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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Risk evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepatitis_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepatitis_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hepatitis A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepatitis_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepatitis_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepatitis_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hepatitis B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepatitis_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepatitis_C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepatitis_C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hepatitis C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepatitis_C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthrax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthrax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Anthrax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthrax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyme_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyme_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lyme disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyme_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poxviruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poxviruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Poxviruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poxviruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Post-exposure prophylaxis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="العلاج الوقائي بعد التعرض للفيروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاج الوقائي بعد التعرض للفيروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="সংস্পর্শ-পরবর্তী প্রতিরোধমূলক চিকিৎসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্পর্শ-পরবর্তী প্রতিরোধমূলক চিকিৎসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postexpositionsprophylaxe" title="Postexpositionsprophylaxe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Postexpositionsprophylaxe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_-_PEP" title="Προφύλαξη μετά την έκθεση - PEP – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προφύλαξη μετά την έκθεση - PEP" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilaxis_post-exposici%C3%B3n" title="Profilaxis post-exposición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Profilaxis post-exposición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%86" title="پیشگیری پس از در معرض قرارگرفتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشگیری پس از در معرض قرارگرفتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%B6%9C%ED%9B%84_%EC%98%88%EB%B0%A9%EC%9A%94%EB%B2%95" title="노출후 예방요법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노출후 예방요법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilaksis_pascapajanan" title="Profilaksis pascapajanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Profilaksis pascapajanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilassi_post-esposizione" title="Profilassi post-esposizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Profilassi post-esposizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%9D%E9%9C%B2%E5%BE%8C%E4%BA%88%E9%98%B2" title="曝露後予防 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="曝露後予防" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilaxia_p%C3%B3s-exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Profilaxia pós-exposição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Profilaxia pós-exposição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C5%A1%C4%8Dita_po_izpostavitvi" title="Zaščita po izpostavitvi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zaščita po izpostavitvi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEP" title="PEP – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PEP" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Preventive medical treatment after exposure</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Post-exposure prophylaxis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Post-exposure prevention</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361206" class="extiw" title="d:Q1361206">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Post-exposure prophylaxis</b>, also known as <b>post-exposure prevention</b> (<b>PEP</b>), is any <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">preventive medical</a> treatment started after exposure to a <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> in order to prevent the infection from occurring. </p><p>It should be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">pre-exposure prophylaxis</a>, which is used before the patient has been exposed to the infective agent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, the US <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Emergency_use_authorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency use authorization">emergency use authorization</a> (EUA) to <a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab" title="Bamlanivimab/etesevimab">bamlanivimab/etesevimab</a> for post-exposure prophylaxis against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to its reduced effectiveness against <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variants</a> of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is no longer recommended for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ensitrelvir" title="Ensitrelvir">Ensitrelvir</a> is being studied for its potential use as post-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabies">Rabies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rabies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PEP is commonly and very effectively used to prevent the onset of <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> after a bite by a suspected-rabid animal, since diagnostic tools are not available to detect rabies infection prior to the onset of the nearly always-fatal disease.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment consists of a series of injections of <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">rabies vaccine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titleWHO_|Guide_for_post-exposure_prophylaxis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleWHO_|Guide_for_post-exposure_prophylaxis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies vaccine</a> is given to both humans and animals who have been potentially exposed to <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiktor_1984_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiktor_1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, the average estimated cost of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis was US$ 108 (along with travel costs and loss of income).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tetanus">Tetanus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tetanus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">Tetanus</a> toxoid can be given in case of a suspected exposure to tetanus. In such cases, it can be given with or without tetanus <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> (also called <i>tetanus antibodies</i> or <i>tetanus antitoxin</i><sup id="cite_ref-britannica2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It can be given as <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous therapy</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The guidelines for such events in the United States for non-pregnant people 11 years and older are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vaccination status</th> <th>Clean, minor wounds</th> <th>All other wounds </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unknown or fewer than three doses of tetanus toxoid containing vaccine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tdap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tdap">Tdap</a> and recommend catch-up vaccination</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tdap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tdap">Tdap</a> and recommend catch-up vaccination<br /> Tetanus <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three or more doses of tetanus toxoid containing vaccine AND less than 5 years since last dose </td> <td>No indication</td> <td>No indication </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three or more doses of tetanus toxoid containing vaccine AND 5–10 years since last dose </td> <td>No indication</td> <td>Tdap preferred (if not yet received) or Td </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three or more doses of tetanus toxoid containing vaccine AND more than 10 years since last dose </td> <td>Tdap preferred (if not yet received) or Td</td> <td>Tdap preferred (if not yet received) or Td </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HIV">HIV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: HIV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PEPMeds2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PEPMeds2023.jpg/220px-PEPMeds2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PEPMeds2023.jpg/330px-PEPMeds2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PEPMeds2023.jpg/440px-PEPMeds2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>HIV post exposure prophylaxis medication used in Canada in 2023 include a combination of <a href="/wiki/Lamivudine" title="Lamivudine">lamivudine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenofovir">tenofovir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raltegravir" title="Raltegravir">raltegravir</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">AZT</a> was approved as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> in 1987. Healthcare workers would occasionally be exposed to HIV during work. Some people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> thought to try giving health care workers AZT to prevent <a href="/wiki/Seroconversion" title="Seroconversion">seroconversion</a>. This practice dramatically decreased the incidence of seroconversion among health workers when done under certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-healthcareworkers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healthcareworkers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later the questions arose of whether to give HIV treatment after known exposure or high risk of exposure. Early data from <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_development" title="Preclinical development">preclinical studies</a> established the efficacy of AZT in preventing transmission of HIV infection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AZT was also seen to reduce maternal-infant transmission of HIV in a <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trial</a>, suggesting AZT's post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) use.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent data show <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">combination antiretroviral therapy</a> is significantly superior than AZT in reducing perinatal transmission rates.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, AZT is generally no longer recommended due to poor tolerance resulting in high rates of patient noncompliance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Non-occupational exposures include cases when a condom breaks while a person with HIV has sex with an HIV-negative person in a single incidence, or in the case of unprotected sex with an anonymous partner, or in the case of a non-habitual incident of sharing a syringe for <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">injection drug use</a>. Evidence suggests that PEP also reduces the risk of HIV infection in these cases.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">US DHHS</a> released the first recommendations for non-occupational PEP (nPEP) use to lower risk of HIV infection after exposures. The recommendations were replaced with an updated guideline in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupational exposures include needlestick injury of health care professionals from an HIV-infected source. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">US DHHS</a> included guidelines on occupational PEP (oPEP) use for individuals with HIV exposures occurring in health care settings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since taking HIV-attacking medications shortly after exposure was proven to reduce the risk of contracting HIV, this led to research into <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">pre-exposure prophylaxis</a> by taking medication before a potential exposure to HIV occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report from early 2013 revealed that a female baby born with the HIV virus displayed no sign of the virus two years after high doses of three antiretroviral drugs were administered within 30 hours of her birth. The findings of the case were presented at the 2013 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, U.S. and the baby is from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, U.S. The baby—known as the "<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_baby" title="Mississippi baby">Mississippi baby</a>"—was considered to be the first child to be "functionally cured" of HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, HIV re-emerged in the child as of July 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_evaluation">Risk evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Risk evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initiation of post-exposure prophylaxis with the use of <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral">antiretroviral</a> drugs is dependent on a number of <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factors">risk factors</a>, though treatment is usually started after one high-risk event. In order to determine whether post-exposure prophylaxis is indicated, an evaluation visit will be conducted to consider risk factors associated with developing <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. Assessments at this visit will include whether the at-risk person or the potential source-person are <a href="/wiki/HIV_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV positive">HIV positive</a>, details around the potential HIV exposure event, including timing and circumstances, whether other high-risk events have occurred in the past, testing for <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted diseases">sexually transmitted diseases</a>, testing for <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a> (nPEP is also effective against <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>), and pregnancy tests for women of childbearing potential.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risk factors for developing HIV includes exposure of <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucous membranes">mucous membranes</a> (vagina, rectum, eye, mouth, broken skin or under the skin) of an HIV-negative person to <a href="/wiki/Bodily_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodily fluids">bodily fluids</a> (blood, semen, rectal secretions, vaginal secretions, breast milk) of a person known to be <a href="/wiki/HIV_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV positive">HIV positive</a>. For example, having <a href="/wiki/Unprotected_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Unprotected sex">unprotected sex</a> with <a href="/wiki/HIV_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV positive">HIV positive</a> partner is considered risky, but sharing sex toys, spitting and biting considered to be negligible risks for initiating post-exposure prophylaxis. The highest non-sexual risk is <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a> and the highest sexual contact risk is receptive anal intercourse. The timing of exposure does not affect the risk of developing HIV, but it does alter whether post-exposure prophylaxis will be recommended. Exposures that occurred 72 hours or less to beginning treatment are eligible for post-exposure prophylaxis. If the exposure occurred over 73 hours prior to treatment initiation, post-exposure prophylaxis is not indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Initial HIV testing:</b> Before initiating PEP after potential <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> exposure, persons should be tested for <a href="/wiki/HIV1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV1">HIV1</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV2" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV2">HIV2</a> antigens and antibodies in the blood using a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_diagnostic_test" title="Rapid diagnostic test">rapid diagnostic test</a>. PEP should only be started if rapid diagnostic test reveals no HIV infection present or if tests results are not available. However, if HIV infection is already present then PEP should not be started. HIV test should be repeated four to six weeks and three months after exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People may experience signs and symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Acute_HIV_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute HIV infection">acute HIV infection</a>, including fever, fatigue, myalgia, and skin rash, while taking PEP. CDC recommends seeking medical attention for evaluation if these signs and symptoms occur during or after the month of PEP. If follow-up laboratory antibody tests reveal HIV infection, HIV treatment specialists should be sought out and PEP should not be discontinued until person is evaluated and treatment plan is established.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>STI and HBV testing:</b> People with potential exposure to HIV are also at risk of acquiring <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) recommends STI-specific nucleic acid amplification testing (<a href="/wiki/NAAT" class="mw-redirect" title="NAAT">NAAT</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a> and blood tests for <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>. PEP is also active against HBV infections so discontinuation of medication can cause the reactivation of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a>, though rare. Health care providers must monitor HBV status closely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Follow up testing:</b> <a href="/wiki/Serum_creatinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum creatinine">Serum creatinine</a> and estimated <a href="/wiki/Creatinine_clearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Creatinine clearance">creatinine clearance</a> should be measured at baseline to determine the most appropriate PEP antiretroviral regimen. While on PEP, <a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">renal function</a>, and hematologic parameters should be monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> exposure, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a course of <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral">antiretroviral</a> drugs which reduces the risk of <a href="/wiki/Seroconversion" title="Seroconversion">seroconversion</a> after events with high risk of exposure to HIV (e.g., unprotected <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal sex">vaginal sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Needlestick_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Needlestick injuries">needlestick injuries</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">sharing needles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">CDC</a> recommends PEP for any HIV-negative person who has recently been exposed to HIV for any reason.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To be most effective, treatment should begin within an hour of exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-ignorance_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ignorance-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 72 hours PEP is much less effective, and may not be effective at all.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prophylactic treatment for HIV typically lasts four weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is compelling data to suggest that PEP after HIV exposure is effective, there have been cases where it has failed. Failure has often been attributed to the delay in receiving treatment (greater than 72 hours post-exposure), the level of exposure, and/or the duration of treatment (lack of adherence to the 28-day regimen). In addition, since the time and level of non-occupational exposures are self-reported, there is no absolute data on the administration timeframe to which PEP would be efficacious. The standard antibody window period begins after the last day of PEP treatment. People who received PEP are typically advised to get an antibody test at 6 months post-exposure as well as the standard 3 month test.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antiretroviral regimen used in PEP is the same as the standard <a href="/wiki/Highly_active_antiretroviral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly active antiretroviral therapy">highly active antiretroviral therapy</a> used to treat AIDS. A typical prescription is a 28-day course of <a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine/tenofovir" title="Emtricitabine/tenofovir">emtricitabine/tenofovir</a> pills containing 200 mg of emtricitabine and 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil to be taken once daily, and 400 mg pills of <a href="/wiki/Raltegravir" title="Raltegravir">raltegravir</a> to be taken twice daily.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People initiating nPEP treatment typically receive a 28-day starter pack, as opposed to a 3-7 day starter pack, to facilitate strong <a href="/wiki/Medication_adherence" class="mw-redirect" title="Medication adherence">medication adherence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They should also be counseled on the unpleasant side effects including <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People at high risk for re-exposure due to unprotected intercourse or other behavioral factors should be given <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">PrEP</a>, which would begin immediately after the completion of the nPEP treatment course. Inversely, if a medically adherent patient is already on PrEP upon non-occupational exposure, nPEP treatment is not necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hepatitis_A">Hepatitis A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hepatitis A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For exposure to <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, human normal <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> (HNIG) and/or <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">hepatitis A vaccine</a> may be used as PEP depending on the clinical situation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hepatitis_B">Hepatitis B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hepatitis B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the person exposed is an <a href="/wiki/HBsAg" title="HBsAg">HBsAg</a> positive source (a known responder to <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">HBV vaccine</a>) then if exposed to <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> a booster dose should be given. If they are in the process of being vaccinated or are a non-responder they need to have <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_immune_globulin" title="Hepatitis B immune globulin">hepatitis B immune globulin</a> (HBIG) and the vaccine. For known non-responders HBIG and the vaccine should be given whilst those in the process of being vaccinated should have an accelerated course of HBV vaccine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hepatitis_C">Hepatitis C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hepatitis C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: new generation antiviral drugs for Hepatitis C negate the need for Interferon and Ribavirin.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Persons exposed to <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> should be tested monthly with <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a>, and if <a href="/wiki/Seroconversion" title="Seroconversion">seroconversion</a> occurs then treatment with <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a>, or possibly <a href="/wiki/Ribavirin" title="Ribavirin">ribavirin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthrax">Anthrax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anthrax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 60-day course of oral <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a> should be given when exposure to <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> is suspected.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyme_disease">Lyme disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lyme disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A single 200 milligram oral dose of <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a> may be used within 3 days of a <a href="/wiki/Ixodes_scapularis" title="Ixodes scapularis">deer tick</a> bite in a high risk area (such as <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>), if the tick was attached for at least 36 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34749665_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34749665-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33251700_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33251700-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poxviruses">Poxviruses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poxviruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The smallpox vaccine decreases the incidence risk of severe illness when administered after exposure to <a href="/wiki/Mpox" title="Mpox">mpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. The CDC advises "that smallpox vaccine be given within 4 days from the date of exposure to prevent onset of the disease but should be offered up to 14 days post-exposure"; the NHS concurs with this but also urges to vaccinate as soon as possible after exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">Pre-exposure prophylaxis</a> (PrEP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Tick+Bite+Prophylaxis&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fticks%2Ftickbornediseases%2Ftick-bite-prophylaxis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid34749665-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid34749665_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouXuZhangYue2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou G, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yue P, Luo S, Fan Y, Chen J, Liu M, Dong Y, Li B, Kong J, Wen S, Liu A, Bao F (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8573889">"Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention against Lyme disease following tick bite: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>BMC Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 1141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12879-021-06837-7">10.1186/s12879-021-06837-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8573889">8573889</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749665">34749665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+prophylaxis+for+prevention+against+Lyme+disease+following+tick+bite%3A+an+updated+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1141&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8573889%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34749665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12879-021-06837-7&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Xu%2C+X&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y&rft.au=Yue%2C+P&rft.au=Luo%2C+S&rft.au=Fan%2C+Y&rft.au=Chen%2C+J&rft.au=Liu%2C+M&rft.au=Dong%2C+Y&rft.au=Li%2C+B&rft.au=Kong%2C+J&rft.au=Wen%2C+S&rft.au=Liu%2C+A&rft.au=Bao%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8573889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid33251700-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid33251700_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLantosRumbaughBockenstedtFalck-Ytter2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, Falck-Ytter YT, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Auwaerter PG, Baldwin K, Bannuru RR, Belani KK, Bowie WR, Branda JA, Clifford DB, DiMario FJ, Halperin JJ, Krause PJ, Lavergne V, Liang MH, Cody Meissner H, Nigrovic LE, Nocton JJ, Osani MC, Pruitt AA, Rips J, Rosenfeld LE, Savoy ML, Sood SK, Steere AC, Strle F, Sundel R, Tsao J, Vaysbrot EE, Wormser GP, Zemel LS (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Facr.24495">"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease"</a>. <i>Arthritis Care & Research</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Facr.24495">10.1002/acr.24495</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33251700">33251700</a>. <q>We recommend that prophylactic antibiotic therapy be given only to adults and children within 72 hours of removal of an identified high-risk tick bite, but not for bites that are equivocal risk or low risk (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). comment: If a tick bite cannot be classified with a high level of certainty as a high-risk bite, a wait-and-watch approach is recommended. A tick bite is considered to be high-risk only if it meets the following three criteria: the tick bite was from (a) an identified Ixodes spp. vector species, (b) it occurred in a highly endemic area, and (c) the tick was attached for ≥36 hour</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+Care+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Clinical+Practice+Guidelines+by+the+Infectious+Diseases+Society+of+America+%28IDSA%29%2C+American+Academy+of+Neurology+%28AAN%29%2C+and+American+College+of+Rheumatology+%28ACR%29%3A+2020+Guidelines+for+the+Prevention%2C+Diagnosis%2C+and+Treatment+of+Lyme+Disease&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Facr.24495&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33251700&rft.aulast=Lantos&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Rumbaugh%2C+J&rft.au=Bockenstedt%2C+LK&rft.au=Falck-Ytter%2C+YT&rft.au=Aguero-Rosenfeld%2C+ME&rft.au=Auwaerter%2C+PG&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+K&rft.au=Bannuru%2C+RR&rft.au=Belani%2C+KK&rft.au=Bowie%2C+WR&rft.au=Branda%2C+JA&rft.au=Clifford%2C+DB&rft.au=DiMario%2C+FJ&rft.au=Halperin%2C+JJ&rft.au=Krause%2C+PJ&rft.au=Lavergne%2C+V&rft.au=Liang%2C+MH&rft.au=Cody+Meissner%2C+H&rft.au=Nigrovic%2C+LE&rft.au=Nocton%2C+JJ&rft.au=Osani%2C+MC&rft.au=Pruitt%2C+AA&rft.au=Rips%2C+J&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+LE&rft.au=Savoy%2C+ML&rft.au=Sood%2C+SK&rft.au=Steere%2C+AC&rft.au=Strle%2C+F&rft.au=Sundel%2C+R&rft.au=Tsao%2C+J&rft.au=Vaysbrot%2C+EE&rft.au=Wormser%2C+GP&rft.au=Zemel%2C+LS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Facr.24495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1083791/Recommendations-for-pre-and-post-exposure-vaccination-during-a-monkeypox-incident-17-june-2022.pdf">"Recommendations for the use of pre and post exposure vaccination during a monkeypox incident"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>assets.publishing.service.gov.uk</i>. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703113647/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1083791/Recommendations-for-pre-and-post-exposure-vaccination-during-a-monkeypox-incident-17-june-2022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>Vaccination should be administered as soon as possible and within 4 days after an identified exposure to prevent or attenuate infection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Recommendations+for+the+use+of+pre+and+post+exposure+vaccination+during+a+monkeypox+incident&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F1083791%2FRecommendations-for-pre-and-post-exposure-vaccination-during-a-monkeypox-incident-17-june-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandovitzCurrier,_JS2009" class="citation journal cs1">Landovitz, RJ; Currier, JS (Oct 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMcp0904189">"Clinical practice. Postexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection"</a>. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>361</b> (18): 1768–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMcp0904189">10.1056/NEJMcp0904189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19864675">19864675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clinical+practice.+Postexposure+prophylaxis+for+HIV+infection&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=1768-75&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMcp0904189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19864675&rft.aulast=Landovitz&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Currier%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMcp0904189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandovitz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Landovitz, RJ (Jul–Aug 2009). "Occupational and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis for HIV in 2009". <i>Topics in HIV Medicine</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 104–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19675368">19675368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+HIV+Medicine&rft.atitle=Occupational+and+nonoccupational+postexposure+prophylaxis+for+HIV+in+2009.&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=104-8&rft.date=2009-07%2F2009-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19675368&rft.aulast=Landovitz&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavensAmerican_Academy_of_Pediatrics_Committee_on_Pediatric,_AIDS2003" class="citation journal cs1">Havens, PL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric, AIDS (Jun 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.111.6.1475">"Postexposure prophylaxis in children and adolescents for nonoccupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus"</a>. <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>111</b> (6 Pt 1): 1475–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.111.6.1475">10.1542/peds.111.6.1475</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12777574">12777574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Postexposure+prophylaxis+in+children+and+adolescents+for+nonoccupational+exposure+to+human+immunodeficiency+virus.&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=6+Pt+1&rft.pages=1475-89&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.111.6.1475&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12777574&rft.aulast=Havens&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=American+Academy+of+Pediatrics+Committee+on+Pediatric%2C+AIDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1542%252Fpeds.111.6.1475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJost1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jost, J (May 1998). "[Post-exposure HIV prevention within and outside the hospital]". <i>Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique</i> (in German). <b>55</b> (5): 289–94. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9643126">9643126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutische+Umschau.+Revue+therapeutique&rft.atitle=%5BPost-exposure+HIV+prevention+within+and+outside+the+hospital%5D.&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=289-94&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9643126&rft.aulast=Jost&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-exposure+prophylaxis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-exposure_prophylaxis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5402a1.htm">CDC on nonoccupational HIV postexposure prophylaxis</a>, an article which summarizes more than 100 related research projects</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030108211625/http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/prophylaxis/en/">HIV/AIDS Post-exposure prophylaxis</a>: WHO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aids-ed.org/aidsetc?page=cg-301_occupational_pep">Occupational Postexposure Prophylaxis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092848/http://www.aids-ed.org/aidsetc?page=cg-301_occupational_pep">Archived</a> 2014-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: HRSA HIV/AIDS Bureau, The AIDS Education and Training Centers (AETC)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Template:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Template talk:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Concepts_in_infectious_disease_(Outline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts in <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_infectious_disease_concepts" title="Outline of infectious disease concepts">Outline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Determinants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">Agent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm#Infectious_diseases" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">Infectivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_infective_dose" title="Minimal infective dose">Infectious dose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenicity">Pathogenicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_rate" title="Attack rate">Attack rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">Virulence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">Endotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">Case fatality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">factors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_bacteria" title="Multidrug-resistant bacteria">Multidrug-resistant bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_tropism" title="Host tropism">Host tropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn#Complications" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_infection" title="Diabetic foot infection">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host%E2%80%93pathogen_interaction" title="Host–pathogen interaction">Host–pathogen interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">Immune response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_symbiosis_and_immunity" title="Microbial symbiosis and immunity">Microbiome health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_infection" title="Risk of infection">Risk of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptible_individual" title="Susceptible individual">Susceptible individual</a> <ul><li>Age</li> <li>Gender</li> <li>Nutrition status</li> <li>Vaccination status</li> <li>Genetic predisposition</li> <li>Behavioral/lifestyle factors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco#infection" title="Health effects of tobacco">Smoking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pregnancy</li> <li>Stress levels</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">Access to water, sanitation and hygiene</a></li> <li>Air quality</li> <li>Biodiversity loss</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Climate change</a></li> <li>Climate zones <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o#Health_and_social_impacts" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease#Relation_of_climate_to_tropical_diseases" title="Tropical disease">Tropical diseases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation#Health_effects" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_ecology" title="Disease ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity#Human_health" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Injection drug use</a></li> <li>Natural disaster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood#Health_effects" title="Flood">Flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis#Farming,_ranching_and_animal_husbandry" title="Zoonosis">Poultry and livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization#Infections" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_epidemiology" title="Conflict epidemiology">War and conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Basic_concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Basic <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection#Pathophysiology" title="Infection">Chain of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">Fomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">Incubation period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">Index case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_period" title="Infectious period">Infectious period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_period_(epidemiology)" title="Latent period (epidemiology)">Latent period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">Natural reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclinical_infection" title="Subclinical infection">Silent/Subclinical infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superinfection" title="Superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-spreader" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-spreader">Super-spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load">Viral load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_period" title="Window period">Window period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Endogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Endogenous overgrowth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome#Disease_and_death" title="Human microbiome">Normal flora overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_latency" title="Virus latency">Endogenous reactivation</a></li> <li>Microbial translocation</li> <li>Endogenous seeding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a> formation</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Exogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cross-species_transmission" title="Cross-species transmission">Cross-species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_infection" title="Spillover infection">Spillover infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_zoonosis" title="Reverse zoonosis">Reverse zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human-to-human_transmission" title="Human-to-human transmission">Human-to-human</a><br />/Cross-infection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">Contagious disease</a></li> <li>Source <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Nosocomial/Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">Iatrogenic/Medical care</a></li></ul></li> <li>Generational difference <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertical/Congenital</a> <ul><li>Prenatal</li> <li>Perinatal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)#Horizontal_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Horizontal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_infection" title="Breakthrough infection">Breakthrough infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Environment-<br />to-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapronosis" title="Sapronosis">Sapronosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Respiratory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne disease">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">Bioaerosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol-generating_procedure" title="Aerosol-generating procedure">Aerosol-generating procedure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_aerosol" title="Dental aerosol">Dental aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplet#Role_in_disease_transmission" title="Respiratory droplet">Respiratory droplet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Linked to<br />Vascular system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">Blood-borne disease</a></li> <li>Percutaneous inoculation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)#Infection" title="Injection (medicine)">Injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy#Infection_and_inflammation" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous line</a></li> <li>Insect bite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite#Infection" title="Animal bite">Animal bite</a></li></ul></li> <li>Surgical intervention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postoperative_wounds#Infection" title="Postoperative wounds">Postoperative wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_site_infection" title="Surgical site infection">Surgical site infection</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vector-borne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Gastrointestinal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">Contamination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_contraindications" title="Breastfeeding contraindications">Breastmilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Feces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Cutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn#Complications" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">Fomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis" title="Soil-transmitted helminthiasis">Soil</a></li> <li>Open <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Genitourinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Trans-placental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Prenatal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Cervico-vaginal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Perinatal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious disease">Modelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Bacteria_aggregation_leading_to_biofilm_formation" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_disease_model" title="Animal disease model">Animal disease model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_rate" title="Attack rate">Attack rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">Basic reproduction number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartmental_models_in_epidemiology" title="Compartmental models in epidemiology">Compartmental models in epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_community_size" title="Critical community size">Critical community size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_of_infection" title="Force of infection">Force of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">Herd immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_rate" title="Infection rate">Infection rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_of_infection" title="Multiplicity of infection">Multiplicity of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_interval" title="Serial interval">Serial interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAIFW_matrix" title="WAIFW matrix">WAIFW matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Occurrence<br />in population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_cluster" title="Disease cluster">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_curve" title="Epidemic curve">Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farr%27s_laws" title="Farr's laws">Farr's laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoendemic" title="Holoendemic">Holoendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperendemic" title="Hyperendemic">Hyperendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">Incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_disease" title="Inequality in disease">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoendemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoendemic">Mesoendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">Outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">Prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic#Seasonality" title="Epidemic">Seasonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology" title="Spatial epidemiology">Geographic distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporadic_disease" title="Sporadic disease">Sporadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndemic" title="Syndemic">Syndemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twindemic" title="Twindemic">Twindemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical <br />location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Respiratory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">Chest/Lower respiratory tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal infection">Gastrointestinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_infectious_diseases" title="Intestinal infectious diseases">Intestinal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Genitourinary</li> <li>Nervous system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">Skin</a></li> <li>Soft tissue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone infection">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint infection">Joint</a></li> <li>Cardiovascular</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_disease" title="Systemic disease">Systemic/Generalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontogenic_infection" title="Odontogenic infection">Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_infection" title="Mouth infection">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-amniotic_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-amniotic infection">Fetus</a></li> <li>Eye</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">Prevention<br />and Control<br />measures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Pharmaceutical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_prophylaxis" title="Antibiotic prophylaxis">prophylactic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">Antifungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascaricide" title="Ascaricide">Ascaricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_stewardship" title="Antimicrobial stewardship">Antimicrobial stewardship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antiseptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">Asepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Drug safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a 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title="Vaccine-preventable disease">Vaccine-preventable disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_vaccination" title="Ring vaccination">Ring vaccination</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Non-pharmaceutical_intervention_(epidemiology)" title="Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology)">Non-<br />pharmaceutical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">Contact tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(medicine)" title="Cordon sanitaire (medicine)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">Disinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the 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href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a> services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreak_response" title="Outbreak response">Outbreak response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Respiratory source control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">Surgical mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">PPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">Screening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">Sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission-based_precautions" title="Transmission-based precautions">Transmission-based precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_ban" title="Travel ban">Travel restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li> <li>Zoning</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease" title="Emerging infectious disease">Emerging <br />infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_drift" title="Antigenic drift">Antigenic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_shift" title="Antigenic shift">Antigenic shift</a></li> <li>Antimicrobial resistance surveillance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EARS-Net" title="EARS-Net">EARS-Net</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_virus" title="Emergent virus">Emergent virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epidemiology" title="Evolutionary epidemiology">Evolutionary epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_epidemiology" title="Genetic epidemiology">Genetic epidemiology</a></li> <li><a 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