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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Careers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Careers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Careers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bill_collectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bill_collectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bill collectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bill_collectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fast-food_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Fast-food employees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fast-food_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Physicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Police work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Public administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition:_rational_work_vs._emotion_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition:_rational_work_vs._emotion_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Definition: rational work vs. emotion work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition:_rational_work_vs._emotion_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition:_intelligence_vs._emotional_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition:_intelligence_vs._emotional_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.3</span> <span>Definition: intelligence vs. emotional intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition:_intelligence_vs._emotional_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Sex work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coping_skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coping_skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Coping skills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coping_skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="عمل عاطفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمل عاطفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1ce" title="Emocionální práce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emocionální práce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionsarbeit" title="Emotionsarbeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emotionsarbeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabajo_emocional" title="Trabajo emocional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trabajo emocional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travail_%C3%A9motionnel" title="Travail émotionnel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Travail émotionnel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99" title="감정노동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감정노동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Էմոցիոնալ աշխատանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էմոցիոնալ աշխատանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="भावनात्मक श्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भावनात्मक श्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עבודת רגשות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבודת רגשות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionele_arbeid" title="Emotionele arbeid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emotionele arbeid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%83%85%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D" title="感情労働 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="感情労働" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfor%C3%A7o_emocional" title="Esforço emocional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esforço emocional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munca_de_tip_afectiv" title="Munca de tip afectiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munca de tip afectiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Эмоциональный труд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмоциональный труд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocionalno_delo" title="Emocionalno delo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Emocionalno delo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionellt_arbete" title="Emotionellt arbete – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emotionellt arbete" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Емоційна праця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емоційна праця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" title="情緒勞動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="情緒勞動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Work managing feelings and expressions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a>.</div> <p><b>Emotional labor</b> is the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, workers are expected to regulate their personas during interactions with customers, co-workers, clients, and managers. This includes analysis and decision-making in terms of the expression of emotion, whether actually felt or not, as well as its opposite: the suppression of emotions that are felt but not expressed. This is done so as to produce a certain feeling in the customer or client that will allow the company or organization to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roles that have been identified as requiring emotional labor include those involved in <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As particular economies move from a <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service-based economy</a>, more workers in a variety of occupational fields are expected to manage their emotions according to employer demands when compared to sixty years ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="explain source of assertion that service-based economies increase emotional labor requirements & "when compared to sixty years ago" is out of context. 60 years from when? (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Definition:_emotional_labor_versus_emotion_work"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waitress2k7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Waitress2k7.jpg/220px-Waitress2k7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Waitress2k7.jpg/330px-Waitress2k7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Waitress2k7.jpg/440px-Waitress2k7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Waitress" class="mw-redirect" title="Waitress">waitress</a> at a restaurant is expected to do emotional labor, such as smiling and expressing positive emotion towards customers</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Hochschild</a> provided the first definition of emotional labor, which is displaying certain emotions to meet the requirements of a job.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related term <a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">emotion work</a> (also called "emotion management") refers to displaying certain emotions for personal purposes, such as within the private sphere of one's home or interactions with <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friends</a>. Hochschild identified three emotion regulation strategies: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a>, bodily, and expressive.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Article_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within cognitive emotion work, one attempts to change images, ideas, or thoughts in hopes of changing the feelings associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Article_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one may associate a family picture with feeling happy and think about said picture whenever attempting to feel happy. Within bodily emotion work, one attempts to change physical symptoms in order to create a desired <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Article_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one may attempt deep breathing in order to reduce anger. Within expressive emotion work, one attempts to change expressive gestures to change inner feelings, such as smiling when trying to feel happy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Article_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While emotion work happens within the private sphere, emotional labor is emotion management within the workplace according to employer expectations. <a href="/wiki/Job_(role)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (role)">Jobs</a> involving emotional labor are defined as those that: </p> <ol><li>require face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact with the public.</li> <li>require the worker to produce an emotional state in another person.</li> <li>allow the employer, through training and supervision, to exercise a degree of control over the emotional activities of employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Hochschild (1983) argues that within this <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> process, service workers are <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">estranged</a> from their own feelings in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternate_usage">Alternate usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternate usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term has been applied in modern contexts to refer to household tasks, specifically unpaid labor that is often expected of women, e.g. having to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">remind their partner</a> of chores.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can also refer to informal counseling, such as providing advice to a friend or helping someone through a breakup.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hochschild was interviewed about this shifting usage, she described it having undergone <a href="/wiki/Concept_creep" title="Concept creep">concept creep</a>, expressing that it made the concept blurrier and was sometimes being applied to things that were simply just labor, although how carrying out this labor made a person feel could make it emotional labor as well.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determinants">Determinants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Determinants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Societal, occupational, and organizational <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">norms</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> evidence indicates that in typically "busy" stores there is more legitimacy to express negative emotions than there is in typically "slow" stores, in which employees are expected to behave in accordance with the display rules.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the emotional culture to which one belongs influences the employee's commitment to those rules.<sup id="cite_ref-grandey_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grandey_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositional_attribution" title="Dispositional attribution">Dispositional traits</a> and inner feeling on the job; such as employees' emotional expressiveness, which refers to the capability to use facial expressions, voice, gestures, and body movements to transmit emotions;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or employees' level of career identity (the importance of the career role to <a href="/wiki/Self-identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identity">self-identity</a>), which allows them to express the organizationally-desired emotions more easily (because there is less discrepancy between expressed behavior and emotional experience when engaged in their work).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Supervisory regulation of display rules; Supervisors are likely to be important definers of display rules at the job level, given their direct influence on workers' beliefs about high-performance expectations. Moreover, supervisors' impressions of the need to suppress negative emotions on the job influence the employees' impressions of that display rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Diefendorff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diefendorff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_and_deep_acting">Surface and deep acting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surface and deep acting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arlie Hochschild's foundational text divided emotional labor into two components: surface acting and deep acting.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface acting occurs when employees display the emotions required for a job without changing how they actually feel.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deep acting is an effortful process through which employees change their internal feelings to align with organizational expectations, producing more natural and genuine emotional displays.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the underlying processes differ, the objective of both is typically to show positive emotions, which are presumed to impact the feelings of customers and bottom-line outcomes (e.g. sales, positive recommendations, and repeat business).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research generally has shown surface acting is more harmful to employee health.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without a consideration of ethical values, the consequences of emotional work on employees can easily become negative. Business ethics can be used as a guide for employees on how to present feelings that are consistent with ethical values, and can show them how to regulate their feelings more easily and comfortably while working.<sup id="cite_ref-Öngöre_(2020)_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öngöre_(2020)-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Careers">Careers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Careers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenpflegerin_D1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altenpflegerin_D1824.jpg/220px-Altenpflegerin_D1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altenpflegerin_D1824.jpg/330px-Altenpflegerin_D1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altenpflegerin_D1824.jpg/440px-Altenpflegerin_D1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurse</a> working in a hospital is expected to express positive emotions towards patients, such as warmth and compassion.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, emotional labor demands and display rules were viewed as a characteristic of particular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/occupation" class="extiw" title="wikt:occupation">occupations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">restaurant workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashier" title="Cashier">cashiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> workers, bill collectors, <a href="/wiki/Licensed_Professional_Counselor" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensed Professional Counselor">counselors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary">secretaries</a>, and nurses. However, display rules have been conceptualized not only as <a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">role</a> requirements of particular occupational groups, but also as <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal">interpersonal</a> job demands, which are shared by many kinds of occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-Diefendorff_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diefendorff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachers">Teachers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhang et al. (2019) looked at teachers in China, using questionnaires the researchers asked about their teaching experience and their interaction with the children and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to numerous studies, early childhood education is important to a child's development, which can have an effect on the teachers emotional labor, along with their emotional labor having an effect on the children. A big focus in this study was the use of surface acting in early childhood teacher. Zhang et al. (2019) found that surface acting was used significantly less than deep and natural acting in kindergarten teachers, along with early childhood teacher are less likely to fake or suppress their feelings. They also found that more experienced teachers had higher levels of emotional labor, because they either have more skills to suppress their emotions, or they are less driven to use surface acting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bill_collectors">Bill collectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bill collectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, Sutton did an in-depth <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> study into bill collectors at a <a href="/wiki/Collection_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection agency">collection agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sutton_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sutton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found that unlike the other jobs described here where employees need to act cheerful and concerned, bill collectors are selected and <a href="/wiki/Socialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialized">socialized</a> to show irritation to most <a href="/wiki/Debtor" title="Debtor">debtors</a>. Specifically, the collection agency hired agents who seemed to be easily aroused. The newly hired agents were then trained on when and how to show varying emotions to different types of debtors. As they worked at the collection agency, they were closely monitored by their supervisors to make sure that they frequently conveyed urgency to debtors. </p><p>Bill collectors' emotional labor consists of not letting angry and hostile debtors make them angry and to not feel guilty about pressuring friendly debtors for money.<sup id="cite_ref-sutton_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sutton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They coped with angry debtors by publicly showing their anger or making jokes when they got off the phone.<sup id="cite_ref-sutton_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sutton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They minimized the guilt they felt by staying emotionally detached from the debtors.<sup id="cite_ref-sutton_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sutton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childcare_workers">Childcare workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Childcare workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daycare_Attendee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daycare_Attendee.jpg/236px-Daycare_Attendee.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daycare_Attendee.jpg/354px-Daycare_Attendee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daycare_Attendee.jpg/472px-Daycare_Attendee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Childcare worker at a daycare in Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <p>The skills involved in <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">childcare</a> are often viewed as innate to women, making the components of childcare invisible.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of scholars have not only studied the difficulty and skill required for childcare, but also suggested that the emotional labor of childcare is unique and needs to be studied differently.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performing emotional labor requires the development of emotional capital, and that can only be developed through experience and reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through semi-structured interviews, Edwards (2016) found that there were two components of emotional labor in childcare in addition to Hochschild's original two: emotional consonance and suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edwards (2016) defined suppression as hiding emotion and emotional consonance as naturally experiencing the same emotion that one is expected to feel for the job.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food-industry_workers">Food-industry workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Food-industry workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wait_staff">Wait staff</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wait staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waitress_taking_an_order.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Waitress_taking_an_order.jpg/220px-Waitress_taking_an_order.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Waitress_taking_an_order.jpg/330px-Waitress_taking_an_order.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Waitress_taking_an_order.jpg/440px-Waitress_taking_an_order.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>A waitress taking an order in an American restaurant</figcaption></figure> <p>In her 1991 study of <a href="/wiki/Waitresses" class="mw-redirect" title="Waitresses">waitresses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Paules examines how these workers assert control and protect their <a href="/wiki/Self_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Self identity">self identity</a> during interactions with <a href="/wiki/Customers" class="mw-redirect" title="Customers">customers</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> work, Paules argues, workers' subordination to customers is reinforced through "<a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> symbols that originate from deeply rooted assumptions about <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service work</a>." Because the waitresses were not strictly regulated by their <a href="/wiki/Employers" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers">employers</a>, waitresses' interactions with customers were controlled by the waitresses themselves. Although they are stigmatized by the <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">stereotypes</a> and assumptions of servitude surrounding restaurant work, the waitresses studied were not negatively affected by their interactions with customers. To the contrary, they viewed their ability to manage their emotions as a valuable skill that could be used to gain control over customers. Thus, the Philadelphia waitresses took advantage of the lack of employer-regulated emotional labor in order to avoid the potentially negative consequences of emotional labor.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Paules highlights the positive consequences of emotional labor for a specific population of waitresses, other scholars have also found negative consequences of emotional labor within the waitressing industry. Through eighteen months of <a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">participant observation</a> research, Bayard De Volo (2003) found that <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a> waitresses are highly monitored and monetarily bribed to perform emotional labor in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Casino_Waitress_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casino_Waitress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Bayard De Volo (2003) argues that through a sexualized environment and a generous <a href="/wiki/Tip_(gratuity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tip (gratuity)">tipping system</a>, both casino owners and customers control waitresses' <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">appearance</a> for their own benefit and pleasure. Even though the waitresses have their own forms of individual and collective resistance mechanisms, intense and consistent monitoring of their actions by casino management makes it difficult to change the power dynamics of the casino workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Casino_Waitress_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casino_Waitress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fast-food_employees">Fast-food employees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fast-food employees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By using participant observation and <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviews</a>, Leidner (1993) examines how employers in fast food restaurants regulate workers' interactions with customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Food_Book-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Leidner (1993), employers attempt to regulate workers' interactions with customers only under certain conditions. Specifically, when employers attempt to regulate worker–customer interactions, employers believe that "the quality of the interaction is important to the success of the enterprise", that workers are "unable or unwilling to conduct the interactions appropriately on their own", and that the "tasks themselves are not too complex or context-dependent."<sup id="cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Food_Book-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Leidner (1993), regulating employee interactions with customers involves standardizing workers' personal interactions with customers. At the <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> fast food restaurants in Leidner's (1993) study, these interactions are strictly scripted, and workers' compliance with the scripts and regulations are closely monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Food_Book-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with examining employers' attempts to regulate employee–customer interactions, Leidner (1993) examines how fast-food workers' respond to these regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Food_Book-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Leidner (1993), meeting employers' expectations requires workers to engage in some form of emotional labor. For example, McDonald's workers are expected to greet customers with a <a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">smile</a> and friendly attitude independent of their own <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperament</a> at the time. Leidner (1993) suggests that rigid compliance with these expectations is at least potentially damaging to workers' sense of self and <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>. However, Leidner (1993) did not see the negative consequences of emotional labor in the workers she studied. Instead, McDonald's workers attempted to individualize their responses to customers in small ways. Specifically, they used <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">exaggeration</a> to demonstrate their rebellion against the strict regulation of their employee–customer interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Food_Book-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physicians">Physicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Physicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Larson and Yao (2005), <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> should characterize physicians' interactions with their patients because, despite advancement in medical <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, the interpersonal relationship between <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patients" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients">patients</a> remains essential to quality <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physicians_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physicians-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians consider empathy a form of emotional labor. Specifically, according to Larson and Yao (2005), physicians engage in emotional labor through deep acting by feeling sincere empathy before, during, and after interactions with patients. On the other hand, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians engage in surface acting when they fake empathic behaviors toward the patient. Although Larson and Yao (2005) argue that deep acting is preferred, physicians may rely on surface acting when sincere empathy for patients is impossible. Overall, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians are more effective and enjoy more professional <a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">satisfaction</a> when they engage in empathy through deep acting due to emotional labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Physicians_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physicians-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_work">Police work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Police work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Martin (1999), <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> work involves substantial amounts of emotional labor by officers, who must control their own facial and bodily displays of emotion in the presence of other <a href="/wiki/Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers">officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens">citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Police_Officers_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Police_Officers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although policing is often viewed as stereotypically <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a> work that focuses on fighting <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, policing also requires officers to maintain order and provide a variety of interpersonal services. For example, police must have a commanding presence that allows them to act decisively and maintain control in unpredictable situations while having the ability to actively listen and talk to citizens. According to Martin (1999), a police officer who displays too much <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">sympathy</a>, or other emotion while dealing with danger on the job will be viewed by other officers as someone unable to withstand the pressures of police work, due to the <a href="/wiki/Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a> views of many police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Police_Officers_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Police_Officers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While being able to balance this self-management of emotions in front of other officers, police must also assertively restore order and use effective interpersonal skills to gain citizen <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">compliance</a>. Ultimately, the ability of police officers to effectively engage in emotional labor affects how other officers and citizens view them.<sup id="cite_ref-Police_Officers_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Police_Officers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_administration">Public administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars argue that the amount of emotional work required between all levels of government is greatest on the local level. It is at the level of cities and counties that the responsibility lies for day to day emergency preparedness, firefighters, law enforcement, public education, public health, and family and children's services. Citizens in a community expect the same level of satisfaction from their government, as they receive in a <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a>-oriented job. This takes a considerate amount of work for both employees and employers in the field of public administration. Mastracci and Adams (2017) looks at public servants and how they may be at risk of being alienated because of their unsupported emotional labor demands from their jobs. This can cause surface acting and distrust in management.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two comparisons that represent emotional labor within public administration, "Rational Work versus Emotion Work", and "Emotional Labor versus Emotional Intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance">Performance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars argue that when public administrators perform emotional labor, they are dealing with significantly more sensitive situations than employees in the service industry. The reason for this is because they are on the front lines of the government, and are expected by citizens to serve them quickly and efficiently. When confronted by a citizen or a co-worker, public administrators use emotional sensing to size up the emotional state of the citizen in need. Workers then take stock of their own emotional state in order to make sure that the emotion they are expressing is appropriate to their roles. Simultaneously, they have to determine how to act in order to elicit the desired response from the citizen as well as from co-workers. Public Administrators perform emotional labor through five different strategies: Psychological First Aid, Compartments and Closets, Crazy Calm, Humor, and Common Sense.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition:_rational_work_vs._emotion_work">Definition: rational work vs. emotion work</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Definition: rational work vs. emotion work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Mary Guy, Public administration does not only focus on the business side of administration but on the personal side as well. It is not just about collecting the water bill or land ordinances to construct a new property, it is also about the quality of life and sense of community that is allotted to individuals by their city officials. Rational work is the ability to think cognitively and analytically, while emotional work means to think more practically and with more reason.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition:_intelligence_vs._emotional_intelligence">Definition: intelligence vs. emotional intelligence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Definition: intelligence vs. emotional intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knowing how to suppress and manage one's own feelings is known as <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a>. The ability to control one's emotions and to be able to do this at a high level guarantees one's own ability to serve those in need. Emotional intelligence is performed while performing emotional labor, and without one the other can not be there.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_work">Sex work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sex work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sex_work#Emotional_labor" title="Sex work">Sex work § Emotional labor</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_work&action=edit#Emotional_labor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Emotional labor is an essential part of many service jobs, including many types of sex work. Through emotional labor sex workers engage in different levels of acting known as surface acting and deep acting. These levels reflect a sex worker's engagement with the emotional labor. Surface acting occurs when the sex worker is aware of the dissonance between their authentic experience of emotion and their managed emotional display. In contrast deep acting occurs when the sex worker can no longer differentiate between what is authentic and what is acting; acting becomes authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Hochschild_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Hochschild-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_lying_on_bed,_looking_at_mirror,_Berlin_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Woman_lying_on_bed%2C_looking_at_mirror%2C_Berlin_2001.jpg/220px-Woman_lying_on_bed%2C_looking_at_mirror%2C_Berlin_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Woman_lying_on_bed%2C_looking_at_mirror%2C_Berlin_2001.jpg/330px-Woman_lying_on_bed%2C_looking_at_mirror%2C_Berlin_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Woman_lying_on_bed%2C_looking_at_mirror%2C_Berlin_2001.jpg/440px-Woman_lying_on_bed%2C_looking_at_mirror%2C_Berlin_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A sex worker in Berlin in 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>Sex workers engage in emotional labor for many different reasons. First, sex workers often engage in emotional labor to construct performances of gender and sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Frank-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Sanders_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Sanders-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Trautner_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Trautner-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These performances frequently reflect the desires of a clientele which is mostly composed of heterosexual men. In the majority of cases, clients value women who they perceive as normatively feminine. For women sex workers, achieving this perception necessitates a performance of gender and sexuality that involves deference to clients and affirmation of their <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>, as well as physical embodiment of traditional femininity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Frank-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Brewis_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Brewis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emotional labor involved in sex work may be of a greater significance when race differences are involved. For instance Mistress Velvet, a black, femme <a href="/wiki/Dominatrix" title="Dominatrix">dominatrix</a>, advertises herself using her most fetishized attributes. She makes her clients, who are mostly white heterosexual men, read Black feminist theory before their sessions. This allows the clients to see why their participation, as white heterosexual men, contributes to the fetishization of black women.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both within sex work and in other types of work, emotional labor is gendered in that women are expected to use it to construct performances of normative <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>, whereas men are expected to use it to construct performances of normative masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Hochschild_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Hochschild-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, these expectations are often met because this labor is necessary to maximizing monetary gain and potentially to job retention. Indeed, emotional labor is often used as a means to maximize income. It fosters a better experience for the client and protects the worker thus enabling the worker to make the most profit.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Frank-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Sanders_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Sanders-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Sijuwade_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Sijuwade-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In addition, sex workers often engage in emotional labor as a self-protection strategy, distancing themselves from the sometimes emotionally volatile work.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Weitzer_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Weitzer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Sanders_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Sanders-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, clients often value perceived authenticity in their transactions with sex workers; thus, sex workers may attempt to foster a sense of authentic intimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Frank-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_work_Sijuwade_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_work_Sijuwade-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender">Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macdonald and Sirianna (1996) use the term "emotional proletariat" to describe <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service jobs</a> in which "workers exercise emotional labor wherein they are required to display friendliness and <a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">deference</a> to customers."<sup id="cite_ref-Gender_Book_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gender_Book-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of deference, these occupations tend to be stereotyped as female jobs, independent of the actual number of women working the job. According to Macdonald and Sirianna (1996), because deference is a characteristic demanded of all those in <a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">disadvantaged</a> structural positions, especially women, when deference is made a job requirement, women are likely to be overrepresented in these jobs. Macdonald and Sirianna (1996) claim that "[i]n no other area of wage labor are the personal characteristics of the workers so strongly associated with the nature of the work."<sup id="cite_ref-Gender_Book_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gender_Book-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, according to Macdonald and Sirianna (1996), although all workers employed within the service economy may have a difficult time maintaining their <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> and self-identity due to the demands of emotional labor, such an issue may be especially problematic for women workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gender_Book_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gender_Book-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emotional labor also affects women by perpetuating <a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">occupational segregation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gender_wage_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender wage gap">gender wage gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gender_Article_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gender_Article-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Job segregation, which is the systematic tendency for men and women to work in different occupations, is often cited as the reason why women lack equal pay when compared to men. According to Guy and Newman (2004), occupational segregation and ultimately the gender wage gap can at least be partially attributed to emotional labor. Specifically, work-related tasks that require emotional work thought to be natural for women, such as caring and <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathizing</a> are requirements of many female-dominated occupations. However, according to Guy and Newman (2004), these feminized work tasks are not a part of formal job descriptions and performance evaluations: "Excluded from job descriptions and performance evaluations, the work is invisible and uncompensated. Public service relies heavily on such skills, yet civil service systems, which are designed on the assumptions of a bygone era, fail to acknowledge and compensate emotional labor." According to Guy and Newman (2004), women working in positions that require emotional labour in addition to regular work are not compensated for this additional labour because of the sexist notion that the additional labour is to be expected of them by the fact of being a woman. Guy and Azhar (2018) found that emotive expressions between sexes is affected by culture. This study found that there is variability to how women and men interpret emotive words, and specifically results showed that culture played a huge role in these gender differences.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disability">Disability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Disability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People with disability are increasingly part of the labor force, due to societal attitudes about inclusion and neoliberal pressures around reducing welfare. Roles that require emotional labor may be more difficult for people with certain kinds of disabilities to perform. People with disabilities also may have to use more of their own time and energy to perform a task than a non-disabled person. For instance when they routinely encounter prejudice and stigma (<i>as would be the case for many groups experiencing <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>)</i>, including disability-unfriendly structures (Accessibility, administrative or <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social</a>). On the other hand due to routine experience of navigating unhelpful structures and prejudice, disabled people can have dual advantages of : better skills in finding ways round problems without expending emotional energy being surprised for example, and easier sympathetic or empathetic understanding of other individuals and groups experiences with these problems. Inclusive or unfriendly <a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">organizational culture</a> also has an impact, and workplaces may require workers with disability to downplay their impairments in order to 'fit in', an extra burden of emotional labor.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most individuals will experience complex affects of how their disability influences their emotional labor in a given job role at a specified organisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Positive affective display in service interactions, such as <a href="/wiki/Smiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Smiling">smiling</a> and conveying friendliness, are positively associated with customer positive feelings,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and important outcomes, such as intention to return, intention to recommend a store to others, and perception of overall service quality.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that emotional labor may lead to employees' <a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">emotional exhaustion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burnout_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnout (psychology)">burnout</a> over time, and may also reduce employees' <a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">job satisfaction</a>. That is, higher degree of using emotion regulation on the job is related to higher levels of employees' emotional exhaustion,<sup id="cite_ref-grandey_2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grandey_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lower levels of employees' job satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is empirical evidence that higher levels of emotional labor demands are not uniformly rewarded with higher wages. Rather, the reward is dependent on the level of general cognitive demands required by the job. That is, occupations with high cognitive demands evidence wage returns with increasing emotional labor demands; whereas occupations low in cognitive demands evidence a wage "penalty" with increasing emotional labor demands.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, innovations that increase employee empowerment — such as conversion into worker cooperatives, co-managing schemes, or flattened workplace structures — have been found to increase workers' levels of emotional labor as they take on more workplace responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coping_skills">Coping skills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coping skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">Coping</a> occurs in response to psychological stress—usually triggered by changes—in an effort to maintain mental health and emotional well-being. Life stressors are often described as negative events (loss of a job). However, positive changes in life (a new job) can also constitute life stressors, thus requiring the use of coping skills to adapt. Coping strategies are the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that you use to adjust to the changes that occur in your life.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of coping skills will help a person better themselves in the work place and perform to the best of their ability to achieve success. There are many ways to cope and adapt to changes. Some ways include: sharing emotions with peers, having a healthy social life outside of work, being humorous, and adjusting expectations of self and work. These coping skills will help turn negative emotion to positive and allow for more focus on the public in contrast to oneself.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stress" title="Social stress">Social stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_labor" title="Affective labor">Affective labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fatigue" title="Compassion fatigue">Compassion fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotional self-regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinkeeping" title="Kinkeeping">Kinkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositional_affect" title="Dispositional affect">Dispositional affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postponement_of_affect" title="Postponement of affect">Postponement of affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterburn_(psychotherapy)" title="Afterburn (psychotherapy)">Afterburn (psychotherapy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_charm" title="Superficial charm">Superficial charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_self_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal self defense">Verbal self defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smile_mask_syndrome" title="Smile mask syndrome">Smile mask syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_traumatization" title="Vicarious traumatization">Vicarious traumatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational psychology">Organizational psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_up_with_the_joneses" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeping up with the joneses">Keeping up with the joneses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship management</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotional_labor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hochschild_Book-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_Book_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Hochschild, Arlie Russell</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/The_Managed_Heart:_the_Commercialization_of_Human_Feeling" class="mw-redirect" title="The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling"><i>The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05454-7"><bdi>978-0-520-05454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+managed+heart%3A+commercialization+of+human+feeling&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05454-7&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandey2000" class="citation journal cs1">Grandey, Alicia A. (2000). 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Philadelphia, PA: Temple University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877228875" title="Special:BookSources/9780877228875"><bdi>9780877228875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dishing+it+out%3A+power+and+resistance+among+waitresses+in+a+New+Jersey+restaurant&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Temple+University&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780877228875&rft.aulast=Paules&rft.aufirst=G.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdishingitout00gret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casino_Waitress-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casino_Waitress_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casino_Waitress_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayard_De_Volo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bayard De Volo, L (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31208030">"Service and surveillance: infrapolitics at work among casino cocktail waitresses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Politics" title="Social Politics">Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3): 346–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxg019">10.1093/sp/jxg019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Politics%3A+International+Studies+in+Gender%2C+State+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Service+and+surveillance%3A+infrapolitics+at+work+among+casino+cocktail+waitresses&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=346-376&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxg019&rft.aulast=Bayard+De+Volo&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F31208030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fast_Food_Book-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Food_Book_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeidner1993" class="citation book cs1">Leidner, Robin (1993-08-04). <i>Fast food, fast talk: service work and the routinization of everyday life</i>. 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Sharpe. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionallaborpu00guym_803/page/n22">6</a>–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2117-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-2117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Labor-+Putting+the+Service+in+Public+Service&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2117-7&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Newman%2C+Meredith&rft.au=Mastracci%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femotionallaborpu00guym_803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastracci2012" class="citation book cs1">Mastracci, Sharron H. 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Sharpe. pp. 20–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Labor+and+Crisis+Response%2C+Working+on+a+Razor%27s+Edge&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pages=20-36&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mastracci&rft.aufirst=Sharron+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyNewmanMastracci2008" class="citation book cs1">Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionallaborpu00guym_803"><i>Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service</i></a></span>. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionallaborpu00guym_803/page/n79">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2117-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-2117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Labor-+Putting+the+Service+in+Public+Service&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2117-7&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Newman%2C+Meredith&rft.au=Mastracci%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femotionallaborpu00guym_803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyNewmanMastracci2008" class="citation book cs1">Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionallaborpu00guym_803"><i>Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service</i></a></span>. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionallaborpu00guym_803/page/n80">64</a>–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2117-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-2117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Labor-+Putting+the+Service+in+Public+Service&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2117-7&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Newman%2C+Meredith&rft.au=Mastracci%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femotionallaborpu00guym_803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_work_Hochschild-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Hochschild_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Hochschild_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1983" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managedheart00arli"><i>The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520054547" title="Special:BookSources/9780520054547"><bdi>9780520054547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Managed+Heart%3A+Commercialization+of+Human+Feeling&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520054547&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanagedheart00arli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_work_Frank-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Frank_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Katherine (2002). <i>G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire</i>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822329725" title="Special:BookSources/9780822329725"><bdi>9780822329725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G-Strings+and+Sympathy%3A+Strip+Club+Regulars+and+Male+Desire&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780822329725&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_work_Sanders-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Sanders_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Sanders_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Sanders_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, T. (2005). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's Just Acting': Sex Workers' Strategies for Capitalizing of Sexuality". <i>Gender, Work and Organization</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 319–342. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.622.3543">10.1.1.622.3543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0432.2005.00276.x">10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00276.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Work+and+Organization&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+Just+Acting%27%3A+Sex+Workers%27+Strategies+for+Capitalizing+of+Sexuality&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=319-342&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.622.3543%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0432.2005.00276.x&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_work_Trautner-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Trautner_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Trautner, M. 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"Doing Gender, Doing Class: the Performance of Sexuality in Exotic Dance Clubs". <i>Gender and Society</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 771–788. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243205277253">10.1177/0891243205277253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17217211">17217211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Society&rft.atitle=Doing+Gender%2C+Doing+Class%3A+the+Performance+of+Sexuality+in+Exotic+Dance+Clubs&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=771-788&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891243205277253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17217211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trautner&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_work_Brewis-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Brewis_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewisLinstead2003" class="citation book cs1">Brewis, Joanna; Linstead, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9KFAgAAQBAJ&q=Sex%2C+Work+and+Sex+Work"><i>Sex, Work and Sex Work: Eroticizing Organization</i></a>. 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"Counterfeit Intimacy: Dramaturgical Analysis of an Erotic Performance". <i>International Journal of Sociology of the Family</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 29–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.1988.9967792">10.1080/01639625.1988.9967792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sociology+of+the+Family&rft.atitle=Counterfeit+Intimacy%3A+Dramaturgical+Analysis+of+an+Erotic+Performance&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-41&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639625.1988.9967792&rft.aulast=Sijuwade&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_work_Weitzer-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex_work_Weitzer_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzer2000" class="citation book cs1">Weitzer, Ronald John, ed. 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"Emotion work and psychological well-being. A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations". <i>Human Resource Management Review</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 237–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1053-4822%2802%2900048-7">10.1016/s1053-4822(02)00048-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Emotion+work+and+psychological+well-being.+A+review+of+the+literature+and+some+conceptual+considerations&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-268&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1053-4822%2802%2900048-7&rft.aulast=Zapf&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotional+labor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_work" title="Women's work">Women's work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Care_work" title="Care work">Care work</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emotional labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_labor" title="Affective labor">Affective labor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_labor" title="Reproductive labor">Reproductive labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_burden" title="Double burden">Double burden</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminization of migration">Feminization of migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_migrant_workers_from_developing_countries" title="Women migrant workers from developing countries">Women migrant workers from developing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_care_chain" title="Global care chain">Global care chain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Domestic worker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">Nanny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">Housewife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_nursing" title="Women in nursing">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">Sex work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_sex_work" title="Migrant sex work">migrant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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