book cs1">Sadock B, Sadock V (2009). <i>Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry</i> (9th ed.). pp. 411–412, 923. <q>Refers to a persistent and unrealistic sense of well-being, without the increased mental or motor rate of mania. <br />     Exaggerated feeling of well-being that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and alcohol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaplan+and+Sadock%27s+Comprehensive+Textbook+of+Psychiatry&rft.pages=411-412%2C+923&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sadock&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Sadock%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <b>•</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria"><i>Mosby's Medical Dictionary</i></a> (8th ed.). 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>1. a feeling or state of well-being or elation.<br />     2. an exaggerated or abnormal sense of physical and emotional well-being not based on reality or truth, disproportionate to its cause, and inappropriate to the situation, as commonly seen in the manic stage of bipolar disorder, some forms of schizophrenia, organic mental disorders, and toxic and drug-induced states</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosby%27s+Medical+Dictionary&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Feuphoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz_euphoria-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_euphoria_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schultz W (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491543">"Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data"</a>. <i>Physiological Reviews</i>. <b>95</b> (3): 853–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00023.2014">10.1152/physrev.00023.2014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491543">4491543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26109341">26109341</a>. <q>The feeling of high that is experienced by sports people during running or swimming, the lust evoked by encountering a ready mating partner, a sexual orgasm, the euphoria reported by drug users, and the parental affection to babies constitute different forms (qualities) rather than degrees of pleasure (quantities).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Neuronal+reward+and+decision+signals%3A+from+theories+to+data&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=853-951&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4491543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26109341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fphysrev.00023.2014&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4491543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Euphoria_review-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Euphoria_review_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunhaRibeiroOliveira2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cunha GS, Ribeiro JL, Oliveira AR (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0004-27302008000400004">"[Levels of beta-endorphin in response to exercise and overtraining]"</a>. <i>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol</i> (in Portuguese). <b>52</b> (4): 589–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0004-27302008000400004">10.1590/S0004-27302008000400004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10183%2F40053">10183/40053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18604371">18604371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arq+Bras+Endocrinol+Metabol&rft.atitle=%5BLevels+of+beta-endorphin+in+response+to+exercise+and+overtraining%5D&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=589-598&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10183%2F40053&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18604371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0004-27302008000400004&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=GS&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+JL&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0004-27302008000400004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Runner-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Runner_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeckerSprengerSpilkerHenriksen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, Valet M, Berthele A, Tolle TR (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhn013">"The runner's high: opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain"</a>. <i>Cereb. Cortex</i>. <b>18</b> (11): 2523–2531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhn013">10.1093/cercor/bhn013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18296435">18296435</a>. <q>The runner's high describes an euphoric state resulting from long-distance running.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cereb.+Cortex&rft.atitle=The+runner%27s+high%3A+opioidergic+mechanisms+in+the+human+brain&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2523-2531&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhn013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18296435&rft.aulast=Boecker&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Sprenger%2C+T&rft.au=Spilker%2C+ME&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+G&rft.au=Koppenhoefer%2C+M&rft.au=Wagner%2C+KJ&rft.au=Valet%2C+M&rft.au=Berthele%2C+A&rft.au=Tolle%2C+TR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcercor%252Fbhn013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Runner-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Runner_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaichlenFosterGerdemanSeillier2012" class="citation journal cs1">Raichlen DA, Foster AD, Gerdeman GL, Seillier A, Giuffrida A (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.063677">"Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>J. Exp. Biol</i>. <b>215</b> (Pt 8): 1331–1336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.063677">10.1242/jeb.063677</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22442371">22442371</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5129200">5129200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Exp.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Wired+to+run%3A+exercise-induced+endocannabinoid+signaling+in+humans+and+cursorial+mammals+with+implications+for+the+%27runner%27s+high%27&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=Pt+8&rft.pages=1331-1336&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5129200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22442371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.063677&rft.aulast=Raichlen&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Foster%2C+AD&rft.au=Gerdeman%2C+GL&rft.au=Seillier%2C+A&rft.au=Giuffrida%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.063677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Rower-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Primary-Rower_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenEjsmond-FreyKnightDunbar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817271">"Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds"</a>. <i>Biol. Lett</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 106–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0670">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817271">2817271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19755532">19755532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Rowers%27+high%3A+behavioural+synchrony+is+correlated+with+elevated+pain+thresholds&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-108&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817271%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19755532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0670&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Ejsmond-Frey%2C+R&rft.au=Knight%2C+N&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+RI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21217764-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21217764_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21217764_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalimpoorBenovoyLarcherDagher2011" class="citation journal cs1">Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ (2011). "Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music". <i>Nat. Neurosci</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 257–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.2726">10.1038/nn.2726</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21217764">21217764</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205433454">205433454</a>. <q>Music, an abstract stimulus, can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible rewards that involve the striatal dopaminergic system. ... the caudate was more involved during the anticipation and the nucleus accumbens was more involved during the experience of peak emotional responses to music. ... Notably, the anticipation of an abstract reward can result in dopamine release in an anatomical pathway distinct from that associated with the peak pleasure itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Anatomically+distinct+dopamine+release+during+anticipation+and+experience+of+peak+emotion+to+music&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-262&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205433454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21217764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn.2726&rft.aulast=Salimpoor&rft.aufirst=VN&rft.au=Benovoy%2C+M&rft.au=Larcher%2C+K&rft.au=Dagher%2C+A&rft.au=Zatorre%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music_-_NAcc-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Music_-_NAcc_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Music_-_NAcc_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Music_-_NAcc_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavridis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mavridis IN (March 2015). "Music and the nucleus accumbens". <i>Surg Radiol Anat</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 121–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00276-014-1360-0">10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25102783">25102783</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25768771">25768771</a>. <q>The functional connectivity between brain regions mediating reward, autonomic and cognitive processing provides insight into understanding why listening to music is one of the most rewarding and pleasurable human experiences. Musical stimuli can significantly increase extracellular DA levels in the NA. NA DA and serotonin were found significantly higher in animals exposed to music. Finally, passive listening to unfamiliar although liked music showed activations in the NA. ... Music can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible rewards that involve the striatal DAergic system [16]. Reward value for music can be coded by activity levels in the NA, whose functional connectivity with auditory and frontal areas increases as a function of increasing musical reward [19]. ... Listening to pleasant music induces a strong response and significant activation of the VTA-mediated interaction of the NA with the hypothalamus, insula and orbitofrontal cortex [1].<br /><b>Conclusions</b><br />Listening to music strongly modulates activity in a network of mesolimbic structures involved in reward processing including the NA. Music, acting as a positive pleasant emotion, increases NA DAergic activity. Specifically the NA is more involved during the experience of peak emotional responses to music. Reward value of music can be predicted by increased functional connectivity of auditory cortices, amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal regions with the NA. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the NA role in the influence of music in our lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surg+Radiol+Anat&rft.atitle=Music+and+the+nucleus+accumbens&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-125&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25768771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25102783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00276-014-1360-0&rft.aulast=Mavridis&rft.aufirst=IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music_-_reward_system-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Music_-_reward_system_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Music_-_reward_system_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Music_-_reward_system_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZatorre2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zatorre RJ (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019131011/https://zenodo.org/record/3456475">"Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction"</a>. <i>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci</i>. <b>1337</b> (1): 202–211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NYASA1337..202Z">2015NYASA1337..202Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.12677">10.1111/nyas.12677</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25773636">25773636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22212386">22212386</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3456475">the original</a> on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>Most people derive pleasure from music. Neuroimaging studies show that the reward system of the human brain is central to this experience. Specifically, the dorsal and ventral striatum release dopamine when listening to pleasurable music, and activity in these structures also codes the reward value of musical excerpts. Moreover, the striatum interacts with cortical mechanisms involved in perception and valuation of musical stimuli. ... Development of a questionnaire for music reward experiences has allowed the identification of separable factors associated with musical pleasure, described as music-seeking, emotion-evocation, mood regulation, sensorimotor, and social factors. Applying this questionnaire to a large sample uncovered approximately 5% of the population with low sensitivity to musical reward in the absence of generalized anhedonia or depression. Further study of this group revealed that there are individuals who respond normally both behaviorally and psychophysiologically to rewards other than music (e.g., monetary value) but do not experience pleasure from music despite normal music perception ability and preserved ability to identify intended emotions in musical passages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+N.+Y.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Musical+pleasure+and+reward%3A+mechanisms+and+dysfunction&rft.volume=1337&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=202-211&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnyas.12677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22212386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25773636&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NYASA1337..202Z&rft.aulast=Zatorre&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3456475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreriMas-HerreroZatorreRipollés2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397525">"Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>116</b> (9): 3793–3798. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.3793F">2019PNAS..116.3793F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1811878116">10.1073/pnas.1811878116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397525">6397525</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670642">30670642</a>. <q>Listening to pleasurable music is often accompanied by measurable bodily reactions such as goose bumps or shivers down the spine, commonly called "chills" or "frissons." ... Overall, our results straightforwardly revealed that pharmacological interventions bidirectionally modulated the reward responses elicited by music. In particular, we found that risperidone impaired participants' ability to experience musical pleasure, whereas levodopa enhanced it. ... Here, in contrast, studying responses to abstract rewards in human subjects, we show that manipulation of dopaminergic transmission affects both the pleasure (i.e., amount of time reporting chills and emotional arousal measured by EDA) and the motivational components of musical reward (money willing to spend). These findings suggest that dopaminergic signaling is a sine qua non condition not only for motivational responses, as has been shown with primary and secondary rewards, but also for hedonic reactions to music. This result supports recent findings showing that dopamine also mediates the perceived pleasantness attained by other types of abstract rewards (37) and challenges previous findings in animal models on primary rewards, such as food (42, 43).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Dopamine+modulates+the+reward+experiences+elicited+by+music&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3793-3798&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6397525%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30670642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1811878116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116.3793F&rft.aulast=Ferreri&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Mas-Herrero%2C+E&rft.au=Zatorre%2C+RJ&rft.au=Ripoll%C3%A9s%2C+P&rft.au=Gomez-Andres%2C+A&rft.au=Alicart%2C+H&rft.au=Oliv%C3%A9%2C+G&rft.au=Marco-Pallar%C3%A9s%2C+J&rft.au=Antonijoan%2C+RM&rft.au=Valle%2C+M&rft.au=Riba%2C+J&rft.au=Rodriguez-Fornells%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6397525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreriMas-HerreroZatorreRipollés2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreri, Laura; Mas-Herrero, Ernest; Zatorre, Robert J.; Ripollés, Pablo; Gomez-Andres, Alba; Alicart, Helena; Olivé, Guillem; Marco-Pallarés, Josep; Antonijoan, Rosa M.; Valle, Marta; Riba, Jordi; Rodriguez-Fornells, Antoni (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neurosciencenews.com/dopamine-music-10628/">"Dopamine Modulates Reward Experiences Elicited by Music"</a>. <i>Neuroscience News</i>. <b>116</b> (9): 3793–3798. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.3793F">2019PNAS..116.3793F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1811878116">10.1073/pnas.1811878116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397525">6397525</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670642">30670642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+News&rft.atitle=Dopamine+Modulates+Reward+Experiences+Elicited+by+Music&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3793-3798&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6397525%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30670642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1811878116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116.3793F&rft.aulast=Ferreri&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Mas-Herrero%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Zatorre%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Ripoll%C3%A9s%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Gomez-Andres%2C+Alba&rft.au=Alicart%2C+Helena&rft.au=Oliv%C3%A9%2C+Guillem&rft.au=Marco-Pallar%C3%A9s%2C+Josep&rft.au=Antonijoan%2C+Rosa+M.&rft.au=Valle%2C+Marta&rft.au=Riba%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Rodriguez-Fornells%2C+Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneurosciencenews.com%2Fdopamine-music-10628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secondary_source_for_'Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact'-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Secondary_source_for_'Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact'_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Secondary_source_for_'Dopaminergic_control_of_hedonic_impact'_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoupilAucouturier2019" class="citation journal cs1">Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397567">"Musical pleasure and musical emotions"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>116</b> (9): 3364–3366. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.3364G">2019PNAS..116.3364G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1900369116">10.1073/pnas.1900369116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397567">6397567</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30770455">30770455</a>. <q>In a pharmacological study published in PNAS, Ferreri et al. (1) present evidence that enhancing or inhibiting dopamine signaling using levodopa or risperidone modulates the pleasure experienced while listening to music. ... In a final salvo to establish not only the correlational but also the causal implication of dopamine in musical pleasure, the authors have turned to directly manipulating dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, first by applying excitatory and inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation over their participants' left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region known to modulate striatal function (5), and finally, in the current study, by administrating pharmaceutical agents able to alter dopamine synaptic availability (1), both of which influenced perceived pleasure, physiological measures of arousal, and the monetary value assigned to music in the predicted direction. ... While the question of the musical expression of emotion has a long history of investigation, including in PNAS (6), and the 1990s psychophysiological strand of research had already established that musical pleasure could activate the autonomic nervous system (7), the authors' demonstration of the implication of the reward system in musical emotions was taken as inaugural proof that these were veridical emotions whose study has full legitimacy to inform the neurobiology of our everyday cognitive, social, and affective functions (8). Incidentally, this line of work, culminating in the article by Ferreri et al. (1), has plausibly done more to attract research funding for the field of music sciences than any other in this community.<br />The evidence of Ferreri et al. (1) provides the latest support for a compelling neurobiological model in which musical pleasure arises from the interaction of ancient reward/valuation systems (striatal–limbic–paralimbic) with more phylogenetically advanced perception/predictions systems (temporofrontal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Musical+pleasure+and+musical+emotions&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3364-3366&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6397567%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30770455&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1900369116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116.3364G&rft.aulast=Goupil&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Aucouturier%2C+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6397567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinHansteen1977" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein A, Hansteen RW (1977). "Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man". <i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>. <b>34</b> (10): 1179–1180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1977.01770220061006">10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/199128">199128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Evidence+against+involvement+of+endorphins+in+sexual+arousal+and+orgasm+in+man&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1179-1180&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1977.01770220061006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F199128&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hansteen%2C+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html">"Methamphetamine | InfoFacts | The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035539/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/methamphetamine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methamphetamine+%7C+InfoFacts+%7C+The+National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse+%28NIDA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrugabuse.gov%2Finfofacts%2Fmethamphetamine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant">"Merrian-Webster definition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Preedy VR (ed.). <i>Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions</i>. Academic Press. p. 791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128006771" title="Special:BookSources/9780128006771"><bdi>9780128006771</bdi></a>. <q>The areca nut is the fourth most used drug after nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine. The effects are described as pleasurable and generally stimulating, inducing a sense of well-being, euphoria, heightened alertness, a warm sensation throughout the body, and an increased capacity to work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oral+and+Systemic+Health+Effects+of+Compulsive+Areca+Nut+Use&rft.btitle=Neuropathology+of+Drug+Addictions+and+Substance+Misuse+Volume+3%3A+General+Processes+and+Mechanisms%2C+Prescription+Medications%2C+Caffeine+and+Areca%2C+Polydrug+Misuse%2C+Emerging+Addictions+and+Non-Drug+Addictions&rft.pages=791&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780128006771&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Ullah%2C+M&rft.au=Zoellner%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYu9eBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garg2014-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garg2014_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garg2014_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargChaturvediGupta2014" class="citation journal cs1">Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080659">"A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 3–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0971-5851.133702">10.4103/0971-5851.133702</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080659">4080659</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25006276">25006276</a>. <q>It is one of the most widely consumed addictive substances in the world after nicotine, ethanol and caffeine, and is consumed by approximately 10% of the world's population.... The users of areca nut believe that it is helpful for the digestive system and has mild euphoric effects. ... <br />     The major parasympathetic and muscarinic effects of areca nut are due to arecoline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Medical+and+Paediatric+Oncology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+systemic+adverse+effects+of+areca+nut+or+betel+nut&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-9&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4080659%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25006276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0971-5851.133702&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Chaturvedi%2C+P&rft.au=Gupta%2C+PC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4080659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharanMehrotraChoudhuryAsotra2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418282">"Association of Betel Nut with Carcinogenesis: Revisit with a Clinical Perspective"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (8): e42759. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...742759S">2012PLoSO...742759S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0042759">10.1371/journal.pone.0042759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418282">3418282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22912735">22912735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Association+of+Betel+Nut+with+Carcinogenesis%3A+Revisit+with+a+Clinical+Perspective&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e42759&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3418282%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...742759S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22912735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0042759&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Sharan&rft.aufirst=RN&rft.au=Mehrotra%2C+R&rft.au=Choudhury%2C+Y&rft.au=Asotra%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3418282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivierePapich2013" class="citation book cs1">Riviere JE, Papich MG (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAPa4WDzAnQC&pg=PA165"><i>Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118685907" title="Special:BookSources/9781118685907"><bdi>9781118685907</bdi></a>. <q>Pilocarpine, arecoline and muscarine are rather selective parasympathetic agents; i.e., their cholinomimetic activity is exerted primarily at muscarinic sites with minimal nicotinic effects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Pharmacology+and+Therapeutics&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781118685907&rft.aulast=Riviere&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Papich%2C+MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAPa4WDzAnQC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuPengHuXu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Liu YJ, Peng W, Hu MB, Xu M, Wu CJ (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13880209.2016.1160251">"The pharmacology, toxicology and potential applications of arecoline: a review"</a>. <i>Pharmaceutical Biology</i>. <b>54</b> (11): 2753–2760. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13880209.2016.1160251">10.3109/13880209.2016.1160251</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-5116">1744-5116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27046150">27046150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+pharmacology%2C+toxicology+and+potential+applications+of+arecoline%3A+a+review&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2753-2760&rft.date=2016-11&rft.issn=1744-5116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27046150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13880209.2016.1160251&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=YJ&rft.au=Peng%2C+W&rft.au=Hu%2C+MB&rft.au=Xu%2C+M&rft.au=Wu%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3109%252F13880209.2016.1160251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengLiuWuSun2015" class="citation journal cs1">Peng W, Liu YJ, Wu N, Sun T, He XY, Gao YX, Wu CJ (April 2015). "Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): a review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology". <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. <b>164</b>: 340–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2015.02.010">10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-7573">1872-7573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25681543">25681543</a>. <q>Previous investigations indicated that the arecaidine and guvacine isolated from the A. catechu are effective antagonists of GABA, with IC50 values 122712 μM and 871 μM, respectively (Johnston et al., 1975; Lodge et al., 1977).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Areca+catechu+L.+%28Arecaceae%29%3A+a+review+of+its+traditional+uses%2C+botany%2C+phytochemistry%2C+pharmacology+and+toxicology&rft.volume=164&rft.pages=340-56&rft.date=2015-04&rft.issn=1872-7573&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25681543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2015.02.010&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Liu%2C+YJ&rft.au=Wu%2C+N&rft.au=Sun%2C+T&rft.au=He%2C+XY&rft.au=Gao%2C+YX&rft.au=Wu%2C+CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArifWestermeyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Arif A, Westermeyer J (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFC6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159"><i>Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions</i></a>. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461595168" title="Special:BookSources/9781461595168"><bdi>9781461595168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Drug+and+Alcohol+Abuse%3A+Guidelines+for+Teaching+in+Medical+and+Health+Institutions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159-160&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781461595168&rft.aulast=Arif&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Westermeyer%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFC6BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson2009" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, J. K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibxfK1l6oXoC&pg=PA53"><i>Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444532695" title="Special:BookSources/9780444532695"><bdi>9780444532695</bdi></a>. <q>The lime in the betel quid [areca nut, lime and <i>Piper betle</i> leaves] causes hydrolysis of arecoline to arecailide, a central nervous stimulant, which accounts, together with the essential oil of the betel pepper, for the eucphoric effects of chewing betel quid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meyler%27s+Side+Effects+of+Herbal+Medicines&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780444532695&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibxfK1l6oXoC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18448634-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18448634_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanRamchandaniDavisBjork2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gilman JM, Ramchandani VA, Davis MB, Bjork JM, Hommer DW (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730732">"Why we like to drink: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the rewarding and anxiolytic effects of alcohol"</a>. <i>J. Neurosci</i>. <b>28</b> (18): 4583–4591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0086-08.2008">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0086-08.2008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730732">2730732</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18448634">18448634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Why+we+like+to+drink%3A+a+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+study+of+the+rewarding+and+anxiolytic+effects+of+alcohol&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4583-4591&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2730732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18448634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0086-08.2008&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Ramchandani%2C+VA&rft.au=Davis%2C+MB&rft.au=Bjork%2C+JM&rft.au=Hommer%2C+DW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2730732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganBadawy2001" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+and+Alcoholism&rft.atitle=Alcohol-induced+euphoria%3A+exclusion+of+serotonin&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-25&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2F36.1.22&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11139411&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Badawy%2C+AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Falcalc%252F36.1.22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusardòJones2015" class="citation journal cs1">Busardò FP, Jones AW (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462042">"GHB Pharmacology and Toxicology: Acute Intoxication, Concentrations in Blood and Urine in Forensic Cases and Treatment of the Withdrawal Syndrome"</a>. <i>Current Neuropharmacology</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 47–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X13666141210215423">10.2174/1570159X13666141210215423</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-159X">1570-159X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462042">4462042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26074743">26074743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=GHB+Pharmacology+and+Toxicology%3A+Acute+Intoxication%2C+Concentrations+in+Blood+and+Urine+in+Forensic+Cases+and+Treatment+of+the+Withdrawal+Syndrome&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-70&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4462042%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1570-159X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26074743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570159X13666141210215423&rft.aulast=Busard%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=FP&rft.au=Jones%2C+AW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4462042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack_Brady-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_Brady_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_Brady_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackBradyMillerFrances2016" class="citation book cs1">Mack AH, Brady KT, Miller SI, Frances RJ (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sR7ACwAAQBAJ&q=benzodiazepines+euphoria&pg=PA249"><i>Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition</i></a>. Guilford Publications. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462521708" title="Special:BookSources/9781462521708"><bdi>9781462521708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Textbook+of+Addictive+Disorders%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Guilford+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781462521708&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=AH&rft.au=Brady%2C+KT&rft.au=Miller%2C+SI&rft.au=Frances%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsR7ACwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbenzodiazepines%2Beuphoria%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCuistionKeeHayes2014" class="citation book cs1">McCuistion LE, Kee JL, Hayes ER (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abnwAwAAQBAJ&q=benzodiazepines+euphoria&pg=PA54"><i>Pharmacology: A Patient-Centered Nursing Process Approach</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323293488" title="Special:BookSources/9780323293488"><bdi>9780323293488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology%3A+A+Patient-Centered+Nursing+Process+Approach&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780323293488&rft.aulast=McCuistion&rft.aufirst=LE&rft.au=Kee%2C+JL&rft.au=Hayes%2C+ER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabnwAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbenzodiazepines%2Beuphoria%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoweiko2014" class="citation book cs1">Doweiko HE (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuAbCgAAQBAJ&q=benzodiazepines+euphoria&pg=PA79"><i>Concepts of Chemical Dependency</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781285457178" title="Special:BookSources/9781285457178"><bdi>9781285457178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Chemical+Dependency&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781285457178&rft.aulast=Doweiko&rft.aufirst=HE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuAbCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbenzodiazepines%2Beuphoria%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalizioMaisto2013" class="citation book cs1">Galizio M, Maisto SA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EM59BwAAQBAJ&q=abuse+potential+euphoria&pg=PA131"><i>Determinants of Substance Abuse: Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Factors</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475799903" title="Special:BookSources/9781475799903"><bdi>9781475799903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Determinants+of+Substance+Abuse%3A+Biological%2C+Psychological%2C+and+Environmental+Factors&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781475799903&rft.aulast=Galizio&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Maisto%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEM59BwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dabuse%2Bpotential%2Beuphoria%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrT8CAAAQBAJ&q=pentobarbital+euphoria&pg=PA420"><i>Psychotropic Agents: Part III: Alcohol and Psychotomimetics, Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642677700" title="Special:BookSources/9783642677700"><bdi>9783642677700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychotropic+Agents%3A+Part+III%3A+Alcohol+and+Psychotomimetics%2C+Psychotropic+Effects+of+Central+Acting+Drugs&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783642677700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrT8CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpentobarbital%2Beuphoria%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCradyEpstein2013" class="citation book cs1">McCrady, Barbara S.; Epstein, Elizabeth E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUYfAQAAQBAJ&q=flunitrazepam+benzodiazepine+euphoria+163&pg=PA163"><i>Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199753666" title="Special:BookSources/9780199753666"><bdi>9780199753666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addictions%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guidebook&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199753666&rft.aulast=McCrady&rft.aufirst=Barbara+S.&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Elizabeth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUYfAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dflunitrazepam%2Bbenzodiazepine%2Beuphoria%2B163%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuizStrain2011" class="citation book cs1">Ruiz P, Strain EC (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4ZUJAdleTsC&q=flunitrazepam+benzodiazepine+euphoria&pg=PA258"><i>Lowinson and Ruiz's Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605472775" title="Special:BookSources/9781605472775"><bdi>9781605472775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lowinson+and+Ruiz%27s+Substance+Abuse%3A+A+Comprehensive+Textbook&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781605472775&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Strain%2C+EC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4ZUJAdleTsC%26q%3Dflunitrazepam%2Bbenzodiazepine%2Beuphoria%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaatsSilverman2016" class="citation book cs1">Staats PS, Silverman SM (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WxBDAAAQBAJ&q=benzodiazepines%2520euphoria&pg=PA77"><i>Controlled Substance Management in Chronic Pain: A Balanced Approach</i></a>. Springer. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319309644" title="Special:BookSources/9783319309644"><bdi>9783319309644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlled+Substance+Management+in+Chronic+Pain%3A+A+Balanced+Approach&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319309644&rft.aulast=Staats&rft.aufirst=PS&rft.au=Silverman%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WxBDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbenzodiazepines%252520euphoria%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martinotti2016-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martinotti2016_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martinotti2016_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martinotti2016_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinottiPapazisisSantacroceKouvelas2016" class="citation book cs1">Martinotti G, Papazisis G, Santacroce R, Kouvelas D, Cinosi E, Lupi M, di Giannantonio M (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA948">"Pregabalin Abuse and Addiction"</a>. In Preedy VR (ed.). <i>Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions</i>. London: Academic Press. pp. 948–949. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128006771" title="Special:BookSources/9780128006771"><bdi>9780128006771</bdi></a>. <q>Exceeding the therapeutic doses, pregabalin is described as an 'ideal psychotropic drug' for recreational purposes, including alcohol/GHB/benzodiazepine-like effects, euphoria, entactogenic feelings, and dissociation. ... <br />     Up to 1200mg ... euphoria ... Over 1500mg ... intense euphoria</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pregabalin+Abuse+and+Addiction&rft.btitle=Neuropathology+of+Drug+Addictions+and+Substance+Misuse+Volume+3%3A+General+Processes+and+Mechanisms%2C+Prescription+Medications%2C+Caffeine+and+Areca%2C+Polydrug+Misuse%2C+Emerging+Addictions+and+Non-Drug+Addictions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=948-949&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780128006771&rft.aulast=Martinotti&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Papazisis%2C+G&rft.au=Santacroce%2C+R&rft.au=Kouvelas%2C+D&rft.au=Cinosi%2C+E&rft.au=Lupi%2C+M&rft.au=di+Giannantonio+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYu9eBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schjerning2016-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schjerning2016_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schjerning2016_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchjerningRosenzweigPottegårdDamkier2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schjerning O, Rosenzweig M, Pottegård A, Damkier P, Nielsen J (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonpottegaard.dk/publications/reviews/Abuse_Potential_of_Pregabalin.pdf">"Abuse Potential of Pregabalin: A Systematic Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CNS Drugs</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 9–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40263-015-0303-6">10.1007/s40263-015-0303-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1179-1934">1179-1934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26767525">26767525</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3800377">3800377</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813012537/http://www.antonpottegaard.dk/publications/reviews/Abuse_Potential_of_Pregabalin.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>. <q>Pregabalin is, in some cases, used for recreational purposes and it has incurred attention among drug abusers for causing euphoric and dissociative effects when taken in doses exceeding normal therapeutic dosages or used by alternative routes of administration, such as nasal insufflation or venous injection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Drugs&rft.atitle=Abuse+Potential+of+Pregabalin%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-25&rft.date=2016-01&rft.issn=1179-1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3800377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26767525&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40263-015-0303-6&rft.aulast=Schjerning&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Rosenzweig%2C+M&rft.au=Potteg%C3%A5rd%2C+A&rft.au=Damkier%2C+P&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antonpottegaard.dk%2Fpublications%2Freviews%2FAbuse_Potential_of_Pregabalin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pro/lyrica.html">"Lyrica"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813014258/https://www.drugs.com/pro/lyrica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Lyrica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpro%2Flyrica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithRV_2016-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithRV_2016_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithRV_2016_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithHavensWalsh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Smith RV, Havens JR, Walsh SL (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573873">"Gabapentin misuse, abuse, and diversion: A systematic review"</a>. <i>Addiction</i>. <b>111</b> (7): 1160–1174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fadd.13324">10.1111/add.13324</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573873">5573873</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27265421">27265421</a>. <q>Several case studies mentioned experiencing euphoria after gabapentin misuse that was reminiscent of, but not as strong as, opioids. This feeling was achieved in combination with other drugs (e.g., buprenorphine/naloxone, methadone, baclofen, quetiapine, alcohol) as well as by using gabapentin alone, in dosages ranging from 1500–12000 mg, though only three articles give actual amounts misused.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Gabapentin+misuse%2C+abuse%2C+and+diversion%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1160-1174&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5573873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27265421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fadd.13324&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=RV&rft.au=Havens%2C+JR&rft.au=Walsh%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5573873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi,_S2017" class="citation web cs1">Rossi, S, ed. (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/chap-16/antiepileptics/antiepileptics-other/ethosuximide">"Ethosuximide"</a>. <i>Australian Medicines Handbook</i>. Adelaide, Australia: Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Medicines+Handbook&rft.atitle=Ethosuximide&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famhonline.amh.net.au%2Fchapters%2Fchap-16%2Fantiepileptics%2Fantiepileptics-other%2Fethosuximide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi,_S2017" class="citation web cs1">Rossi, S, ed. 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"GABAA Agonists and Partial Agonists: THIP (Gaboxadol) as a Non-Opioid Analgesic and a Novel Type of Hypnotic1". <i>GABA(A) agonists and partial agonists: THIP (Gaboxadol) as a non-opioid analgesic and a novel type of hypnotic</i>. Adv Pharmacol. Vol. 54. pp. 53–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1054-3589%2806%2954003-7">10.1016/s1054-3589(06)54003-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-032957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-032957-1"><bdi>978-0-12-032957-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17175810">17175810</a>. <q>In cancer patients and also in patients with chronic anxiety (Hoehn‐Saric, 1983) the desired effects of Gaboxadol were accompanied by side effects, notably sedation, nausea, and in a few cases euphoria. 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155739">8155739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32909493">32909493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Psychopharmacol&rft.atitle=Beyond+ecstasy%3A+Alternative+entactogens+to+3%2C4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine+with+potential+applications+in+psychotherapy&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=512-536&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8155739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32909493&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0269881120920420&rft.aulast=Oeri&rft.aufirst=HE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8155739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AngererSchmidFranz2024-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AngererSchmidFranz2024_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngererSchmidFranzGnann2024" class="citation journal cs1">Angerer V, Schmid Y, Franz F, Gnann H, Speer JM, Gnann A, Helmecke S, Buchwald A, Brandt SD, Passie T, Liechti ME, Auwärter V (September 2024). "Acute psychotropic, autonomic, and endocrine effects of 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) compared with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in human volunteers: A self-administration study". <i>Drug Test Anal</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 1002–1011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdta.3622">10.1002/dta.3622</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38056906">38056906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Test+Anal&rft.atitle=Acute+psychotropic%2C+autonomic%2C+and+endocrine+effects+of+5%2C6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane+%28MDAI%29+compared+with+3%2C4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine+%28MDMA%29+in+human+volunteers%3A+A+self-administration+study&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1002-1011&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdta.3622&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38056906&rft.aulast=Angerer&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Y&rft.au=Franz%2C+F&rft.au=Gnann%2C+H&rft.au=Speer%2C+JM&rft.au=Gnann%2C+A&rft.au=Helmecke%2C+S&rft.au=Buchwald%2C+A&rft.au=Brandt%2C+SD&rft.au=Passie%2C+T&rft.au=Liechti%2C+ME&rft.au=Auw%C3%A4rter%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StricklandJohnson2022-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StricklandJohnson2022_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStricklandJohnson2022" class="citation book cs1">Strickland JC, Johnson MW (2022). "Human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics". <i>Behavioral Pharmacology of Drug Abuse: Current Status</i>. Adv Pharmacol. Vol. 93. pp. 105–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.apha.2021.10.003">10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-91526-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-91526-7"><bdi>978-0-323-91526-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35341564">35341564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+behavioral+pharmacology+of+psychedelics&rft.btitle=Behavioral+Pharmacology+of+Drug+Abuse%3A+Current+Status&rft.series=Adv+Pharmacol&rft.pages=105-132&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35341564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.apha.2021.10.003&rft.isbn=978-0-323-91526-7&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Johnson%2C+MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrellerVollenweider2018-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrellerVollenweider2018_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrellerVollenweider2018" class="citation journal cs1">Preller KH, Vollenweider FX (2018). 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A review of the literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychiatry Research</i>. <b>209</b> (3): 253–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2012.12.018">10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23332541">23332541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39700065">39700065</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719195929/http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00789122/file/PRISMA_FLOW_DIAGRAMM_FASTING_07_12_12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry+Research&rft.atitle=Fasting+in+mood+disorders%3A+neurobiology+and+effectiveness.+A+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-258&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39700065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23332541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2012.12.018&rft.aulast=Fond&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Macgregor%2C+A&rft.au=Leboyer%2C+M&rft.au=Michalsen%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hal.inserm.fr%2Finserm-00789122%2Ffile%2FPRISMA_FLOW_DIAGRAMM_FASTING_07_12_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM-5-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JivBAAAQBAJ&q=manic+euphoria&pg=PT272">"Bipolar and Related Disorders"</a>. <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)</i> (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890425572" title="Special:BookSources/9780890425572"><bdi>9780890425572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bipolar+and+Related+Disorders&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders+%28DSM-5%29&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780890425572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JivBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmanic%2Beuphoria%26pg%3DPT272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruggero-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruggero_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruggero_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggeroKotovWatsonKilmer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ruggero CJ, Kotov R, Watson D, Kilmer JN, Perlman G, Liu K (June 2014). "Beyond a single index of mania symptoms: structure and validity of subdimensions". <i>J. Affect. Disord</i>. <b>161</b>: 8–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2014.02.044">10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24751301">24751301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Affect.+Disord.&rft.atitle=Beyond+a+single+index+of+mania+symptoms%3A+structure+and+validity+of+subdimensions&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=8-15&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2014.02.044&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24751301&rft.aulast=Ruggero&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Kotov%2C+R&rft.au=Watson%2C+D&rft.au=Kilmer%2C+JN&rft.au=Perlman%2C+G&rft.au=Liu%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes2007-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes2007_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlLundgren2007" class="citation book cs1">Dahl J, Lundgren TL (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e92nFwJ2fMEC&pg=PA248">"Conditioning mechanisms, behavior technology, and contextual behavior therapy"</a>. In Holmes GL, Schachter SC, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DGA (eds.). <i>Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice</i>. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934559888" title="Special:BookSources/9781934559888"><bdi>9781934559888</bdi></a>. <q>[S]eizures themselves may be stimulating or <i>may induce euphoria</i>. Dostoyevsky describes his seizure experience as follows 'the air was filled with a big noise and I tried to move. I felt the heaven was going down upon the earth and that it had engulfed me. I have really touched God. He came into me myself. Yes, God exists. I cried, and I don't remember anything else. You all, healthy people ... can't imagine the happiness we epileptics feel during the second before our fit ... I don't know if this felicity lasts for seconds, hours, or months but believe me, for all the joys that life may bring, I would not exchange this one'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conditioning+mechanisms%2C+behavior+technology%2C+and+contextual+behavior+therapy&rft.btitle=Behavioral+Aspects+of+Epilepsy%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781934559888&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+TL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De92nFwJ2fMEC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> [emphasis added]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanner2011" class="citation book cs1">Kanner AM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kvSfEFQhYwC&pg=PA57">"Peri-ictal psychiatric phenomena"</a>. In Trimble MR, Schmitz B (eds.). <i>The Neuropsychiatry of Epilepsy</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139497893" title="Special:BookSources/9781139497893"><bdi>9781139497893</bdi></a>. <q>The classic expression of an ictal psychiatric symptom is an "aura," presenting as feelings of fear, sadness, or euphoria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peri-ictal+psychiatric+phenomena&rft.btitle=The+Neuropsychiatry+of+Epilepsy&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139497893&rft.aulast=Kanner&rft.aufirst=AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kvSfEFQhYwC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gschwind2016-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gschwind2016_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGschwindPicard2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gschwind M, Picard F (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756129">"Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Glimpse into the Multiple Roles of the Insula"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience</i>. <b>10</b>: 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnbeh.2016.00021">10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756129">4756129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26924970">26924970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Ecstatic+Epileptic+Seizures%3A+A+Glimpse+into+the+Multiple+Roles+of+the+Insula&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4756129%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26924970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnbeh.2016.00021&rft.aulast=Gschwind&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Picard%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4756129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> In a table listing cases of ecstatic seizures reported in the literature, descriptions include: "Euphoric and talkative", "calm euphoria", "Pleasant feeling, euphoria", "Pleasant feeling, and feels euphoria", "short euphoric states"; others are within the definition of euphoria: "Sudden feeling of extreme well-being", "Ineffable joy. Intense pleasure without match in reality (perhaps music)", "Extreme happiness", "intense (non-sexual) pleasure", "Intense happy feeling", "Sudden indescribably pleasant and joyous feeling", "Sensation of intense well-being", "Intense pleasant feeling", "Intense feelings of bliss and well-being".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picard2014-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Picard2014_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicardFriston2014" class="citation journal cs1">Picard F, Friston K (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166359">"Predictions, perception, and a sense of self"</a>. <i>Neurology</i>. <b>83</b> (12): 1112–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000000798">10.1212/WNL.0000000000000798</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3878">0028-3878</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166359">4166359</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25128179">25128179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Predictions%2C+perception%2C+and+a+sense+of+self&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1112-8&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166359%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0028-3878&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25128179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000000798&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Friston%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevinskyLai2008" class="citation journal cs1">Devinsky O, Lai G (May 2008). "Spirituality and religion in epilepsy". <i>Epilepsy & Behavior</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 636–643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2007.11.011">10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.11.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-5050">1525-5050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18171635">18171635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8768458">8768458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Spirituality+and+religion+in+epilepsy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=636-643&rft.date=2008-05&rft.issn=1525-5050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8768458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18171635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2007.11.011&rft.aulast=Devinsky&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Lai%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2011" class="citation book cs1">Levenson JL, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVdmjEr9CGMC&pg=PA777">"Neurology and Neurosurgery"</a>. <i>The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychosomatic Medicine: Psychiatric Care of the Medically Ill</i>. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 777. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585623792" title="Special:BookSources/9781585623792"><bdi>9781585623792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurology+and+Neurosurgery&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Psychosomatic+Medicine%3A+Psychiatric+Care+of+the+Medically+Ill&rft.pages=777&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781585623792&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVdmjEr9CGMC%26pg%3DPA777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulu2010" class="citation book cs1">Mulu M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7ICX2Yh4HoC&pg=PA106">"The Interictal Dsyphoric Disorder of Epilepsy"</a>. In Miyoshi K, Morimura Y, Maeda K (eds.). <i>Neuropsychiatric Disorders</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784431538714" title="Special:BookSources/9784431538714"><bdi>9784431538714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Interictal+Dsyphoric+Disorder+of+Epilepsy&rft.btitle=Neuropsychiatric+Disorders&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9784431538714&rft.aulast=Mulu&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7ICX2Yh4HoC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel2013-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engel2013_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2013" class="citation book cs1">Engel J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PgjmjugIX8C&pg=PA332"><i>Seizures and Epilepsy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 332, 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195328547" title="Special:BookSources/9780195328547"><bdi>9780195328547</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423163853/https://books.google.com/books?id=5PgjmjugIX8C&pg=PA332">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2017</span>. <q>Patients who are aware of increased depression or tension prior to generalized tonic-clonic or limbic seizures occasionally report a feeling of euphoria or release during the postictal period....<br />     [P]atients with interictal or preictal depression can report relief or euphoria postictally, which is consistent with the well-known beneficial effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT). Postictal hypomania can occur, particularly after repeated limbic seizures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seizures+and+Epilepsy&rft.pages=332%2C+383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780195328547&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PgjmjugIX8C%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodick2016-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dodick2016_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodick2016_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodickSilberstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Dodick DW, Silberstein SD (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OsmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Migraine</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 2, 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199793693" title="Special:BookSources/9780199793693"><bdi>9780199793693</bdi></a>. <q>More than 70% of migraineurs experience premonitory phenomena hours to days before headache onset. Psychological symptoms include anxiety, depression, <i>euphoria</i>, irritability, restlessness, mental slowness, hyperactivity, fatigue, and drowsiness.<br />     Following the headache, the patient may have impaired concentration or feel tired, washed out, irritable, and listless. Some people, however, feel unusually refreshed or <i>euphoric</i> after an attack.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migraine&rft.pages=2%2C+15&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199793693&rft.aulast=Dodick&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Silberstein%2C+SD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9OsmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> [emphasis added]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2015-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green2015_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenColman2015" class="citation book cs1">Green MW, Colman R (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-acBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">"6. Complicated Migraine"</a>. In Diamond S (ed.). <i>Headache and Migraine Biology and Management</i>. Academic Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128011621" title="Special:BookSources/9780128011621"><bdi>9780128011621</bdi></a>. <q>[P]remonitory symptoms can occur hours to a day or more prior to a migraine attack (with or without aura). Prodromal symptoms include various combinations of fatigue, stiff neck, sensitivity to light or sounds, difficulty in concentrating, depression or <i>euphoria</i>, cold hands and feet, blurred vision, yawning, nausea and pallor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Complicated+Migraine&rft.btitle=Headache+and+Migraine+Biology+and+Management&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780128011621&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Colman%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-acBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> [emphasis added]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walling2013-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walling2013_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walling2013_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalling2013" class="citation book cs1">Walling AD (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icdGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA532">"63. Headache"</a>. In Taylor RB (ed.). <i>Family Medicine: Principles and Practice</i> (6th ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387217444" title="Special:BookSources/9780387217444"><bdi>9780387217444</bdi></a>. <q>Patients in the 'classic' subgroup (approximately 20% of all migrainers) experience a characteristic aura before the onset of migraine head pain.... A much larger proportion of patients describe prodromal symptoms, which may be visceral, such as diarrhea or nausea, but are more commonly alterations in mood or behavior. Food cravings, <i>mild euphoria</i> (conversely, yawning), and heightened sensory perception, particularly of smell, are surprisingly common....<br />     The attack often terminates with sleep.... Many patients report a 'hangover' on waking after a migraine, but others report complete freedom from symptoms and a sense of <i>euphoria</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=63.+Headache&rft.btitle=Family+Medicine%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=532&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780387217444&rft.aulast=Walling&rft.aufirst=AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicdGAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span> [emphasis added]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaussleiterBrüneJuckel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haussleiter IS, Brüne M, Juckel G (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002616">"Psychopathology in multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, prevalence and treatment"</a>. <i>Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 13–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1756285608100325">10.1177/1756285608100325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002616">3002616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21180640">21180640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ther.+Adv.+Neurol.+Disord.&rft.atitle=Psychopathology+in+multiple+sclerosis%3A+diagnosis%2C+prevalence+and+treatment&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-29&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3002616%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21180640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1756285608100325&rft.aulast=Haussleiter&rft.aufirst=IS&rft.au=Br%C3%BCne%2C+M&rft.au=Juckel%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3002616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanoNocentini2012" class="citation book cs1">Romano S, Nocentini U (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLZfWtLxnucC">"Euphoria, Pathalogical Laughing and Crying"</a>. In Nocentini U, Caltagirone C, Tedeschi G (eds.). <i>Neuropsychiatric Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788847026766" title="Special:BookSources/9788847026766"><bdi>9788847026766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euphoria%2C+Pathalogical+Laughing+and+Crying&rft.btitle=Neuropsychiatric+Dysfunction+in+Multiple+Sclerosis&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788847026766&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Nocentini%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvLZfWtLxnucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshleyElls2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ashley, Florence; Ells, Carolyn (2 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.florenceashley.com/uploads/1/2/4/4/124439164/ashley___ells_in_favor_of_covering_ethically_important_cosmetic_surgeries_online.pdf">"In Favor of Covering Ethically Important Cosmetic Surgeries: Facial Feminization Surgery for Transgender People"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Journal of Bioethics</i>. <b>18</b> (12): 23–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15265161.2018.1531162">10.1080/15265161.2018.1531162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161">1526-5161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31159694">31159694</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81006262">81006262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=In+Favor+of+Covering+Ethically+Important+Cosmetic+Surgeries%3A+Facial+Feminization+Surgery+for+Transgender+People&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=23-25&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft.issn=1526-5161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A81006262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31159694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15265161.2018.1531162&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft.au=Ells%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.florenceashley.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F2%2F4%2F4%2F124439164%2Fashley___ells_in_favor_of_covering_ethically_important_cosmetic_surgeries_online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2023" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Tiffany (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1371240775"><i>Euphorias in gender, sex and sexuality variations : positive experiences</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-23756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-23756-0"><bdi>978-3-031-23756-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1371240775">1371240775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euphorias+in+gender%2C+sex+and+sexuality+variations+%3A+positive+experiences&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1371240775&rft.isbn=978-3-031-23756-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1371240775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphoria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18639">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&oldid=1258703606">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphoria&oldid=1258703606</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Euphoriants" title="Category:Euphoriants">Euphoriants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">Emotions</a></li><li><a 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