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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acadian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Acadian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Philip's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Philip's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>King Philip's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Philip's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wabanaki_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wabanaki_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Wabanaki Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wabanaki_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Catholic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_William's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_William's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>King William's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_William's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Queen_Anne's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_Anne's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Queen Anne's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_Anne's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dummer's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dummer's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Dummer's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dummer's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_George's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_George's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>King George's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_George's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_Le_Loutre's_War_(1749–1755)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_Le_Loutre's_War_(1749–1755)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_Le_Loutre's_War_(1749–1755)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportation_of_the_Acadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportation_of_the_Acadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Deportation of the Acadians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportation_of_the_Acadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acadian_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Acadian Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>20th century and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_of_Louis_Robichaud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_of_Louis_Robichaud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Government of Louis Robichaud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_of_Louis_Robichaud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>After 1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_military_figures_of_Acadia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_military_figures_of_Acadia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable military figures of Acadia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_military_figures_of_Acadia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable military figures of Acadia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_military_figures_of_Acadia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th–18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th–18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>17th–18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th–18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance_under_the_British_after_1710" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_under_the_British_after_1710"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Governance under the British after 1710</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_under_the_British_after_1710-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acadia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="أكاديا (كندا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكاديا (كندا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акадия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акадия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadia" title="Akadia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Akadia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A0dia" title="Acàdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acàdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A1die" title="Akádie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akádie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadien" title="Akadien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akadien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaadia" title="Akaadia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akaadia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ακαδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακαδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadianoj" title="Akadianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akadianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadia" title="Akadia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akadia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C)" title="آکادی (مستعمره فرانسوی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکادی (مستعمره فرانسوی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadie" title="Acadie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acadie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84" title="아카디아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아카디아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_(regione)" title="Acadia (regione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acadia (regione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="אקדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აკადია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აკადია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadija" title="Akadija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akadija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadija" title="Akadija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akadija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadia" title="Akadia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Akadia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadi%C3%AB" title="Acadië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Acadië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="アカディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アカディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A0dia" title="Acàdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acàdia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadie" title="Acadie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Acadie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadia" title="Akadia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akadia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A1dia_(Am%C3%A9rica)" title="Acádia (América) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acádia (América)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акадия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акадия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A0dia" title="Acàdia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Acàdia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A1dia" title="Akádia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akádia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Акадија (Нова Француска) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акадија (Нова Француска)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Acadia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadien" title="Akadien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akadien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அகாடியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகாடியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadya" title="Akadya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akadya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Акадія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Acadia&params=46_N_64_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°N</span> <span class="longitude">64°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46°N 64°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46; -64</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colony of New France in northeastern North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the land in North America. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Acadia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Acadia (disambiguation)">Acadia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Colony of Acadia<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Acadie</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Division of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1604–1713</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Acadia"><img alt="Flag of Acadia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Flag adopted in 1884</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadia_1754.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Acadia_1754.svg/220px-Acadia_1754.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Acadia_1754.svg/330px-Acadia_1754.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Acadia_1754.svg/440px-Acadia_1754.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><br />Acadia Extension in 1754.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_administrative_de_l%27Acadie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Carte_administrative_de_l%27Acadie.svg/220px-Carte_administrative_de_l%27Acadie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Carte_administrative_de_l%27Acadie.svg/330px-Carte_administrative_de_l%27Acadie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Carte_administrative_de_l%27Acadie.svg/440px-Carte_administrative_de_l%27Acadie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2106" /></a></span><br />Approximate map of the most commonly accepted definition of Acadia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Undetermined; <br /><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1604</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">British conquest</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1713</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/30px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada (New France)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec (1763–1791)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Acadia</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Acadie</i>) was a colony of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> which included parts of what are now the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritime provinces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of Acadia included the various indigenous <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> that comprised the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian people">Acadian people</a> and other <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French settlers</a>. </p><p>The first capital of Acadia was established in 1605 as <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a>. Soon after, English forces of Captain Argall, an English ship's captain employed by the Virginia Company of London attacked and burned down the <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_National_Historic_Site" title="Port-Royal National Historic Site">fortified habitation</a> in 1613. A new centre for Port-Royal was established nearby, and it remained the longest-serving capital of French Acadia until the British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">siege of Port Royal</a> in 1710.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were six colonial wars in a 74-year period in which British interests tried to capture Acadia, starting with <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> in 1689. </p><p>French troops from Quebec, Acadians, the Wabanaki Confederacy, and French priests continually raided New England settlements along the border in Maine during these wars. Acadia was conquered in 1710 during <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, while New Brunswick and much of Maine remained contested territory. Prince Edward Island (Île Saint-Jean) and Cape Breton (Île Royale) remained under French control, as agreed under Article XIII of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English took control of Maine by defeating the Wabanaki Confederacy and the French priests during <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a>. During <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, France and New France made significant attempts to regain mainland Nova Scotia. The British took New Brunswick in <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>, and they took Île Royale and Île Saint-Jean in 1758 following the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. The territory was eventually divided into British colonies. </p><p>The term Acadia today refers to regions of North America that are historically associated with the lands, descendants, or culture of the former region. It particularly refers to regions of the Maritimes with Acadian roots, language, and culture, primarily in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Magdalen Islands and Prince Edward Island, as well as in Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Acadia" can also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Acadian diaspora</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, a region also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a> since the early 1960s. In the abstract, Acadia refers to the existence of an Acadian culture in any of these regions. People living in Acadia are called <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, which in Louisiana changed to <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>, the more common, rural American, name of Acadians. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennebec_River_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kennebec_River_Map.png/220px-Kennebec_River_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kennebec_River_Map.png/330px-Kennebec_River_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kennebec_River_Map.png/440px-Kennebec_River_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>The French claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a> formed the border between Acadia and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, seen here on a map of Maine</figcaption></figure> <p>Explorer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> is credited for originating the designation Acadia on his 16th-century map, where he applied the ancient Greek name "Arcadia" to the entire Atlantic coast north of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Arcadia" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia district</a> in Greece, which had the extended meanings of "refuge" or "idyllic place". <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> chartered a colony south of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> between the 40th and 46th parallels in 1603, and he recognized it as <i>La Cadie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> fixed its present orthography with the <i>r</i> omitted, and cartographer <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Ganong" title="William Francis Ganong">William Francis Ganong</a> has shown its gradual progress northeastwards to its resting place in the Atlantic provinces of Canada. </p><p>As an alternative theory, some historians suggest that the name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq language</a>, in which Cadie means "fertile land".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory">Territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During much of the 17th and early 18th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Norridgewock" title="Norridgewock">Norridgewock</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castine,_Maine" title="Castine, Maine">Castine</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_River" title="Penobscot River">Penobscot River</a> were the southernmost settlements of Acadia.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government defined the borders of Acadia as roughly between the <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40th</a> and <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46th parallels</a> on the Atlantic coast. </p><p>The borders of French Acadia were not clearly defined, but the following areas were at some time part of French Acadia : </p> <ul><li>Present-day mainland <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> as its capital. Lost to Great Britain in 1713.</li> <li>Present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, which remained part of Nova Scotia until becoming a separate colony in 1784. Lost to Great Britain in 1763.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-Royale_(New_France)" title="Île-Royale (New France)">Île-Royale</a>, later <i>Cape Breton Island</i>, with the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a>. Lost to Great Britain in 1763.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Jean" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Saint-Jean">Île Saint-Jean</a>, later <i>Prince Edward Island</i>. Lost to Great Britain in 1763.</li> <li>The part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a>. Lost to Great Britain in 1763.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Miꞌkmaq people">Military history of the Miꞌkmaq people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Acadia" title="Special:EditPage/Acadia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Acadia%22">"Acadia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Acadia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Acadia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Acadia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Acadia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Acadia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The history of Acadia was significantly influenced by the great power conflict between France and England, later Great Britain, that occurred in the 17th and 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid1998_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq had been living in Acadia for at least two to three thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early European settlers were French subjects primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Poitou-Charentes" title="Poitou-Charentes">Poitou-Charentes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> regions of southwestern France, now known as <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a>. The first French settlement was established by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Monts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts">Pierre Dugua de Mons</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Acadian_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acadian governors">Governor of Acadia</a>, under the authority of the French King, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henri IV</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix Island, New Brunswick">Saint Croix Island</a> in 1604. The following year, the settlement was moved across the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> after a difficult winter on the island and deaths from <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>. There, they constructed a new <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_National_Historic_Site" title="Port-Royal National Historic Site">habitation</a>. In 1607, the colony received bad news as Henri IV revoked Sieur de Mons' royal fur monopoly, citing that the income was insufficient to justify supplying the colony further. Thus recalled, the last of the French left Port Royal in August 1607. Their allies, the Mi'kmaq, agreed to act as custodians of the settlement. When the former lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Biencourt_de_Poutrincourt_et_de_Saint-Just" title="Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just">Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just</a>, returned in 1610, he found the <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_National_Historic_Site" title="Port-Royal National Historic Site">Port Royal habitation</a> just as it was left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher200517–19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher200517–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first 80 years of the French presence in Acadia, there were numerous significant battles as the English, Scottish, and <a href="/wiki/Jurriaen_Aernoutsz" title="Jurriaen Aernoutsz">Dutch</a> contested the French for possession of the colony. These battles happened at Port Royal, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cap de Sable (present-day <a href="/wiki/Port_La_Tour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Port La Tour, Nova Scotia">Port La Tour, Nova Scotia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jemseg,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemseg, New Brunswick">Jemseg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castine,_Maine" title="Castine, Maine">Castine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baleine,_Nova_Scotia" title="Baleine, Nova Scotia">Baleine</a>. </p><p>From the 1680s onward, there were six colonial wars that took place in the region (see the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>). These wars were fought between <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, and their respective native allies. After the British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">siege of Port Royal</a> in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of British colonial government, but both present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France, until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">treaty of Paris</a> of 1763 confirmed British control over the region. </p><p>The wars were fought on two fronts: the southern border of Acadia, which New France defined as the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a> in southern Maine<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in present-day peninsular Nova Scotia. The latter involved preventing the British from taking the capital of Acadia, Port Royal (See <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>), establishing themselves at <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a>) and founding Halifax (see <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian_Civil_War">Acadian Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acadian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/220px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/330px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/440px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Siege of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a> (1645) – d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1640 to 1645, Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The war was between Port Royal, where the Governor of Acadia <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Menou_d%27Aulnay" title="Charles de Menou d'Aulnay">Charles de Menou d'Aulnay</a> de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, where Governor of Acadia <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour</a> was stationed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were four major battles in the war, and d'Aulnay ultimately prevailed over La Tour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King_Philip's_War"><span id="King_Philip.27s_War"></span>King Philip's War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: King Philip's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78), the governor was absent from Acadia (having first been imprisoned in Boston during the <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Acadia)" title="New Holland (Acadia)">Dutch occupation of Acadia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin" title="Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin">Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin</a> was established at the capital of Acadia, Pentagouêt. From there he worked with the Abenaki of Acadia to raid British settlements migrating over the border of Acadia. British retaliation included attacking deep into Acadia in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1677)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Port La Tour (1677)">Battle off Port La Tour (1677)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wabanaki_Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wabanaki Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, the native peoples in Acadia joined the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> to form a political and military alliance with New France.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy remained significant military allies to New France through six wars. Until the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> the Wabanaki Confederacy remained the dominant military force in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_missions">Catholic missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catholic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were tensions on the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a> in southern Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English settlers from Massachusetts (whose charter included the Maine area) had expanded their settlements into Acadia. To secure New France's claim to Acadia, it established Catholic missions (churches) among the four largest native villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (<a href="/wiki/Norridgewock" title="Norridgewock">Norridgewock</a>); one further north on the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_River" title="Penobscot River">Penobscot River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Indian_Island_Reservation" title="Penobscot Indian Island Reservation">Penobscot</a>); one on the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meductic_Indian_Village_/_Fort_Meductic" title="Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic">Medoctec</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200851,_54_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200851,_54-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one at <a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia">Shubenacadie</a> (Saint Anne's Mission).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King_William's_War"><span id="King_William.27s_War"></span>King William's War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: King William's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97), some Acadians, the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> and the French Priests participated in defending Acadia at its border with New England, which New France defined as the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a> in southern Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward this end, the members of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>, on the Saint John River and in other places, joined the New France expedition against present-day <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Maine" title="Bristol, Maine">Bristol, Maine</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pemaquid_(1689)" title="Siege of Pemaquid (1689)">siege of Pemaquid (1689)</a>), <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Salmon_Falls" title="Raid on Salmon Falls">Salmon Falls</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Loyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Loyal">Portland, Maine</a>. </p><p>In response, the New Englanders retaliated by attacking <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Royal_(1690)" title="Battle of Port Royal (1690)">Port Royal</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Chedabucto_(Guysborough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle at Chedabucto (Guysborough)">Guysborough</a>. In 1694, the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Oyster_River" title="Raid on Oyster River">Raid on Oyster River</a> at present-day <a href="/wiki/Durham,_New_Hampshire" title="Durham, New Hampshire">Durham, New Hampshire</a>. Two years later, New France, led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>, returned and fought a <a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_July_1696" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 14 July 1696">naval battle in the Bay of Fundy</a> before moving on to raid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pemaquid_(1696)" title="Siege of Pemaquid (1696)">Bristol, Maine</a>, again. </p><p>In retaliation, the New Englanders, led by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(ranger)" title="Benjamin Church (ranger)">Benjamin Church</a>, engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chignecto_(1696)" title="Raid on Chignecto (1696)">Raid on Chignecto (1696)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Nashwaak_(1696)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696)">siege of the Capital of Acadia at Fort Nashwaak</a>. </p><p>At the end of the war England returned the territory to France in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> and the borders of Acadia remained the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_l_Acadie,_Isle_Royale,_et_pais_voisins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Carte_de_l_Acadie%2C_Isle_Royale%2C_et_pais_voisins.jpg/220px-Carte_de_l_Acadie%2C_Isle_Royale%2C_et_pais_voisins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Carte_de_l_Acadie%2C_Isle_Royale%2C_et_pais_voisins.jpg/330px-Carte_de_l_Acadie%2C_Isle_Royale%2C_et_pais_voisins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Carte_de_l_Acadie%2C_Isle_Royale%2C_et_pais_voisins.jpg/440px-Carte_de_l_Acadie%2C_Isle_Royale%2C_et_pais_voisins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Acadia in 1757</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Queen_Anne's_War"><span id="Queen_Anne.27s_War"></span>Queen Anne's War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Queen Anne's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, some Acadians, the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> and the French priests participated again in defending Acadia at its border with New England. They made numerous raids on New England settlements along the border in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1703)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1703)">Northeast Coast Campaign</a> and the famous <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Raid on Deerfield</a>. In retaliation, Major Benjamin Church went on his fifth and final expedition to Acadia. He raided present-day Castine, Maine and continued with raids against <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pre" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Grand Pre">Grand Pre</a>, Pisiquid, and Chignecto. A few years later, defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pemaquid_(1696)" title="Siege of Pemaquid (1696)">siege of Pemaquid (1696)</a>, Captain March made an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1707)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1707)">siege on the Capital of Acadia</a>, Port Royal (1707). British forces were successful with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">siege of Port Royal (1710)</a>, while the Wabanaki Confederacy were successful in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1711)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)">Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)</a> and continued raids along the Maine frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1710 conquest of the Acadian capital of Port Royal during the war was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713. The British conceded to the French "the island called <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Breton">Cape Breton</a>, as also all others, both in the mouth of the river of St. Lawrence, and in the gulph of the same name", and "all manner of liberty to fortify any place or places there." The French established a fortress at <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a>, Cape Breton, to guard the sea approaches to Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 June 1713, the French residents of Nova Scotia were given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave the region.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the French signalled their preparedness for future hostilities by beginning the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Louisbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Louisbourg">Fortress Louisbourg</a> on Île Royale, now Cape Breton Island. The British grew increasingly alarmed by the prospect of disloyalty in wartime of the Acadians now under their rule. French missionaries worked to maintain the loyalty of Acadians, and to maintain a hold on the mainland part of Acadia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dummer's_War"><span id="Dummer.27s_War"></span>Dummer's War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dummer's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1720_Chatelain_Map_of_North_America_-_Geographicus_-_Amerique-chatelain-1720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1720_Chatelain_Map_of_North_America_-_Geographicus_-_Amerique-chatelain-1720.jpg/300px-1720_Chatelain_Map_of_North_America_-_Geographicus_-_Amerique-chatelain-1720.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1720_Chatelain_Map_of_North_America_-_Geographicus_-_Amerique-chatelain-1720.jpg/450px-1720_Chatelain_Map_of_North_America_-_Geographicus_-_Amerique-chatelain-1720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1720_Chatelain_Map_of_North_America_-_Geographicus_-_Amerique-chatelain-1720.jpg/600px-1720_Chatelain_Map_of_North_America_-_Geographicus_-_Amerique-chatelain-1720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>French map of 1720 North America. Acadie extends clearly into present-day New Brunswick.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the escalation that preceded <a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a> (1722–1725), some Acadians, the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> and the French priests persisted in defending Acadia, which had been conceded to the British in the Treaty of Utrecht, at its border against New England. The Miꞌkmaq refused to recognize the treaty handing over their land to the English and hostilities resumed. The Miꞌkmaq raided the new fort at <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso, Nova Scotia</a> in 1720. The Confederacy made numerous raids on New England settlements along the border into New England. Towards the end of January 1722, Governor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Samuel Shute</a> chose to launch a punitive expedition against <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Rale" title="Sébastien Rale">Sébastien Rale</a>, a Jesuit missionary, at <a href="/wiki/Norridgewock" title="Norridgewock">Norridgewock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This breach of the border of Acadia, which had at any rate been ceded to the British, drew all of the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy into the conflict. </p><p>Under potential siege by the Confederacy, in May 1722, Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Doucett" title="John Doucett">John Doucett</a> took 22 Miꞌkmaq hostage at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a> to prevent the capital from being attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200856_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200856-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1722, the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenaki people">Abenaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq people">Miꞌkmaq</a> created a blockade of Annapolis Royal, with the intent of starving the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865399_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865399-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from present-day <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a> to Canso. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>. </p><p>As a result of the escalating conflict, Massachusetts Governor Shute officially declared war on 22 July 1722.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865398_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865398-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first battle of Father Rale's War happened in the Nova Scotia <a href="/wiki/Acadian_theatre" title="Acadian theatre">theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the blockade of Annapolis Royal, at the end of July 1722, New England launched a campaign to end the blockade and retrieve over 86 New England prisoners taken by the natives. One of these operations resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Winnepang_(Jeddore_Harbour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle at Winnepang (Jeddore Harbour)">Battle at Jeddore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865399_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865399-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next was a raid on Canso in 1723.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200862_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200862-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in July 1724 a group of sixty Miꞌkmaq and Wolastoqiyik raided Annapolis Royal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005164–165_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005164–165-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2004123_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2004123-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Father Rale's War, present-day central Maine fell again to the British with the defeat of Sébastien Rale at Norridgewock and the subsequent retreat of the native population from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King_George's_War"><span id="King_George.27s_War"></span>King George's War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: King George's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Scott_-_Action_Between_Nottingham_And_Mars_1746.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Samuel_Scott_-_Action_Between_Nottingham_And_Mars_1746.jpg/220px-Samuel_Scott_-_Action_Between_Nottingham_And_Mars_1746.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Samuel_Scott_-_Action_Between_Nottingham_And_Mars_1746.jpg/330px-Samuel_Scott_-_Action_Between_Nottingham_And_Mars_1746.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Samuel_Scott_-_Action_Between_Nottingham_And_Mars_1746.jpg/440px-Samuel_Scott_-_Action_Between_Nottingham_And_Mars_1746.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duc_d%27Anville_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc d'Anville Expedition">Duc d'Anville Expedition</a>: <i>Action between <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nottingham_(1703)" title="HMS Nottingham (1703)">HMS </a></i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Nottingham_(1703)" title="HMS Nottingham (1703)">Nottingham<i></i></a><i> and the Mars</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> began when the war declarations from Europe reached the French <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Louisbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Louisbourg">fortress at Louisbourg</a> first, on May 3, 1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities. Concerned about their overland supply lines to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a>, they first <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Canso" title="Raid on Canso">raided the British fishing port of Canso</a> on May 23, and then organized an attack on <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal</a>, then the capital of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. However, French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq people">Miꞌkmaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolastoqiyik" title="Wolastoqiyik">Wolastoqey</a> allies decided to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Anne">attack on their own</a> in early July. Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging <a href="/wiki/Fort_Anne" title="Fort Anne">Fort Anne</a>. Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days. Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which had received supplies and reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a>. In 1745, British colonial forces conducted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Toulouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Port Toulouse (page does not exist)">siege of Port Toulouse</a> (St. Peter's) and then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">captured Fortress Louisbourg</a> after a siege of six weeks. France launched <a href="/wiki/Duc_d%27Anville_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc d'Anville Expedition">a major expedition</a> to recover Acadia in 1746. Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louis_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_La_Rochefoucauld_de_Roye" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Louis Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld de Roye">Duc d'Anville</a>, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective. French officer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Nicolas_Roch_de_Ramezay" title="Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay">Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay</a> also arrived from Quebec and conducted the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Port-la-Joye" title="Battle at Port-la-Joye">Battle at Port-la-Joye</a> on Île Saint-Jean and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Battle of Grand Pré</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Father_Le_Loutre's_War_(1749–1755)"><span id="Father_Le_Loutre.27s_War_.281749.E2.80.931755.29"></span>Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadians_2,_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal,_1751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/290px-Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/435px-Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/580px-Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Acadians at Annapolis Royal, by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scott_(painter)" title="Samuel Scott (painter)">Samuel Scott</a>, 1751; earliest known image of Acadians</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the British capture of the Acadian capital in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">siege of Port Royal (1710)</a>, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Miꞌkmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Miꞌkmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne, Nova Scotia">Shelburne</a> (1715) and <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso</a> (1720). A generation later, <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a> began when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a> arrived to establish <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a> with 13 transports on 21 June 1749.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Miꞌkmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, they erected fortifications in Halifax <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">(Citadel Hill)</a> (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1751), <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a> (1753) and <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a> (1754).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were numerous Miꞌkmaq and Acadian raids on these villages such as the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Raid on Dartmouth (1751)</a>. </p><p>Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British also took firm control of peninsular Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, 1750); Grand Pre (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Vieux_Logis" title="Fort Vieux Logis">Fort Vieux Logis</a>, 1749) and Chignecto (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lawrence">Fort Lawrence</a>, 1750). (A British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia</a>. Cobequid remained without a fort.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2005_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous Miꞌkmaq and Acadian raids took place against these fortifications, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pre" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Grand Pre">siege of Grand Pre</a> (1749). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deportation_of_the_Acadians">Deportation of the Acadians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deportation of the Acadians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross,_by_Thomas_Davies,_1758.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/220px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/330px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/440px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John River Campaign">St. John River Campaign</a>: <i>A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross</i> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_New_Brunswick" title="Arcadia, New Brunswick">Arcadia, New Brunswick</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davies_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Davies (British Army officer)">Thomas Davies</a> in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/220px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/330px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/440px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the years after the British conquest, the Acadians refused to swear unconditional oaths of allegiance to the British crown. During this time period some Acadians participated in militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to Fortress Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process began in 1755, after the British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">captured Fort Beauséjour</a> and began the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expulsion of the Acadians</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy_Campaign_(1755)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)">Bay of Fundy Campaign</a>. Between six and seven thousand Acadians were expelled from Nova Scotia<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">lower British American colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Acadians eluded capture by fleeing deep into the wilderness or into <a href="/wiki/Canada,_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada, New France">French-controlled Canada</a>. The Quebec town of L'Acadie (now a sector of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" title="Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu</a>) was founded by expelled Acadians.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a>, a second wave of the expulsion began with the <a href="/wiki/St._John_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John River Campaign">St. John River Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Petitcodiac River Campaign">Petitcodiac River Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_Campaign_(1758)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758)">Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Jean_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Saint-Jean Campaign">Île Saint-Jean Campaign</a>. </p><p>The Acadians and the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> created a significant resistance to the British throughout the war. They repeatedly raided Canso, Lunenburg, Halifax, Chignecto and into New England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any pretense that France might maintain or regain control over the remnants of Acadia came to an end with the fall of Montreal in 1760 and the 1763 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which permanently ceded almost all of eastern New France to Britain. In 1763, Britain would designate lands west of the Appalachians as the "Indian Reserve", but did not respect Miꞌkmaq title to the Atlantic region, claiming title was obtained from the French. The Miꞌkmaq remain in Acadia to this day. After 1764, many exiled Acadians finally settled in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, which had been transferred by France to Spain as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> which formally ended conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in the United States),.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> <i>Acadian</i> developed into <i><a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a>,</i> which was first used as a pejorative term until its later mainstream acceptance. </p><p>Britain eventually moderated its policies and allowed Acadians to return to Nova Scotia. However, most of the fertile former Acadian lands were now occupied by British colonists. The returning Acadians settled instead in more outlying areas of the original Acadia, such as Cape Breton and the areas which are now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian_Renaissance">Acadian Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Acadian Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/170px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/255px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/340px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Modern flag of Acadia adopted 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the Acadian descendants in the Canadian Maritime provinces, there was a revival of cultural awareness which is recognized as an Acadian Renaissance,<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a struggle for recognition of Acadians as a distinct group starting in the mid-nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Acadian deputies were elected to legislative assemblies, starting in 1836 with <a href="/wiki/Simon_d%27Entremont" title="Simon d'Entremont">Simon d'Entremont</a> in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other provincial and federal members followed in New Brunswick and in Prince Edward Island.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period saw the founding of Acadian higher educational institutions: the Saint Thomas Seminary from 1854 to 1862 and then <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Joseph%27s_College" title="University of St. Joseph's College">Saint Joseph's College</a> from 1864, both in <a href="/wiki/Memramcook,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Memramcook, New Brunswick">Memramcook, New Brunswick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the founding of Acadian newspapers: the weekly <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Acadien" title="Le Moniteur Acadien">Le Moniteur Acadien</a></i></span> in 1867<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the daily <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Évangéline</i></span> in 1887 (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89vang%C3%A9line" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Évangéline">fr</a>), named after the <a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">epic poem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a>. </p><p>In New Brunswick the 1870s saw a struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Common_Schools_Act_of_1871" title="Common Schools Act of 1871">Common Schools Act of 1871</a>, which imposed a non-denominational school system and forbade religious instruction during school hours.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to widespread Acadian protests and school-tax boycotts, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Common_Schools_Act_of_1871#1875_Caraquet_riots" title="Common Schools Act of 1871">1875 riots in the town of Caraquet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in 1875 a <a href="/wiki/Common_Schools_Act_of_1871#Amendment" title="Common Schools Act of 1871">compromise</a> was reached allowing for some Catholic religious teaching in the schools.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s there began a series of Acadian national conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-CyberAc_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CyberAc-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first in 1881 adopted <a href="/wiki/Assumption_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption Day">Assumption Day</a> (Aug.15) as the <a href="/wiki/National_Acadian_Day" title="National Acadian Day">Acadian national holiday</a>. The convention favored the argument of the priest Marcel-François Richard (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel-Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel-François Richard">fr</a>) that Acadians are a distinct people which should have a national holiday distinct from that of Quebec (<a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Day" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second convention in 1884 adopted other national symbols including the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">flag of Acadia</a> designed by Marcel-François Richard, and the anthem <a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella#Acadian_anthem" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DCB_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third convention in 1890 created the Société nationale L'Assomption to promote the interests of the Acadian people in the Maritimes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Acadian national conventions continued until the fifteenth in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-CyberAc_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CyberAc-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885, the author, historian and linguist <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Poirier" title="Pascal Poirier">Pascal Poirier</a> became the first Acadian member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_beyond">20th century and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early twentieth century, some Acadians were chosen for leadership positions in New Brunswick. In 1912, Monseigneur Édouard LeBlanc of Nova Scotia was named bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>, after a campaign lasting many years to convince the Vatican to appoint an Acadian bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, the premier of Prince Edward Island resigned to accept a judicial position, and his Conservative Party chose <a href="/wiki/Aubin-Edmond_Arsenault" title="Aubin-Edmond Arsenault">Aubin-Edmond Arsenault</a> as successor until the next election in 1919. Arsenault thus became the first Acadian provincial premier of any province in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Veniot" title="Peter Veniot">Peter Veniot</a> became the first Acadian premier of New Brunswick when he was chosen by the Liberal Party to complete the term of the retiring premier until 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of Acadian influence in the Catholic church continued in 1936 with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Moncton" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moncton">Archdiocese of Moncton</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose first archbishop was <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph-Arthur_Melanson" title="Louis-Joseph-Arthur Melanson">Louis-Joseph-Arthur Melanson</a>, and whose <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption_Cathedral,_Moncton" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral, Moncton">Cathédrale Notre-Dame de l’Assomption</a> was completed in 1940. The new archdiocese was expanded to include new predominantly Acadian dioceses in <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_Brunswick" title="Bathurst, New Brunswick">Bathurst, New Brunswick</a> (1938), in <a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a> (1944) and in <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth, Nova Scotia</a> (1953).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_of_Louis_Robichaud">Government of Louis Robichaud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government of Louis Robichaud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Robichaud" title="Louis Robichaud">Louis Robichaud</a> became the first Acadian to be elected premier of a Canadian province. He was elected premier of New Brunswick in 1960 and served three terms until 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Robichaud government created the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a> in 1963 as a unilingual French-language university,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to the much older unilingual English-language <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a>. In 1964, two different deputy ministers of education were named to direct English-language and French-language school systems respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next few years, the Université de Moncton absorbed the former Saint-Joseph's College,<sup id="cite_ref-UM_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UM-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the École Normale (teacher's college) which trained French-speaking teachers for the Acadian schools.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, two French-speaking colleges in Northern New Brunswick were transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shippagan" title="Shippagan">Shippagan</a> campuses of the Université de Moncton.<sup id="cite_ref-UM_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UM-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Equal_Opportunity_program" title="New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program">New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program</a> of 1967 introduced reforms of municipal structures, of health care, of education, and of the administration of justice. In general, these changes tended to reduce economic inequality between regions of the province, and therefore tended to favour the disadvantaged Acadian regions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Official_Languages_Act_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969)">New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969)</a> declared New Brunswick officially bilingual with English and French having equal status as official languages. Residents have the right to receive provincial government services in the official language of their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_1970">After 1970</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: After 1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Brunswick government of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hatfield" title="Richard Hatfield">Richard Hatfield</a> (1970–87) cooperated with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> in including the right to linguistic equality in the province as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> of 1982, so that it cannot be rescinded by any future provincial government.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nova Scotia adopted Bill 65 in 1981 to give Acadian schools legal status, and also created a study program including Acadian history and culture. The Acadian schools were placed under separate management in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Edward Island provided French-language schools in 1980 in areas with a sufficient number of Acadian students, followed by a French-language school commission for the province in 1990. In 2000 a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> obliged the provincial government to build French schools at least in <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summerside,_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Summerside, Prince Edward Island">Summerside</a>, the two largest communities.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new French-language daily newspaper <a href="/wiki/L%27Acadie_Nouvelle" title="L'Acadie Nouvelle">L'Acadie Nouvelle</a> published in <a href="/wiki/Caraquet" title="Caraquet">Caraquet</a> appeared in 1984, replacing L’Évangeline which ceased publication in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The series of Acadian National Conventions from 1881 to 1972 was followed by an Acadian National Orientation Convention in 1979 at <a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1994, there has been a new series of <a href="/wiki/Acadian_World_Congress" title="Acadian World Congress">Acadian World Congresses</a> at five-year intervals starting with 1994 in southeastern New Brunswick and 1999 in Louisiana. The most recent was centered in <a href="/wiki/Summerside,_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Summerside, Prince Edward Island">Summerside, Prince Edward Island</a> in 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_military_figures_of_Acadia">Notable military figures of Acadia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable military figures of Acadia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list includes those who were born in Acadia (yet not necessarily of Acadian ethnicity) or those who became <a href="/wiki/Naturalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized">naturalized</a> citizens prior to the fall of the French in the region in 1763. Those who came for brief periods from other countries are not included (e.g. <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">John Gorham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Boishébert</a>, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–18th_century"><span id="17th.E2.80.9318th_century"></span>17th–18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 17th–18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_d%27Aulnay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles de Menou d'Aulnay – Civil War in Acadia"><img alt="Charles de Menou d'Aulnay – Civil War in Acadia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Charles_d%27Aulnay.jpg/101px-Charles_d%27Aulnay.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Charles_d%27Aulnay.jpg/151px-Charles_d%27Aulnay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Charles_d%27Aulnay.jpg/201px-Charles_d%27Aulnay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Menou_d%27Aulnay" title="Charles de Menou d'Aulnay">Charles de Menou d'Aulnay</a> – Civil War in Acadia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Françoise-Marie Jacquelin – Civil War in Acadia"><img alt="Françoise-Marie Jacquelin – Civil War in Acadia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin.jpg/94px-Portrait_Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin.jpg/141px-Portrait_Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin.jpg/188px-Portrait_Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin" title="Françoise-Marie Jacquelin">Françoise-Marie Jacquelin</a> – Civil War in Acadia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BaronDeStCastin1881byWill_H_Lowe_Wilson_Museum_Archives.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baron de Saint-Castin – Castine's War"><img alt="Baron de Saint-Castin – Castine's War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BaronDeStCastin1881byWill_H_Lowe_Wilson_Museum_Archives.jpg/95px-BaronDeStCastin1881byWill_H_Lowe_Wilson_Museum_Archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BaronDeStCastin1881byWill_H_Lowe_Wilson_Museum_Archives.jpg/142px-BaronDeStCastin1881byWill_H_Lowe_Wilson_Museum_Archives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BaronDeStCastin1881byWill_H_Lowe_Wilson_Museum_Archives.jpg/189px-BaronDeStCastin1881byWill_H_Lowe_Wilson_Museum_Archives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin" title="Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin">Baron de Saint-Castin</a> – <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">Castine's War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville – Queen Anne's War"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville – Queen Anne's War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville.jpg/97px-Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville.jpg/146px-Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville.jpg/195px-Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Hertel_de_Rouville" title="Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville">Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_d%27Auger_de_Subercase.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daniel d'Auger de Subercase, last governor of Acadia 1706–1710"><img alt="Daniel d'Auger de Subercase, last governor of Acadia 1706–1710" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Daniel_d%27Auger_de_Subercase.jpg/83px-Daniel_d%27Auger_de_Subercase.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Daniel_d%27Auger_de_Subercase.jpg/125px-Daniel_d%27Auger_de_Subercase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Daniel_d%27Auger_de_Subercase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_d%27Auger_de_Subercase" title="Daniel d'Auger de Subercase">Daniel d'Auger de Subercase</a>, last governor of Acadia 1706–1710</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Point_Monument,_Madison,_ME.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sébastien Rale – Father Rale's War"><img alt="Sébastien Rale – Father Rale's War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Old_Point_Monument%2C_Madison%2C_ME.jpg/77px-Old_Point_Monument%2C_Madison%2C_ME.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Old_Point_Monument%2C_Madison%2C_ME.jpg/115px-Old_Point_Monument%2C_Madison%2C_ME.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Old_Point_Monument%2C_Madison%2C_ME.jpg/154px-Old_Point_Monument%2C_Madison%2C_ME.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Rale" title="Sébastien Rale">Sébastien Rale</a> – <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-BaptisteCopeSignatureJPEG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope – Father Le Loutre's War"><img alt="Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope – Father Le Loutre's War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jean-BaptisteCopeSignatureJPEG.jpg/120px-Jean-BaptisteCopeSignatureJPEG.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jean-BaptisteCopeSignatureJPEG.jpg/180px-Jean-BaptisteCopeSignatureJPEG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jean-BaptisteCopeSignatureJPEG.jpg/240px-Jean-BaptisteCopeSignatureJPEG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cope" title="Jean-Baptiste Cope">Jean-Baptiste Cope</a> – <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre – Father Le Loutre's War"><img alt="Jean-Louis Le Loutre – Father Le Loutre's War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg/81px-Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg/121px-Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg/162px-Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a> – <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomaspichon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Pichon"><img alt="Thomas Pichon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Thomaspichon.jpg/93px-Thomaspichon.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Thomaspichon.jpg/140px-Thomaspichon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Thomaspichon.jpg/186px-Thomaspichon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pichon" title="Thomas Pichon">Thomas Pichon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph (Beausoleil) Broussard"><img alt="Joseph (Beausoleil) Broussard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg/102px-Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg/153px-Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg/204px-Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph (Beausoleil) Broussard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JosephGodin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Godin – French and Indian War"><img alt="Joseph Godin – French and Indian War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/JosephGodin.jpg/96px-JosephGodin.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/JosephGodin.jpg/144px-JosephGodin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/JosephGodin.jpg/192px-JosephGodin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Godin" title="Joseph Godin">Joseph Godin</a> – <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour</a> – Civil War in Acadia</li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/Madockawando" title="Madockawando">Madockawando</a> – <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gyles" title="John Gyles">John Gyles</a> – <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Louis-Pierre_Thury" title="Louis-Pierre Thury">Louis-Pierre Thury</a>– <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maisonnat_dit_Baptiste" title="Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste">Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Morris_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Morris (jurist)">Charles Morris (jurist)</a> – <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maillard" title="Pierre Maillard">Pierre Maillard</a> – <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a> – <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_II_Surette" title="Pierre II Surette">Pierre II Surette</a> – <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acadia was in territory disputed between France and Great Britain. England controlled the area from 1621 to 1632 (see <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Stirling" title="William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling">William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling</a>) and again from 1654 until 1670 (see <a href="/wiki/William_Crowne" title="William Crowne">William Crowne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Temple" title="Thomas Temple">Thomas Temple</a>), with control permanently regained by its successor state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, in 1710 (ceded under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713). Although France controlled the territory in the remaining periods, French monarchs consistently neglected Acadia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil government under the French regime was held by a series of Governors (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">List of governors of Acadia</a>). The government of New France was in Quebec, but it had only nominal authority over the Acadians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Acadians implemented village self-rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000176_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000176-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after Canada had given up its elected spokesmen, the Acadians continued to demand a say in their own government, as late as 1706 petitioning the monarchy to allow them to elect spokesmen each year by a plurality of voices. In a sign of his indifference to the colony, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> agreed to their demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000175_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000175-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This representative assembly was a direct offshoot of a government system that developed out of the seigneurial and church parish imported from Europe. The seigneurial system was a "set of legal regimes and practices pertaining to local landholding, politics, economics, and jurisprudence."<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the French governors of Acadia prior to <a href="/wiki/Hector_d%27Andign%C3%A9_de_Grandfontaine" title="Hector d'Andigné de Grandfontaine">Hector d'Andigné de Grandfontaine</a> held seigneuries in Acadia. As Seigneur, in addition to the power held as governor, they held the right to grant land, collect their seigneurial rents, and act in judgement over disputes within their domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Acadia came under direct Royal rule under Grandfontaine the Seigneurs continued to fulfill governance roles. The Acadian seignuerial system came to an end when the British Crown bought the seigneurial rights in the 1730s. </p><p>The Catholic parish system along with the accompanying parish priest also aided in the development Acadian self-government. Priests, given their respected position, often assisted the community in representation with the civil government at Port Royal/Annapolis Royal. Within each parish the Acadians used the elected <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marguilliers</i></span> (wardens) of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">conseil de fabrique</i></span> to administer more than just the churches' affairs in the parishes. The Acadians extended this system to see to the administrative needs of the community in general. The Acadians protected this structure from the priests and were "No mere subordinates to clerical authority, wardens were 'always suspicious of any interference by the priests' in the life of the rural parish, an institution which was, ... , largely a creation of the inhabitants."<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the British regime many of the deputies were drawn from this <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marguillier</i></span> group. </p><p>The Acadians occupied a borderland region of the British and French empires. As such the Acadian homeland was subjected to the ravages of war on numerous occasions. Through experience the Acadians learned to distrust imperial authorities (British and French). This is evidenced in a small way when Acadians were uncooperative with census takers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administrators complained of constant in-fighting among the population, which filed many petty civil suits with colonial magistrates. Most of these were over boundary lines, as the Acadians were very quick to protect their new lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance_under_the_British_after_1710">Governance under the British after 1710</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Governance under the British after 1710"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deputy_(Acadian)" title="Deputy (Acadian)">Deputy (Acadian)</a></div> <p>After 1710, the British military administration continued to utilize the deputy system the Acadians had developed under French colonial rule. Prior to 1732 the deputies were appointed by the governor from men in the districts of Acadian families "as ancientest and most considerable in Lands & possessions,".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan190059'"`UNIQ--ref-00000086-QINU`"'_90-0" class="reference">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan190059'"`UNIQ--ref-00000086-QINU`"'-90|<span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span>]]</sup> This appears to be in contravention of various <a href="/wiki/British_penal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="British penal law">British penal laws</a> which made it nearly impossible for Roman Catholics and Protestant recusants to hold military and government positions. The need for effective administration and communication in many of the British colonies trumped the laws. </p><p>In 1732, the governance institution was formalized. Under the formalized system the colony was divided into eight districts. Annually on October 11 free elections were to take place where each district, depending on its size, was to elect two, three, or four deputies. In observance of the Lord's Day, if October 11 fell on a Sunday the elections were to take place on the immediately following Monday. Notice of the annual election was to be given in all districts thirty days before the election date. Immediately following election, deputies, both outgoing and incoming, were to report to Annapolis Royal to receive the governor's approval and instructions. Prior to 1732 deputies had complained about the time and expense of holding office and carrying out their duties. Under the new elected deputy system each district was to provide for the expenses of their elected deputies. </p><p>The duties of the deputies were broad and included reporting to the government in council the affairs of the districts, distribution of government proclamations, assistance in the settlement of various local disputes (primarily related to land), and ensuring that various weights and measures used in trade were "Conformable to the Standard".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900190'"`UNIQ--ref-00000088-QINU`"'_92-0" class="reference">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900190'"`UNIQ--ref-00000088-QINU`"'-92|<span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span>]]</sup> </p><p>In addition to deputies, several other public positions existed. Each district had a clerk who worked closely with the deputies and under his duties recorded the records and orders of government, deeds and conveyances, and kept other public records. With the rapid expansion of the Acadian populace, there was also a growing number of cattle and sheep. The burgeoning herds and flocks, often free-ranging, necessitated the creation of the position of Overseer of Flocks. These individuals controlled where the flocks grazed, settled disputes and recorded the names of individuals slaughtering animals to ensure proper ownership. Skins and hides were inspected for brands. </p><p>After the purchase by the British Crown of the seigniorial rights in Acadia, various rents and fees were due to the Crown. In the Minas, Piziquid and Cobequid Districts the seigniorial fees were collected by the "Collector & Receiver of All His Majesty's Quit Rents, Dues, or Revenues". The Collector was to keep a record of all rents and other fees collected, submit the rents to Annapolis Royal, and retain fifteen percent to cover his expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900248'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008A-QINU`"'_94-0" class="reference">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900248'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008A-QINU`"'-94|<span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span>]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadie_1750.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Acadie_1750.JPG/330px-Acadie_1750.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Acadie_1750.JPG/495px-Acadie_1750.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Acadie_1750.JPG/660px-Acadie_1750.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Main Acadian communities before the deportation</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1654, trading companies and patent holders concerned with fishing recruited men in France to come to Acadia to work at the commercial outposts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200092_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk200092-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Acadian population was a small number of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a> and soldiers brought by the fur-trading companies. </p><p>Gradually, fishermen began settling in the area as well, rather than return to France with the seasonal fishing fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the recruiting took place at <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>. Between 1653 and 1654, 104 men were recruited at La Rochelle. Of these, 31% were builders, 15% were soldiers and sailors, 8% were food preparers, 6.7% were farm workers, and an additional 6.7% worked in the clothing trades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200092_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk200092-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty-five percent of Acadia's first families came from western and southwestern France, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saintonge_(region)" title="Saintonge (region)">Saintonge</a>. Over 85% of these (47% of the total), were former residents of the La Chaussée area of Poitou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the families who arrived in 1632 with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Isaac de Razilly</a> shared some blood ties; those not related by blood shared cultural ties with the others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of original immigrants was very small, and only about 100 surnames existed within the Acadian community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the earliest French settlers in Acadia intermarried with the local <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/220px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/330px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/440px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>This Acadian flag was established at the second Acadian Convention in 1884 at Miscouche, Prince Edward Island.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> lawyer, Marc Lescarbot, who spent just over a year in Acadia, arriving in May 1606, described the Micmac as having "courage, fidelity, generosity, and humanity, and their hospitality is so innate and praiseworthy that they receive among them every man who is not an enemy. They are not simpletons. ... So that if we commonly call them Savages, the word is abusive and unmerited."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200018_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk200018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the immigrants to Acadia were poor peasants in France, making them social equals in this new context. The colony had very limited economic support or cultural contacts with France, leaving a "social vacuum" that allowed "individual talents and industry ... [to supplant] inherited social position as the measure of a man's worth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19873_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19873-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acadians lived as social equals, with the elderly and priests considered slightly superior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000175_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000175-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the French colonists in Canada and the early English colonies in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, Acadians maintained an extended kinship system,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19873_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19873-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the large extended families assisted in building homes and barns, as well as cultivating and harvesting crops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198711_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198711-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also relied on interfamily cooperation to accomplish community goals, such as building dikes to reclaim tidal marshes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000270_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000270-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marriages were generally not love matches but were arranged for economic or social reasons. Parental consent was required for anyone under 25 who wished to marry, and both the mother's and father's consent was recorded in the marriage deed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000180_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000180-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce was not permitted in New France, and annulments were almost impossible to get. Legal separation was offered as an option but was seldom used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000229_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000229-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Acadians were suspicious of outsiders and on occasion did not readily cooperate with census takers. The first reliable population figures for the area came with the census of 1671, which noted fewer than 450 people. By 1714, the Acadian population had expanded to 2,528 individuals, mostly from natural increase rather than immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Acadian women in the 18th century gave birth to living children an average of eleven times. Although these numbers are identical to those in Canada, 75% of Acadian children reached adulthood, many more than in other parts of New France. The isolation of the Acadian communities meant the people were not exposed to many of the imported epidemics, allowing the children to remain healthier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000219_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000219-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1714, a few Acadian families emigrated to <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Royale_(New_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Royale (New France)">Île Royale</a>. These families had little property. But for the majority of Acadians, they could not be enticed by the French government to abandon their family lands for an area which was unknown and uncultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Acadians migrated to nearby <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Jean" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Saint-Jean">Île Saint-Jean</a> (now Prince Edward Island) to take advantage of the fertile cropland. In 1732, the island had 347 settlers but within 25 years its population had expanded to 5000 Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20006_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20006-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the population surge on Île Saint-Jean took place in the 1750s, as Acadians left during the rising tensions on peninsular Nova Scotia after the settlement of Halifax in 1749. Le Loutre played a role in these removals through acts of encouragement and threats. The exodus to Île Saint-Jean became a flood with refugees fleeing British-held territory after the initial expulsions of 1755. </p><p>In contemporary Atlantic Canada, it is estimated that there are 300,000 French-speaking Acadians.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there is a diaspora of over three million Acadian descendants in the world, primarily in the United States, in Canada outside the Atlantic region, and in France.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Acadian households were self-sufficient,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198710_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198710-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with families engaged in subsistence farming only for a few years while they established their farms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19879_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19879-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very rapidly the Acadians established productive farms that yielded surplus crops that allowed them to trade with both Boston and Louisbourg.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farms tended to remain small plots of land worked by individual families rather than slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200012_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk200012-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly productive dyked marshlands and cleared uplands produced an abundance of fodder that supported significant production of cows, sheep and pigs. Farmers grew various grains: wheat, oats, barley, hops and rye; vegetables: peas, cabbage, turnips, onions, carrots, chives, shallots, asparagus, parsnips and beets; fruit: apples, pears, cherries, plums, raspberry and white strawberry.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition they grew crops of hemp and flax for the production of cloth, rope, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths2005_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the rivers, estuaries and seas they harvested shad, smelts, gaspereau, cod, salmon, bass, etc., utilizing fish traps in the rivers, weirs in the inter-tidal zone and from the sea with lines and nets from their boats. The fishery was pursued on a commercial basis as in 1715 at the Minas Basin settlements, when the Acadian population there numbered only in the hundreds, they had "between 30 - 40 sail of vessels, built by themselves, which they employ in fishing" reported Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Caulfield to the Board of Trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Morris observed the Acadians at Minas hunting beluga whales.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acadians also varied their diets by hunting for moose, hare, ducks and geese, and pigeon.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1630, the Acadians began to build dikes and drain the sea marsh above Port Royal. The high salinity of the reclaimed coastal marshland meant that the land would need to sit for three years after it was drained before it could be cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198711_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198711-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land reclamation techniques that were used closely resembled the enclosures near La Rochelle that helped make solar salt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As time progressed, the Acadian agriculture improved, and Acadians traded with the British colonies in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> to gain ironware, fine cloth, rum, and salt. During the French administration of Acadia, this trade was illegal, but it did not stop some English traders from establishing small stores in Port Royal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000174_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000174-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under English rule, the Acadians traded with New England and often smuggled their excess food to Boston merchants waiting at Baie Verte for transshipment to the French at Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198716_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198716-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many adult sons who did not inherit land from their parents settled on adjacent vacant lands to remain close to their families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000178_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000178-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Acadian population expanded and available land became limited around Port Royal, new settlements took root to the northeast, in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, including Mines, Pisiquid, and <a href="/wiki/Beaubassin" title="Beaubassin">Beaubassin</a>. Many of the pioneers into that area persuaded some of their relatives to accompany them, and most of the frontier settlements contained only five to ten interrelated family units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198712_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198712-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a> (from 1604 to 21st century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aquitaine">History of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acadians" title="List of Acadians">List of Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">List of governors of Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_architecture" title="Acadian architecture">Acadian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_culture" title="Acadian culture">Acadian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_literature" title="Acadian literature">Acadian literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the 144 years prior to the founding of Halifax (1749), Port Royal (or Annapolis Royal) was the capital of Acadia for 112 of those years. The other locations that served as the capital of Acadia are: <a href="/wiki/LaHave,_Nova_Scotia" title="LaHave, Nova Scotia">LaHave, Nova Scotia</a> (1632–1636 ), <a href="/wiki/Castine,_Maine" title="Castine, Maine">Castine, Maine</a> (1670–1674), <a href="/wiki/Beaubassin" title="Beaubassin">Beaubassin</a> (1678–1684), <a href="/wiki/Jemseg,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemseg, New Brunswick">Jemseg, New Brunswick</a> (1690–1691), <a href="/wiki/Fredericton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredericton, New Brunswick">Fredericton, New Brunswick</a> (1691–1694), and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a> (1695–1699).<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until 1784, New Brunswick was part of Nova Scotia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Miꞌkmaq-Maliseet War" by John Grenier (<a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier 2008</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The framework "Father Le Loutre's War" is developed by John Grenier in <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a> <i>The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760</i>. and <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2005">Grenier (2005)</a> <i>The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814</i>. He outlines his rationale for naming these conflicts as Father Le Loutre's War</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler's analysis of census records and other primary documents reveal that most farms by 1686 were producing in livestock alone, on a per capita basis, twice as much as was needed for their own consumption. This does not include food crops and the animals harvested from the natural environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson183227,_266,_293_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1832">Williamson 1832</a>, pp. 27, 266, 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunn2004" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Brenda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9c4hPwAACAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>A History of Port-Royal-Annapolis Royal, 1605-1800</i></a>. Nimbus Publishing, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-740-4"><bdi>978-1-55109-740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Port-Royal-Annapolis+Royal%2C+1605-1800&rft.pub=Nimbus+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55109-740-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9c4hPwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers1790" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers, George (1790). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acollectiontrea00britgoog"><i>A Collection of Treaties Between Great Britain and Other Powers</i></a>. J. Stockdale. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acollectiontrea00britgoog/page/n407">381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+Treaties+Between+Great+Britain+and+Other+Powers&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=J.+Stockdale&rft.date=1790&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facollectiontrea00britgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaujot1998" class="citation book cs1">Beaujot, Roderic (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NraPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"Demographic Considerations in Canadian Language Policy"</a>. In Ricento, Thomas K.; Burnaby, Barbara (eds.). <i>Language and Politics in the United States and Canada: Myths and Realities</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-68104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-68104-3"><bdi>978-1-135-68104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demographic+Considerations+in+Canadian+Language+Policy&rft.btitle=Language+and+Politics+in+the+United+States+and+Canada%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-135-68104-3&rft.aulast=Beaujot&rft.aufirst=Roderic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNraPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Morley, William F. E. (1979) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/verrazzano_giovanni_da_1E.html">"Verrazzano, Giovanni da"</a>. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verrazzano%2C+Giovanni+da&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=William+F.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fverrazzano_giovanni_da_1E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLescarbot1928" class="citation book cs1">Lescarbot, Marc (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPrcG_1-PFYC&pg=PA1"><i>Nova Francia: A Description of Acadia, 1606</i></a>. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34468-5"><bdi>978-0-415-34468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nova+Francia%3A+A+Description+of+Acadia%2C+1606&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34468-5&rft.aulast=Lescarbot&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPrcG_1-PFYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang, p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid1998-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid1998_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid1998_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1998" class="citation book cs1">Reid, John G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnxIPgAACAAJ&pg=PA31">"An International Region of the Northeast: Rise and Decline, 1635–1762"</a>. In Buckner, Phillip A.; Campbell, Gail G.; Frank, David (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/31"><i>The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation</i></a> (third ed.). Acadiensis Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9191-0744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9191-0744-1"><bdi>978-0-9191-0744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+International+Region+of+the+Northeast%3A+Rise+and+Decline%2C+1635%E2%80%931762&rft.btitle=The+Acadiensis+Reader%3A+Atlantic+Canada+Before+Confederation&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Acadiensis+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9191-0744-1&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnxIPgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2005_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2005_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2005_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&pg=PA61"><i>From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Migrant+to+Acadian%3A+A+North+American+Border+People%2C+1604-1755&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2699-0&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcG4wSmIlziYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clarence_Webster" title="John Clarence Webster">Webster, John Clarence</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1F3AQ4YS"><i>Acadia at the End of the Seventeenth Century : Letters, Journals and Memoirs of Joseph Robineau de Villebon, Commandant in Acadia, 1690-1700, and Other Contemporary Documents</i></a>. The New Brunswick Museum. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadia+at+the+End+of+the+Seventeenth+Century+%3A+Letters%2C+Journals+and+Memoirs+of+Joseph+Robineau+de+Villebon%2C+Commandant+in+Acadia%2C+1690-1700%2C+and+Other+Contemporary+Documents&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=The+New+Brunswick+Museum&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=John+Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.ucalgary.ca%2Fasset-management%2F2R3BF1F3AQ4YS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks_Canada_Agency2023" class="citation web cs1">Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (June 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/fortanne/culture/autochtone-indigenous">"Indigenous culture"</a>. <i>parks.canada.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parks.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Indigenous+culture&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft.aulast=Parks+Canada+Agency&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Flhn-nhs%2Fns%2Ffortanne%2Fculture%2Fautochtone-indigenous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher200517–19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher200517–19_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher 2005</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1983" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, M.A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gYVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Fortune & La Tour: the Civil War in Acadia</i></a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780458958009" title="Special:BookSources/9780458958009"><bdi>9780458958009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortune+%26+La+Tour%3A+the+Civil+War+in+Acadia&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780458958009&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gYVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrins1999" class="citation conference cs1">Prins, Harald E. L. 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Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86492-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86492-426-1"><bdi>978-0-86492-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Canada%3A+The+Grand+Communications+Route+from+Saint+John+to+Quebec&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Goose+Lane+Editions&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86492-426-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJe0MAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200851,_54-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200851,_54_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier 2008</a>, pp. 51, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=14831&pid=0">Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">Canadian Register of Historic Places</a></i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=213">Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada</a>. <i>Directory of Federal Heritage Designations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011031532/http://www.northeastarch.com/sainte_anne.html">"Mission Sainte-Anne: Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia"</a>. Northeast Archaeological Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northeastarch.com/sainte_anne.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+Sainte-Anne%3A+Shubenacadie%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Northeast+Archaeological+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeastarch.com%2Fsainte_anne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1897" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Samuel Adams (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/borderwarsnew00drakrich#page/264/mode/2up"><i>The Border Wars of New England</i></a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 264–266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Border+Wars+of+New+England&rft.pages=264-266&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fborderwarsnew00drakrich%23page%2F264%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaty_of_Utrecht_between_France_and_Great_Britain"><i>Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain</i> </a></span>. 1713. 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Brook and Company. pp. 28–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oath+of+Allegiance&rft.btitle=The+Acadian+exiles%3A+a+chronicle+of+the+land+of+Evangeline&rft.pages=28-46&rft.pub=Brook+and+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=Arthur+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facadianexileschr00douguoft%2Fpage%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/archives/deportation/archives.asp?Number=ONEII&Page=263&Language=English&Search=allegiance">"Acadian HeartlandRecords of the Deportation and Le Grand Dérangement, 1714-1768"</a>. <i>Nova Scotia Archives</i>. 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In Hayne, David (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rale%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Charland&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Frale_sebastien_2E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200856-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200856_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier 2008</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865399-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865399_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865399_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurdoch1865">Murdoch 1865</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865398-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1865398_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurdoch1865">Murdoch 1865</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank2001" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwtrvUzceIC&pg=PA78"><i>An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1869-8"><bdi>0-8122-1869-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unsettled+Conquest%3A+The+British+Campaign+Against+the+Peoples+of+Acadia&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8122-1869-8&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWwtrvUzceIC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200862-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200862_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier 2008</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Church, p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005164–165-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005164–165_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher 2005</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2004123-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2004123_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2004">Dunn 2004</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkins1895" class="citation book cs1">Akins, Thomas B. 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Nova Scotia Historical Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyhalifaxc00akingoog/page/n15">7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Halifax+City&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Akins&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryhalifaxc00akingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2005_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2005_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2005">Grenier 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1998" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnxIPgAACAAJ&pg=PA105">"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749–61: A Study in Political Interaction"</a>. In Buckner, Phillip A.; Campbell, Gail G.; Frank, David (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105"><i>The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation</i></a> (third ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105">105–106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9191-0744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9191-0744-1"><bdi>978-0-9191-0744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian-White+Relations+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749%E2%80%9361%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Interaction&rft.btitle=The+Acadiensis+Reader%3A+Atlantic+Canada+Before+Confederation&rft.pages=105-106&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Acadiensis+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9191-0744-1&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnxIPgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1994" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2spDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">"Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples"</a>. In Buckner, Phillip; Reid, John G. (eds.). <i>The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-1676-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonial+Wars+and+Aboriginal+Peoples&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Region+to+Confederation%3A+A+History&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-1676-5&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2spDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouhot2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mouhot, Jean-Francois (2009). <i>Les Réfugiés Acadiens en France (1758–1785): L'Impossible réintégration?</i> [<i>The Acadian Refugees in France, 1758-1785: The Impossible Reintegration?</i>] (in French). Editions du Septentrion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8944-8513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8944-8513-2"><bdi>978-2-8944-8513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+R%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s+Acadiens+en+France+%281758%E2%80%931785%29%3A+L%27Impossible+r%C3%A9int%C3%A9gration%3F&rft.pub=Editions+du+Septentrion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-8944-8513-2&rft.aulast=Mouhot&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacoursière1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lacoursière, Jacques (1995). <i>Histoire populaire du Québec, Tome 1, des origines à 1791</i> [<i>Folk History of Quebec, Volume 1: From origins to 1791</i>] (in French). Éditions du Septentrion. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8944-8739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8944-8739-6"><bdi>978-2-8944-8739-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+populaire+du+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Tome+1%2C+des+origines+%C3%A0+1791&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Septentrion&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-8944-8739-6&rft.aulast=Lacoursi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005041258/http://www.ville.saint-jean-sur-richelieu.qc.ca/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=y1_2">"Ville de Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville.saint-jean-sur-richelieu.qc.ca/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=y1_2">the original</a> on October 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ville+de+Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville.saint-jean-sur-richelieu.qc.ca%2Fcgi-bin%2Findex.cgi%3Fpage%3Dy1_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marston-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marston_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarston2002" class="citation book cs1">Marston, Daniel (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchindianwar00mars_617"><i>The French–Indian War 1754–1760</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchindianwar00mars_617/page/n81">84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96838-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96838-0"><bdi>0-415-96838-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French%E2%80%93Indian+War+1754%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-96838-0&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchindianwar00mars_617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang, p.128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landscapeofgrandpre.ca/a-productive-dykeland-and-the-birth-of-a-symbol-1806ndash1907.html">"A Productive Dykeland and the Birth of a Symbol 1806–1907: The Acadian Renaissance"</a>. <i>Landscape of Grand Pré - A World Heritage Site. Section: The Acadian Renaissance</i>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landscape+of+Grand+Pr%C3%A9+-+A+World+Heritage+Site.+Section%3A+The+Acadian+Renaissance&rft.atitle=A+Productive+Dykeland+and+the+Birth+of+a+Symbol+1806%E2%80%931907%3A+The+Acadian+Renaissance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landscapeofgrandpre.ca%2Fa-productive-dykeland-and-the-birth-of-a-symbol-1806ndash1907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang, p.157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang, p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang, p.133 and p.159-162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang, pp.167-172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang, pp.167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, chaps. 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CyberAc-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CyberAc_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CyberAc_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberacadie.com/cyberacadie.com/index621c.html?/symboles/Historique-des-conventions-nationales.html">"Historique des conventions nationales"</a>. <i>l'Histoire acadienne, au bout des doigts</i> (in French). CyberAcadie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Voici une brève description des Conventions nationales acadiennes (1881-1972)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=l%27Histoire+acadienne%2C+au+bout+des+doigts&rft.atitle=Historique+des+conventions+nationales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyberacadie.com%2Fcyberacadie.com%2Findex621c.html%3F%2Fsymboles%2FHistorique-des-conventions-nationales.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2003" class="citation web cs1">LeBlanc, Phyllis E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A9+de+Moncton&rft.atitle=Historique+-+Notre+universit%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umoncton.ca%2Fnotreumoncton%2Fhistorique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, p.212-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang p.271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://officiallanguages.nb.ca/content/history-of-official-languages/">"History of Official Languages"</a>. <i>Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick (OCOLNB)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Commissioner+of+Official+Languages+for+New+Brunswick+%28OCOLNB%29&rft.atitle=History+of+Official+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fofficiallanguages.nb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fhistory-of-official-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang p.271-272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang p.280-281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang p.283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landry and Lang p.289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Poirier2020" class="citation web cs1">Marc Poirier (January 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acadienouvelle.com/actualites/2020/01/02/la-cona-de-1979-le-flirt-de-lacadie-du-nouveau-brunswick-avec-lindependance/">"La CONA de 1979: le flirt de l'Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick avec l'indépendance"</a>. <i>Acadie Nouvelle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acadie+Nouvelle&rft.atitle=La+CONA+de+1979%3A+le+flirt+de+l%27Acadie+du+Nouveau-Brunswick+avec+l%27ind%C3%A9pendance&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.au=Marc+Poirier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acadienouvelle.com%2Factualites%2F2020%2F01%2F02%2Fla-cona-de-1979-le-flirt-de-lacadie-du-nouveau-brunswick-avec-lindependance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20007_83-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20009-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20009_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000176-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000176_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000175-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000175_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000175_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler2009-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2009_87-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Fowler, Jonathan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLMGngEACAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The Neutral French of Mi'kma'ki: And Archaeology of Acadian Identities Prior to 1755</i></a> (PhD Thesis). Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Neutral+French+of+Mi%27kma%27ki%3A+And+Archaeology+of+Acadian+Identities+Prior+to+1755&rft.inst=Oxford+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLMGngEACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19878_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrasseaux1987">Brasseaux 1987</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/acalendartwolet01macmgoog#page/n72/mode/2up">"A calendar of two letter-books and one commission-book in the possession of the government of Nova Scotia, 1713-1741"</a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+calendar+of+two+letter-books+and+one+commission-book+in+the+possession+of+the+government+of+Nova+Scotia%2C+1713-1741&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Facalendartwolet01macmgoog%23page%2Fn72%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan190059'"`UNIQ--ref-00000086-QINU`"'-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>[[#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan190059'"`UNIQ--ref-00000086-QINU`"'_90-0|^]]</b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacMechan1900">MacMechan 1900</a>, p. 59, <sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/acalendartwolet01macmgoog#page/n204/mode/2up/">"A calendar of two letter-books and one commission-book in the possession of the government of Nova Scotia, 1713-1741"</a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+calendar+of+two+letter-books+and+one+commission-book+in+the+possession+of+the+government+of+Nova+Scotia%2C+1713-1741&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Facalendartwolet01macmgoog%23page%2Fn204%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900190'"`UNIQ--ref-00000088-QINU`"'-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>[[#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900190'"`UNIQ--ref-00000088-QINU`"'_92-0|^]]</b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacMechan1900">MacMechan 1900</a>, p. 190, <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/acalendartwolet01macmgoog#page/n262/mode/2up">"A calendar of two letter-books and one commission-book in the possession of the government of Nova Scotia, 1713-1741"</a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+calendar+of+two+letter-books+and+one+commission-book+in+the+possession+of+the+government+of+Nova+Scotia%2C+1713-1741&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Facalendartwolet01macmgoog%23page%2Fn262%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900248'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008A-QINU`"'-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>[[#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900248'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008A-QINU`"'_94-0|^]]</b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacMechan1900">MacMechan 1900</a>, p. 248, <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Charles. <i>A Brief Survey of Nova Scotia</i>. The Royal Artillery Regimental Library, Woolwich, UK – via The National Archives of Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Survey+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=The+Royal+Artillery+Regimental+Library%2C+Woolwich%2C+UK&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk200092-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200092_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200092_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2004" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kK9wa98I4eEC&pg=PA36"><i>In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670-1730</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82742-3"><bdi>978-0-521-82742-3</bdi></a>. <q>Abbé Pierre Maillard claimed that racial intermixing had proceeded so far by 1753 that in fifty years it would be impossible to distinguish Amerindian from French in Acadia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Empire%3A+The+French+in+the+Americas%2C+1670-1730&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82742-3&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkK9wa98I4eEC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/acadian/feature_acadian_flag.html">"Acadian National Flag"</a>. <i>The Acadians</i>. CBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Acadians&rft.atitle=Acadian+National+Flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Facadian%2Ffeature_acadian_flag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk200018-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200018_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2015" class="citation web cs1">Landry, Peter (2015) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1600-00/Lescarbot.htm">"Marc Lescarbot"</a>. <i>Early Nova Scotians: 1600-1867</i>. Blupete.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Nova+Scotians%3A+1600-1867&rft.atitle=Marc+Lescarbot&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blupete.com%2FHist%2FBiosNS%2F1600-00%2FLescarbot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19873-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19873_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19873_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrasseaux1987">Brasseaux 1987</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198711-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198711_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198711_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrasseaux1987">Brasseaux 1987</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000270-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000270_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000180-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000180_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000229-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000229_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000219-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000219_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2004" class="citation book cs1">Arsenault, Bona (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C&pg=PA114"><i>Histoire des Acadiens</i></a>. Les Editions Fides. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7621-2613-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7621-2613-6"><bdi>978-2-7621-2613-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Acadiens&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Les+Editions+Fides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-7621-2613-6&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Bona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9vN1chq0i0C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk20006-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk20006_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anacadie.ca/lacadie/">"L'Acadie"</a>. <i>Assemblée nationale de l'Acadie (anacadie.ca)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale+de+l%27Acadie+%28anacadie.ca%29&rft.atitle=L%27Acadie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanacadie.ca%2Flacadie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anacadie.ca/lacadie/la-diaspora/">"La diaspora"</a>. <i>Assemblée nationale de l'Acadie (anacadie.ca)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale+de+l%27Acadie+%28anacadie.ca%29&rft.atitle=La+diaspora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanacadie.ca%2Flacadie%2Fla-diaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198710-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198710_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrasseaux1987">Brasseaux 1987</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19879-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux19879_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrasseaux1987">Brasseaux 1987</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk200012-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk200012_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine1975" class="citation book cs1">Erskine, John S. (1975). <i>The French Period in Nova Scotia. A.D. 1500-1758 And Present Remains a historical, archaeological, and botanical survey</i>. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Self Published.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Period+in+Nova+Scotia.+A.D.+1500-1758+And+Present+Remains+a+historical%2C+archaeological%2C+and+botanical+survey&rft.place=Wolfville%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Self+Published&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1968" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Andrew Hill (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acadiageographyo0000clar"><i>Acadia: the geography of early Nova Scotia to 1760</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299050801" title="Special:BookSources/9780299050801"><bdi>9780299050801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadia%3A+the+geography+of+early+Nova+Scotia+to+1760&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780299050801&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facadiageographyo0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMechan1900_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacMechan1900">MacMechan 1900</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000174-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000174_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198716-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198716_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrasseaux1987">Brasseaux 1987</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000178-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoogk2000178_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoogk2000">Moogk 2000</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198712-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasseaux198712_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrasseaux1987">Brasseaux 1987</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasseaux1987" class="citation book cs1">Brasseaux, Carl A. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3xaRPSluLsC&pg=PP1"><i>The Founding of New Acadia: The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765–1803</i></a>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1296-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1296-8"><bdi>0-8071-1296-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+New+Acadia%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Acadian+Life+in+Louisiana%2C+1765%E2%80%931803&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8071-1296-8&rft.aulast=Brasseaux&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3xaRPSluLsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2005" class="citation book cs1">Faragher, John Mack (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara"><i>A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24243-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24243-0"><bdi>978-0-393-24243-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+and+Noble+Scheme%3A+The+Tragic+Story+of+the+Expulsion+of+the+French+Acadians+from+Their+American+Homeland&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24243-0&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatnoblescheme00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2005" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGCin1JJp8cC&pg=PP1"><i>The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44470-5"><bdi>978-1-139-44470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Way+of+War%3A+American+War+Making+on+the+Frontier%2C+1607%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44470-5&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGCin1JJp8cC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXoCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8566-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-8566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Reaches+of+Empire%3A+War+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-8566-8&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXoCBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandryLang2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landry, Nicolas; Lang, Nicole (2001). <i>Histoire de l'Acadie</i> (in French). Septentrion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89448-177-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-89448-177-2"><bdi>2-89448-177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Acadie&rft.pub=Septentrion&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2-89448-177-2&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Lang%2C+Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMechan1900" class="citation book cs1">MacMechan, Archibald, ed. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acalendartwolet01macmgoog"><i>Nova Scotia Archives II, A Calendar of Two Letter-Books and One Commission-Book in the Possession of the Government of Nova Scotia, 1713–1741</i></a>. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Herald Printing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nova+Scotia+Archives+II%2C+A+Calendar+of+Two+Letter-Books+and+One+Commission-Book+in+the+Possession+of+the+Government+of+Nova+Scotia%2C+1713%E2%80%931741&rft.place=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Herald+Printing+House&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facalendartwolet01macmgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoogk2000" class="citation book cs1">Moogk, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_4XAAAAYAAJ"><i>La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada—A Cultural History</i></a>. Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87013-528-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87013-528-7"><bdi>0-87013-528-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Nouvelle+France%3A+The+Making+of+French+Canada%E2%80%94A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-87013-528-7&rft.aulast=Moogk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_4XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beamish_Murdoch" title="Beamish Murdoch">Murdoch, Beamish</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie</i></a>. Vol. I. Halifax: James Barnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nova-Scotia%2C+Or+Acadie&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=James+Barnes&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Beamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wEOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, Richard (1989). <i>The rise of French New Brunswick</i>. Halifax: Formac. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88780-070-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88780-070-X"><bdi>0-88780-070-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+French+New+Brunswick&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=Formac&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88780-070-X&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1832" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, William D. (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7soTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The History of the State of Maine; from its Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive</i></a>. Vol. II. Hallowell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+State+of+Maine%3B+from+its+Discovery%2C+A.D.+1602%2C+to+the+Separation%2C+A.D.+1820%2C+Inclusive&rft.pub=Hallowell&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7soTAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brebner, J. B. <i>New England's Outpost; Acadia Before the Conquest of Canada</i> (Columbia University Press, 1927).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1968" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Andrew Hill (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acadiageographyo0000clar"><i>Acadia: the geography of early Nova Scotia to 1760</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-05080-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-05080-7"><bdi>0-299-05080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadia%3A+the+geography+of+early+Nova+Scotia+to+1760&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-299-05080-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facadiageographyo0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Griffiths, Naomi. <i>The Acadians: Creation of a People</i> (McGraw Hill-Ryerson, 1973).</li> <li>Griffiths, Naomi. <i>The Contexts of Acadian History, 1686–1784</i> (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagord2008" class="citation book cs1">Magord, André (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YTO6121drgC&pg=PP1"><i>The Quest for Autonomy in Acadia</i></a>. Études Canadiennes – Canadian Studies, 18. Brussels, Belgium: P.I.E. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-476-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-476-0"><bdi>978-90-5201-476-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Autonomy+in+Acadia&rft.place=Brussels%2C+Belgium&rft.series=%C3%89tudes+Canadiennes+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Studies%2C+18&rft.pub=P.I.E.+Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-476-0&rft.aulast=Magord&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1YTO6121drgC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank2001" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwtrvUzceIC&pg=PP1"><i>An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1869-8"><bdi>0-8122-1869-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unsettled+Conquest%3A+The+British+Campaign+Against+the+Peoples+of+Acadia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8122-1869-8&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWwtrvUzceIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobb2005" class="citation book cs1">Jobb, Dean W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzksi8dKPCsC&pg=PP1"><i>The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15772-5"><bdi>978-0-470-15772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acadians%3A+A+People%27s+Story+of+Exile+and+Triumph&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-470-15772-5&rft.aulast=Jobb&rft.aufirst=Dean+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbzksi8dKPCsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span> (published in the United States as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobb2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobb, Dean W. (January 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gc6OplM0jsAC&pg=PP1"><i>The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-73961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-73961-7"><bdi>978-0-470-73961-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cajuns%3A+A+People%27s+Story+of+Exile+and+Triumph&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft.isbn=978-0-470-73961-7&rft.aulast=Jobb&rft.aufirst=Dean+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgc6OplM0jsAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li>Rawlyk, George A. <i>Nova Scotia's Massachusetts: A Study of Massachusetts-Nova Scotia Relations, 1630–1784</i> (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1884" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Philip Henry (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acadiaalostchap01smitgoog"><i>Acadia: A Lost Chapter in American History</i></a>. Pawling, New York: Self Published.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadia%3A+A+Lost+Chapter+in+American+History&rft.place=Pawling%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Self+Published&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facadiaalostchap01smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard1895" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Édouard (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acadiamissinglin01richuoft"><i>Acadia: Missing Links of a Lost Chapter in American History</i></a>. Vol. I. New York: Home Book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadia%3A+Missing+Links+of+a+Lost+Chapter+in+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Home+Book+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=%C3%89douard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facadiamissinglin01richuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard1895" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Édouard (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acadiamissinglin02richuoft"><i>Acadia: Missing Links of a Lost Chapter in American History</i></a>. Vol. II. New York: Home Book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadia%3A+Missing+Links+of+a+Lost+Chapter+in+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Home+Book+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=%C3%89douard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facadiamissinglin02richuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Acadian_Coast#Q207353" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Acadian Coast">Acadian Coast</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Acadie" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acadie">Acadie</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acadia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Acadia">Acadia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimoineacadien.com">Acadian Heritage Portal</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> – Acadian history, genealogy and folklore</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snacadie.org">National Society of Acadia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadian-home.org">Acadian Ancestral Home by Lucie LeBlanc Consentino – a repository for Acadian history & genealogy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acadia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acadia" title="Template:Acadia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acadia" title="Template talk:Acadia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acadia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acadia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acadia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadia (New France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9_National_Historic_Site" title="Grand-Pré National Historic Site">Grand-Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">General history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_2003" title="Royal Proclamation of 2003">Royal Proclamation of 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_(region)" title="Acadia (region)">Acadia (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_World_Congress" title="Acadian World Congress">Acadian World Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Acadians" title="List of Acadians">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Acadian_Day" title="National Acadian Day">National Acadian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">Tintamarre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_communautaire_du_Nouveau-Brunswick" title="Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick">Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_l%27%C3%8Ele" title="Collège de l'Île">Collège de l'Île</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Acadie_Nouvelle" title="L'Acadie Nouvelle">L'Acadie Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_College_of_Forest_Technology" title="Maritime College of Forest Technology">Collège de Technologie forestière des Maritimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI_Financial_Cooperation" title="UNI Financial Cooperation">UNI Financial Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Université Sainte-Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Acadia" title="Category:Acadia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_overseas_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_overseas_empire" title="Template:French overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:French overseas 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Africa and the Indian Ocean</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Communes" title="Four Communes">Four Communes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albreda" title="Albreda">Albreda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="French Cameroons">Cameroons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="French Comoros">Comoros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan" title="Anjouan">Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore" title="Grande Comore">Grande Comore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li" title="Mohéli">Mohéli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">Somaliland (Djibouti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terre Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadines" title="Grenadines">The Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haïti">Haïti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Equinoctial France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inini" title="Inini">Inini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chennai" title="History of Chennai">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puducherry" title="History of Puducherry">Pondichéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochinese Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li>Vietnam<sup>[<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_thu%E1%BB%99c" class="extiw" title="vi:Pháp thuộc">vi</a>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria<br />and the Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanto-Bordelaise_Company" title="Nanto-Bordelaise Company">Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_France" title="Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_France" title="Template talk:Overseas France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas<wbr /> regions</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas<wbr /> collectivities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a><wbr /> collectivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Uninhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Uninhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory</a><wbr /> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern<wbr /> and Antarctic Lands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_domains_of_Saint_Helena" title="French domains of Saint Helena">French domains of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_domains_of_the_Holy_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French domains of the Holy Land (page does not exist)">French domains of the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in<wbr /> the Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a><sup><small>2, 3</small></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser">Banc du Geyser</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also known as <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas departments</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_colonies" title="Template talk:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Named territories</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></dd> <dd><span class="nobold">Sites:</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></b> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island#French_Colony" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Isle St-Jean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island#History" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre Neuve</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New France">List of towns</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of forts</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Expeditions</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Basque whaling">Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Nova_Scotia_(1621)" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Nova Scotia (1621)</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Port_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Port Royal Colony</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">Nova Dania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#English_colonies_in_North_America" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland (1583)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> (?)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Yorkshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia (1710)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">United Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858–1866)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">British Columbia (1866–1871)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">districts</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferryland" title="Ferryland">Avalon (1620)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution after 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a> </b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207353#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Acadia&params=46_N_64_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°N</span> <span class="longitude">64°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46°N 64°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46; -64</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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