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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petty_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Petty warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petty_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_military_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_military_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>European military forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_military_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European military forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_military_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>British Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Provincial troops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_militia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_militia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Colonial militia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_militia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Marines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>French Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_militia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_militia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Colonial militia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_militia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indigenous allies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_allies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indigenous allies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>French allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous-White_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous-White_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Indigenous-White warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous-White_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French and Indian Wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحروب الفرنسية والهندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحروب الفرنسية والهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_franco-indies" title="Guerres franco-indies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerres franco-indies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Төньяҡ Америкала француз-инглиз конфликттары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ Америкала француз-инглиз конфликттары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_franco-%C3%ADndies" title="Guerres franco-índies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres franco-índies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezikoloni%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lky" title="Mezikoloniální války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezikoloniální války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzosen-_und_Indianerkriege" title="Franzosen- und Indianerkriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franzosen- und Indianerkriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_franco-ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Guerras franco-indígenas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras franco-indígenas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsesen_eta_Indiarren_Gerrak" title="Frantsesen eta Indiarren Gerrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantsesen eta Indiarren Gerrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_intercoloniales" title="Guerres intercoloniales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres intercoloniales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%BC_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%81%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="영국과 프랑스의 북아메리카 식민지 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국과 프랑스의 북아메리카 식민지 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_franco-indiane" title="Guerre franco-indiane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre franco-indiane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="המלחמות הבין-קולוניאליות בין בריטניה לצרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמות הבין-קולוניאליות בין בריטניה לצרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse_en_Indiaanse_oorlogen" title="Franse en Indiaanse oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franse en Indiaanse oorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="北米植民地戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北米植民地戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_franske_og_indianske_krigane" title="Dei franske og indianske krigane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei franske og indianske krigane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Intercolonialas" title="Guèrras Intercolonialas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrras Intercolonialas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_Franco-Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Guerras Franco-Indígenas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras Franco-Indígenas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Франко-английские конфликты в Северной Америке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франко-английские конфликты в Северной Америке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoske_in_indijanske_vojne" title="Francoske in indijanske vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francoske in indijanske vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Француски и индијански ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француски и индијански ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk-indianska_krigen" title="Fransk-indianska krigen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fransk-indianska krigen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Французько-індіанські війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Французько-індіанські війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1688-1763 series of military conflicts in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the name given to the fourth conflict of the following wars.</div> <p> The <b>French and Indian Wars</b> were a series of conflicts that occurred in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> between 1688 and 1763, some of which indirectly were related to the European dynastic wars. The title <i><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></i> in the singular is used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> specifically for the warfare of 1754–63, which composed the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and the aftermath of which led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The French and Indian Wars were preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the various wars are generally referred to as the Intercolonial Wars. Some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces, but all pitted the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">its colonies</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> allies on one side against <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">its colonies</a>, and its Indigenous allies on the other. A driving cause behind the wars was the desire of each country to take control of the interior territories of America, as well as the region around <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>; both were deemed essential to domination of the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The North American wars, and their associated <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> wars, in sequence, are: </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years of War </th> <th>North American War </th> <th>European War </th> <th>Treaty </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="center">1688–1697 </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></b><br /><i>1st Intercolonial War</i> (in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> (1697) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="center">1702–1713 </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></b><br /><i>2nd Intercolonial War</i> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></b> </p> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1713)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1713)">Treaty of Utrecht (1713)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="center">1744–1748 </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></b><br /><i>3rd Intercolonial War</i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></b> </p> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="center">1754–1763 </td> <td valign="top"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">The French and Indian War</a></b> (in the U.S.) <br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></b> (in Canada) <br /> <i>4th Intercolonial War</i> or <i>War of the Conquest</i> (in Quebec)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></b> </p> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Naming conflicts after the British monarch of the day is a convention in United States history related to its early European settlement as majority-English colonies. Canadian convention uses the name of the larger European conflict (e.g., the "War of the Grand Alliance" rather than "King William's War") or refers to the wars as the Intercolonial Wars. </p><p>As the wars proceeded, the military advantage moved toward the British side. This was chiefly the result of the greater population and productive capacity of the British colonies compared with those of France. In addition, the British had the greater ability to resupply their colonies and project military power by sea. In the first three conflicts, the French were able to offset these factors largely by more effective <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> of Indigenous allies, but they were finally overwhelmed in the fourth and last war. </p><p>The overwhelming victory of the British played a role in the eventual loss of their thirteen American colonies. Without the threat of French invasion, the American colonies saw little need for British military protection. In addition, the American people resented British efforts to limit their colonization of the new French territories to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, as stated in the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_1763" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a>, in an effort to relieve encroachment on Indigenous territory. These pressures contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. </p><p>The first three of the French and Indian Wars followed the same basic pattern: they all started in Europe and then moved to North America. Once the conflict broke out in North America, it was mostly fought by colonial militias. The final conflict broke this pattern by beginning in North America. In addition, the British used more regular troops alongside colonial militia. They returned almost none of the French territory seized during the war. France was forced to cede its extensive territory in present-day Canada and <i>Louisiane</i>. The British victory in the French and Indian Wars reduced France's New World empire to <a href="/wiki/St._Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a> (two islands off <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>), a few <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indian</a> islands, and <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Wars_timeline.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Timeline"><img alt="Timeline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Imperial_Wars_timeline.png/600px-Imperial_Wars_timeline.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Imperial_Wars_timeline.png/900px-Imperial_Wars_timeline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Imperial_Wars_timeline.png/1200px-Imperial_Wars_timeline.png 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Timeline</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare">Warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_goals">Operational goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operational goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Carillon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fort_Carillon.JPG/220px-Fort_Carillon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fort_Carillon.JPG/330px-Fort_Carillon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fort_Carillon.JPG/440px-Fort_Carillon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Carillon" title="Fort Carillon">Fort Carillon</a> controlled the <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The belligerents strove in general to control the major transportation and trade routes, not just the sea routes that connected the colonies with the mother country, or the land routes that existed between the different colonies, but also the major fur trade routes leading to the interior of North America. These were normally along lakes and rivers and stretching from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Many indigenous Nations lived by these routes, and became involved in the wars between the great powers of Europe. The belligerents built fortified positions at major transportation hubs and requested the help of the local indigenous population to defend these, and to attack enemy positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_tactics">European tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_victoire_des_troupes_de_Montcalm_%C3%A0_Carillon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/La_victoire_des_troupes_de_Montcalm_%C3%A0_Carillon.JPG/220px-La_victoire_des_troupes_de_Montcalm_%C3%A0_Carillon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/La_victoire_des_troupes_de_Montcalm_%C3%A0_Carillon.JPG/330px-La_victoire_des_troupes_de_Montcalm_%C3%A0_Carillon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/La_victoire_des_troupes_de_Montcalm_%C3%A0_Carillon.JPG/440px-La_victoire_des_troupes_de_Montcalm_%C3%A0_Carillon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Carillon</a> the French won a rare victory in a battle fought according to European tactical doctrines.</figcaption></figure> <p>A common view is that European <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat methods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a> were not adapted to the American forests and to the indigenous art of war. It is therefore conjectured that the English colonists designed new combat techniques, inspired by the Indigenous combat methods. These techniques, which included cover and stressed <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a>, is supposed to have been the reason why the colonists finally defeated the French, and then the British army during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. In reality, however, the French and Indian wars were finally won by Britain through the application of traditional European tactics. The <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a> surrendered twice after <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a> conducted according to the rules of European warfare, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a> 1759 was a European battle fought in closed formations in the open.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petty_warfare">Petty warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Petty warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although ultimately futile, the French fought according to the tactical doctrine contemporaries called <i><a href="/wiki/Petty_warfare" title="Petty warfare">la Petite guerre</a></i>, or today's <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a>. The numerical inferiority of the French forces in North America made it impossible to fight a war according to standard European tactics. Hence the French to a large extent made use of indigenous allies (see below). The small French population; New France's dependence on the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>, mutually profitable for both French and indigenous peoples; and the common threat from the British colonies, made the indigenous peoples willing allies. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a> was the largest achievement of the petty warfare tactics. But at the end of the French and Indian War British numerical superiority became overwhelming, in spite of almost the whole male population of Canada being mobilized, and standard European tactics won the day and the war.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_military_forces">European military forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European military forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British military forces consisted of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s regular regiments and independent companies; the provincial regiments raised by the several colonies in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">colonial militia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Army">British Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_soldiers_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="British soldiers in the eighteenth century">British soldiers in the eighteenth century</a></div> <p>The British Army had two types of units in North America: regular regiments serving in the colonies for a longer or shorter period of time, normally sent there only after the war had begun, and <a href="/wiki/British_Army_Independent_Companies_of_Foot_in_South_Carolina,_1721-1763" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army Independent Companies of Foot in South Carolina, 1721-1763">independent companies</a>, permanently based in the colonies as <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisons</a> of forts and fortresses. The British Army was largely recruited among the poor and the criminal classes; yet, the independent companies had lower status. Their ranks were often filled with people who had left the regular service – former soldiers mainly, but also <a href="/wiki/Deserter" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserter">deserters</a>. The officers were often promoted <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commissioned officers">non-commissioned officers</a>. The independent companies became rooted in the local society, often transforming the military service into a sideline of a civilian occupation, and remaining in the colonies after expiration of the enlistment period.<sup id="cite_ref-Offen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provincial_troops">Provincial troops</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Provincial troops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provincial_troops_in_the_French_and_Indian_Wars" title="Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars">Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars</a></div> <p>When war began, the several colonies organized their own military forces, provincial troops, through temporary enlistments. The soldiers came from the lower orders of society, which did not strengthen their reliability or efficiency. <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> usually mobilized large contingents, while the southern colonies always very reluctantly contributed to the imperial cause. The British Army did not have high opinions of the battleworthiness of the provincial troops, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Roger%27s_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger's Rangers">ranger units</a>. During conjoint operations the provincial troops were subject to the very strict British <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_War" title="Articles of War">Articles of War</a>. The officers of the provincial troops had lower relative rank than the officers of the regular army; a provincial <a href="/wiki/Field_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Field officer">field officer</a> ranked as a senior British captain, although these officers were members of the colonial elite, often members of colonial <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a>. Disputes concerning rank and precedent between regular and provincial officers were common. Junior provincial officers were often popular militia officers, who easily could recruit a company of men.<sup id="cite_ref-Stacey_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_militia">Colonial militia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colonial militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia (United States)</a></div> <p>Each colony had its own militia, which in principle contained all able-bodied men 16 to 60 years of age. In reality, however, membership in the militia was restricted to the more substantial members of society, since every militiaman had to provide himself with a musket, knapsack, powder, bullets, flints, and sword. Each local community organized its own militia. The officers were either appointed by the governor or elected by the men. The main task of the local militia was local defense, rarely serving in the field but acting as a more or less efficient <a href="/wiki/Home_guard" title="Home guard">home guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stacey_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Compagnies_Franches_de_la_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnies Franches de la Marine">Compagnies Franches de la Marine</a>, the colonial marines, contained the core of the military forces of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. It was only during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> that units from the <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Royal Army</a> were transferred to Canada. The colonial militia was more important than its counterpart in British America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marines">Marines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compagnies_Franches_de_la_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnies Franches de la Marine">Compagnies Franches de la Marine</a></div> <p>The French colonies were administered through the secretary of state for the navy, and naval troops garrisoned New France. The French marines were organized into independent companies called <i>Compagnies franches.</i> During the French and Indian War, naval gunner-bombardier companies were also stationed in North America. The other ranks of the marines were enlisted in France, but the officer corps became increasingly Canadian through recruitment of officers' sons. All promotions were by merit; purchase of commissions was prohibited. The British rangers were an attempt to replicate the tactics of the French colonial marines. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_regiment_de_Karrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss regiment de Karrer">Swiss regiment de Karrer</a> also operated under the Royal French Navy. Its depot was in <a href="/wiki/Rochefort_(Charente-Maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochefort (Charente-Maritime)">Rochefort</a>, but its companies served in North American and the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-Stacey_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eccles_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eccles-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chartrand_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chartrand-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Army">French Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army_(1652%E2%80%931830)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Royal Army (1652–1830)">French Royal Army (1652–1830)</a></div> <p>In 1754 six battalions from the regiments <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_d%27Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment d'Artois">Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_B%C3%A9arn" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment de Béarn">Béarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Bourgogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment de Bourgogne">Bourgogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Guyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment de Guyenne">Guyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Languedoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment de Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_la_Reine" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment de la Reine">La Reine</a> were transferred to New France. In 1757 two additional battalions arrived from <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_Royal_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment Royal Roussillon">Royal Roussilon</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_La_Sarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment La Sarre">La Sarre</a>, followed the next year by two battalions from <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment de Berry">de Berry</a>. An artillery company was also sent over the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-Eccles_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eccles-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_militia_2">Colonial militia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colonial militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Colonial militia in Canada</a></div> <p>The Canadian colonial militia enjoyed a substantially higher morale and battleworthiness than the British provincial troops and the militia of the British colonies. This was only true, however, when they were employed as home guard or as wilderness warriors. Besides a combat role, the Canadian militia also fulfilled important tasks behind the lines, such as transportation and road building.<sup id="cite_ref-Eccles_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eccles-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morton_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_allies">Indigenous allies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indigenous allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_allies">British allies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: British allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois League</a> played an important strategic role in the struggle between Britain and France over northeastern America because of its location east and south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>. The League's aggressive military and commercial policy gave the five Iroquois nations control over large parts of the country, forcing many smaller Indigenous nations into submission. The Iroquois used the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Chain" title="Covenant Chain">Covenant Chain</a> to join with the colony of New York and other British colonies in a compact that generally benefitted the parties and ultimately was disastrous for France.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_allies">French allies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliance" title="Franco-Indian alliance">Franco-Indian alliance</a></div> <p>France recognized the independence of the Indigenous tribes while claiming sovereignty over their territory at the same time, as well as the right to plead the cause of their Indigenous allies in the face of other European powers. The French allies accepted this <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> since it permitted self-government and a traditional lifestyle. The <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> as it confirmed their alliance with the French against British colonists in Nova Scotia. Alongside the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki, France's chief allies were the <i>indiens domiciliés</i> (resident Indians) who lived at the Catholic missions in New France. Many of these were Mohawk from their earlier territory in central New York, but there were also members of other tribes from New England. Fleeing attacks by New England colonists during and after King Philip's War motivated their displacement to French territory. At the end of the French and Indian wars, all resident Indigenous peoples were joined in the confederation of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Nations_of_Canada" title="Seven Nations of Canada">Seven Nations of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous-White_warfare">Indigenous-White warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indigenous-White warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pattern of warfare emerged during the clashes between the European colonial powers and the American Indigenous peoples which characterized the four major French and Indigenous wars. The complex network of relations was fundamental between some Indigenous tribes and some colonies, the Indigenous tribes becoming the allies of the colonial powers. These alliances were a result of the economic ties that had been formed by the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> and by the Indigenous tribes' need for allies against their Indigenous rivals. The warfare included the widespread and escalating abuse of civilians on all sides, in which settlements were attacked, both Colonial and Indigenous, the residents killed or abducted, and houses and crops burned.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial American military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military history of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Years%27_War" title="Sixty Years' War">Sixty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_presence_in_the_Ohio_Valley" title="French presence in the Ohio Valley">French presence in the Ohio Valley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auguste Carlier, "Histoire du peuple américain. États-Unis, Volume 2", Paris, 1863, p.128 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqcyAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Guerres+intercoloniales%22+amerique&pg=PA128">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcel Trudel, Guy Frégault, "La guerre de la conquête, 1754–1760", Montréal, 1955 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pO80AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Guerre+de+la+conquete%22">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leach-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leach_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leach_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leach_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas E. Leach (1988). "Colonial Indian Wars." <i>Handbook of North American Indians 4: History of Indigenous-White Relations.</i> Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 128-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9031">Lance Janda. Review of: Guy Chet (2003). <i>Conquering the American Wilderness: The Triumph of European Warfare in the Colonial Northeast</i> Amherst.</a> Retrieved 2017-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.unt.edu/news-releases/warfare-tactics-british-not-those-tribes-helped-americans-win-war-independence-histori">"Warfare tactics from British, not those of tribes, helped Americans win War of Independence, historian says." <i>University of North Texas.</i></a> Retrieved 2017-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rene Chartrand (1993–2000). <i>Canadian Military History.</i> Montreal: Art Global, vol. 1, pp. 74-76, 88-91, 94-95; vol. 2., pp. 20, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Offen_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyreconsidered.net/Brittish_Military_Presence_in_America.html">Lee Offen, <i>The British Military Presence in America, 1660-1720</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522085846/http://historyreconsidered.net/Brittish_Military_Presence_in_America.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 2017-02-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stacey-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stacey_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C.P. Stacey (1974). "The British Forces in North America during the Seven Years' War." <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography.</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. 3: xxiv–xxx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialwarsct.org/colonial_military_experience.htm">Robert K.Wright Jr, "Colonial Military Experience." <i>The Society of Colonial Wars in Connecticut.</i></a> Retrieved 2017-02-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eccles-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eccles_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eccles_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eccles_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Eccles (1974). "The French forces in North America during the Seven Years' War." <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography.</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. 3: xv–xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartrand-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chartrand_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Chartrand (1984). <i>The French Soldier in Colonial America.</i> Bloomfield, Ont.: Museum Restoration Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Desmond Morton (1985). <i>A Military History of Canada.</i> Edmonton: Hurtig, pp. 18-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-french-relations/">"Indigenous-French Relations." <i>Canadian Encyclopedia.</i></a> Retrieved 2017-02-12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Robert Leckie, <i>A Few Acres of Snow: The Saga of the French and Indian Wars</i> Wiley & Son; Hardcover: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24690-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24690-5">0-471-24690-5</a>; Paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39020-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39020-8">0-471-39020-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_Wars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213193437/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/encyclopedia/SevenYearsWar-FrenchandIndianWar-TheWaroftheConquest.htm">"The Seven Years' War in Canada"</a>, <i>The Quebec History Encyclopedia</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_military_history" title="Template talk:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Colonial militia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown and Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">New France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Ango-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War#Canada" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Intervention against ISIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Canada and the American Civil War">Canada and the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Canada and the Iraq War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_military_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian military history">Bibliography</a></li> 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