CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Military history of the Acadians - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"81394122-b8c8-46f3-a6d3-2570b6ec1fb5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Military_history_of_the_Acadians","wgTitle":"Military history of the Acadians","wgCurRevisionId":1225667393,"wgRevisionId":1225667393,"wgArticleId":41942385,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 errors: URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015","Military history of Nova Scotia", "Military history of Acadia","History of Nova Scotia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Military_history_of_the_Acadians","wgRelevantArticleId":41942385,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q17110425","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media" ,"ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1408"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="939"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="751"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Military history of the Acadians - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Military_history_of_the_Acadians rootpage-Military_history_of_the_Acadians skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Military+history+of+the+Acadians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Military+history+of+the+Acadians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Military+history+of+the+Acadians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Military+history+of+the+Acadians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Contest_for_supremacy_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contest_for_supremacy_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Contest for supremacy in North America </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contest_for_supremacy_in_North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contest for supremacy in North America subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contest_for_supremacy_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King_William's_War_(1688–1697)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_William's_War_(1688–1697)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 King William's War (1688–1697) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_William's_War_(1688–1697)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_Anne's_War_(1702–1713)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_Anne's_War_(1702–1713)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_Anne's_War_(1702–1713)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Acadia_and_the_Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Acadia_and_the_Treaty_of_Utrecht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Conquest of Acadia and the Treaty of Utrecht </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Acadia_and_the_Treaty_of_Utrecht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_Rale's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_Rale's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Father Rale's War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_Rale's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raid_on_Canso_(1718)_–_The_Squirrel_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_Canso_(1718)_–_The_Squirrel_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Raid on Canso (1718) – The Squirrel Affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_Canso_(1718)_–_The_Squirrel_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_George's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_George's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 King George's War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_George's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Port_Toulouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Port_Toulouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Siege of Port Toulouse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Port_Toulouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Grand_Pre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Grand_Pre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Battle of Grand Pre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Grand_Pre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisbourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisbourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 Louisbourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisbourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_Le_Loutre's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_Le_Loutre's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Father Le Loutre's War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_Le_Loutre's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acadian_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Acadian Exodus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_at_Chignecto_(1750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_at_Chignecto_(1750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Battle at Chignecto (1750) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_at_Chignecto_(1750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Grand_Pre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Grand_Pre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Siege of Grand Pre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Grand_Pre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 Raid on Dartmouth (1751) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 French and Indian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Petitcodiac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Petitcodiac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Battle of Petitcodiac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Petitcodiac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Bloody_Creek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Bloody_Creek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.2 Battle of Bloody Creek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Bloody_Creek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Piziquid_(Fort_Edward)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Piziquid_(Fort_Edward)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.3 Raids on Piziquid (Fort Edward) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Piziquid_(Fort_Edward)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Chignecto_(Fort_Cumberland)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Chignecto_(Fort_Cumberland)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.4 Raids on Chignecto (Fort Cumberland) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Chignecto_(Fort_Cumberland)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Lawrencetown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Lawrencetown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.5 Raids on Lawrencetown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Lawrencetown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunenburg_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunenburg_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.6 Lunenburg campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunenburg_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Maine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Maine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.7 Raids on Maine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Maine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Halifax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Halifax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.8 Raids on Halifax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Halifax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.9 Siege of Louisbourg (1758) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Breton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Breton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.10 Cape Breton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Breton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._John_River_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._John_River_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.11 St. John River campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._John_River_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petiticodiac_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petiticodiac_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.12 Petiticodiac campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petiticodiac_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plains_of_Abraham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plains_of_Abraham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.13 Plains of Abraham </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plains_of_Abraham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Restigouche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Restigouche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.14 Battle of Restigouche </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Restigouche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Treaty of Paris (1763) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 American Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_veterans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_veterans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable veterans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_veterans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Military history of the Acadians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" > Add languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17110425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Military_history_of_the_Acadians" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&oldid=1225667393" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&id=1225667393&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMilitary_history_of_the_Acadians">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMilitary_history_of_the_Acadians">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17110425" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Acadia" title="Category:Military history of Acadia">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle vcard" style="background:#ccccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Military history of the Acadians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="250" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> ("Beausoleil")</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eee"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chignecto_(1696)" title="Raid on Chignecto (1696)"> Raid on Chignecto</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1696</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalon Peninsula Campaign"> Avalon Peninsula Campaign</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1696-97</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Raid on Grand Pré">Raid on Grand Pré</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1704</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)"> Siege of Port Royal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1710</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Blockade_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1722)" title="Annapolis Royal"> Blockade of Annapolis Royal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1722</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Canso" title="Raid on Canso">Raid on Canso</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1744</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)"> Siege of Annapolis Royal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1744</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Toulouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Port Toulouse (page does not exist)">Siege of Port Toulouse</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1745</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">Siege of Louisbourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1745</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Tatamagouche" title="Naval battle off Tatamagouche">Naval battle off Tatamagouche</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1745</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Port-la-Joye" title="Battle at Port-la-Joye">‪Battle at Port-la-Joye</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1746</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Battle of Grand Pré</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1747</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pre" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Grand Pre">Siege of Grand Pre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1749</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Chignecto" title="Battle at Chignecto">Battle at Chignecto</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1750</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Raid on Dartmouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1751</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Mocodome" title="Attack at Mocodome">Attack at Mocodome</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1753</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Battle of Fort Beauséjour</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1755</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petitcodiac" title="Battle of Petitcodiac">Battle of Petitcodiac</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1755</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1757)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)"> Battle of Bloody Creek</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1757</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_Campaign_(1758)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunenburg Campaign (1758)"> Lunenburg Campaign</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1758</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)"> Siege of Louisbourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1758</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Restigouche" title="Battle of Restigouche">Battle of Restigouche</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right">1760</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eee"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative#Nova_Scotia_and_Acadia" title="Captivity narrative">Nova Scotia Captivity Narratives</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: center"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Template:Military history of the Acadians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Template talk:Military history of the Acadians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military history of the Acadians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="font-size:95%;padding-bottom:.8em;padding-top:.3em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Military history of Nova Scotia">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Citadel_hill.jpg/250px-Citadel_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Citadel_hill.jpg/375px-Citadel_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Citadel_hill.jpg/500px-Citadel_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="504" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;padding-left:.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Royal_(1690)" title="Battle of Port Royal (1690)">Battle of Port Royal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1690</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Siege of Port Royal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1710</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winnepang" title="Battle of Winnepang">Battle of Winnepang</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1722</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)">Northeast Coast Campaign</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1745</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Battle of Grand Pré</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1747</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Dartmouth Massacre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1751</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy_Campaign_(1755)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)">Bay of Fundy Campaign</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1755</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1758</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1758</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Treaties">Halifax Treaties</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1760–1761</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Cumberland">Battle of Fort Cumberland</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1776</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1782)" title="Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782)">Raid on Lunenburg</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1782</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)#War_of_1812" title="New Ireland (Maine)">Establishment of New Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1812</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS Chesapeake</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1813</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Redan" title="Battle of the Great Redan">‪Battle of the Great Redan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1855</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">‪Siege of Lucknow</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1857</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/CSS_Tallahassee" title="CSS Tallahassee">CSS Tallahassee escape</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1861</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Provisional_Battalion" title="Halifax Provisional Battalion">‪Halifax Provisional Battalion</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Witpoort" title="Battle of Witpoort">‪Battle of Witpoort</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1899</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">‪Battle of Paardeberg</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1899</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Amherst_Internment_Camp" title="Amherst Internment Camp">Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1917</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)#World_War_I" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Jewish Legion formed</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1917</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle" title="HMHS Llandovery Castle">Sinking of Llandovery Castle</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1942–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SS_Point_Pleasant_Park" title="SS Point Pleasant Park">Sinking of Point Pleasant Park</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halifax_riot" title="Halifax riot">Halifax VE-Day riot</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;">1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;padding-left:.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable regiments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%E2%80%99kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Mi’kmaq people">Mi'kmaq militias</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1677–1779</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadian militias</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1689–1761</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/40th_(the_2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot">40th Regiment of Foot</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1717–1757</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Louisbourg_Garrison" title="Louisbourg Garrison">Louisbourg Garrison</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1717–1758</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Rangers" title="Gorham's Rangers">Gorham's Rangers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1744–1762</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Danks%27_Rangers" title="Danks' Rangers">Danks' Rangers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1756–1762</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/84th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Highland_Emigrants)" title="84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)">84th Regiment of Foot</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1775–1784</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Fencible_American_Regiment" title="Royal Fencible American Regiment">Royal Fencible American</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1775–1783</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Nova_Scotia_Volunteer_Regiment" title="Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment">Royal Nova Scotia Volunteers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1775–1783</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Orange_Rangers" title="King's Orange Rangers">King's Orange Rangers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1776–1783</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/1st_(Halifax-Dartmouth)_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment">1st Field Artillery</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">from 1791</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Nova_Scotia_Regiment" title="Royal Nova Scotia Regiment">Royal Nova Scotia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1793–1802</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Fencibles" title="Nova Scotia Fencibles">Nova Scotia Fencibles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1803–1816</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Halifax_Rifles_(RCAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Halifax Rifles (RCAC)">Halifax Rifles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">from 1860</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Louise_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Princess Louise Fusiliers">Princess Louise Fusiliers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">from 1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/78th_(Highlanders)_Regiment_of_Foot#Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot">78th Highland</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1869–1871</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlanders" title="Cape Breton Highlanders">Cape Breton Highlanders</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">from 1871</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/25th_Battalion_(Nova_Scotia_Rifles),_CEF" title="25th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF">Nova Scotia Rifles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1914–1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/No._2_Construction_Battalion" title="No. 2 Construction Battalion">No. 2 Construction Battalion</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">1916–1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Nova_Scotia_Regiment" title="West Nova Scotia Regiment">West Nova Scotia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">from 1916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Nova_Scotia_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nova Scotia Highlanders">Nova Scotia Highlanders</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right">from 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;padding-left:.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative#Nova_Scotia_and_Acadia" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Impressment in Nova Scotia">Impressment</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Military history of Nova Scotia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Military history of Nova Scotia">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Template:Military history of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Template talk:Military history of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military history of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The military history of the Acadians consisted primarily of <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> made up of <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian settlers</a> who participated in wars against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> after 1707) in coordination with the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Miꞌkmaq">Mi'kmaw militias</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">French royal forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> A number of Acadians provided military intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support to the various resistance movements against British rule in Acadia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994146-3">[2]</a> while other Acadians remained neutral in the contest between the Franco–Wabanaki Confederacy forces and the British. The Acadian militias managed to maintain an effective resistance movement for more than 75 years and through six wars before their eventual demise. According to Acadian historian Maurice Basque, the story of <a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a> continues to influence historic accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expulsion</a>, emphasising Acadians who remained neutral and de-emphasising those who joined resistance movements.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> While Acadian militias were briefly active during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the militias were dormant throughout the nineteenth century. After confederation, Acadians eventually joined the Canadian War efforts in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The most well-known colonial leaders of these militias were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contest_for_supremacy_in_North_America">Contest for supremacy in North America</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contest for supremacy in North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_William's_War_(1688–1697)">King William's War (1688–1697)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: King William's War (1688–1697)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></div> The first war to influence the Acadians is now known as <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a>, and began in 1688. Much of the local conflict was orchestrated by the Governor of Acadia and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin" title="Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin">Baron de St Castin</a>, who raided Protestant villages along the Acadia-New England border at the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. The crews of the French privateer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maisonnat_dit_Baptiste" title="Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste">Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste</a> were primarily Acadian. The Acadians resisted during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chignecto_(1696)" title="Raid on Chignecto (1696)">Raid on Chignecto (1696)</a>. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(ranger)" title="Benjamin Church (ranger)">Benjamin Church</a> and four hundred men (50 to 150 of whom were Indians, likely Iroquois) arrived offshore of <a href="/wiki/Beaubassin" title="Beaubassin">Beaubassin</a> on September 20. When they came ashore, the Acadians and Mi’kmaq opened fire on them. Church lost a lieutenant and several of his men.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> They managed to get ashore and surprise the Acadians. Many fled while one confronted Church with papers showing they had signed an oath of allegiance in 1690 to the English King. Church was unconvinced, especially after he discovered the proclamation heralding the French <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pemaquid_(1696)" title="Siege of Pemaquid (1696)">success at Pemaquid</a> posted on the church door.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On October 18 Church and his troops arrived opposite the capital of Acadia, in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Nashwaak_(1696)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696)">siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696)</a>, landed three cannons and assembled earthworks on the south bank of the Nashwaak River.<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maisonnat_dit_Baptiste" title="Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste">Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste</a> was there to defend the capital.<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> Baptiste joined the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> from Meductic for the duration of the siege. There was a fierce exchange of gun fire for two days, with the advantage going to the better sited French guns. The New Englanders were defeated, having suffered eight killed and seventeen wounded. The French lost one killed and two wounded.<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> Letters from an Acadian official censured and requested the removal of certain priests, called "do nothings", who took no part in the King William's War but attended strictly to their religious duties and were therefore suspected of favouring the British.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pemaquid_(1696)" title="Siege of Pemaquid (1696)">siege of Pemaquid (1696)</a>, d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi’kmaq and Abenaki in the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Avalon Peninsula campaign">Avalon Peninsula campaign</a>. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to Britain or France.<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_Anne's_War_(1702–1713)">Queen Anne's War (1702–1713)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Queen Anne's War (1702–1713)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png/220px-MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png/330px-MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png/440px-MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pre" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Grand Pre">Raid on Grand Pre</a> (1704)</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, the members of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> from Acadia raided Protestant settlements along the Acadia/ New England border in present-day Maine in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_campaign_(1703)" title="Northeast Coast campaign (1703)">Northeast Coast campaign (1703)</a> . Mi’kmaq and Acadians resisted the New England retaliatory <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Raid on Grand Pré">Raid on Grand Pré</a>, Piziquid and <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a> in 1704. The raid was led by Benjamin Church who was fired on by the local militia, who had gathered in the woods along the banks. According to Church, on the first day of the raid, the Acadians and Mi’kmaq "fired smartly at our forces".<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> Church had a small cannon on his boat, which he used to fire <a href="/wiki/Grape_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape shot">grape shot</a> at the attackers on the shore, who withdrew, suffering one Mi’kmaw killed and several wounded. Church was unable to come ashore. Having withdrawn from the village, the next morning the Acadian and Mi’kmaw militia waited in the woods for Church and his men to arrive. At the break of day, the New Englanders again set off toward the village, under orders from Church to drive any resistance before them. The largest body of defenders fired on the raiders' right flank from behind trees and logs, but their fire was ineffective and they were driven off. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Acadia_and_the_Treaty_of_Utrecht">Conquest of Acadia and the Treaty of Utrecht</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquest of Acadia and the Treaty of Utrecht">edit</a>]</div> Acadians joined the French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over British vessels. Acadians also fought alongside the Confederacy and French soldiers to protect the capital in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1707)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1707)">siege of Port Royal (1707)</a> and the final <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a>. Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy were also successful in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1711)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)">Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-12">[9]</a> The victory at Bloody Creek rallied the local resistance, and prompted many of the Acadians who were nominally under British protection to withdraw to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005247-13">[10]</a> Soon thereafter a force of some 600 warriors, including Acadians, Abenaki, and Mi’kmaq, under the leadership of Gaulin and Saint-Castin, gathered and blockaded Fort Anne. The defending garrison was small, but the attackers had no <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and were thus unable to make an impression on the fort,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005135-14">[11]</a> and the fort was still accessible by sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005247-13">[10]</a> Gaulin went to <a href="/wiki/Plaisance,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaisance, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> for supplies and equipment to advance the siege; Governor <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pastour_de_Costebelle" title="Philippe Pastour de Costebelle">Philippe Pastour de Costebelle</a> provided supplies, but the ship had the misfortune to encounter <a href="/wiki/Quebec_expedition_(1711)" title="Quebec expedition (1711)">a major British fleet</a> and was captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005248-15">[12]</a> That same expedition abandoned its goal of attacking Quebec when eight of its ships were lost on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vetch" title="Samuel Vetch">Governor Vetch</a>, who had accompanied the expedition as a leader of the provincial militia, returned to Annapolis Royal with 200 provincial militia, after which the besiegers withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005249-16">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothing_of_the_French_Canadiens_and_the_Milice_reenactment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Clothing_of_the_French_Canadiens_and_the_Milice_reenactment.jpg/220px-Clothing_of_the_French_Canadiens_and_the_Milice_reenactment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="519" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Clothing_of_the_French_Canadiens_and_the_Milice_reenactment.jpg/330px-Clothing_of_the_French_Canadiens_and_the_Milice_reenactment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Clothing_of_the_French_Canadiens_and_the_Milice_reenactment.jpg/440px-Clothing_of_the_French_Canadiens_and_the_Milice_reenactment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Recreation of part of the clothing issued to the Canadian Milice (Acadians) Delivered by The Governor General Frontenac from the 17th century</figcaption></figure> In the March 1713 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, the French ceded "all Nova Scotia or Acadie, with its ancient boundaries, as also the city of Port Royal, now called Annapolis Royal, and all other things in those parts, which depend on the said lands and islands" to the British, but retained "the island called Cape Breton, as also all others, both in the mouth of the river of St. Lawrence, and in the gulph of the same name" with exception of the "island called Newfoundland with the adjacent islands," which "shall from this time forward belong of right wholly to Britain".<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> For whatever reason, most Acadians refused to swear an oath of loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> or, later, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George</a>. Thus were fifty years of nearly uninterrupted conflict to start, which were only to be punctuated by the expulsion of the Acadians.<a href="#cite_note-park135-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_Rale's_War">Father Rale's War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Father Rale's War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raid_on_Canso_(1718)_–_The_Squirrel_Affair">Raid on Canso (1718) – The Squirrel Affair</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Raid on Canso (1718) – The Squirrel Affair">edit</a>]</div> In the lead up to <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a>, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Southack" title="Cyprian Southack">Cyprian Southack</a> established himself at <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne, Nova Scotia">Shelburne, Nova Scotia</a> (1715), the Mi'kmaq raided the station and burned it to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank200176–77-19">[16]</a> In response, on 17–24 September 1718, Southack led a raid on <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso</a> and Chedabucto (present-day community of <a href="/wiki/Guysborough,_Nova_Scotia_(community)" title="Guysborough, Nova Scotia (community)">Guysborough</a>) in what became known as the Squirrel Affair. Southack laid siege for three days to <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Louis_(Guysborough_County,_Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort St. Louis (Guysborough County, Nova Scotia)">Fort St. Louis</a> at Chedabucto, which was defended primarily by Acadians under Acadian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_LaSonde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard LaSonde (page does not exist)">Bernard LaSonde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes2004121,_125-20">[17]</a> There were approximately 300 Acadians in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes2004122-21">[18]</a> On board HMS Squirrel, Smart held a number of Frenchmen, including Bernard Marres dit La Sonde, Captain Darguibes, the French fishing admiral, and Sieur Dominice, a Basque captain. On 23 September, Smart and Southack pillaged Canso. The pillaged goods were then loaded onto several French ships that had been captured in the harbor. The following day, 24 September, Southack released the Acadian prisoners, with the exception of Bernard Marres dit La Sonde, onto the Canso Islands without any provisions or clothing.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Others fled to Isle Madame and <a href="/wiki/Petit-de-Grat,_Nova_Scotia" title="Petit-de-Grat, Nova Scotia">Petit-de-Grat, Nova Scotia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> He seized two French ships, and encouraged Governor of Nova Scotia <a href="/wiki/Richard_Philipps" title="Richard Philipps">Richard Philipps</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_Augustus" title="Fort William Augustus">Fort William Augustus</a> at Canso.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank200176–77-19">[16]</a> During Father Rale's War, the Maliseet raided numerous New England vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi’kmaq, helped by Acadians, raided <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso, Nova Scotia</a> (1723).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200846–73-24">[21]</a> Much of the conflict of this war happened along the Acadia-New England border. A priest, Father <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Rale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Rale">Sebastian Rale</a> and Wabanaki Confederacy members from Acadia also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1723)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1723)">1723</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1724)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1724)">1724</a> campaigns along the border against the British, who had long threatened to remove the Acadians because they would not take an oath of loyalty. Even during Father Le Loutre's War some twenty years later, the British talked of deporting the Acadians who would not swear loyalty to Britain. On 28 December 1720, in London, someone in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> said: "It seems as though the French in Nova Scotia will never be good British subjects to her Majesty ... This is why we believe that they should be expulsed as soon as the necessary forces, which will be sent to Nova Scotia, are ready."<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_George's_War">King George's War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: King George's War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)">Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal,_Paris,_1789.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal%2C_Paris%2C_1789.png/220px-Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal%2C_Paris%2C_1789.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal%2C_Paris%2C_1789.png 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Mi'kmaq Man.<a href="#cite_note-27">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[e]</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, Abbe <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a> led an insurrection consisting of Acadians and Mi’kmaq to recapture the capital in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)">siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-12">[9]</a> Acadian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupont_Duvivier" title="François Dupont Duvivier">François Dupont Duvivier</a>, who had led the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Canso" title="Raid on Canso">Canso raid</a>, led the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)">second siege attempt against Fort Anne</a>, with a force of 200 troops. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pre,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pre, Nova Scotia">Grand Pre</a> had been the staging ground for the French and Mi’kmaw sieges of Annapolis Royal.<a href="#cite_note-Bates,_p._33,_41-29">[24]</a> Two Minas inhabitants, Armand Bigeau and Joseph LeBlanc dit Le Maigre, had traded with Louisbourg and assisted the supplying of Duvivier's forces by sea. Both transported Duvivier's force from Louisbourg to Baie Verte and then accompanied the expedition to Annapolis Royal and had served as scoutes and couriers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698-30">[25]</a> Duvivier arrived at Fort Anne on September 6, 1744. The first night he erected shelters. He used <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a>'s house for his Headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> After both sieges, Gorham demanded to take control of Grand Pre.<a href="#cite_note-Bates,_p._33,_41-29">[24]</a> The British burned the dwellings of both Bigeau and 'Le Maigre' at Minas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996106-32">[27]</a> In Annapolis, they burned the home of Gautier and imprisoning him and his family at Fort Anne until they escaped after 10 months. The British also burned the homes of Acadian pilots Paul Doucett and Charles Pelerain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112-33">[28]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1745)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1745)">the siege of 1745</a>, the French officer Marin was required to withdraw from siege <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">to protect Louisbourg from a British attack</a>. He reported that upon hearing the news of Louisbourg and his own withdrawal from Annapolis Royal, the Acadians were "overpowered with grief from the apprehension of remaining in the disposition of the enemy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead18584–5-34">[29]</a> Marin had taken British prisoners at Annapolis and remained with them in the bay at Cobequid, where an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have "left their [the British] carcasses behind and brought their skins".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPote189634-35">[30]</a> The British officer also deemed there was enough evidence to hold Gautier's wife and Charles Raymond for collaborating with the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996103-36">[31]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">siege of Louisbourg (1745)</a>, the Wabanaki Confederacy members from Acadia conducted a <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)">campaign</a> against British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border. (Such campaigns were repeated in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1746)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)">1746</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)">1747</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> After the first siege of Louisbourg (1745), the British deported thousands of "French Colonists" on Île-Royale to France.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> There were Acadians among those deported. At the same time, in July 1745, the other English detachment <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Port-la-Joye" title="Battle at Port-la-Joye">landed at Port-la-Joye</a>. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Pont_Duvivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph de Pont Duvivier">Joseph de Pont Duvivier</a>, the French had a garrison of 20 French troops (<a href="/wiki/Compagnies_Franches_de_la_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnies Franches de la Marine">Compagnies Franches de la Marine</a>) at Port-la-Joye.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> The troops fled and New Englanders burned the capital to the ground. Duvivier and the twenty men retreated up the Northeast River (Hillsborough River), pursued by the New Englanders until the French troops received reinforcements from the Acadian militia and the Mi’kmaq.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_p._111-41">[36]</a> The French troops and their allies were able to drive the New Englanders to their boats, nine New Englanders killed, wounded or made prisoner. The New Englanders took six Acadian hostages, who would be executed if the Acadians or Mi’kmaq rebelled against New England control.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_p._111-41">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Port_Toulouse">Siege of Port Toulouse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Siege of Port Toulouse">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Toulouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Port Toulouse (page does not exist)">siege of Port Toulouse</a>, on May 2, 1745, Pepperell sent <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Moulton" title="Jeremiah Moulton">Jeremiah Moulton</a> with 70 soldiers and two vessels to capture the fortified village of Port Toulouse. The New Englanders were only able to capture a single sloop and burn a few houses before being repelled by the French soldiers, Acadians and Mi’kmaq. They wounded three New Englanders when they were retreating.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> Eight days later, on May 10, the New Englanders returned with a force four times larger – 270 men. They burned every standing structure at Port Toulouse, demolished the fort, and desecrated a cemetery where Mi’kmaq were buried.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> Some French were killed in the assault and others were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> After the failure of the French <a href="/wiki/Duc_d%27Anville_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc d'Anville Expedition">Duc d'Anville Expedition</a> to recapture Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia Governor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mascarene" title="Paul Mascarene">Paul Mascarene</a> told Acadians to avoid "deluding Hopes of Returning under the Dominion of France".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008133-45">[40]</a> One French officer noted that when the French troops withdrew from Annapolis Royal, the Acadians were alarmed and disappointed, and felt they were being abandoned to British retribution.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> The following year, Acadians helped the French to destroy British troops in the Battle of Grand Pré.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698–113-47">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Grand_Pre">Battle of Grand Pre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Grand Pre">edit</a>]</div> Broussard and other Acadians supported the French soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Battle of Grand Pré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698–113-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> Ramezay elicited more support from the Acadians, enjoyed more of their collaboration, than the other enterprises. He reported to have enlisted 25 Acadians from Piziquid to Grand Pre ready to bear arms. (Some Acadians may not have supported French efforts in Acadia. Louis Liénard de Beaujeu de Villemond stated in his journal that while the Canadian troops were passing several villages near present day Truro, Captain <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Antoine_II_Coulon_de_Villiers" title="Nicolas Antoine II Coulon de Villiers">Coulon</a> on his approach march to the battle sent a detachment of troops at "daybreak to Copequit to block all the paths because the ill intentioned inhabitants could undertake to pass and alert the English to our march".<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Morris_(surveyor_general)" title="Charles Morris (surveyor general)">Charles Morris</a> reported the French were supported by "... about 100 of the Neutral French join'd with them".<a href="#cite_note-Charles_Morris_1748-50">[45]</a> As well, local intelligence pinpointed Noble's billets with stunning accuracy. Near the end of the battle Morris spied an enemy group "clothed like the Inhabitants whom afterward we were inform'd they were, they were all arm'd & having assisted the enemy in the night they were getting off to prevent discovery but unluckily passing into the woods came in full sight of us."<a href="#cite_note-Charles_Morris_1748-50">[45]</a> The French fleet movements in Nova Scotia waters before the massacre enjoyed the help of Acadian pilots, including Nicholas Gautier and his two sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996104-51">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Louisbourg">edit</a>]</div> After the fall of Louisbourg, in conjunction with Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Germain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Germain (page does not exist)">Charles Germain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marin_de_la_Malgue" title="Joseph Marin de la Malgue">Joseph Marin de la Malgue</a>, Acadian and Mi'kmaw militias (40 Acadians and 100 Mi'kmaq) from Tatamagouche repeatedly attacked the British who were occupying the fort and the prevent any British settlements from being established in Acadia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858166,_168,_171,_179-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_Le_Loutre's_War">Father Le Loutre's War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Father Le Loutre's War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg/220px-Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Father <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a> – "the soul of the Acadian resistance"<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Daudin-53">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, and the start of <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>, the British took firm control of the Nova Scotia peninsula by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>); Grand Pré (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Vieux_Logis" title="Fort Vieux Logis">Fort Vieux Logis</a>) and Chignecto (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lawrence">Fort Lawrence</a>). A British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia</a> and Cobequid remained without a fort. Le Loutre is reported to have said that "the English might build as many Forts as they pleased but he wou'd take care that they shou'd not come out of them, for he was resolved to torment them with his Indians...."<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bulkeley (governor)">Richard Bulkeley</a> wrote that between 1749 and 1755, Nova Scotia "was kept in an uninterrupted state of war by the Acadians ... and the reports of an officer commanding <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)</a>, [indicated he] could not be conveyed [to Halifax] with less an escort than an officer and thirty men."<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> The Mi’kmaq attacked New England Rangers in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pre" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Grand Pre">siege of Grand Pre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">Battle at St. Croix</a>. Upon the founding of Halifax (1749), Acadians and Mi’kmaq conducted twelve raids on the capital region; the most significant raid was the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Dartmouth">one in 1751</a> on Dartmouth. They also resisted the initial British occupation of Chignecto (1750) and later fought against them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Beausejour">Battle of Beausejour</a> (1755). Throughout Father Le Loutre's War, English speakers began calling the Acadians "French neutral", a label that would remain in common use through the 1750s. British people used the term sarcastically in derision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank2001105-56">[51]</a> This stance led to the Acadians becoming known at times as the "neutral French".<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> In 1749, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Governor Cornwallis</a> again asked the Acadians to take the oath and although he was unsuccessful, he took no drastic action against them. The following governor, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a>, continued the conciliatory policy towards the Acadians.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian_Exodus">Acadian Exodus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Acadian Exodus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">Acadian Exodus</a></div> During the war, Acadians revealed their political allegiance by <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">leaving</a> mainland Nova Scotia. From 1749–55, there was massive Acadian migration out of British-occupied mainland Nova Scotia and into French-occupied Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), Île Royale (Cape Breton) and present-day New Brunswick. A prominent Acadian who transported Acadians to Île St. Jean and Île Royal was <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a>. While some Acadians were forced to leave, for others the act of leaving British-occupied territory for French-occupied territory was an act of resistance to the British occupation.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> On one occasion, when a British naval patrol intercepted Acadians in a vessel en route to Île St. Jean, an Acadian passenger said, "They chose rather to quit their lands and estates than possess them upon the terms propos'd by the English [sic] governor."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005262-60">[55]</a> The leader of the Exodus was Father <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a>, whom the British gave the code name "<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> Historian Micheline Johnson described Le Loutre as "the soul of the Acadian resistance."<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Daudin-53">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_at_Chignecto_(1750)">Battle at Chignecto (1750)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle at Chignecto (1750)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeaubassinFortBeausejourBell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BeaubassinFortBeausejourBell.jpg/220px-BeaubassinFortBeausejourBell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BeaubassinFortBeausejourBell.jpg/330px-BeaubassinFortBeausejourBell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BeaubassinFortBeausejourBell.jpg/440px-BeaubassinFortBeausejourBell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>Le Loutre retrieved this bell from the Beaubassin church during the Battle at Chignecto (1750): (Le Loutre retrieved the bell again from the Beausejour Cathedral during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Beausejour">Battle of Beausejour</a>).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Chignecto" title="Battle at Chignecto">Battle at Chignecto</a></div> In May 1750, Lawrence was unsuccessful in getting a base at Chignecto because Le Loutre burned the village of Beaubassin, preventing Lawrence from using its supplies to establish a fort. (According to the historian Frank Patterson, the Acadians at Cobequid also burned their homes as they retreated from the British to <a href="/wiki/Tatamagouche,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia">Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia</a> in 1754.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a>) Lawrence retreated, but he returned in September 1750. On September 3, Rous, Lawrence and <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">Gorham</a> led over 700 men to Chignecto, where Mi’kmaq and Acadians opposed their landing. They killed twenty British, who in turn killed several Mi’kmaq. Le Loutre's militia eventually withdrew, burning the rest of the Acadians' crops and houses as they went.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008159-63">[58]</a> Le Loutre and the Acadian militia leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> resisted the British assault. The British troops defeated the resistance and began construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lawrence">Fort Lawrence</a> near the site of the ruins of Beaubassin.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> The work on the fort proceeded rapidly and they completed the facility within weeks. To limit the British to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_peninsula" title="Nova Scotia peninsula">peninsular Nova Scotia</a>, the French also began to fortify the Chignecto and its approaches; they constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Beausejour">Fort Beausejour</a> and two satellite forts: one at present-day <a href="/wiki/Strait_Shores" title="Strait Shores">Strait Shores, New Brunswick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a>) and the other at present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a> (Fort Menagoueche).<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> During these months, 35 Mi’kmaq and Acadians ambushed Ranger Captain Francis Bartelo, killing him and six of his men while taking seven others captive. The Mi’kmaq conducted ritual torture of the captives throughout the night, which had a chilling effect on the New Englanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008159-63">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Grand_Pre">Siege of Grand Pre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Siege of Grand Pre">edit</a>]</div> On November 27, 1749, in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pre" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Grand Pre">siege of Grand Pre</a>, 300 Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Penobscot people">Penobscot</a> and Acadians attacked Fort Vieux Logis at Grand Pre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1866172-66">[61]</a> The fort was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Captain_Handfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Handfield">Captain Handfield</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/40th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Regiment of Foot">Cornwallis' Regiment</a>. The Native and Acadian militia killed the sentries (guards) who were firing on them.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> The Natives then captured Lieutenant John Hamilton and eighteen soldiers under his command (including Handfield's son), while surveying the fort's environs. After the capture of the British soldiers, the native and Acadian militias made several attempts over the next week to lay siege to the fort before breaking off the engagement. When <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">Gorham’s Rangers</a> arrived the militia had already departed with the prisoners to Chignecto.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> The Acadians were then involved in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">Battle at St. Croix</a>, where one of them was killed.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)">Raid on Dartmouth (1751)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Part_of_the_Town_and_Harbour_of_Halifax_in_Nova_Scotia_looking_down_Prince_Street_to_the_Opposite_Shore_shews_the_Eastern_Battery,_George_%26_Cornwallis_Islands,_Thrum_Cap,_%26c._to_the_Sea_off_Chebucto_Head%22,_1759.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%22Part_of_the_Town_and_Harbour_of_Halifax_in_Nova_Scotia_looking_down_Prince_Street_to_the_Opposite_Shore_shews_the_Eastern_Battery%2C_George_%26_Cornwallis_Islands%2C_Thrum_Cap%2C_%26c._to_the_Sea_off_Chebucto_Head%22%2C_1759.png/300px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%22Part_of_the_Town_and_Harbour_of_Halifax_in_Nova_Scotia_looking_down_Prince_Street_to_the_Opposite_Shore_shews_the_Eastern_Battery%2C_George_%26_Cornwallis_Islands%2C_Thrum_Cap%2C_%26c._to_the_Sea_off_Chebucto_Head%22%2C_1759.png/450px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%22Part_of_the_Town_and_Harbour_of_Halifax_in_Nova_Scotia_looking_down_Prince_Street_to_the_Opposite_Shore_shews_the_Eastern_Battery%2C_George_%26_Cornwallis_Islands%2C_Thrum_Cap%2C_%26c._to_the_Sea_off_Chebucto_Head%22%2C_1759.png/600px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>British erect a wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> along Dartmouth in response to <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">the Raid</a>, opposite side of the harbour from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pontack_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Pontack (Halifax)">Great Pontack</a> (Lower left corner), present-day <a href="/wiki/Historic_Properties_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Properties (Halifax)">Historic Properties</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Raid on Dartmouth occurred during <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a> on May 13, 1751 when an Acadian and Mi’kmaw militia from <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a>, under the command of Acadian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a>, raided <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</a>, destroying the town and killing twenty British villagers. On May 13, 1751 before sunrise, Broussard led sixty <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a> and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the "Dartmouth Massacre".<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers and more were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008160-72">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[f]</a> This raid was one of seven the Natives and Acadians would conduct against the town during the war. The British retaliated by sending several armed companies to <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a>. A few French defenders were killed and the dikes were breached. Hundreds of acres of crops were ruined, which was disastrous for the Acadians and the French troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005272-74">[68]</a> Immediately after the raid, a wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> was erected around the town plot.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Chapman,_p._31-75">[69]</a> Mi'kmaw and Acadian attacks continued throughout the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, which ended fourteen years after Dartmouth was first settled. (For example, in the spring of 1759, there was another attack on Fort Clarence, in which five soldiers were killed.)<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Chapman_p._32-76">[70]</a> After the initial raid, no new settlers were placed in Dartmouth again for the next thirty years. Of the 151 settlers who arrived in Dartmouth in August 1750, only half remained two years later.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Chapman,_p._31-75">[69]</a> By the end of war (1763), Dartmouth was only left with 78 settlers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> Acadians exerted their political resistance by refusing to trade with the British. By 1754, the Acadians sent no produce to the Halifax market. When British merchants tried to buy directly from the Acadians, they were refused. Acadians also refused to supply <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a> with firewood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994142-78">[72]</a> Lawrence saw the need to neutralize the Acadian military threat. To defeat Louisbourg, the British destroyed the lines of supply by deporting the Acadians.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French and Indian War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_(1753)_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg/220px-Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg/330px-Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg/440px-Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot</a></figcaption></figure> In 1753, French troops from Canada marched south and seized and fortified the Ohio Valley. Britain protested the invasion and claimed Ohio for itself. On May 28, 1754, the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>) began with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Battle of Jumonville Glen</a>. French Officer Ensign de Jumonville and a third of his escort was killed by a British patrol led by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. In retaliation the French and the Indians defeated the British at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Fort Necessity</a>. Washington lost a third of his force, and surrendered. Major General Edward Braddock's troops were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a>, and William Johnson's troops stopped the French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_George" title="Battle of Lake George">advance at Lake George</a>. In Acadia, the primary British objective was to defeat the French fortifications at Beausejour and Louisbourg. The British saw the Acadians' allegiance to the French and the Wabanaki Confederacy as a military threat. Father Le Loutre's War had created the conditions for <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>; British civilians had not been spared and, as Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Charles Lawrence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Council" title="Nova Scotia Council">Nova Scotia Council</a> saw it, Acadian civilians had provided intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support while others had fought against the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994146-3">[2]</a> After the British capture of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Beausejour</a>, the plan to capture Louisbourg included cutting trade to the Fortress in order to weaken the Fortress and, in turn, weaken the French ability to supply the Mi'kmaq in their warfare against the British. According to Historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Patterson" title="Stephen Patterson">Stephen Patterson</a>, more than any other single factor—including the massive assault that eventually forced the surrender of Louisbourg—the supply problem brought an end to French power in the region. Lawrence realized he could reduce the military threat and weaken Fortress Louisbourg by <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">deporting the Acadians</a>, thus cutting off supplies to the fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994152-80">[74]</a> During the Expulsion, French Officer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Charles Deschamps de Boishébert</a> led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadians in a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> against the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008177–206-81">[75]</a> According to Louisbourg account books, by late 1756 the French had regularly dispensed supplies to 700 natives. From 1756 to the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the French made regular payments to Chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cope" title="Jean-Baptiste Cope">Jean-Baptiste Cope</a> and other natives for British scalps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994148-82">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Petitcodiac">Battle of Petitcodiac</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle of Petitcodiac">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Petitcodiac_Monument,_Hillsborough,_New_Brunswick_Albert_County_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Battle_of_Petitcodiac_Monument%2C_Hillsborough%2C_New_Brunswick_Albert_County_Museum.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Petitcodiac_Monument%2C_Hillsborough%2C_New_Brunswick_Albert_County_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Battle_of_Petitcodiac_Monument%2C_Hillsborough%2C_New_Brunswick_Albert_County_Museum.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Petitcodiac_Monument%2C_Hillsborough%2C_New_Brunswick_Albert_County_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Battle_of_Petitcodiac_Monument%2C_Hillsborough%2C_New_Brunswick_Albert_County_Museum.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Petitcodiac_Monument%2C_Hillsborough%2C_New_Brunswick_Albert_County_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petitcodiac" title="Battle of Petitcodiac">Battle of Petitcodiac</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Charles Deschamps de Boishébert</a> was a French militia commander who became a resistance leader. Based in the <a href="/wiki/Miramichi_River" title="Miramichi River">Miramichi River</a> valley, he helped Acadians fleeing the British deportation operations escape to Quebec. After the fall of Beausejour, Monckton sent a naval squaldorn to evict him from the satellite fort at the mouth of the Saint John River. Knowing that he could not defend his position, Bosishebert destroyed the fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005350-83">[77]</a> When he received word that the British were planning an expedition to the Petitcodiac River, he hurried to Chipoudy, where he organized 120 Acadians, Maliseets and Mi'kmaq into a guerrilla fighting force.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> On September 2, the expedition began these clearing operations on settlements in and around the Village-des-Blanchard. While the main body worked on the eastern bank of the river, a detachment of fifty or sixty under John Indicot was despatched to the western bank.<a href="#cite_note-85">[g]</a> When they set fire to the village church, Boishébert and three hundred men attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005350-83">[77]</a> The British retreated behind a dyke and were in a near panic when Frye landed with the remainder of the force and took command. After three hours of spirited fighting, Frye eventually extracted the force to the boats and retreated. Twenty two British were killed and another six were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008180-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[h]</a> Ranger <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gorham" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gorham">Joseph Gorham</a> was wounded in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPote1896176-88">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Bloody_Creek">Battle of Bloody Creek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battle of Bloody Creek">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BloodyCreek1757_NS_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BloodyCreek1757_NS_Monument.jpg/220px-BloodyCreek1757_NS_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BloodyCreek1757_NS_Monument.jpg/330px-BloodyCreek1757_NS_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BloodyCreek1757_NS_Monument.jpg/440px-BloodyCreek1757_NS_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1757)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)">Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)</a> monument</figcaption></figure> Led by Acadian William Johnson (Guillaume Jeanson),<a href="#cite_note-89">[i]</a> a group of Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked the British force in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1757)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)">Battle of Bloody Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> Marching on foot along the south shore of the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_River" title="Annapolis River">Annapolis River</a>, the British force was exposed to wet and cold before giving up their search for the prisoners. They were crossing a bridge on the René Forêt River on the morning of December 8 when the Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked. The British made a brief stand and suffered a high number of casualties, including Captain Pigou, before retreating back to Annapolis Royal. On another occasion, 226 Acadians (36 families) being deported from <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia</a> on the ship Pembroke rebelled against the British crew. After fighting off an attack by another British vessel on February 9, 1756, the Acadians took 8 British prisoners to Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-91">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858426-92">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_on_Piziquid_(Fort_Edward)">Raids on Piziquid (Fort Edward)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Raids on Piziquid (Fort Edward)">edit</a>]</div> In December 1755, Acadian and Mi'kmaw militia repeated attacked British troops working to kill their livestock, killing one workman which left the others to flee to Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961496-93">[84]</a> In September 1756, a group of 100 Acadians ambushed a party of thirteen soldiers who were working outside the fort. Seven were taken prisoner and six escaped back to the fort.<a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> In April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, killing thirteen British soldiers. After loading with what provisions they could carry, they set fire to the building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398-95">[86]</a> A few days later, the same partisans also raided <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cumberland_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Cumberland (Canada)">Fort Cumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398-95">[86]</a> Because of the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian militia">Acadian militia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Miꞌkmaq">Mi'kmaw militia</a>, British officer <a href="/wiki/John_Knox_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Knox (British Army officer)">John Knox</a> wrote that "In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession." He continues to state that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the "troops and inhabitants" at Fort Edward, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)">Fort Sackville</a> and Lunenburg "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961514-96">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_on_Chignecto_(Fort_Cumberland)">Raids on Chignecto (Fort Cumberland)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Raids on Chignecto (Fort Cumberland)">edit</a>]</div> The Acadians and Mi’kmaq also resisted in the Chignecto region. They were victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petitcodiac" title="Battle of Petitcodiac">Battle of Petitcodiac</a> (1755).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110-98">[89]</a> In the spring of 1756, a wood-gathering party from Fort Monckton (former <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a>), was ambushed and nine were scalped.<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a> In the summer of 1756, Boishebert burned an English vessel at Bay Vert, killing seven and taking one prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858426-92">[83]</a> In April 1757, after raiding Fort Edward, the same band of Acadian and Mi'kmaw partisans raided Fort Cumberland, killing and scalping two men and taking two prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398-95">[86]</a> July 20, 1757 Mi'kmaq killed 23 and captured two of Gorham's rangers outside Fort Cumberland near present-day <a href="/wiki/Jolicure,_New_Brunswick" title="Jolicure, New Brunswick">Jolicure, New Brunswick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> In March 1758, forty Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacked a schooner at Fort Cumberland and killed its master and two sailors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008195-101">[92]</a> In the winter of 1759, the Mi'kmaq ambushed five British soldiers on patrol while they were crossing a bridge near Fort Cumberland. They were ritually scalped and their bodies mutilated as was common in <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">frontier warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005410-102">[93]</a> During the night of April 4, 1759, using canoes, a force of Acadians and French captured the transport. At dawn they attacked the ship Moncton and chased it for five hours down the Bay of Fundy. Although the Moncton escaped, its crew suffered one killed and two wounded.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_on_Lawrencetown">Raids on Lawrencetown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Raids on Lawrencetown">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg/220px-FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg/330px-FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg/440px-FortClarencePlaqueDartmouthNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Clarence_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Clarence (Nova Scotia)">Eastern Battery</a> Plaque, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</figcaption></figure> By June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely from the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a> (established 1754) because the number of Indian raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961508-104">[95]</a> In nearby <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</a>, in the spring of 1759, there was another Mi'kmaq attack on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Clarence_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Clarence (Nova Scotia)">Eastern Battery</a>, in which five soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Chapman_p._32-76">[70]</a> (In the same year, further east at Canso, Acadians took 3 British vessels.<a href="#CITEREFMurdoch1865">Murdoch (1865)</a>, p. 366) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lunenburg_campaign">Lunenburg campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lunenburg campaign">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_campaign_(1758)" title="Lunenburg campaign (1758)">Lunenburg campaign (1758)</a> was executed by the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Miꞌkmaq">Mi'kmaw militia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian militia">Acadian militia</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Foreign Protestants</a> who the British had settled on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunenburg_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunenburg Peninsula (page does not exist)">Lunenburg Peninsula</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. The British deployed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gorham" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gorham">Joseph Gorham</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Rangers" title="Gorham's Rangers">Rangers</a> along with Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Faesch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Faesch (page does not exist)">Rudolf Faesch</a> and regular troops of the <a href="/wiki/60th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="60th Regiment of Foot">60th Regiment of Foot</a> to defend Lunenburg.<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> The campaign was so successful, by November of 1758, the members of the House of Assembly for Lunenburg stated "they received no benefit from His Majesty's Troops or Rangers" and required more protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961512,_note_44-106">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_on_Maine">Raids on Maine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Raids on Maine">edit</a>]</div> In present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, the Mi’kmaq and the Maliseet raided numerous New England villages. At the end of April 1755, they raided <a href="/wiki/Gorham,_Maine" title="Gorham, Maine">Gorham, Maine</a>, killing two men and a family. Next they appeared in New-Boston (<a href="/wiki/Gray,_Maine" title="Gray, Maine">Gray</a>) and through the neighbouring towns destroying the plantations. On May 13, they raided Frankfort (<a href="/wiki/Dresden,_Maine" title="Dresden, Maine">Dresden</a>), where two men were killed and a house burned. The same day they raided Sheepscot (Newcastle), and took five prisoners. Two were killed in North Yarmouth on May 29 and one taken captive. They shot one person at Teconnet. They took prisoners at Fort Halifax; two prisoners taken at Fort Shirley (Dresden). They took two captive at New Gloucester as they worked on the local fort.<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> On 13 August 1758 Boishebert left <a href="/wiki/Miramichi,_New_Brunswick" title="Miramichi, New Brunswick">Miramichi, New Brunswick</a> with 400 soldiers, including Acadians whom he led from <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s,_Nova_Scotia" title="St. Peter's, Nova Scotia">Port Toulouse</a>. They marched to Fort St George (<a href="/wiki/Thomaston,_Maine" title="Thomaston, Maine">Thomaston, Maine</a>). His detachment reached there on 9 September but was caught in an ambush and had to withdraw. They next went to Munduncook (<a href="/wiki/Friendship,_Maine" title="Friendship, Maine">Friendship, Maine</a>). They wounded eight British settlers and killed others. This was Boishébert's last Acadian expedition. From there, Boishebert and the Acadians went to Quebec and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Quebec (1759)">Battle of Quebec (1759)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Boishébert-108">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_on_Halifax">Raids on Halifax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Raids on Halifax">edit</a>]</div> On 2 April 1756, Mi'kmaq received payment from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-109">[100]</a> Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a>, led Mi’kmaw warriors from Louisbourg on three raids against <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a> in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. The last raid happened in September and Gautier went with four Mi’kmaq and killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. (Pierre went on to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Restigouche" title="Battle of Restigouche">Battle of Restigouche</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> Arriving on the provincial vessel King George, four companies of <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogers Rangers">Rogers Rangers</a> (500 rangers) were at Dartmouth April 8 until May 28 awaiting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a>. While there they scoured the woods to stop raids on the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196929-111">[102]</a> In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians kill five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1866366-112">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">edit</a>]</div> Acadian militias participated in the defence of Louisbourg in 1757 and 1758.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007-113">[104]</a> In preparation of a British assault on Louisbourg in 1757, all the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> were present including Acadian militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007126-114">[105]</a> Without any result from their efforts, the number of Mi’kmaq and Acadians who showed the following year were much lower. The precedent for such a decline in numbers was set in the two attacks that happened in the siege of Annapolis 1744, the Mi’kmaq and Acadians appearing in much less numbers for the second assault after the first one had failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007161-115">[106]</a> New Englanders came ashore at Pointe Platee (Flat Point) during the siege of 1745.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007128-116">[107]</a> In 1757 and again in 1758, the Natives and Acadian militias were stationed at the potential landing beaches of Pointe Platee and one further away Anse d la Cormorandiere (Kennington Cove). In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a>, Acadian and Mi’kmaw militias began to arrive in Louisboug around May 7, 1758.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007179-117">[108]</a> By the end of the month 118 Acadians arrived and about 30 Mi’kmaq from Ile St. Jean and the Miramachi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007179-117">[108]</a> Boishebert arrived in June with 70 more Acadia militia members from Ile St. Jean and 60 Mi’kmaw militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007189-118">[109]</a> On June 2, The British vessels arrived and the militias went to their defensive positions on the shore. The 200 British vessels waited for six days, until the weather conditions were right, before they attacked on June 8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007196-119">[110]</a> Four companies of <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogers Rangers">Rogers Rangers</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Scott_(army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott (army officer)">George Scott</a> were the first to come ashore in advance of <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196927-120">[111]</a> The British came ashore at Anse de la Cormorandiere and "continuous fire was poured upon the invaders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196929-111">[102]</a> The Mi'kmaw and Acadian militias fought the Rangers until the latter were supported by Scott and James Wolfe, which led to the militias retreat. Seventy of the militia were captured and 50 others scalped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196930-121">[112]</a> The Mi'kmaw and Acadian militias killed 100 British, some of whom were wounded and drowned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196930-121">[112]</a> On June 16, 50 Mi'kmaq returned to the cove and took 5 seaman captive, firing at the other British marines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196932-122">[113]</a> On July 15, Boishebert arrived with Acadian and Mi'kmaw militias and attacked Captain Sutherland and the Rogers Rangers posted at Northeast harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196935-123">[114]</a> When Scott and Wolfe's reinforcements arrived, 100 Rangers from McCurdey and Brewer's Companies were sent to track them down. They only captured one Mi'kmaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196935-123">[114]</a> (From here the Rangers went on to conduct the <a href="/wiki/St._John_River_campaign" title="St. John River campaign">St. John River campaign</a>, in part, hoping to capture Boishebert.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196934-124">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cape_Breton">Cape Breton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cape Breton">edit</a>]</div> Soon after the siege of Louisbourg, Major Dalling went with 30 of James Rogers rangers to Spanish Bay (Sydney, Nova Scotia) and took Acadians prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196934-124">[115]</a> James Rogers' company made a raid on an Acadian village on the <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a> and "flushed out" 18 armed Acadian militia fighters and 100 other men, women and children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196973-125">[116]</a> In May 1759, the Mi’kmaw militia were making raids on Louisbourg and on June 1, the four companies of Rogers’ Rangers and the Mi’kmaq fought a "hot skimmish" until they eventually retreated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196974-126">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._John_River_campaign">St. John River campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: St. John River campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosephGodin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/JosephGodin.jpg/220px-JosephGodin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/JosephGodin.jpg/330px-JosephGodin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/JosephGodin.jpg/440px-JosephGodin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Godin" title="Joseph Godin">Joseph Godin</a> dit Bellefontaine</figcaption></figure> Acadia militias resisted during the <a href="/wiki/St._John_River_campaign" title="St. John River campaign">St. John River campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac_River_campaign" title="Petitcodiac River campaign">Petitcodiac River campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200-127">[118]</a> The Acadian militia along the St. John River was led by Acadian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Godin" title="Joseph Godin">Joseph Godin</a> dit Bellefontaine, Sieur de Beauséjour, who had led the militias since 1749.<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Godin-128">[119]</a> The command at Fort Frederick was not convinced the village was totally destroyed and sent at least three more expeditions up river to Ste Anne between July and September 1759. The soldiers captured some Acadians along the way, burned their homes, destroyed their crops and slaughtered their cattle. The September expedition involved more than 90 men. At present-day French Lake on the <a href="/wiki/Oromocto_River" title="Oromocto River">Oromocto River</a>, they met fierce resistance from the Acadians, and resulted in the death of at least seven rangers.<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a> On 18 February 1759, Lieutenant Hazen and 22 men arrived at Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196970-130">[121]</a> They pillaged and burned the village of 147 buildings, including two Mass-houses and all of the barns and stables. They burned a large store-house, and with it a large quantity of hay, wheat, peas, oats, etc., killing 212 horses, about 5 head of cattle, a large number of hogs and so forth. They also burned the church (located just west of <a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_Fredericton" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Government House, Fredericton">Old Government House, Fredericton</a>). Only a handful of Acadians were found in the area, most had already fled north with their families.<a href="#cite_note-Grenier202_Plank61-131">[122]</a> Major Joseph Godin dit Bellefontaine and a group of Acadians ambushed the Rangers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196971-132">[123]</a> The rangers scalped six Acadians and took six prisoners during this raid.<a href="#cite_note-Grenier202_Plank61-131">[122]</a> Major Joseph Godin dit Bellefontaine, Sieur de Beauséjour (Seigneur of Pointe Ste-Anne) was Commander of the Acadian Militia of the St-John River valley.<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Godin-128">[119]</a> During the Seven Years' War he supported and encouraged the Indians in their opposition to the British and even led some of their war parties. In February 1759, they killed Godin's daughter and three of his grandchildren in front of him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petiticodiac_campaign">Petiticodiac campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Petiticodiac campaign">edit</a>]</div> In June 1758, Lieutenant Meech of <a href="/wiki/Benoni_Danks" title="Benoni Danks">Benoni Danks</a>' Rangers along with fifty-five men advanced up the Petitcodiac River, suspecting that this was where the Acadian and Mi’kmaw raids originated. They made contact with 40 Acadians but were unable to catch them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008198-133">[124]</a> On July 1, 1758, Danks himself began to pursue the Acadians. They arrived at present day <a href="/wiki/Moncton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncton, New Brunswick">Moncton</a> and Danks’ Rangers ambushed about thirty Acadians, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> (Beausoleil). Many were driven into the river, three of them were killed and scalped, and others were captured. Broussard was seriously wounded.<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> In September 1758, <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogers Rangers">Rogers Rangers</a> burned a village of 100 buildings. The Acadians captured five of the British troops and retreated with then to the Miramachi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196934–35-135">[126]</a> The Acadians took prisoner <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Caesar_McCormick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Caesar McCormick (page does not exist)">William Caesar McCormick</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Stark_(loyalist)" title="William Stark (loyalist)">William Stark</a>'s rangers and his detachment of three rangers and two light infantry privates from the <a href="/wiki/35th_(Royal_Sussex)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot">35th Regiment</a>. They were taken to Miramachi and then Restogouch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196934-124">[115]</a> (They were kept by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_du_Calvet" title="Pierre du Calvet">Pierre du Calvet</a> who later released them to Halifax.)<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> November 12, 1758, Danks' Rangers sailed up the river and returned the next day with four men and twelve women and children as prisoners. The prisoners notified Danks about the location of Joseph Broussard's home (present day Boundary Creek). Danks' company sailed immediately up the Petitodiac to attack Broussard's home. By the time Danks arrived the house was vacant. Danks killed the livestock and burned the fields and village.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008200-137">[128]</a> The Rangers returned to the river. Captain <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_Cobb" title="Silvanus Cobb">Silvanus Cobb</a> continued to ferry Rangers up and down the river to destroy the houses and crops over two nights, November 13–14. On November 14, Acadian resistance appeared early in the morning. Two of Danks' Rangers were missing. The Rangers overwhelmed the Acadians once Danks' reinforcement of a platoon of Rangers arrived. The Rangers took a dozen women and children hostage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008201-138">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gorham" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gorham">Joseph Gorham</a> reported that he had burned over a hundred homes and Danks reported he destroyed twenty three buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008201-138">[129]</a> The Rangers then returned to Fort Frederick at the mouth of the St. John River with the prisoners. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plains_of_Abraham">Plains of Abraham</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Plains of Abraham">edit</a>]</div> Under command of Boishébert, the Acadian militia (150 fighters) took part in the defence of Quebec during the summer of 1759 and then in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a> (1759). In the winter he returned for the last time to Acadia, to gather reinforcements for the defence of Canada and to restore the morale of the discouraged Acadians.<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Boishébert-108">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Restigouche">Battle of Restigouche</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Battle of Restigouche">edit</a>]</div> An Acadian militia and Mi’kmaw militia, totalling 1500 fighters, organized in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Restigouche" title="Battle of Restigouche">Battle of Restigouche</a>. The Acadians arrived in about 20 schooners and small boats. Along with the French, they continued up river to draw the British fleet closer to the Acadian community of Pointe-à-la-Batterie, where they were ready to launch a surprise attack on the English. The Acadians sunk a number of their vessels to create a blockade, upon which the Acadian and Mi’kmaq fired at the ships. On 27 June, the British succeeded in maneuvering just beyond the chain of sunken ships. Once the British were range of the battery, they fired on the battery. This skirmish lasted all night and was repeated with various breaks from 28 June to 3 July, when the British overwhelmed Pointe à la Batterie, burning 150 to 200 buildings that made up the Acadian village community at Pointe à la Batterie. The militias retreated and re-grouped with the French frigate Machault. They sunk more schooners to create another blockade. They created two new batteries, one on the north shore at Pointe de la Mission (today <a href="/wiki/Listuguj" class="mw-redirect" title="Listuguj">Listuguj</a>, Quebec), and one on the south shore at Pointe aux Sauvages (today <a href="/wiki/Campbellton,_New_Brunswick" title="Campbellton, New Brunswick">Campbellton, New Brunswick</a>). They created blockade with schooners at Pointe aux Sauvages. On July 7 British commander Byron spent the day getting rid of the battery at Pointe aux Sauvages and later returned to the task of destroying the Machault. By the morning of 8 July the Scarborough and the Repulse were in range of the blockade and face to face with the Machault. The British made two attempts to defeat the batteries and the militias held out. On the third attempt, they were successful.<a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Treaty of Paris (1763)">edit</a>]</div> The fifty years of quasi-uninterrupted hostilities on the Acadian territory were finally resolved by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, in which the French were expelled from British North America; they retained only a small portion of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> on that continent. The fate of the Acadians—expulsion from their homelands—was due to their reliance on their clerics, who employed them mercilessly as tools of a failed policy of empire. As <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Rigaud,_Marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal">Vaudreuil</a> remarked in 1760 to his superior, "Les malheurs des Accadiens sont beaucoup moins leur ouvrage que le fruit des sollicitations et des demarches des missionnaires."<a href="#cite_note-park135-18">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pichon" title="Thomas Pichon">Thomas Pichon</a> would write in his Lettres et Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire du Cap Breton that same year:<a href="#cite_note-park135-18">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Nous avons six missionnaires dont l'occupation perpetuelle est de porter les esprits au fanatisme et a la vengeance... Je ne puis supporter dans nos pretres ces odieuses declamations qu'ils font tous les jours aux sauvages: 'Les Anglois sont les ennemis de Dieu, les compagnons du Diable.'</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> In the lead up to the American Revolution, Nova Scotia prepared for an American assault. A militia of 100 Acadians from Clare and Yarmouth was raised and marched to Halifax (1774).<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Thibodeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Thibodeau (page does not exist)">Simon Thibodeau</a> fought the American patriots while in Quebec during the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Thibodeau-141">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Bute" title="Capture of Fort Bute">Capture of Fort Bute</a> signalled the opening of <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">Spanish intervention in the American Revolutionary War</a> on the side of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Mustering an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> army of Spanish regulars, Acadian militia, and native levies under <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Antoine_de_St._Maxent" title="Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent">Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Spanish Louisiana</a> stormed and captured the small British frontier post on <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Manchac" title="Bayou Manchac">Bayou Manchac</a> on 7 September 1779.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: War of 1812">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levite_Theriault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Levite_Theriault.jpg/200px-Levite_Theriault.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Levite_Theriault.jpg/300px-Levite_Theriault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Levite_Theriault.jpg/400px-Levite_Theriault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vite_Th%C3%A9riault" title="Lévite Thériault">Lévite Thériault</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jean-Baptiste Hébert">Jean-Baptiste Hébert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Girouard" title="Jean-Joseph Girouard">Jean-Joseph Girouard</a> served in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vite_Th%C3%A9riault" title="Lévite Thériault">Lévite Thériault</a> was the founder and lieutenant-colonel of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Battalion_of_Madawaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Battalion of Madawaska (page does not exist)">1st Battalion of Madawaska</a> militia in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Johnson" title="Urbain Johnson">Urbain Johnson</a> was a captain of a militia in New Brunswick. <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_H%C3%A9bert" title="Noël Hébert">Noël Hébert</a> also served in a militia in <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henri_M._Robicheau" title="Henri M. Robicheau">Henri M. Robicheau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Robicheau" title="Frederick A. Robicheau">Frederick A. Robicheau</a> served as captains of local militias in Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cormier" title="Charles Cormier">Charles Cormier</a> was a militia leader in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> there were numerous <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a> militia units raised in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Confederacy">Army of the Confederacy</a>. One unit was named "Independent Rangers of Iberville Squadron Militia Cavalry", after <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>, founder of the French colony of Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> During World War I, Acadians participated in the <a href="/wiki/165th_Battalion_(Acadiens),_CEF" title="165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF">165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF</a>, a unit in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a>. Based in <a href="/wiki/Moncton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncton, New Brunswick">Moncton, New Brunswick</a>, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout the Maritime provinces. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_First_World_War_reserve_brigades" title="British Army First World War reserve brigades">13th Reserve Battalion</a> on 7 April 1917. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/220px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/330px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/440px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers approaching Juno Beach aboard <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Assault" title="Landing Craft Assault">LCAs</a></figcaption></figure> During World War II, Acadian soldiers were instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a> and the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer,_Calvados" title="Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados">Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados</a>, in which they are named by the Brèche des Acadiens.<a href="#cite_note-vetgc-145">[136]</a> Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer is located at the eastern end of Nan Sector of <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a>, one of the landing sites on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, at the beginning of the Battle of Normandy, during World War II. On D-Day the infantry of the <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach_order_of_battle" title="Juno Beach order of battle">North Shore Regiment of New Brunswick</a> landed there, and were backed up by the armour of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry_Horse" title="Fort Garry Horse">Fort Garry Horse</a> (also known as the 10th Armoured Regiment). <a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9giment_de_la_Chaudi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Régiment de la Chaudière">Le Régiment de la Chaudière</a> of Quebec came ashore in reserve. About 100 defenders garrisoned the town and they were largely unaffected by the preparatory barrage. As such they were able to put up heavy resistance at the beach and in the town as the Canadians pushed inland, but were eventually overcome. A commemorative plaque marks their involvement in the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Caen_%E2%80%93_Carpiquet_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Caen – Carpiquet Airport">Carpiquet airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vetgc-145">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_veterans">Notable veterans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable veterans">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Marres_%27Marc%27_dit_La_Sonde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Marres 'Marc' dit La Sonde (page does not exist)">Bernard Marres 'Marc' dit La Sonde</a> – fought British at <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso, Nova Scotia</a> (1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858154-146">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard-Anselme_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin" title="Bernard-Anselme d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin">Bernard-Anselme d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin" title="Joseph d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin">Joseph d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin</a></li> <li>Paul Doucet (alias Paul Laurent) – pilot for French Navy during King George's War<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112,_note_17-147">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Pelerain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Pelerain (page does not exist)">Charles Pelerain</a> (Tuck) – pilot for French Navy during King George's War<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112,_note_17-147">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a> and his wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Raymond" title="Charles Raymond">Charles Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Coste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Coste (page does not exist)">Jacques Coste</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858171,_173-148">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Amand_Bujold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Amand Bujold (page does not exist)">Louis Amand Bujold</a> (Armand Bigeau)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858168-149">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_LeBlanc,_dit_Le_Maigre" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph LeBlanc, dit Le Maigre">Joseph LeBlanc, dit Le Maigre</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prudent_Robichaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prudent Robichaud (page does not exist)">Prudent Robichaud</a> (leader of the mutiny on the Pembroke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Bourg" title="Alexandre Bourg">Alexandre Bourg</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupont_Duvivier" title="François Dupont Duvivier">François Dupont Duvivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_II_Surette" title="Pierre II Surette">Pierre II Surette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(Guillaume_Jeanson)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Johnson (Guillaume Jeanson)">William Johnson (Guillaume Jeanson)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1757)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)">Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bradstreet" title="John Bradstreet">John Bradstreet</a> (fought for British)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Winniett" title="Joseph Winniett">Joseph Winniett</a> (supported the British, grandchild of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maisonnat_dit_Baptiste" title="Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste">Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin" title="Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin">Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maisonnat_dit_Baptiste" title="Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste">Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Godin" title="Joseph Godin">Joseph Godin</a> dit Bellefontaine, Sieur de Beauséjour and Commander of the Acadian Militia of the St-John River valley (<a href="/wiki/St._John_River_campaign" title="St. John River campaign">St. John River campaign</a>)<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Godin-128">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Trahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Trahan (page does not exist)">Joseph Trahan</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rene_LeBlanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rene LeBlanc (page does not exist)">Rene LeBlanc</a>–- from Minas, worked for Villebon during King William's War<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Melanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Melanson (page does not exist)">Pierre Melanson</a> – from Minas, worked for Villebon during King William's War, appointed "captain of the coast"<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Thibodeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Thibodeau (page does not exist)">Simon Thibodeau</a> – American Revolution<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Thibodeau-141">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vite_Th%C3%A9riault" title="Lévite Thériault">Lévite Thériault</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/165th_Battalion_(Acadiens),_CEF" title="165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF">165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Miꞌkmaq">Military history of the Mi’kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Maliseet_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Maliseet people">Military history of the Maliseet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Many of the Acadians and Mi'kmaw people were <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">metis</a>. For example, when Shirley put a bounty on the Mi'kmaw people during <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, the Acadians appealed in anxiety to Mascarene because of the "great number of <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulattoes</a> amongst them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961405,_note_18a-1">[1]</a> For information on Metis Acadians see:  • <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParmenterRobison2007" class="citation journal cs1">Parmenter, Jon; Robison, Mark Power (April 2007). "The Perils and Possibilities of Wartime Neutrality on the Edges of Empire: Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America, 1744–1760". <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 31 (2): 182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2007.00611.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00611.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Perils+and+Possibilities+of+Wartime+Neutrality+on+the+Edges+of+Empire%3A+Iroquois+and+Acadians+between+the+French+and+British+in+North+America%2C+1744%E2%80%931760&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2007.00611.x&rft.aulast=Parmenter&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Robison%2C+Mark+Power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988">  • <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, pp. 35–48, 146–67, 179–81, 203, 271–77  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1993" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Daniel N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wewerenotsavages0000paul_t1q7">We Were Not the Savages: A Micmac Perspective on the Collision of European and Aboriginal Civilizations</a>. Nimbus. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wewerenotsavages0000paul_t1q7/page/38">38</a>–67, 86, 97–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-056-6"><bdi>978-1-55109-056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Were+Not+the+Savages%3A+A+Micmac+Perspective+on+the+Collision+of+European+and+Aboriginal+Civilizations&rft.pages=38-67%2C+86%2C+97-104&rft.pub=Nimbus&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55109-056-6&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwewerenotsavages0000paul_t1q7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988">  • <a href="#CITEREFPlank2001">Plank (2001)</a>, pp. 23–39, 70–98, 111–14, 122–38  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobison2000" class="citation thesis cs1">Robison, Mark Power (2000). Maritime frontiers: The evolution of empire in Nova Scotia, 1713–1758 (Ph.D.). University of Colorado at Boulder. pp. 53–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Maritime+frontiers%3A+The+evolution+of+empire+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1713%E2%80%931758&rft.inst=University+of+Colorado+at+Boulder&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Robison&rft.aufirst=Mark+Power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicken1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wicken, Bill (Autumn 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/download/11961/12805">"26 Augusts 1726: A case study in Mi'kmaq-New England Relationships in the Early 18th Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acadiensis" title="Acadiensis">Acadiensis</a>. XXIII (1): 20–21. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30303468">30303468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=26+Augusts+1726%3A+A+case+study+in+Mi%27kmaq-New+England+Relationships+in+the+Early+18th+Century&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=XXIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30303468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wicken&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FAcadiensis%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F11961%2F12805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicken1998" class="citation book cs1">Wicken, William C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqNGhNB02QkC&pg=PA93">"Re-examining Mi'kmaq-Acadian Relations, 1635–1755"</a>. In Sylvie Dépatie; et al. (eds.). Vingt Ans Apres: Habitants et Marchands [Twenty Years Later]. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 93–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773567023" title="Special:BookSources/9780773567023"><bdi>9780773567023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Re-examining+Mi%E2%80%99kmaq-Acadian+Relations%2C+1635%E2%80%931755&rft.btitle=Vingt+Ans+Apres%3A+Habitants+et+Marchands&rft.pages=93-109&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780773567023&rft.aulast=Wicken&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqNGhNB02QkC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Near where the Fort Nashwaak Motel now stands. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> For details on the siege see <a href="#CITEREFMurdoch1865">Murdoch (1865)</a>, pp. 228–231 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> The Nova Scotia Museum indicates that this is a Mi’kmaq man. "This Mi'kmaq man has light hair and European features; his accoutrements are also inaccurately depicted. The 1750 account of Swedish botanist Peter Kalm, or the eighteenth-century letters of the Abbé Pierre Antoine Simon Maillard, may be the artist's basis for this engraving; both mention Mi'kmaq men tattooed with crosses and suns. This engraving was published in an encyclopedia by J. Grasset St-Saveur, "ci-devant vice-consul de la Nation française en Hongrie."<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> The complementary image—"Femme Acadienne" is also Mi’kmaq. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Morris, Charles. A Brief Survey of Nova Scotia. The Royal Artillery Regimental Library, Woolwich. Morris provides a description of the Acadians: "The people are tall and well proportioned, they delight much in wearing long hair, they are of dark complexion, in general, and somewhat of the mixture of Indians; but there are some of a light complexion. They retain the language and customs of their neighbours the French, with a mixed affectation of the native Indians, and imitate them in their haunting and wild tones in their merriment; they are naturally full cheer and merry, subtle, speak and promise fair,..." </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Cornwallis' official report mentioned that four settlers were killed and six soldiers taken prisoner. See Governor Cornwallis to Board of Trade, letter, June 24, 1751, referenced in Harry Chapman, p. 29; John Wilson reported that fifteen people were killed immediately, seven were wounded, three of whom would die in hospital; six were carried away and never seen again" (See A genuine narrative of the transactions in Nova Scotia since the settlement, June 1749, till August the 5th, 1751 [microform] : in which the nature, soil, and produce of the country are related, with the particular attempts of the Indians to disturb the colony / by John Wilson); John Salusbury recorded in his diary that approximately twenty were killed (See Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749–53. Edited by Ronald Rompkey. Newark: University of Delaware Press. 1982. p. 111) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Note: <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 180 locates this battle at Chipoudy rather than at Petitcodiac. There is a primary source, however, of a letter written by Major Jedediah Preble that indicates the battle happened in "Shipodia" (See Peter Landry. The Lion and the Lily. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 535) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The French reported that eighty British were killed (see <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 180). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Johnson's father had been in the British garrison at Annapolis Royal and whose mother was Acadian, was said to have been the leader of the attackers. </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961405,_note_18a-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1961405,_note_18a_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1961">Bell (1961)</a>, p. 405, note 18a. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994146-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994146_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994146_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1994">Patterson (1994)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasque2011" class="citation book cs1">Basque, Maurice (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOPlkQEACAAJ&pg=PA66">"Atlantic Realities, Acadian Identities, Arcadian Dreams"</a>. In John Graham Reid; Donald J. Savoie (eds.). Shaping an Agenda for Atlantic Canada. Fernwood. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-449-0"><bdi>978-1-55266-449-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Realities%2C+Acadian+Identities%2C+Arcadian+Dreams&rft.btitle=Shaping+an+Agenda+for+Atlantic+Canada&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Fernwood&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55266-449-0&rft.aulast=Basque&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOPlkQEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Church, p. 228[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Roger Marsters. 2004. p. 34[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1897" class="citation book cs1">Baker, C. Alice (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/truestoriesofnew00bake#page/40/mode/2up">True Stories of New England Captives Carried to Canada during the Old French and Indian Wars</a>. Cambridge. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+Stories+of+New+England+Captives+Carried+to+Canada+during+the+Old+French+and+Indian+Wars&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=C.+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftruestoriesofnew00bake%23page%2F40%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Reid" title="John G. Reid">Reid, John G.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2spDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">"1686–1720: Imperial Intrusions"</a>. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-1676-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15jjfrm">j.ctt15jjfrm</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1686%E2%80%931720%3A+Imperial+Intrusions&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Region+to+Confederation%3A+A+History&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt15jjfrm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-1676-5&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2spDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Benjamin Church, p. 273[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, pp. 110–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005247-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005247_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005247_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005135-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005135_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005248-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005248_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005249-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2005249_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaty_of_Utrecht_between_France_and_Great_Britain">Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain </a>. 1713 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+Friendship+Treaty+of+Utrecht+between+France+and+Great+Britain&rft.date=1713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-park135-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park135_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-park135_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-park135_18-2">c</a> Parkman, p.135[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank200176–77-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlank200176–77_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlank200176–77_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlank2001">Plank (2001)</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes2004121,_125-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes2004121,_125_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaynes2004">Haynes (2004)</a>, pp. 121, 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes2004122-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes2004122_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaynes2004">Haynes (2004)</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Campbell, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Robinson, p. 53[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]; <a href="#CITEREFHaynes2004">Haynes (2004)</a>, pp. 111, 114, 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200846–73-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200846–73_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, pp. 46–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroulx1924" class="citation book cs1">Groulx, Lionel-Adolphe (1924). "L'histoire Acadienne". In Bibliothèque de l’Action française (ed.). Notre maître le passé (10-10 ed.). p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27histoire+Acadienne&rft.btitle=Notre+ma%C3%AEtre+le+pass%C3%A9&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=10-10&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Groulx&rft.aufirst=Lionel-Adolphe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/museum/mikmaq/?section=image&page=1&id=56&period=1500&region=">"Image MP0071"</a>. Mi’kmaq Portraits. Nova Scotia Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mi%E2%80%99kmaq+Portraits&rft.atitle=Image+MP0071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fmikmaq%2F%3Fsection%3Dimage%26page%3D1%26id%3D56%26period%3D1500%26region%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates,_p._33,_41-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bates,_p._33,_41_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates,_p._33,_41_29-1">b</a> Bates, p. 33, 41[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1996">Barnes (1996)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Bernard, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996106-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996106_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1996">Barnes (1996)</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1996">Barnes (1996)</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead18584–5-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodhead18584–5_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodhead1858">Brodhead (1858)</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPote189634-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPote189634_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPote1896">Pote (1896)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996103-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996103_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1996">Barnes (1996)</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidBaker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Reid" title="John G. Reid">Reid, John G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Baker" title="Emerson Baker">Baker, Emerson W.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TM3AlH-lTscC&pg=PA129">"Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal"</a>. Essays on Northeastern North America, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. University of Toronto Press. pp. 129–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442688032">10.3138/9781442688032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9137-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-9137-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442688032.12">10.3138/9781442688032.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amerindian+Power+in+the+Early+Modern+Northeast%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Northeastern+North+America%2C+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=129-152&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442688032.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442688032&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9137-6&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Emerson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTM3AlH-lTscC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Johnston, A.J.B. Storied Shores. University College of Cape Breton Press. 2004., p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Harvey, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey,_p._111-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_p._111_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_p._111_41-1">b</a> Harvey, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlyk1999" class="citation book cs1">Rawlyk, George A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jrtAAAACAAJ&pg=PA64">Yankees at Louisbourg: The Story of the First Siege, 1745</a>. Breton Books. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895415-45-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895415-45-2"><bdi>978-1-895415-45-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yankees+at+Louisbourg%3A+The+Story+of+the+First+Siege%2C+1745&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Breton+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-895415-45-2&rft.aulast=Rawlyk&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jrtAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/w/captcha/question/">"Project Gutenberg"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fw%2Fcaptcha%2Fquestion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Johnson, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008133-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008133_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2004" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Brenda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwqUAQAACAAJ&pg=PA166">A History of Port Royal/Annapolis Royal, 1605-1800</a>. Historical Association of Annapolis Royal. Nimbus Pub. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-484-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-484-7"><bdi>978-1-55109-484-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Port+Royal%2FAnnapolis+Royal%2C+1605-1800&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Nimbus+Pub.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55109-484-7&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwqUAQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698–113-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698–113_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes199698–113_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1996">Barnes (1996)</a>, pp. 98–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvageau1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sauvageau, Robert (1987). Acadie: La guerre de cents ans des Francais d'Amerique aux Maritimes et en Louisiane, 1670–1769 [Acadia: The Hundred Years' War of the French Americans in the Maritimes and Louisiana, 1670–1769] (in French). Paris: Berger-Levrault.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadie%3A+La+guerre+de+cents+ans+des+Francais+d%27Amerique+aux+Maritimes+et+en+Louisiane%2C+1670%E2%80%931769&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Berger-Levrault&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sauvageau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Taylor, Aaron (2009). The 1747 Trek to Grand Pré: A Study in Historical Archaeology (Honours Thesis). Saint Mary's University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+1747+Trek+to+Grand+Pr%C3%A9%3A+A+Study+in+Historical+Archaeology&rft.inst=Saint+Mary%27s+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Morris_1748-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Morris_1748_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Morris_1748_50-1">b</a> Charles Morris. A Brief Survey of Nova Scotia. The Royal Artillery Regimental Library, Woolwich. A copy of the original is held at the Library & Archives of Canada, Ottawa. Charles Morris fonds (circa 1748)R2227-0-6-E </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996104-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996104_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1996">Barnes (1996)</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858166,_168,_171,_179-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858166,_168,_171,_179_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodhead1858">Brodhead (1858)</a>, pp. 166, 168, 171, 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB_Daudin-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Daudin_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Daudin_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Johnson, Micheline D. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/daudin_henri_3E.html">"Daudin, Henri"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daudin%2C+Henri&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Micheline+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fdaudin_henri_3E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Patterson, 1993, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/collectionsofnov02nova#page/n155/mode/2up,">"Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society"</a>. Halifax, Nova Scotia Historical Society. 1880. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collections+of+the+Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.pub=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcollectionsofnov02nova%23page%2Fn155%2Fmode%2F2up%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank2001105-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlank2001105_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlank2001">Plank (2001)</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith, Origins: Canadian History to Confederation, 6th ed. (Toronto: Nelson Education, 2009), 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> John Brebner, New England's Outpost: Acadia before the Conquest of Canada, (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1965), 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> A.J.B. Johnston. "French Attitudes Toward the Acadians, ca. 1680–1756", In Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation. pp. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005262-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005262_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfrompu00nova#page/n127/mode/1up">"Selections from the public documents of the province of Nova Scotia"</a>. Halifax, N.S., C. Annand. 1869. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+public+documents+of+the+province+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Halifax%2C+N.S.%2C+C.+Annand&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fselectionsfrompu00nova%23page%2Fn127%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Frank Harris Patterson. History of Tatamagouche, Halifax: Royal Print & Litho., 1917 (also Mika, Belleville: 1973), p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008159-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008159_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008159_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hand, p. 20[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Hand, p. 25[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1866172-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1866172_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdoch1866">Murdoch (1866)</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Godfrey, William G. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/handfield_john_3E.html">"Handfield, John"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handfield%2C+John&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fhandfield_john_3E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Brebner, New England's Outpost. p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> See (<a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher 2005</a>, p. 262); Griffith 392; <a href="#CITEREFMurdoch1866">Murdoch (1866)</a>, pp. 166–167; <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 153; John Salusbury's Diary, Dec. 10, 1749; and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514082831/http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html">"Northeast Archaeological Research --"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2014-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeast+Archaeological+Research+--&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeastarch.com%2Fvieux_logis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988">). </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092547116;view=1up;seq=461">"The Scots magazine"</a>. pp. 55 v.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scots+magazine&rft.pages=55+v&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044092547116%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Atkins, p. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008160-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008160_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005272-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005272_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harry_Chapman,_p._31-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harry_Chapman,_p._31_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harry_Chapman,_p._31_75-1">b</a> Harry Chapman, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harry_Chapman_p._32-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harry_Chapman_p._32_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harry_Chapman_p._32_76-1">b</a> Harry Chapman, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 410 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Harry Chapman, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994142-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994142_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1994">Patterson (1994)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1998">Patterson (1998)</a>, pp. 105–106; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1994">Patterson (1994)</a>, p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994152-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994152_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1994">Patterson (1994)</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008177–206-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008177–206_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 177–206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994148-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson1994148_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1994">Patterson (1994)</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005350-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005350_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005350_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 350; <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 180; <a href="#CITEREFBrodhead1858">Brodhead (1858)</a>, p. 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008180-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008180_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPote1896176-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPote1896176_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPote1896">Pote (1896)</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Parks Canada Agency, Government of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/ns/bloodycreek/natcul/histo.aspx">"Parks Canada – Bloody Creek National Historic Site of Canada – History"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parks+Canada+%E2%80%93+Bloody+Creek+National+Historic+Site+of+Canada+%E2%80%93+History&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Parks+Canada+Agency%2C+Government+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Flhn-nhs%2Fns%2Fbloodycreek%2Fnatcul%2Fhisto.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsentino" class="citation web cs1">Consentino, Lucie LeBlanc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadian-home.org/PD-Pembroke.html">"Acadians Pembroke:Acadian History:The Exile: Acadian Ancestral Home"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acadians+Pembroke%3AAcadian+History%3AThe+Exile%3A+Acadian+Ancestral+Home&rft.aulast=Consentino&rft.aufirst=Lucie+LeBlanc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acadian-home.org%2FPD-Pembroke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858426-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858426_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858426_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodhead1858">Brodhead (1858)</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961496-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1961496_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1961">Bell (1961)</a>, p. 496. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Boston Evening Post. 1756 October 18. p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398_95-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961514-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1961514_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1961">Bell (1961)</a>, p. 514. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1769" class="citation book cs1">Knox, John (1769). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cihm_36456#page/n461/mode/2up/search/reputed">An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America for the years 1757, 1758, 1759 and 1760:[...]</a>. Vol. II. London: W. Johnston and J. Dodsley. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665364563" title="Special:BookSources/9780665364563"><bdi>9780665364563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Journal+of+the+Campaigns+in+North+America+for+the+years+1757%2C+1758%2C+1759+and+1760%3A%5B...%5D&rft.place=London&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=W.+Johnston+and+J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1769&rft.isbn=9780665364563&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcihm_36456%23page%2Fn461%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Freputed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Webster as cited by bluepete, p. 371 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 190; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unb.ca/nbmhp/counties/Westmorland.html">New Brunswick Military Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008195-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008195_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005410-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005410_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unb.ca/nbmhp/counties/Westmorland.html">New Brunswick Military Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961508-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1961508_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1961">Bell (1961)</a>, p. 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> "Regular" refers to a professional British soldier, paid by the British Crown. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1961512,_note_44-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1961512,_note_44_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1961">Bell (1961)</a>, p. 512, note 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> William Williamson. The history of the state of Maine. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 311–112; During this time period, the Maliseet and Mi'kmaq were the only tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> who were able to right. </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB_Boishébert-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Boishébert_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Boishébert_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeblanc1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Leblanc, Phyllis E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/deschamps_de_boishebert_et_de_raffetot_charles_4E.html">"Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot, Charles"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deschamps+de+Boish%C3%A9bert+et+de+Raffetot%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Leblanc&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fdeschamps_de_boishebert_et_de_raffetot_charles_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1865" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Cyrus (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historythomasto03eatogoog">History of Thomaston, Rockland, and South Thomaston, Maine, from their First Exploration, 1605; with Family Genealogies</a>. Hallowell, Maine: Masters, Smith & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historythomasto03eatogoog/page/n95">77</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Thomaston%2C+Rockland%2C+and+South+Thomaston%2C+Maine%2C+from+their+First+Exploration%2C+1605%3B+with+Family+Genealogies&rft.place=Hallowell%2C+Maine&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Masters%2C+Smith+%26+Co&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorythomasto03eatogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> • William Durkee Williamson, The history of the state of Maine: from its first discovery, A.D. ..., Volume 2, p. 333 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historystatemai04willgoog/page/n465">(Williamson's Book)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> J. S. McLennan. Louisbourg: From its foundation to its fall (1713–1758). 1918, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Earle Lockerby. "Pre-Deportation Letters from Ile Saint Jean". Les Cahiers. La Societe historique acadienne. Vol. 42, No. 2. June 2011. pp. 99–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196929-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196929_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196929_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1866366-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1866366_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdoch1866">Murdoch (1866)</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007126-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007126_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston (2007)</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007161-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007161_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston (2007)</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007128-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007128_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston (2007)</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007179-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007179_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007179_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston (2007)</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007189-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007189_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston (2007)</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007196-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007196_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston (2007)</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196927-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196927_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196930-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196930_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196930_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196932-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196932_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196935-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196935_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196935_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196934-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196934_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196934_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196934_124-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196973-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196973_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196974-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196974_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, pp. 199–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB_Godin-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Godin_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Godin_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Godin_128-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacBeath1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">MacBeath, George (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/godin_joseph_4E.html">"Godin, Bellefontaine, Beauséjour, Joseph"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Godin%2C+Bellefontaine%2C+Beaus%C3%A9jour%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=MacBeath&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fgodin_joseph_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlank2001">Plank (2001)</a>, p. 62, 66; Campbell, p. 31 (note that Campbell reports five rangers killed and eight wounded) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196970-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196970_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenier202_Plank61-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenier202_Plank61_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenier202_Plank61_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 202; <a href="#CITEREFPlank2001">Plank (2001)</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196971-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196971_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008198-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008198_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 198; <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoescher196934–35-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoescher196934–35_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoescher1969">Loescher (1969)</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTousignantDionne-Tousignant1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tousignant, Pierre; Dionne-Tousignant, Madeleine (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_calvet_pierre_4E.html">"du Calvet, Pierre"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=du+Calvet%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Tousignant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Dionne-Tousignant%2C+Madeleine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fdu_calvet_pierre_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008200-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008200_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008201-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008201_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008201_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattiePothier1996" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Judith; Pothier, Bernard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/saah/restigouche.pdf">The Battle of the Restigouche, 1760</a> (PDF). Ottawa: Canadian Heritage/ Parks Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-16384-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-16384-5"><bdi>0-660-16384-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Restigouche%2C+1760&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Canadian+Heritage%2F+Parks+Canada&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-660-16384-5&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Pothier%2C+Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparkscanadahistory.com%2Fseries%2Fsaah%2Frestigouche.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Akins, Thomas. History of Halifax City, p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB_Thibodeau-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Thibodeau_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_Thibodeau_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roy, Jacqueline (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thibodeau_simon_5E.html">"Thibodeau, Simon"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thibodeau%2C+Simon&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fthibodeau_simon_5E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadian-home.org/american-revolution.html">"Acadia:Acadians:American Revolution:Acadian & French Canadian Ancestral Home"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acadia%3AAcadians%3AAmerican+Revolution%3AAcadian+%26+French+Canadian+Ancestral+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acadian-home.org%2Famerican-revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acadian.info/history.htm">"Acadian.info A guide to Cajun Country"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acadian.info+A+guide+to+Cajun+Country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facadian.info%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalnekSavary1897" class="citation book cs1">Calnek, W. A.; Savary, A. W. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cihm_00386">History of the county of Annapolis, including old Port Royal and Acadia</a>. W. Briggs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665003868" title="Special:BookSources/9780665003868"><bdi>9780665003868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+county+of+Annapolis%2C+including+old+Port+Royal+and+Acadia&rft.pub=W.+Briggs&rft.date=1897&rft.isbn=9780665003868&rft.aulast=Calnek&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft.au=Savary%2C+A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcihm_00386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormier2004" class="citation web cs1">Cormier, Steven A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadiansingray.com/Independent%20Rangers%20of%20Iberville%20Sqd.%20Cav.-Mil.htm#Independent">Rangers of Iberville Squadron Militia Cavalry "Independent Rangers of Iberville Squadron Militia Cavalry"</a>. Acadians in Grey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acadians+in+Grey&rft.atitle=Independent+Rangers+of+Iberville+Squadron+Militia+Cavalry&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cormier&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acadiansingray.com%2FIndependent%2520Rangers%2520of%2520Iberville%2520Sqd.%2520Cav.-Mil.htm%23Independent+Rangers+of+Iberville+Squadron+Militia+Cavalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-vetgc-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vetgc_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vetgc_145-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/news/viewrelease/945">veterans.gc.ca: "Minister of Veterans Affairs to Attend Commemorative Events in Normandy to Honour Quebec Acadian Veterans"</a>, 9 Aug 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858154-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858154_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodhead1858">Brodhead (1858)</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112,_note_17-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112,_note_17_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1996112,_note_17_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1996">Barnes (1996)</a>, p. 112, note 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858171,_173-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858171,_173_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodhead1858">Brodhead (1858)</a>, p. 171, 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858168-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodhead1858168_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodhead1858">Brodhead (1858)</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPothier1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pothier, Bernard (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/leblanc_joseph_3E.html">"LeBlanc, Le Maigre, Joseph"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LeBlanc%2C+Le+Maigre%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Pothier&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fleblanc_joseph_3E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd’Entremont1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">d’Entremont, C. J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bourg_alexandre_3E.html">"Bourg, Belle-Humeur, Alxandre"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bourg%2C+Belle-Humeur%2C+Alxandre&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=d%E2%80%99Entremont&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fbourg_alexandre_3E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Northern Armageddon: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham By D. Peter MacLeod • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP4CH8PA4LE.html">"The French retreat"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+retreat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fhistory%2FEPCONTENTSE1EP4CH8PA4LE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourroots.ca/page.aspx?id=1096298&qryID=7f86fb24-eea9-49d5-a653-f202b09f6a31">p. 46</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourroots.ca/page.aspx?id=1096298&qryID=7f86fb24-eea9-49d5-a653-f202b09f6a31">p. 46</a> – note Villebon has Melanson's first initial as "M" when it was "P" • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2004" class="citation book cs1">Reid, John G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqJ9qFqWK4IC&pg=PA58">The "Conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8538-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8538-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8538-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Conquest%22+of+Acadia%2C+1710%3A+Imperial%2C+Colonial%2C+and+Aboriginal+Constructions&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8538-2&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMqJ9qFqWK4IC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1996" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Thomas Garden (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZSRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1">"Twelve Apostles or a Dozen Traitors? Acadian Collaborators during King George's War 1744–1748"</a>. In Frank Murray Greenwood; Barry Wright (eds.). Canadian State Trials: Vol 1. Law, Politics, and Security Measures, 1608-1837. Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7893-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7893-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twelve+Apostles+or+a+Dozen+Traitors%3F+Acadian+Collaborators+during+King+George%27s+War+1744%E2%80%931748&rft.btitle=Canadian+State+Trials%3A+Vol+1.+Law%2C+Politics%2C+and+Security+Measures%2C+1608-1837&rft.pub=Osgoode+Society+for+Canadian+Legal+History&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7893-3&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Garden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZSRAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1961" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Winthrop Pickard (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignprotestan0000bell_o6k0">The Foreign Protestants and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century</a>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Protestants+and+the+Settlement+of+Nova+Scotia%3A+The+History+of+a+Piece+of+Arrested+British+Colonial+Policy+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Winthrop+Pickard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignprotestan0000bell_o6k0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodhead1858" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Romeyn_Brodhead" title="John Romeyn Brodhead">Brodhead, John Romeyn</a> (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ10brod">Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York</a>. Weed, Parsons and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+Relative+to+the+Colonial+History+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.pub=Weed%2C+Parsons+and+Company&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Brodhead&rft.aufirst=John+Romeyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdocumentsrelativ10brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2005" class="citation book cs1">Faragher, John Mack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara">A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland</a>. W.W Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05135-3"><bdi>978-0-393-05135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+and+Noble+Scheme%3A+The+Tragic+Story+of+the+Expulsion+of+the+French+Acadians+from+Their+American+Homeland&rft.pub=W.W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05135-3&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatnoblescheme00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PP1">The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Reaches+of+Empire%3A+War+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710-1760&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2004" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOMN6EgAqOIC&pg=PP1">The Forgotten Battle: A History of the Acadians of Canso/Chedabuctou</a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-3235-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-3235-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-3235-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Battle%3A+A+History+of+the+Acadians+of+Canso%2FChedabuctou&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-3235-3&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTOMN6EgAqOIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, A. J. B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m73Le-o2NygC&pg=PP1">Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory, and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0986-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0986-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-0986-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+1758%3A+The+Promise%2C+the+Glory%2C+and+the+Despair+of+Louisbourg%27s+Last+Decade&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-0986-2&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm73Le-o2NygC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoescher1969" class="citation book cs1">Loescher, Burt Garfield (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrogersr02loes">The History of Rogers Rangers: The First Green Berets</a>. Vol. I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rogers+Rangers%3A+The+First+Green+Berets&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Loescher&rft.aufirst=Burt+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrogersr02loes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1865" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Beamish (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1">A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie</a>. Vol. I. Halifax, Nova Scotia: J. Barnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nova-Scotia%2C+Or+Acadie&rft.place=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=J.+Barnes&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Beamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wEOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1866" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Beamish (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKgOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1">A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie</a>. Vol. II. Halifax, Nova Scotia: J. Barnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nova-Scotia%2C+Or+Acadie&rft.place=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=J.+Barnes&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Beamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNKgOAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1994" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2spDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples"</a>. In Phillip A. Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 125–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-1676-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1744%E2%80%931763%3A+Colonial+Wars+and+Aboriginal+Peoples&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Region+to+Confederation%3A+A+History&rft.pages=125-155&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-1676-5&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2spDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1998" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnxIPgAACAAJ&pg=PP1">"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749–61: A Study in Political Interaction"</a>. In Phillip A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse">The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation</a>. Acadiensis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1"><bdi>978-0-919107-44-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian-White+Relations+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749%E2%80%9361%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Interaction&rft.btitle=The+Acadiensis+Reader%3A+Atlantic+Canada+Before+Confederation&rft.pub=Acadiensis+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-919107-44-1&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnxIPgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank2001" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwtrvUzceIC&pg=PP1">An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1869-8"><bdi>0-8122-1869-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unsettled+Conquest%3A+The+British+Campaign+Against+the+Peoples+of+Acadia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8122-1869-8&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWwtrvUzceIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPote1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Pote" title="William Pote">Pote, William</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofcaptain00pote">The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747</a>. Dodd, Mead & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Captain+William+Pote%2C+Jr.%2C+during+his+Captivity+in+the+French+and+Indian+War+from+May%2C+1745%2C+to+August%2C+1747&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Pote&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofcaptain00pote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links">Links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/news/viewrelease/945">Acadian Veterans – Veterans Affairs Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~acadie1755_veteran/acadian_vet_names.html">Acadian Veterans of the First World War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadian-home.org/american-revolution.html">Acadians in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadian.org/census-militia.html">Acadians veterans of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadiansingray.com/Units.htm">Significantly Cajun Units in the Armies of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Atkins, Thomas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfrompu00nova#page/n198/mode/1up">Papers related to the French encroachment on Nova Scotia (1749–1754), and the War in North America (1754–1761)</a></li> <li>Cormier, Ronald, The Forgotten Soldiers: Stories from Acadian Veterans of World War Two. Fredericton, N.B. New Ireland Press, 1992</li> <li>Doughty, Arthur G. (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaQDiPgPSooC&dq=The%20Acadian%20Exiles.%20A%20Chronicle%20of%20the%20Land%20of%20Evangeline&pg=PA1">The Acadian Exiles. A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline</a>, Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co. 178 pages</li> <li>Douglas, W. A. B., "The Sea Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1755: A Comment on Naval Policy". The Canadian Historical Review. Vol. XLVII, No.1. 1966. 22–37</li> <li>Edwards, Joseph Plimsoll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/collectionsofnov16novauoft#page/63/mode/1up">"The Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1867." Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 17 (1913). pp. 63–110.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_E._S._Griffiths" title="Naomi E. S. Griffiths">Griffiths, N.E.S.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&pg=PP1">From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Migrant+to+Acadian%3A+A+North+American+Border+People%2C+1604-1755&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2699-0&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcG4wSmIlziYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_E._S._Griffiths" title="Naomi E. S. Griffiths">Griffiths, N.E.S.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acadiandeportati0000grif">The Acadian Deportation: Deliberate Perfidy Or Cruel Necessity?</a>. Copp Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773031005" title="Special:BookSources/9780773031005"><bdi>9780773031005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acadian+Deportation%3A+Deliberate+Perfidy+Or+Cruel+Necessity%3F&rft.pub=Copp+Clark&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780773031005&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facadiandeportati0000grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hadley, Michael L. U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters.</li> <li>Hunt, M. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/novascotia00huntuoft#page/148/mode/2up">Nova Scotia's Part in the Great War</a> The Nova Scotia Veteran Publishing Company Limited. 1920</li> <li>Johnston, John. "The Acadian Deportation in a Comparative Context: An Introduction". Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society: The Journal. 2007. pp. 114–131</li> <li>Landry, Peter. The Lion & The Lily. Vol. 1. Victoria: Trafford, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_25826">Simon MacDonald. Ships of war lost on the coast of Nova Scotia and Sable Island during the eighteenth century (1884)</a></li> <li>Léger, Claude, Le bataillon acadien de la Première Guerre mondiale provides detailed coverage of Madawaskayen and Acadian experiences during WWI</li> <li>McCarthy, Eric, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalpioneer.com/Sports/Other-sports/2009-11-12/article-1391609/Acadian-effort-in-France-will-never-be-forgotten/1">Acadian effort in France will never be forgotten by. Journal Pioneer. November 12, 2009</a></li> <li>Moody, Barry (1981). The Acadians, Toronto: Grolier. 96 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-1810-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-1810-4">0-7172-1810-4</a></li> <li>Rompkey, Ronald, ed. Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749–53. Newark: U of Delaware P, Newark, 1982.</li> <li>Reid, John G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqJ9qFqWK4IC&dq=The%20'Conquest'%20of%20Acadia%2C%201710%3A%20Imperial%2C%20Colonial%2C%20an%20Aboriginal%20Constructions&pg=PP1">The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, an Aboriginal Constructions</a> University of Toronto Press. 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3755-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3755-0">0-8020-3755-0</a></li> <li>Sirois, Georges, La Participation des Brayons à la Grande guerre: 1914–1918</li> <li>Webster, John Clarence. The career of the Abbé Le Loutre in Nova Scotia (Shediac, N.B., 1933),</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicken2002" class="citation book cs1">Wicken, William C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MEQyYggQE8C&pg=PP1">Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7665-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7665-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-7665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+Treaties+on+Trial%3A+History%2C+Land+and+Donald+Marshall+Junior&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7665-6&rft.aulast=Wicken&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MEQyYggQE8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofyarmouth00pooluoft">Annals of Yarmouth and Barrington (Nova Scotia) in the Revolutionary War; compiled from original manuscripts, etc., contained in the office of the secretary of the Commonwealth, State House, Boston, Mass (1899)</a></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&oldid=1225667393">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&oldid=1225667393</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Acadia" title="Category:Military history of Acadia">Military history of Acadia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:History of Nova Scotia">History of Nova Scotia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018">Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: URL">CS1 errors: URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 May 2024, at 23:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Acadians&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4cmjj","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.343","walltime":"1.523","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14066,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":249052,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25136,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":280450,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1277.545 1 -total"," 27.29% 348.639 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.14% 257.277 89 Template:Sfnp"," 16.03% 204.760 9 Template:Efn"," 14.11% 180.316 32 Template:Cite_book"," 12.66% 161.750 1 Template:Military_history_of_the_Acadians"," 12.41% 158.530 1 Template:Sidebar"," 8.61% 109.942 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.20% 79.160 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.59% 71.474 9 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.793","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8640650,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBaker1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasque2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeattiePothier1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodhead1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalnekSavary1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsentino\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCormier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaragher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodfrey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenier2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroulx1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1769\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeblanc\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoescher1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacBeath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdoch1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdoch1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmenterRobison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlank2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPote1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPothier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlyk1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidBaker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobison2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauvageau1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTousignantDionne-Tousignant\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicken1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicken1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicken2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd’Entremont\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite DCB\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Military history of the Acadians\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 21,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Military history of Nova Scotia\"] = 1,\n [\"Military history of the Acadians\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 89,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-6696b4cc84-2dklx","timestamp":"20241124063747","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Military history of the Acadians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_history_of_the_Acadians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17110425","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17110425","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-02-14T15:09:08Z","dateModified":"2024-05-25T23:25:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/44\/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>