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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Opium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Synthetic drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trafficking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trafficking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Heroin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_drugs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_drugs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Synthetic drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_drugs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug-related_money_laundering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug-related_money_laundering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Drug-related money laundering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug-related_money_laundering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_abuse_and_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_abuse_and_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Drug abuse and treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drug_abuse_and_treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drug abuse and treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drug_abuse_and_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drugs_of_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugs_of_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Drugs of choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugs_of_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addict_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addict_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Addict population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addict_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_and_demand_reduction_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_and_demand_reduction_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Treatment and demand reduction programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_demand_reduction_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_law_enforcement_agencies_and_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_law_enforcement_agencies_and_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Drug law enforcement agencies and legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_law_enforcement_agencies_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties_and_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties_and_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Treaties and conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties_and_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>illegal drug trade in the People's Republic of China</b> is influenced by factors such as history, location, size, population, and current economic conditions. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) has one-sixth of the world's population and a large and expanding economy. China's large land mass, close proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Crescent" title="Golden Crescent">Golden Crescent</a>, and numerous coastal cities with large and modern port facilities make it an attractive transit center for drug traffickers. <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a> has played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>'s history since before the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a> in the mid-19th century. </p><p>The PRC's status in drug trafficking has changed significantly since the 1980s, when the country for the first time opened its borders to trade and tourism after 40 years of relative <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolation</a>. As trade with Southeast Asia and elsewhere increased, so did the flow of illicit drugs and <a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor chemical">precursor chemicals</a> from, into, and through the PRC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is a major source of <a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor chemical">precursor chemicals</a> necessary for the production of <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, heroin, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_methamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal methamphetamine">crystal methamphetamine</a>, which are used by many Southeast Asian and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a> nations. China produces over 100,000 metric tons of <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a> each year, and imports an additional 20,000 metric tons from the United States and Singapore. Reports indicate that acetic anhydride is diverted from China to <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> and heroin refineries in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> China is also a leading exporter of bulk <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> and has been a source country for much of the ephedrine and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> imported into <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>; these precursor chemicals are subsequently used to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> destined for the United States. China is developing a significant MDMA production, trafficking, and consumption problem. Although China has taken actions through legislation and regulation of production and exportation of precursor chemicals, extensive action is required to control the illicit diversion and smuggling of precursor chemicals. </p><p>China not only continues to be a major transit route for Southeast Asian heroin bound for international drug markets, but also for Southwest Asian heroin entering northwestern China from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. A majority of the Southeast Asian heroin that enters China from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> transits southern China to various international markets by maritime transport. Drug traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in coastal cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, to ship heroin along maritime routes. Southwest Asian heroin (mainly from Afghanistan) represents as much as 22 percent of the heroin entering northwest China. Chinese authorities believe that these trends will increase and they attribute these increases to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in China. China is being forced to develop a complex counter-drug strategy that includes prevention, education, eradication, interdiction, and rehabilitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_processing">Cultivation and processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation and processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis">Cannabis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cannabis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cannabis grows naturally throughout southwestern China, and is legally cultivated in some areas of China for use in commercial <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> manufacturing. Most of the illicit cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis as a drug</a> in China appears in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and is primarily cultivated for domestic use. In 2002, approximately 1.3 metric tons of cannabis were seized in China, with over 80 percent of cannabis seized being less than 20 grams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ephedra">Ephedra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ephedra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese Government</a> owns and operates <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">ephedra</a> farms, where ephedra grass (<i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_sinica" title="Ephedra sinica">ephedra sinica</a></i>) is cultivated under strict government control. The active <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>, are chemically extracted from the plant material and processed for pharmaceutical purposes. These chemicals are then sold domestically and for export. China and India are the major producers of these chemicals extracted from the ephedra plant. In addition to government-controlled farms, the ephedra plant grows wildly in many parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">northern areas</a> of China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opium">Opium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the history of opium use within China and the Chinese diaspora, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">History of opium in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium_den" title="Opium den">Opium den</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_opium_den.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/China_opium_den.tif/lossy-page1-250px-China_opium_den.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/China_opium_den.tif/lossy-page1-375px-China_opium_den.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/China_opium_den.tif/lossy-page1-500px-China_opium_den.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>China opium den, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Illicit cultivation of the <a href="/wiki/Opium_poppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppy">opium poppy</a> in China is negligible in provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, and the remote regions of the northwest frontier. <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a> produced in these areas is not converted into heroin, but is consumed locally by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">ethnic minority</a> groups in these isolated areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Legal cultivation of the opium poppy occurs on farms controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Agriculture</a> and the National Drug Administration Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>. According to United Nations (UN) <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a> (INCB) data, China produces approximately 14 metric tons (31,000 lb) of legal opium per year for use in the domestic <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">pharmaceutical industry</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) depended on taxes from opium cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">revolutionary base areas</a> as major sources of revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> government is generally credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="who conducted a survey that concludes "generally credited"? (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops. Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy_opium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy_opium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnant opium trade primarily served Southeast Asia, but spread to American soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, with 20 per cent of soldiers regarding themselves as addicted during the peak of the epidemic in 1971. In 2003, China was estimated to have four million regular drug users and one million registered drug addicts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_drugs">Synthetic drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synthetic drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_methamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal methamphetamine">crystal methamphetamine</a> (<i>ice</i>, <i>shabu</i>, <i>bingdu</i>) is facilitated by the availability of <a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor chemical">precursor chemicals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>. The unrestricted availability of these chemicals in the country facilitates the production of large quantities of crystal methamphetamine. Seizure information indicates that methamphetamine laboratories are located in provinces along the eastern and southeastern coastal areas. Many of the traffickers for the clandestine crystal methamphetamine laboratories are from <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> groups based in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. </p><p>Because of its increasing popularity with young party goers in Beijing, Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">law enforcement</a> officials report significant increases in the domestic production of <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (<i>Ecstasy</i>). Most MDMA production in China is for domestic consumption. MDMA tablets are also imported from the Netherlands into China to meet the demand. </p><p>Some laboratory operators in China mix MDMA powder, imported from Europe, with substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, while making the Ecstasy tablets. Given the availability of the precursor chemicals needed, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> reporting in 2006 indicates that MDMA tablets in China cost only US$0.06 to produce, while the tablets sell for as much as US$36 in Shanghai.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trafficking">Trafficking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px; width:30%"> <caption>Drug-related arrests in China,<br />1991–2003<br /><small>Sources: Chinese Government Information,1991–2002, and the International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), U.S. Department of State, 2002, and INCSR January 2003-June 2003.</small> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>Year</th> <th>Arrests</th> <th>Convictions </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1991</b></td> <td>8,080</td> <td>5,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1992</b></td> <td>7,025</td> <td>6,588 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1993</b></td> <td>7,677</td> <td>6,137 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1994</b></td> <td>10,434</td> <td>7,883 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1995</b></td> <td>12,990</td> <td>9,801 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1996</b></td> <td>18,860</td> <td>13,787 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1997</b></td> <td>24,873</td> <td>18,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1998</b></td> <td>34,287</td> <td>27,229 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1999</b></td> <td>37,627</td> <td>33,641 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2000</b></td> <td>39,604</td> <td>33,203 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2001</b></td> <td>40,602</td> <td>33,895 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2002</b></td> <td>42,854</td> <td>32,222 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2003</b></td> <td>31,400</td> <td>25,879 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trafficking_groups">Trafficking groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trafficking groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Triad (organized crime)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YeGon_millions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YeGon_millions.jpg/220px-YeGon_millions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YeGon_millions.jpg/330px-YeGon_millions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YeGon_millions.jpg/440px-YeGon_millions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Part of the US$207 million seized from alleged drug trafficker <a href="/wiki/Zhenli_Ye_Gon" title="Zhenli Ye Gon">Zhenli Ye Gon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the individuals involved in the international trafficking of Southeast Asian heroin are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kokang" title="Kokang">Kokang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnanese">Yunnanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujianese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujianese people">Fujianese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a>, or members of other <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> minority groups that reside outside of China. These groups reside, and are actively involved in drug trafficking in regions such as Myanmar, Cambodia, Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States. </p><p>Reporting on the activities of drug trafficking organizations in China is sparse. However, Chinese officials report that drug traffickers are dividing their large shipments into smaller ones in order to minimize losses in case of seizure. Chinese officials also report that drug traffickers are increasingly using women, children, and poor, uneducated farmers to body-carry drugs from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> area to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and other provinces in China. </p><p>In China many individuals and criminal organizations involved in drug trafficking are increasingly arming themselves with <a href="/wiki/Automatic_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic weapon">automatic weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> to protect their drug shipments from theft by rival organizations. Many firefights occur along the Myanmar–China border, where larger drug shipments are more prevalent. Traffickers also arm themselves to avoid being captured by the police, and some smugglers are better armed than the local police forces. Furthermore, many traffickers believe they have a better chance of surviving a firefight than the outcome of any legal proceedings. In China, sentencing for drug trafficking can include capital punishment. For example, the seizure of 50 grams or more of heroin or crystal methamphetamine could result in the use of the death penalty by the Government. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hui_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui Muslim">Hui Muslim</a> drug dealers are accused by <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> Muslims of pushing heroin on Uyghurs.<sup id="cite_ref-William2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heroin has been vended by Hui dealers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a typecast image in the public eye of heroin being the province of Hui dealers.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hui have been involved in the Golden Triangle drug area.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_seizures">Drug seizures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Drug seizures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Drug seizures in China (in <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>) 1995–2003<br /><small>Source: Chinese Government, 1995–2001; DEA Beijing, 2002 and INCSR (China), January 2003-June 2003.</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>1995</th> <th>1996</th> <th>1997</th> <th>1998</th> <th>1999</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003 </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Heroin</b> </th> <td>2,376</td> <td>4,347</td> <td>5,478</td> <td>7,358</td> <td>5,364</td> <td>6,281</td> <td>13.2</td> <td>9.29</td> <td>4.07 </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></b> </th> <td>1.11</td> <td>1,745</td> <td>1,880</td> <td>1,215</td> <td>1,193</td> <td>2,428</td> <td>2.82</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor chemical">Precursor chemicals</a></b> </th> <td>86</td> <td>219</td> <td>383</td> <td>344</td> <td>272</td> <td>215</td> <td>208</td> <td>300</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">Marijuana</a></b> </th> <td>0,466</td> <td>4,876</td> <td>2,408</td> <td>5,079</td> <td>0,106</td> <td>4,493</td> <td>0,751</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Crystal_methamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal methamphetamine">Crystal methamphetamine</a></b> </th> <td>1,304</td> <td>1,599</td> <td>1,334</td> <td>1,608</td> <td>16,059</td> <td>20.9</td> <td>4.82</td> <td>3.19</td> <td>4.53 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroin">Heroin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heroin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Illegal drug trade in China">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_pol01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/China_pol01.jpg/200px-China_pol01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/China_pol01.jpg/300px-China_pol01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/China_pol01.jpg/400px-China_pol01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>China's borders (click to enlarge)</figcaption></figure> <p>China shares a 2000 km border with Myanmar, as well as smaller but significant borders with Laos and Vietnam. Chinese officials state that the majority of heroin entering China comes over the border from Myanmar. This heroin then transits southern China, through <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> to the southeastern coastal areas, and then on to international markets. Heroin is transported by various overland methods to ports in China's southeastern provinces of Guangdong and Fujian. </p><p>Heroin is transported to Guangdong and to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> in Fujian for shipment to international drug markets. Traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in northeast cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, Shanghai, and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, to ship heroin via maritime routes. Increased Chinese <a href="/wiki/Interdiction" title="Interdiction">interdiction</a> efforts along the Myanmar–China border have forced some traffickers to send heroin from Myanmar to China's southeastern provinces by <a href="/wiki/Commercial_trawler" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial trawler">fishing trawlers</a>. </p><p>In addition to Southeast Asian heroin entering into China, Southwest Asian heroin enters northwestern China from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. Chinese authorities state that Southwest Asian heroin (mainly originating from Afghanistan) represents as much as 20 percent of the heroin that enters the northwest <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. This trend is increasing, and is attributed to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in the <a href="/wiki/West_China" class="mw-redirect" title="West China">western parts</a> of China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_drugs_2">Synthetic drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Synthetic drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhaohua" title="Liu Zhaohua">Liu Zhaohua</a></div> <p>Due to the availability of the <a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor chemical">precursor chemicals</a>, traffickers produce large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_methamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal methamphetamine">crystal methamphetamine</a>. Although much of the crystal methamphetamine is consumed locally, some is available for shipment to other markets throughout Southeast Asia. Several ports in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">southern China</a> serve as transit points for crystal methamphetamine transported by <a href="/wiki/Containerized_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Containerized cargo">containerized cargo</a> to international drug markets. </p><p>Some MDMA traffickers in China are linked directly to the United States. In June 2001, tablets from seizures in two <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a> San Francisco investigations were linked to the same source as a 300,000-tablet seizure in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China that had occurred days before. Although the San Francisco seizures were much smaller than the Shenzhen seizure, the capabilities of these trafficking groups appear to be significant. Chinese officials seized over 3 million Ecstasy tablets in China in 2002. </p><p>Another case involved <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhaohua" title="Liu Zhaohua">Liu Zhaohua</a>, who produced up to 31 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> and made more than US$5.5 billion from it. In 2006, during the term of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, Liu was sentenced to death for drug trafficking, and in 2009 Liu was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug-related_money_laundering">Drug-related money laundering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drug-related money laundering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> was not considered a significant problem in China. However, with the booming economy promoting greater trade investment and the ever-increasing number of foreign bank branches opening throughout the country, it appears that China may become an emerging money laundering center.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>China, however, has taken some initial steps to begin investigation of money laundering activities. An Economic Crimes Investigation Department was established in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Public Security</a> to focus on illicit activities. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> (China's central bank) began several structural reforms such as the establishment of two new divisions, the Payment Trade Supervisory Division and the Money Laundering Working Division. The People's Bank of China also prepared guidelines for use by financial institutions to report suspicious <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">transactions</a>, and to sensitize the public about new regulations on money laundering and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist financing">terrorist financing</a> issues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2024, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> sanctioned individuals in China accused of money laundering for the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_abuse_and_treatment">Drug abuse and treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drug abuse and treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drugs_of_choice">Drugs of choice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Drugs of choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px; width:30%"> <caption>Wholesale drug prices in China (U.S. dollars),<br />January 2003<br /><small>Source: DEA Beijing</small> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>Drug</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Price </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Southeast Asian heroin (price per 1 unit = 700 grams)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></td> <td>$18,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a></td> <td>18,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burmese border</td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_methamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal methamphetamine">Crystal methamphetamine</a> (price per kilogram)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></td> <td>3,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (price per tablet)</td> <td>Beijing</td> <td>27–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shanghai</td> <td>27–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The major drugs of choice are injectable heroin, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, smokeable <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_methamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal methamphetamine">crystal methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">nimetazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">temazepam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>. Preferences between opium and heroin/morphine, and methods of administration, differ from region to region within China. The use of heroin and opium has increased among the younger population, as income has grown and the youth have more free time. China considers crystal methamphetamine abuse second to heroin/morphine as a major drug problem. The use of MDMA has only recently become popular in China's growing urban areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>South China Morning Post</i> reports the rise in the use of ketamine, easy to mass-produce in illicit labs in southern China, particularly among the young. Because of its low cost, and low profit margin, drug peddlers rely on mass distribution to make money, thus increasing its penetrative power to all, including schoolchildren. The journal cites social workers saying that four people can get high by sharing just HK$20 worth of ketamine, and estimates 80 per cent of young drug addicts take 'K'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addict_population">Addict population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Addict population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2013, there were 2,475,000 registered <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addicts</a> in China, 1,326,000 of which were addicted to heroin, accounting for 53.6% of the addict population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some unofficial estimates range as high as 12 million drug addicts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001, intravenous heroin users accounted for 70.9 percent of the confirmed 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV) and <a href="/wiki/Acquired_immune_deficiency_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immune deficiency syndrome">acquired immune deficiency syndrome</a> (AIDS) cases. Chinese officials are becoming increasingly concerned about the abuse of <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_and_demand_reduction_programs">Treatment and demand reduction programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Treatment and demand reduction programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both voluntary and compulsory <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">drug treatment</a> programs are provided in China, although the compulsory treatment is more common. Most addicts who attend these centers do so involuntarily upon orders from the Government. Voluntary treatment is provided at centers operated by <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public Health</a> Bureaus, but these programs are more expensive and many people cannot afford to attend them. Addicts who return to drug use after having received treatment, and cannot be cured by other means, may be sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> in labor camps for <a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">re-education through labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These centers are run under conditions similar to prisons, including isolation from the outside world, restricted patient movement and a paramilitary routine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand reduction efforts target individuals between the ages of 17 and 35, since this is the largest segment of drug users. These efforts include, but are not limited to, media campaigns and establishment of drug-free communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_law_enforcement_agencies_and_legislation">Drug law enforcement agencies and legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Drug law enforcement agencies and legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_China" title="Drug policy of China">Drug policy of China</a></div> <p>At the national level, the agencies specifically responsible for the control of legal and illicit drugs are the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Health</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Public Security</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Customs_General_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs General Administration">Customs General Administration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/State_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Food and Drug Administration">State Food and Drug Administration</a> oversees implementation of the laws regulating the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">pharmaceutical industry</a>. In the Customs General Administration, the Smuggling Prevention Department plays the major role in intercepting illegal drug shipments. The Narcotics Control Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security handles all criminal investigations involving <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, heroin, and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> set up the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Narcotics_Control_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Narcotics Control Commission (page does not exist)">National Narcotics Control Commission</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A6%81%E6%AF%92%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="zh:国家禁毒委员会">zh</a>]</span> (NNCC), composed of 25 departments, including the Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Health and General Administration of Customs. The NNCC leads the nation's drug control work in a unified way, and is responsible for international drug control cooperation, with an operational agency based in the Ministry of Public Security.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaties_and_conventions">Treaties and conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Treaties and conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is a party to the 1988 U.N. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">Drug Convention</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1961 U.N. <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> as amended by the 1972 Protocol,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1971 U.N. <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Police Organization">International Criminal Police Organization</a> (INTERPOL), and has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">INCB</a> since 1984. </p><p>China also participates in a drug control program with Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and the United States. This program is designed to enhance information sharing and coordination of drug law enforcement activities by countries in and around the Central Asian Region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2000, China and the United States signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (MLAT). This treaty subsequently went into effect on March 8, 2001. In 1999, China and the United States signed a Bilateral Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement. However, this agreement has not yet been activated. A May 1997 United States and China <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> on law enforcement cooperation allows the two countries to provide assistance on drug investigations and prosecutions on a case-by-case basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>China has over 30 MLATs with 24 nations covering both civil and criminal matters. In 1996, China signed MLATs that gave specific attention to drug trafficking with Russia, Mexico, and Pakistan. China also signed a drug control cooperation agreement with India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>China and Myanmar continue dialogue on counter-drug issues, such as drug trafficking by the <a href="/wiki/United_Wa_State_Army" title="United Wa State Army">United Wa State Army</a> along the China–Myanmar border. The Government of China encourages and provides assistance for alternative crop programs in Myanmar along the China–Myanmar border. China is also building on Memoranda of Understanding that are currently in place with Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime in the People's Republic of China">Crime in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_China" title="Drug policy of China">Drug policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Drug_Abuse_Treatment_Centre" title="Shanghai Drug Abuse Treatment Centre">Shanghai Drug Abuse Treatment Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilful_Blindness_(2021_book)" title="Wilful Blindness (2021 book)">Wilful Blindness (2021 book)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other countries</dt></dl> <ul><li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_drug_use_in_Australia" title="Illicit drug use in Australia">Illicit drug use in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Illegal drug trade in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of cannabis by country">Legality of cannabis by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMavrellisCassara2022" class="citation web cs1">Mavrellis, Channing; Cassara, John (October 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GFI-China-TOC-IFF-Report-FINAL-OCT-22.pdf">"Made in China: China's Role in Transnational Crime and Illicit Financial Flows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Financial Integrity">Global Financial Integrity</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Financial+Integrity&rft.atitle=Made+in+China%3A+China%27s+Role+in+Transnational+Crime+and+Illicit+Financial+Flows&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Mavrellis&rft.aufirst=Channing&rft.au=Cassara%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgfintegrity.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F10%2FGFI-China-TOC-IFF-Report-FINAL-OCT-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaichVan_De_Ven2015" class="citation book cs1">Saich, Tony; Van De Ven, Hans J. (2015-03-04). "The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade". <i>New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution</i> (0 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315702124">10.4324/9781315702124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46391-7"><bdi>978-1-317-46391-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904437646">904437646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Blooming+Poppy+under+the+Red+Sun%3A+The+Yan%27an+Way+and+the+Opium+Trade&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.edition=0&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904437646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315702124&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46391-7&rft.aulast=Saich&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Van+De+Ven%2C+Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHevia2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hevia, James Louis (2003). "Opium, Empire, and Modern History". <i><a href="/wiki/China_Review_International" title="China Review International">China Review International</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">307–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcri.2004.0076">10.1353/cri.2004.0076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-9367">1527-9367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143635262">143635262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Review+International&rft.atitle=Opium%2C+Empire%2C+and+Modern+History&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143635262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-9367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcri.2004.0076&rft.aulast=Hevia&rft.aufirst=James+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy_opium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_opium_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_W._McCoy" class="citation web cs1">Alfred W. McCoy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404134938/http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/opi010.htm">"Opium History, 1858 to 1940"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/opi010.htm">the original</a> on April 4, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opium+History%2C+1858+to+1940&rft.au=Alfred+W.+McCoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1b2c3.com%2Fdrugs%2Fopi010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Mackey2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Michael Mackey (April 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610001824/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FD29Ad01.html">"Banned in China for sex, drugs, disaffection"</a>. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banned+in+China+for+sex%2C+drugs%2C+disaffection&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.au=Michael+Mackey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FChina%2FFD29Ad01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William2013_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafran_William2013" class="citation book cs1">Safran William (13 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNXoAZP5oFYC&q=heroin+hui+uygur&pg=PA36"><i>Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32423-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32423-9"><bdi>978-1-136-32423-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnoregional+Identities+in+China&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-32423-9&rft.au=Safran+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNXoAZP5oFYC%26q%3Dheroin%2Bhui%2Buygur%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafran_William2013" class="citation book cs1">Safran William (13 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSvUAY4aRRkC&pg=PA36"><i>Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32416-1"><bdi>978-1-136-32416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnoregional+Identities+in+China&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-32416-1&rft.au=Safran+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSvUAY4aRRkC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gao2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gao2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuan_Gao2011" class="citation book cs1">Huan Gao (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2upAgAAQBAJ&q=heroin+hui&pg=PT190"><i>Women and Heroin Addiction in China's Changing Society</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66156-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66156-3"><bdi>978-1-136-66156-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Heroin+Addiction+in+China%27s+Changing+Society&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-136-66156-3&rft.au=Huan+Gao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2upAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheroin%2Bhui%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhou1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhou1999_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongming_Zhou1999" class="citation book cs1">Yongming Zhou (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Rv-MsA4UGIC&q=heroin+hui&pg=PA128"><i>Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 128–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9598-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9598-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9598-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-drug+Crusades+in+Twentieth-century+China%3A+Nationalism%2C+History%2C+and+State+Building&rft.pages=128-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9598-0&rft.au=Yongming+Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Rv-MsA4UGIC%26q%3Dheroin%2Bhui%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_K._McCarthy2011" class="citation book cs1">Susan K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=US+sanctions+suspected+drug+cartel+money+launderers&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fus-sanctions-suspected-drug-cartel-money-launderers%2F7681047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeung, Philip (9 April 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/article/710858/we-have-way-wheres-will-tackle-drugs">We have a way; where's the will to tackle drugs?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153413/https://www.scmp.com/article/710858/we-have-way-wheres-will-tackle-drugs">Archived</a> 2019-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>South China Morning Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/A-Peoples-War-final.pdf">"A People's War: China's Struggle to Contain its Illicit Drug Problem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927045234/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/A-Peoples-War-final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=A+People%27s+War%3A+China%27s+Struggle+to+Contain+its+Illicit+Drug+Problem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FA-Peoples-War-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/mzpkz/t36387.htm">"Narcotics Control in China"</a>. <i>www.china-embassy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129202813/http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/mzpkz/t36387.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china-embassy.org&rft.atitle=Narcotics+Control+in+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-embassy.org%2Feng%2Fzt%2Fmzpkz%2Ft36387.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=VI-19&chapter=6&clang=_en">"United Nations Treaty Collection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225411/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=VI-19&chapter=6&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DIND%26mtdsg_no%3DVI-19%26chapter%3D6%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=VI-15&chapter=6&lang=en">"United Nations Treaty Collection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225419/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=VI-15&chapter=6&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DIND%26mtdsg_no%3DVI-15%26chapter%3D6%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf">"CONVENTION ON PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES , 1971"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209070213/https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=CONVENTION+ON+PSYCHOTROPIC+SUBSTANCES+%2C+1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fpdf%2Fconvention_1971_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=3371E5E1-AEE6-EDCC-5826-4E654034CC2D&lng=en">Narcotics</a> <i>The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly</i> Vol 4, No 1. Feb 2006. This issue of the China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly provides insights and detailed analyses on narcotics problems and associated economic and social issues. The featured research papers suggest what can be done by the international community to help curb the illegal drug trade in China and Eurasia regions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&id=31925">Details</a>.</li> <li>Swanström, Niklas L.P., He, Yin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408232848/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/2006/0612PRCNarcotics.pdf">China's War on Narcotics: Two Perspectives</a>, Silk Road Paper, December 2006.</li> <li>Swanström, Niklas L. P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628184109/http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=1676">The Southeast Asian and Chinese Connection to Drug Trade in Central Asia</a>, Analyst, Johns Hopkins University, SAIS, August 27, 2003.</li> <li>Yang Dali L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10670569308724183">Illegal drugs, policy change and state power: The case of Contemporary China</a>." <i>The Journal of Contemporary China</i>, 4: pp. 14–34 (1993).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_in_China200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance_in_China" title="Disease surveillance in China">Disease surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_China" title="Healthcare reform in China">Healthcare system reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics_in_China" title="Health informatics in China">Health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">Barefoot doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Health_Campaign" title="Patriotic Health Campaign">Patriotic Health Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Welfare_Institute" title="China Welfare Institute">China Welfare Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_China" title="List of hospitals in China">Hospitals in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Chinese_hospitals" title="Classification of Chinese hospitals">Classification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_China" title="Category:Medical schools in China">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_China" title="Organ transplantation in China">Organ transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_China" title="Medicine in China">Medicine in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaarterivirus_suid_1" title="Betaarterivirus suid 1">Blue-ear disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease_in_China" title="Cardiovascular disease in China">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease_in_China" title="Chronic disease in China">Chronic diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus 71 (EV71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_flu" title="Fujian flu">Fujian flu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_in_China" title="Hepatitis B in China">Hepatitis B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Economy" title="Plasma Economy">Plasma Economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency_in_China" title="Iodine deficiency in China">Iodine deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Chinese_lead_poisoning_scandal" title="2009 Chinese lead poisoning scandal">lead poisoning scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_in_China" title="Leprosy in China">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_China" title="Mental health in China">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_China" title="Obesity in China">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonic_plague#China" title="Pneumonic plague">Pneumonic plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_in_China" title="Stroke in China">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_in_China" title="Tuberculosis in China">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disease-related_deaths_in_China" title="Category:Disease-related deaths in China">Disease-related deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_in_Asia#China_.28People.27s_Republic_of_China.29" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 flu pandemic in Asia">Swine influenza outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS pandemic</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta variant</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> (2022)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">National Health Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" title="National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine">National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention">National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medical_Products_Administration" title="National Medical Products Administration">National Medical Products Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)"><i>Hong Kong Department of Health</i></a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Social_Affairs_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture"><i>Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture</i></a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Healthcare_Security_Administration" title="National Healthcare Security Administration">National Healthcare Security Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Dust" title="Asian Dust">Dust storms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_China" title="Pollution in China">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarianism in China">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_doctors_in_China" title="Violence against doctors in China">Violence against doctors in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cornell%E2%80%93Oxford_Project" title="China–Cornell–Oxford Project">China–Cornell–Oxford Project</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Family_Panel_Studies" title="China Family Panel Studies">China Family Panel Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Health_and_Retirement_Longitudinal_Study" title="China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study">China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> * only in special administrative regions</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_China1139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_China" title="Template talk:Economy of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_China1139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_China" title="Category:Companies of China">Companies of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">Iron rice bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976">1949–1976 wage reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_China" title="Category:Industry in China">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China" title="Advanced materials industry in China">Advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China" title="Business process outsourcing in China">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_industry_in_China" title="Cement industry in China">Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China" title="Coffee production in China">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_industry_in_China" title="Container industry in China">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Cotton_Association" title="China Cotton Association">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China" title="Electric motor manufacturing industry in China">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_China" title="Gambling in China">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">gold mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" title="Pearl farming industry in China">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" title="Academic publishing in China">academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li> <li>Railway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" title="Railway equipment industry in China">equipment industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" title="Rare earth industry in China">Rare earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China" title="Securities industry in China">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China" title="Sex toy industry in China">Sex toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Development Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park" title="Dalian Software Park">Dalian Software Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park" title="Suzhou Industrial Park">Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park">Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries in China">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China" title="Category:Trade in China">Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China" title="Category:Infrastructure in China">infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of trade for the People's Republic of China">Trade history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Trading partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">Law and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Tax system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labor contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China" title="Category:Finance in China">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China" title="Category:Banking in China">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China" title="Category:Accounting in China">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" title="History of banking in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China" title="List of banks in China">Other banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chengtong_Holdings_Group" title="China Chengtong Holdings Group">China Chengtong Holdings Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund" title="China Government Guidance Fund">China Government Guidance Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund" title="China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund">China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund" title="China Internet Investment Fund">China Internet Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation" title="China Reform Holdings Corporation">China Reform Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation" title="National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation">National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Group" title="CITIC Group">CITIC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_China" title="Financial services in China">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves of China">Foreign exchange reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry</a></li> <li>Stock Exchanges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations" title="National Equities Exchange and Quotations">National Equities Exchange and Quotations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index" title="SSE Composite Index">SSE Composite Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Metal Exchange">Shanghai Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council" title="Stock Exchange Executive Council">Stock Exchange Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index" title="SZSE Component Index">SZSE Component Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange" title="Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange">Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Government institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)">National Financial Regulatory Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Commission" title="National Energy Commission">National Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange" title="State Administration of Foreign Exchange">State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Taxation">State Administration of Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China" title="Category:Economic development in China">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">National economic initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_China" title="Youth Business China">Youth Business China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regional economic initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim" title="Bohai Economic Rim">Bohai Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast China Revitalization">Northeast China Revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" title="Pearl River Delta Economic Zone">Pearl River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone" title="Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone">Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone" title="Zhongyuan Economic Zone">Zhongyuan Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">2005–2011 property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls" title="2007 Chinese export recalls">2007 export</a> / <a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">pet food recalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal" title="2007 Chinese slave scandal">2007 slave scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">2008–2009 economic stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–16 stock market turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese protein export contamination">Protein export contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China" title="Bankruptcy in China">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China" title="Top 500 Enterprises of China">Top 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State-owned enterprises in China">Largest SOEs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hongs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongs">The Hongs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">Globalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">National Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate" title="China Compulsory Certificate">China Compulsory Certificate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingong" title="Mingong">Mingong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">List of Chinese by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists" title="Category:Chinese economists">Chinese economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b></i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy of East Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Asia417" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Asia417" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Illegal drug trade in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iraq" title="Illegal drug trade in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Israel" title="Illegal drug trade in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Lebanon" title="Illegal drug trade in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Syria" title="Illegal drug trade in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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