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menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Tibetan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Lhasa Tibetan<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྷ་སའི་སྐད་, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: Lha-sa'i skad, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: Lhaséké, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: Lasägä) or Standard Tibetan (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བོད་སྐད་, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: Bod skad, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: Böké, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: Pögä, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[pʰø̀k˭ɛʔ]</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བོད་ཡིག་, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: Bod yig, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: Böyik, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: Pöyig)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] is the Tibetan dialect spoken by educated people of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Autonomous Region">Tibetan Autonomous Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Lhasa Tibetan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style>བོད་སྐད་</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tibetan.png/200px-Tibetan.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tibetan.png/300px-Tibetan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Tibetan.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="161"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/U-Tsang" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Tsang">U-Tsang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(1.2 million cited 1990 census)<a href="#cite_note-e18-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a> (?)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Lhasa Tibetan</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=bo">bo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=447">tib</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=447">bod</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bod" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bod">bod</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tibe1272">tibe1272</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=70-AAA-ac">70-AAA-ac</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/40px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/60px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/80px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan script</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan characters</a>.</div></div> </div> In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a>, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a> branch (the other two being <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92-6">[4]</a> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot.<a href="#cite_note-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92-6">[4]</a> Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> and do not preserve the word-initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, which makes them very far from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a>, especially when compared to the more <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservative</a> Amdo Tibetan.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-jermay_reynolds_2012-8">[6]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Registers">1 Registers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Grammar">2 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Syntax_and_word_order">2.1 Syntax and word order</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Nouns_and_pronouns">2.2 Nouns and pronouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Verbs">2.3 Verbs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Numerals">3 Numerals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Writing_system">4 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Phonology">5 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Consonants">5.1 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Vowels">5.2 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tones">5.3 Tones</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Verbal_system">6 Verbal system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Scholarship">7 Scholarship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Contemporary_usage">8 Contemporary usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Machine_translation_software_and_applications">9 Machine translation software and applications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Example_text">10 Example text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Registers">Registers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Registers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Like many languages, Lhasa Tibetan has a variety of <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">language registers</a>: <ul><li>ཕལ་སྐད (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: phal skad, literally "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demotic" class="extiw" title="wikt:demotic">demotic</a> language"): the vernacular speech.</li> <li>ཞེ་ས (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: zhe sa, "<a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">honorifics</a> or deference, courtesy"): the formal spoken style, particularly prominent in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>.</li> <li>ཡིག་སྐད (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: yig skad, literally "letters language" or "<a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>"): the written literary style; may include ཆོས་སྐད chos skad below.<a href="#cite_note-Kellner_2018-9">[7]</a></li> <li>ཆོས་སྐད (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: chos skad, literally "doctrine language" or "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">religious language</a>"): the literary style in which the scriptures and other classical works are written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919-10">[8]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Lhasa_Tibetan_grammar" title="Modern Lhasa Tibetan grammar">Modern Lhasa Tibetan grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax_and_word_order">Syntax and word order</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntax and word order" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Tibetan is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative-absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative-absolutive language">ergative language</a>, with what can loosely be termed <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">subject–object–verb (SOV) word order</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">Grammatical constituents</a> broadly have <a href="/wiki/Head-final" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-final">head-final</a> word order: <ul><li>adjectives generally follow nouns in Tibetan, unless the two are linked by a <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a></li> <li>objects and adverbs precede the verb, as do adjectives in <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular clauses</a></li> <li>a noun marked with the genitive case precedes the noun which it modifies</li> <li>demonstratives and numerals follow the noun they modify.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_pronouns">Nouns and pronouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nouns and pronouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Tibetan nouns do not possess <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, although this may be marked lexically, nor do they inflect for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. However, definite human nouns may take a plural marker <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཚོ <tsho>. Tibetan has been described as having six cases: <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">agentive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">associative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>. These are generally marked by particles, which are attached to entire noun phrases, rather than individual nouns. These suffixes may vary in form based on the final sound of the root. Personal pronouns are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, showing singular, dual and plural forms. They can have between one and three <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>. The Standard Tibetan language distinguishes three levels of <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a>: proximal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">འདི <'di> "this", medial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དེ <de> "that", and distal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཕ་གི <pha-gi> "that over there (yonder)". These can also take case suffixes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Verbs in Tibetan always come at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>. Verbs do not show agreement in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> in Tibetan. There is also no <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a> distinction between active and <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>; Tibetan verbs are neutral with regard to voice.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Tibetan verbs can be divided into classes based on <a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">volition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency</a>. The volition of the verb has a major effect on its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. Volitional verbs have <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> forms, whilst non-volitional verbs do not: compare <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྟོས་ཤིག <ltos shig> "Look!" with the non-existent *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">མཐོང་ཤིག <mthong shig> "*See!". Additionally, only volitional verbs can take the egophoric copula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཡིན <yin>.<a href="#cite_note-Tournardre_1991-12">[10]</a> Verbs in Tibetan can be split into monovalent and divalent verbs; some may also act as both, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཆག <chag> "break". This interacts with the volition of the verb to condition which nouns take the <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a> and which must take the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, remaining unmarked.<a href="#cite_note-Tournardre_1991-12">[10]</a> Nonetheless, distinction in <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitivity</a> is orthogonal to volition; both the volitional and non-volitional classes contain transitive as well as intransitive verbs. The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> of the verb affects which verbal suffixes and which final auxiliary copulae are attached. Morphologically, verbs in the unaccomplished aspect are marked by the suffix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">གི <gi> or its other forms, identical to the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> for nouns, whereas accomplished aspect verbs do not use this suffix. Each can be broken down into two subcategories: under the unaccomplished aspect, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">progressive</a>/general; under the accomplished aspect, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aorist_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aorist aspect">aorist or simple perfective</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tournardre_1991-12">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a> is a well-known feature of Tibetan verb morphology, gaining much scholarly attention,<a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_1985-13">[11]</a> and contributing substantially to the understanding of evidentiality across languages.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> The evidentials in Standard Tibetan interact with aspect in a system marked by final copulae, with the following resultant modalities being a feature of Standard Tibetan, as classified by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Nicolas Tournadre</a>:<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <ul><li>Assertive</li> <li>Allocentric intentional egophoric</li> <li>Allocentric intentional egophoric/Imminent danger</li> <li>Experiential egophoric</li> <li>Habitual/Generic assertive</li> <li>Inferential</li> <li>Intentional egophoric</li> <li>Intentional/Habitual egophoric</li> <li>Receptive egophoric</li> <li>Testimonial</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Numerals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Tibetan numerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg/220px-Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg/220px-Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg/330px-Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg/440px-Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stone tablets with prayers in Tibetan at a Temple in <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">McLeod Ganj</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pejas,_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism,_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg/220px-Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg/220px-Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg/330px-Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg/440px-Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pechas, scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, at a library in <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamsala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Unlike many other languages of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerical_classifiers" title="Burmese numerical classifiers">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classifiers">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_count_word" title="Korean count word">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a>, there are no numeral auxiliaries or <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure words</a> used in counting in Tibetan. However, words expressive of a collective or integral are often used after the tens, sometimes after a smaller number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920-16">[14]</a> In scientific and astrological works, the numerals, as in Vedic <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, are expressed by symbolical words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920-16">[14]</a> The written numerals are a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>, forming a base-10 positional counting system<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131%E2%80%93134-17">[15]</a> that is attested early on in Classical Tibetan texts. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Tibetan Numerals </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༠</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༡</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༢</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༣</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༤</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༥</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༦</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༧</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༨</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">༩ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Devanagari numerals</a> </th> <td>०</td> <td>१</td> <td>२</td> <td>३</td> <td>४</td> <td>५</td> <td>६</td> <td>७</td> <td>८</td> <td>९ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali numerals</a> </th> <td>০</td> <td>১</td> <td>২</td> <td>৩</td> <td>৪</td> <td>৫</td> <td>৬</td> <td>৭</td> <td>৮</td> <td>৯ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> </th> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tibetan makes use of a special connector particle for the units above each multiple of ten. Between 100 and 199, the connective <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དང dang, literally "and", is used after the hundred portion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131%E2%80%93134-17">[15]</a> Above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ས་ཡ saya million, the numbers are treated as nouns and thus have their multiples following the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131%E2%80%93134-17">[15]</a> The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 10 change spelling when combined with other numerals, reflecting a change in pronunciation in combination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131%E2%80%93134-17">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Written Tibetan </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">numerals</a> </th> <th> </th> <th>Written Tibetan </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> </th> <th>Arabic numerals </th> <th> </th> <th>Written Tibetan </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> </th> <th>Arabic numerals </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">གཅིག </td> <td>gcig </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཅིག </td> <td>nyi shu tsa gcig </td> <td>21 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཞི་བརྒྱ </td> <td>bzhi bgya </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">གཉིས </td> <td>gnyis </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཉིས </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa gynis </td> <td>22 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྔ་བརྒྱ </td> <td>lnga bgya </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">གསུམ </td> <td>gsum </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གསུམ </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa gsum </td> <td>23 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དྲུག་བརྒྱ </td> <td>drug bgya </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཞི </td> <td>bzhi </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་བཞི </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa bzhi </td> <td>24 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བདུན་བརྒྱ </td> <td>bdun bgya </td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྔ </td> <td>lnga </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་ལྔ </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa lnga </td> <td>25 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བརྒྱད་བརྒྱ </td> <td>brgyad bgya </td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དྲུག </td> <td>drug </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་དྲུག </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa drug </td> <td>26 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དགུ་བརྒྱ </td> <td>dgu bgya </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བདུན </td> <td>bdun </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་བདུན </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa bdun </td> <td>27 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཆིག་སྟོང </td> <td>chig stong </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བརྒྱད </td> <td>brgyad </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་བརྒྱད </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa brgyad </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཁྲི </td> <td>khri </td> <td>(a unit of) 10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དགུ </td> <td>dgu </td> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་དགུ </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa dgu </td> <td>29 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ </td> <td>bcu </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སུམ་ཅུ </td> <td>sum cu </td> <td>30 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སུམ་ཅུ་སོ་གཅིག </td> <td>sum cu so gcig </td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ་གཅིག </td> <td>bcu gcig </td> <td>11 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཞི་བཅུ </td> <td>bzhi bcu </td> <td>40 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཞི་བཅུ་ཞེ་གཅིག </td> <td>bzhi bcu zhe gcig </td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ་གཉིས </td> <td>bcu gnyis </td> <td>12 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྔ་བཅུ </td> <td>lnga bcu </td> <td>50 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྔ་བཅུ་ང་གཅིག </td> <td>lnga bcu nga gcig </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ་གསུམ </td> <td>bcu gsum </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དྲུག་ཅུ </td> <td>drug cu </td> <td>60 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དྲུག་ཅུ་རེ་གཅིག </td> <td>drug cu re gcig </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ་བཞི </td> <td>bcu bzhi </td> <td>14 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བདུན་ཅུ </td> <td>bdun cu </td> <td>70 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བདུན་ཅུ་དོན་གཅིག </td> <td>bdun cu don gcig </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅོ་ལྔ </td> <td>bco lnga </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བརྒྱད་ཅུ </td> <td>brgyad cu </td> <td>80 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཅིག </td> <td>brgyad cu gya gcig </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ་དྲུག </td> <td>bcu drug </td> <td>16 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དགུ་བཅུ </td> <td>dgu bcu </td> <td>90 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་གཅིག </td> <td>dgu bcu go gcig </td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ་བདུན </td> <td>bcu bdun </td> <td>17 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བརྒྱ </td> <td>bgya </td> <td>100 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བརྒྱ་དང་གཅིག </td> <td>bgya dang gcig </td> <td>101 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅོ་བརྒྱད </td> <td>bco brgyad </td> <td>18 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བརྒྱ་དང་ལྔ་བཅུ </td> <td>bgya dang lnga bcu </td> <td>150 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཅུ་དགུ </td> <td>bcu dgu </td> <td>19 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉིས་བརྒྱ </td> <td>nyis bgya </td> <td>200 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཉི་ཤུ </td> <td>nyi shu </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སུམ་བརྒྱ </td> <td>sum bgya </td> <td>300 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">འབུམ </td> <td>'bum </td> <td>(a unit of) 100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ས་ཡ </td> <td>sa ya </td> <td>(a unit of) 1,000,000 (1 Million) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བྱེ་བ </td> <td>bye ba </td> <td>(a unit of) 10,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དུང་ཕྱུར </td> <td>dung phyur </td> <td>(a unit of) 100,000,000<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཐེར་འབུམ </td> <td>ther 'bum </td> <td>(a unit of) 1,000,000,000 (1 Billion) </td></tr></tbody></table> Ordinal numbers are formed by adding a suffix to the cardinal number, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">པ (-pa), with the exception of the ordinal number "first", which has its own lexeme, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དང་པོ (dang po).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131%E2%80%93134-17">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan braille">Tibetan braille</a></div> Tibetan is written with an <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic script</a>, with a historically conservative orthography that reflects <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> phonology and helps unify the Tibetan-language area. It is also helpful in reconstructing <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan Languages">Proto Sino-Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiaer_2020_p._34-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> is the most common system of <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> used by Western scholars in rendering written Tibetan using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> (such as employed on much of this page), while linguists tend to use other special transliteration systems of their own. As for transcriptions meant to approximate the pronunciation, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a> is the official romanization system employed by the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, while English language materials use the THL transcription<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> system. Certain names may also retain irregular transcriptions, such as Chomolungma for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>. Tibetan orthographic syllable structure is (C1C2)C3(C4)V(C5C6)<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Not all combinations are licit. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>position </th> <th>C1 </th> <th>C2 </th> <th>C3 </th> <th>C4 </th> <th>V </th> <th>C5 </th> <th>C6 </th></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td>Prefix </td> <td>Superfix </td> <td>Root </td> <td>Subjoined </td> <td>Vowel </td> <td>Suffix </td> <td>Suffix 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>licit letters </th> <td><big>ག ད བ མ འ</big> </td> <td><big>ར ལ ས</big> </td> <td>any consonant </td> <td><big>ཡ ར ཝ ལ</big> </td> <td>any vowel </td> <td><big>ག མ ང ད ལ ས ན བ ར འ</big> </td> <td><big>ས</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The following summarizes the sound system of the dialect of Tibetan spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the most influential variety of the spoken language. The structure of a Lhasa Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> is relatively simple;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201812-22">[20]</a> no <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> is allowed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199975-23">[21]</a> and codas are only allowed with a single consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199971-24">[22]</a> Vowels can be either short or long, and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> may further be <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003272-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a> is observed in two syllable words as well as verbs with a <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite</a> ending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangChang1968-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003271-27">[25]</a> Also, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> are <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">contrastive</a> in this language, where at least two tonemes are distinguished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201828-28">[26]</a> Although the four-tone analysis is favored by linguists in China,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201834-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_DeLancey" title="Scott DeLancey">DeLancey</a> (2003) suggests that the falling tone and the final [k] or [ʔ] are in <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_distribution" title="Contrastive distribution">contrastive distribution</a>, describing Lhasa Tibetan syllables as either high or low.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003272-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Standard Tibetan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">(Alveolo-) Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʂʰ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">cʰ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̥</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>In the low tone, the unaspirated /p, t, ts, ʈ ~ ʈʂ, tɕ, c, k/ are voiced [b, d, dz, ɖ ~ ɖʐ, dʑ, ɟ, ɡ], whereas the aspirated stops and affricates /pʰ, tʰ, tsʰ, ʈʰ ~ ʈʂʰ, tɕ, cʰ, kʰ/ lose some of their aspiration. Thus, in this context, the main distinction between /p, t, ts, ʈ ~ ʈʂ, tɕ, c, k/ and /pʰ, tʰ, tsʰ, ʈʰ ~ ʈʂʰ, tɕʰ, cʰ, kʰ/ is voicing. The dialect of the upper social strata in Lhasa does not use voiced stops and affricates in the low tone.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> ([r]) is in complementary distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar approximant">alveolar approximant</a> [ɹ]; therefore, both are treated as one phoneme.</li> <li>The consonants /m/, /ŋ/, /p/, /r/, /l/, and /k/ may appear in syllable-final positions. The Classical Tibetan final /n/ is still present, but its modern pronunciation is normally realized as a nasalisation of the preceding vowel, rather than as a discrete consonant (see above). However, /k/ is not pronounced in the final position of a word except in very formal speech. Also, syllable-final /r/ and /l/ are often not clearly pronounced but realized as a lengthening of the preceding vowel. The phonemic <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> /ʔ/ appears only at the end of words in the place of /s/, /t/, or /k/, which were pronounced in Classical Tibetan but have since been elided. For instance, the word for <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> itself was Bod in Classical Tibetan but is now pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ] in the Lhasa dialect.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The vowels of Lhasa Tibetan have been characterized and described in several different ways, and it continues to be a topic of ongoing research.<a href="#cite_note-Gong_2020-30">[28]</a> Tournadre and Sangda Dorje describe eight vowels in the standard language:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200335-31">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Standard Tibetan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Three additional vowels are sometimes described as significantly distinct: [ʌ] or [ə], which is normally an allophone of /a/; [ɔ], which is normally an allophone of /o/; and [ɛ̈] (an unrounded, centralised, mid front vowel), which is normally an allophone of /e/. These sounds normally occur in closed syllables; because Tibetan does not allow <a href="/wiki/Geminated_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated consonant">geminated consonants</a>, there are cases in which one syllable ends with the same sound as the one following it. The result is that the first is pronounced as an open syllable but retains the vowel typical of a closed syllable. For instance, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཞབས zhabs (foot) is pronounced [ɕʌp] and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">པད pad (borrowing from Sanskrit padma, <a href="/wiki/Indian_lotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian lotus">lotus</a>) is pronounced [pɛʔ], but the compound word, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཞབས་པད zhabs pad (lotus-foot, government minister) is pronounced [ɕʌpɛʔ]. This process can result in <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> involving sounds that are otherwise allophones. Sources vary on whether the [ɛ̈] phone (resulting from /e/ in a closed syllable) and the [ɛ] phone (resulting from /a/ through the <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i-mutation</a>) are distinct or basically identical. Phonemic vowel length exists in Lhasa Tibetan but in a restricted set of circumstances. Assimilation of Classical Tibetan's suffixes, normally 'i (འི་), at the end of a word produces a long vowel in Lhasa Tibetan; the feature is sometimes omitted in phonetic transcriptions. In normal spoken pronunciation, a lengthening of the vowel is also frequently substituted for the sounds [r] and [l] when they occur at the end of a syllable. The vowels /i/, /y/, /e/, /ø/, and /ɛ/ each have nasalized forms: /ĩ/, /ỹ/, /ẽ/, /ø̃/, and /ɛ̃/, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200355-32">[30]</a> These historically result from /in/, /un/, /en/, /on/, /an/, and are reflected in the written language. The vowel quality of /un/, /on/ and /an/ has shifted, since historical /n/, along with all other coronal final consonants, caused a form of <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a> in the Ü/Dbus branch of <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200356-33">[31]</a> In some unusual cases, the vowels /a/, /u/, and /o/ may also be nasalised. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Lhasa dialect is usually described as having two tones: high and low. However, in monosyllabic words, each tone can occur with two distinct contours. The high tone can be pronounced with either a flat or a falling contour, and the low tone can be pronounced with either a flat or rising-falling contour, the latter being a tone that rises to a medium level before falling again. It is normally safe to distinguish only between the two tones because there are very few <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> that differ only because of contour. The difference occurs only in certain words ending in the sounds [m] or [ŋ]; for instance, the word kham (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཁམ་, "piece") is pronounced [kʰám] with a high flat tone, whereas the word Khams (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཁམས་, "the <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> region") is pronounced [kʰâm] with a high falling tone.<a href="#cite_note-g447-34">[32]</a> In polysyllabic words, tone is not important except in the first syllable. This means that from the point of view of phonological <a href="/wiki/Language_typology" class="mw-redirect" title="Language typology">typology</a>, Tibetan could more accurately be described as a <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch-accent language</a> than a true <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone language</a>, in the latter of which all syllables in a word can carry their own tone. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Verbal_system">Verbal system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Verbal system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The Lhasa Tibetan verbal system distinguishes four tenses and three evidential moods.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Future</th> <th>Present</th> <th>Past</th> <th>Perfect </th></tr> <tr> <td>Personal</td> <td>V་གི་ཡིན་ V-gi-yin</td> <td>V་གི་ཡོད་ V-gi-yod</td> <td>V་པ་ཡིན / V་བྱུང་ V-pa-yin / byung</td> <td>V་ཡོད་ V-yod </td></tr> <tr> <td>Factual</td> <td>V་གི་རེད་ V-gi-red</td> <td>V་གི་ཡོད་པ་རེད་ V-gi-yod-pa-red</td> <td>V་པ་རེད་ V-pa-red</td> <td>V་ཡོད་པ་རེད་ V-yod-pa-red </td></tr> <tr> <td>Testimonial</td> <td>-------</td> <td>V་གི་འདུག་ V-gi-'dug</td> <td>V་སོང་ V-song</td> <td>V་བཞག་ V-bzhag </td></tr></tbody></table> The three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a> may all occur with all three grammatical persons, though early descriptions associated the personal modal category with European first-person agreement.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scholarship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> In the 18th and 19th centuries several Western linguists arrived in Tibet: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin friars</a> who settled in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> for a quarter of century from 1719: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_della_Penna" title="Francesco della Penna">Francesco della Penna</a>, well known from his accurate description of Tibet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_1-37">[35]</a></li> <li>Cassian di <a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a> sent home materials which were used by the Augustine friar Aug. Antonio Georgi of Rimini (1711–1797) in his Alphabetum Tibetanum (Rome, 1762, 4t0), a ponderous and confused compilation, which may be still referred to, but with great caution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_1-37">[35]</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Hungarian <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_K%C5%91r%C3%B6si_Csoma" title="Sándor Kőrösi Csoma">Sándor Kőrösi Csoma</a> (1784–1842), who published the first Tibetan–European language dictionary (Classical Tibetan and English in this case) and grammar, Essay Towards a Dictionary, Tibetan and English.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Heinrich August Jäschke</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian mission</a> which was established in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> in 1857,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919-10">[8]</a> Tibetan Grammar and A Tibetan–English Dictionary.</li> <li>At St Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jacob_Schmidt" title="Isaac Jacob Schmidt">Isaac Jacob Schmidt</a> published his Grammatik der tibetischen Sprache in 1839 and his Tibetisch-deutsches Wörterbuch in 1841. His access to Mongolian sources had enabled him to enrich the results of his labours with a certain amount of information unknown to his predecessors. His Tibetische Studien (1851–1868) is a valuable collection of documents and observations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2-38">[36]</a></li> <li>In France, P. E. Foucaux published in 1847 a translation from the Rgya tcher rol-pa, the Tibetan version of the Lalita Vistara, and in 1858 a Grammaire thibétaine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2-38">[36]</a></li> <li>Ant. Schiefner of St Petersburg in 1849 his series of translations and researches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2-38">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theos_Casimir_Bernard" title="Theos Casimir Bernard">Theos Casimir Bernard</a>, a PhD scholar of religion from Columbia University, explorer and practitioner of Yoga and Tibetan Buddhism, published, after his 1936/37 trip to India and Tibet, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language, 1946</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simplified+Grammar+of+the+Literary+Tibetan+Language&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988">. See the 'Books' section.</li></ul> Indian <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">indologist</a> and linguist <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a> wrote a Tibetan grammar in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. Some of his other works on Tibetan were: <ol><li>Tibbati Bal-Siksha, 1933</li> <li>Pathavali (Vols. 1, 2, 3), 1933</li> <li>Tibbati Vyakaran, 1933</li> <li>Tibbat May Budh Dharm, 1948</li></ol> <ul><li>Japanese linguist <a href="/wiki/Kitamura_Hajime" title="Kitamura Hajime">Kitamura Hajime</a> published a grammar and dictionary of Lhasa Tibetan</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> In much of Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> is conducted either primarily or entirely in the Tibetan language, and bilingual education is rarely introduced before students reach <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a>. However, Chinese is the language of instruction of most Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a>. In April 2020, classroom instruction was switched from Tibetan to Mandarin Chinese in <a href="/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture">Ngaba</a>, Sichuan.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Students who continue on to <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> have the option of studying <a href="/wiki/Humanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a> disciplines in Tibetan at a number of minority colleges in China.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> This contrasts with Tibetan schools in <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamsala</a>, India, where the Ministry of Human Resource Development curriculum requires academic subjects to be taught in English from middle school.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In February 2008, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Baker" title="Norman Baker">Norman Baker</a>, a UK MP, released a statement to mark <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a> claiming, "The Chinese government are following a deliberate policy of extinguishing all that is Tibetan, including their own language in their own country" and he asserted a right for Tibetans to express themselves "in their mother tongue".<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetologist</a> Elliot Sperling has noted that "within certain limits the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">PRC</a> does make efforts to accommodate Tibetan cultural expression" and "the cultural activity taking place all over the Tibetan plateau cannot be ignored."<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Some scholars also question such claims because most Tibetans continue to reside in rural areas where Chinese is rarely spoken, as opposed to Lhasa and other Tibetan cities where Chinese can often be heard. In the Texas Journal of International Law, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sautman" title="Barry Sautman">Barry Sautman</a> stated that "none of the many recent studies of endangered languages deems Tibetan to be imperiled, and language maintenance among Tibetans contrasts with language loss even in the remote areas of Western states renowned for liberal policies... claims that primary schools in Tibet teach Mandarin are in error. Tibetan was the main language of instruction in 98% of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">TAR primary schools</a> in 1996; today, Mandarin is introduced in early grades only in urban schools.... Because less than four out of ten TAR Tibetans reach secondary school, primary school matters most for their cultural formation."<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Machine_translation_software_and_applications">Machine translation software and applications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Machine translation software and applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> An incomplete list of machine translation software or applications that can translate Tibetan language from/to a variety of other languages. <ul><li>藏译通 – Zangyitong, a mobile app for translating between Tibetan and Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青海弥陀翻译 (page does not exist)">青海弥陀翻译</a> – A Beta-version WeChat Mini Program that translate between Tibetan language to/from Chinese. (invitation from WeChat users only)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%B1%89%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腾讯民汉翻译 (page does not exist)">腾讯民汉翻译</a> – A WeChat Mini Program that translate between Tibetan language to/from Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></li> <li>THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool – A webpage that annotates Tibetan text various English meanings and translations, with 10+ dictionaries integrated.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> A downloadable version is also available.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91%E9%99%A2_%E8%97%8F%E6%B1%89(%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD)%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国社科院藏汉(口语)机器翻译 (page does not exist)">中国社科院藏汉(口语)机器翻译</a> – A demonstrative website (slow in response) translating Tibetan to Chinese, developed by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It works well on Tibetan text from official Chinese News websites.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PanLex" class="mw-redirect" title="PanLex">Panlex</a> – A multilingual translation website with a few Tibetan words.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Microsoft Translator</a> – Has an option to Translate Tibetan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> – Whose support for Tibetan is supported.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Example text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> From Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Tibetan, written in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a>:<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">འགྲོ་'gro</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བ་ba</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">མིའི་mi'i</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">རིགས་rigs</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">རྒྱུད་rgyud</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཡོངས་yongs</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ལ་la</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">སྐྱེས་skyes</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཙམ་tsam</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཉིད་nyid</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ནས་nas</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཆེ་che</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">མཐོངས་mthongs</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">དང༌།dang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཐོབ་thob</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཐངགི་thangagi</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">རང་rang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">དབང་dbang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">འདྲ་'dra</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">མཉམ་mnyam</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">དུ་du</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཡོད་yod</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ལ།la</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཁོང་khong</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཚོར་tshor</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">རང་rang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བྱུང་byung</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">གི་gi</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བློ་blo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">རྩལ་rtsal</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">དང་dang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བསམ་bsam</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཚུལ་tshul</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བཟང་bzang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">པོ་po</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">འདོན་'don</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">པའི་pa'i</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">འོས་'os</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བབས་babs</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཀྱང་kyang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཡོད།yod</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">དེ་de</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བཞིན་bzhin</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཕན་phan</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཚུན་tshun</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">གཅིག་gcig</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">གིས་gis</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">གཅིག་gcig</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ལ་la</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བུ་bu</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">སྤུན་spun</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">གྱི་gyi</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">འདུ་'du</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཤེས་shes</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">འཛིན་'dzin</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">པའི་pa'i</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བྱ་bya</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">སྤྱོད་spyod</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཀྱང་kyang</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ལག་lag</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ལེན་len</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">བསྟར་bstar</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">དགོས་dgos</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">པ་pa</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ཡིན༎yin</div>འགྲོ་ བ་ མིའི་ རིགས་ རྒྱུད་ ཡོངས་ ལ་ སྐྱེས་ ཙམ་ ཉིད་ ནས་ ཆེ་ མཐོངས་ དང༌། ཐོབ་ ཐངགི་ རང་ དབང་ འདྲ་ མཉམ་ དུ་ ཡོད་ ལ། ཁོང་ ཚོར་ རང་ བྱུང་ གི་ བློ་ རྩལ་ དང་ བསམ་ ཚུལ་ བཟང་ པོ་ འདོན་ པའི་ འོས་ བབས་ ཀྱང་ ཡོད། དེ་ བཞིན་ ཕན་ ཚུན་ གཅིག་ གིས་ གཅིག་ ལ་ བུ་ སྤུན་ གྱི་ འདུ་ ཤེས་ འཛིན་ པའི་ བྱ་ སྤྱོད་ ཀྱང་ ལག་ ལེན་ བསྟར་ དགོས་ པ་ ཡིན༎'gro ba mi'i rigs rgyud yongs la skyes tsam nyid nas che mthongs dang thob thangagi rang dbang 'dra mnyam du yod la khong tshor rang byung gi blo rtsal dang bsam tshul bzang po 'don pa'i 'os babs kyang yod de bzhin phan tshun gcig gis gcig la bu spun gyi 'du shes 'dzin pa'i bya spyod kyang lag len bstar dgos pa yinAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The name "Lhasa Tibetan" is the preferred name, as in Chapter 19: Lhasa Tibetan, The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd edition (2017), edited by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Graham Thurgood</a> and Randy J. LaPolla. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བོད་ཡིག་བརྡ་ཚད་ལྡན་དུ་སྒྱུར་བའི་ལས་དོན་ཨུ་ཡོན་ལྷན་ཁང་གིས་བསྒྲིགས་, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: bod yig brda tshad ldan du sgyur ba'i las don u yon lhan khang gis bsgrigs; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 藏语术语标准化工作委员会 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bod/">Lhasa Tibetan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2017" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Scott (2017). 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Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology (BIHP). 40: 53–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+History+and+Philology+%28BIHP%29&rft.atitle=Vowel+harmony+in+spoken+Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=53-124&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kun&rft.au=Chang%2C+Betty+Shefts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Das" title="Sarat Chandra Das">Das, Sarat Chandra</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atibetanenglish00dasgoog">Tibetan–English Dictionary (with Sanskrit Synonyms)</a>. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86142-82-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86142-82-0"><bdi>978-81-86142-82-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan%E2%80%93English+Dictionary+%28with+Sanskrit+Synonyms%29&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Book+Depot&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-81-86142-82-0&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sarat+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatibetanenglish00dasgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2004" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sarat Chandra (2004). Tibetan-English dictionary. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1713-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1713-3"><bdi>81-208-1713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan-English+dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-1713-3&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sarat+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2003" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Scott (2003). "Lhasa Tibetan". The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 270–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Tibetan+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=270-288&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenwood1999" class="citation book cs1">Denwood, Philip (1999). Tibetan. London Oriental and African Language Library. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Floall.3">10.1075/loall.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3803-0"><bdi>978-90-272-3803-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1382-3485">1382-3485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=London+Oriental+and+African+Language+Library&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1382-3485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Floall.3&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3803-0&rft.aulast=Denwood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Norbert (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/005092">"Review of 'Becoming Bilingual in School and Home in Tibetan Areas of China: Stories of Struggle'"</a>. China Review International. 25 (1): 48–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcri.2018.0012">10.1353/cri.2018.0012</a>. lingbuzz/005092.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Review+International&rft.atitle=Review+of+%27Becoming+Bilingual+in+School+and+Home+in+Tibetan+Areas+of+China%3A+Stories+of+Struggle%27&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-53&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcri.2018.0012&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F005092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hahn, Michael (July 2008). "Foundational Questions of Tibetan Morphology". The Tibet Journal. 33 (2): 3–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Foundational+Questions+of+Tibetan+Morphology&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2003" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Stephen (2003). An Introduction to Classical Tibetan. Orchid Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-524-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/974-524-039-7"><bdi>974-524-039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Tibetan&rft.pub=Orchid+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=974-524-039-7&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Jäschke, Heinrich August</a> (2004) [1865, Kye-Lang, Brit. Lahoul, H. A. Jäschke]. A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects. London: Hardinge Simpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84382-077-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84382-077-3"><bdi>1-84382-077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+practical+grammar+of+the+Tibetan+language%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+spoken+dialects&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84382-077-3&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"> " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1866" class="citation book cs1">Jäschke, Heinrich August (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqACAAAAQAAJ">Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary</a>. Kye-Lang. Retrieved 2011-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanized+Tibetan+and+English+dictionary&rft.place=Kye-Lang&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkqACAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1881" class="citation book cs1">Jäschke, Heinrich August (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atibetanenglish00jsgoog">A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary</a>. London: Unger Brothers (T. Grimm).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tibetan%E2%80%93English+dictionary%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+prevailing+dialects%3A+To+which+is+added+an+English-Tibetan+vocabulary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unger+Brothers+%28T.+Grimm%29&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatibetanenglish00jsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1883" class="citation book cs1">Jäschke, Heinrich August (1883). Heinrich Wenzel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TibetanGrammarByH.A.Jschke">Tibetan grammar</a>. Trübner's collection of simplified grammars. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). London: Trübner & co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+grammar&rft.place=London&rft.series=Tr%C3%BCbner%27s+collection+of+simplified+grammars&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+co.&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTibetanGrammarByH.A.Jschke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopp1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Kopp, Teresa Kunkel (1998). Verbalizers in Lhasa Tibetan (PhD thesis). Arlington: University of Texas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Verbalizers+in+Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Texas&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kopp&rft.aufirst=Teresa+Kunkel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Lim, Keh Sheng (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/37294">Tonal and Intonational Phonology of Lhasa Tibetan</a> (Ph.D. thesis). University of Ottawa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tonal+and+Intonational+Phonology+of+Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=University+of+Ottawa&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Keh+Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruor.uottawa.ca%2Fhandle%2F10393%2F37294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaga2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Naga, Sangye Tandar (2010). Vitali, Roberto (ed.). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language". The Tibet Journal. 34–35 (3-2: The Earth Ox Papers): 561–566. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302083">43302083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+Reflections+on+the+Mysterious+Nature+of+Tibetan+Language&rft.volume=34-35&rft.issue=3-2%3A+The+Earth+Ox+Papers&rft.pages=561-566&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43302083%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Naga&rft.aufirst=Sangye+Tandar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg1894" class="citation book cs1">Sandberg, Graham (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookcolloqu00sandgoog">Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet</a>. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-book+of+colloquial+Tibetan%3A+A+practical+guide+to+the+language+of+Central+Tibet&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookcolloqu00sandgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadreDorje2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre, Nicolas</a>; Dorje, Sangda (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofstandard00nico">Manual of Standard Tibetan</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Snow_Lion_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Lion Publications">Snow Lion Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-189-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-189-8"><bdi>1-55939-189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Standard+Tibetan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55939-189-8&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Dorje%2C+Sangda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofstandard00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddellde_Lacouperie1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Waddell" title="Laurence Waddell">Waddell, Lawrence Austine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Terrien_de_Lacouperie" title="Albert Terrien de Lacouperie">de Lacouperie, Albert Terrien</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tibet">"Tibet § Language" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 919–921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibet+%C2%A7+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=919-921&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Austine&rft.au=de+Lacouperie%2C+Albert+Terrien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Research_on_Tibetan_Languages:_A_Bibliography" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography">Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bo:"> Tibetan edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetantranslations.com/">Translations of Tibetan texts, Tibetan language courses & publications by Erick Tsiknopoulos and the Trikāya Translation Committee.</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&oldid=1261378107">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&oldid=1261378107</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 December 2024, at 20:02 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibettaans" title="Tibettaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tibettaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التبتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التبتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tibetanu" title="Idioma tibetanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tibetanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivetano_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Tivetano ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tivetano ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dili" title="Tibet dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibet dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tib%C3%A9t" title="Basa Tibét – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tibét" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লাসা তিব্বতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাসা তিব্বতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dng-g%C3%AD" title="Chōng-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chōng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тыбецкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыбецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тыбэцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыбэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тибетски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тибетски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeteg" title="Tibeteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tibeteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Түбэд хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түбэд хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C3%A0" title="Tibetà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tibetà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C5%A1tina" title="Tibetština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeteg" title="Tibeteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tibeteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk_(sprog)" title="Tibetansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tibetansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetische_Sprache" title="Tibetische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་སྐད། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བོད་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibeti_keel" title="Tiibeti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiibeti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tibetano" title="Idioma tibetano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tibetano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeta_lingvo" title="Tibeta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibeta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetera" title="Tibetera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tibetera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تبتی معیار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبتی معیار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_bhasa" title="Tibetan bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tibetan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain" title="Tibétain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tibétain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tib%C3%A9idis" title="An Tibéidis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tibéidis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetish_Veanagh" title="Tibetish Veanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tibetish Veanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tibetana" title="Lingua tibetana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%C3%AAu-ch%C3%BAn_Chh%C3%B2ng-ng%C3%AE" title="Phiêu-chún Chhòng-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiêu-chún Chhòng-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Төвдин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Төвдин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="표준 티베트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준 티베트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Տիբեթերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիբեթերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_tibetski_jezik" title="Standardni tibetski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Standardni tibetski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagalagadan_a_Tibetano" title="Pagalagadan a Tibetano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagalagadan a Tibetano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet_Lhasa" title="Bahasa Tibet Lhasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tibet Lhasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тибетаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тибетаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADbeska" title="Tíbeska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíbeska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tibetana" title="Lingua tibetana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טיבטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיבטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტიბეტური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Тибет тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тибет тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitibeti" title="Kitibeti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitibeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тибет кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тибет кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тибет тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тибет тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tibetana" title="Lingua Tibetana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tibetana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Tibetiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tibetiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tibetiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibetiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeti_nyelv" title="Tibeti nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tibeti nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тибетски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тибетски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tibetana" title="Fiteny tibetana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tibetana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="തിബത്തൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിബത്തൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिबेटी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिबेटी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტიბეტური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტიბეტური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="لغه تيبيتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه تيبيتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تبتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تبتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet" title="Bahasa Tibet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ung-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Câung-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Câung-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Төвөд хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төвөд хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaans" title="Tibetaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tibetaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="ल्हासा तिब्बती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ल्हासा तिब्बती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सेँ भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सेँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="チベット語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeetisk" title="Tibeetisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tibeetisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk" title="Tibetansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk" title="Tibetansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan" title="Tibetan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tibetan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_tili" title="Tibet tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tibet tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تبتی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبتی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="معياري تيبېتي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معياري تيبېتي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tybeta%C5%84ski" title="Język tybetański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tybetański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tibetana" title="Língua tibetana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tibetan%C4%83" title="Limba tibetană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tibetană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_simi" title="Tibet simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tibet simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тибетский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тибиэт тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тибиэт тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tibet" title="Kari Tibet – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tibet" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetisk" title="Tibetisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tibetisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_language" title="Tibetan language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tibetan language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C4%8Dina" title="Tibetčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tibetčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Стандардни тибетски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стандардни тибетски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetin_kieli" title="Tiibetin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska" title="Tibetanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tibetanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="திபெத்திய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத்திய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тибет теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тибет теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาทิเบต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทิเบต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забони тибетӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони тибетӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C3%A7e" title="Tibetçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibetçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dili" title="Tibet dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tibet dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D2%AF%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Төвүт дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Төвүт дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тибетська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибетська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تبتی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبتی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AD%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="زاڭزۇچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زاڭزۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_T%E1%BA%A1ng_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Tiếng Tạng tiêu chuẩn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tạng tiêu chuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetin" title="Tibetin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tibetin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="标准藏语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="标准藏语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藏文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetki" title="Tibetki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tibetki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="標準藏語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="標準藏語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet" title="Bahasa Tibet – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 December 2024, at 20:02 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-795d687985-g4t5t","wgBackendResponseTime":209,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.708","walltime":"2.076","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15620,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":496203,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18274,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":301591,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1649.262 1 -total"," 14.39% 237.338 3 Template:Reflist"," 13.56% 223.570 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 12.45% 205.369 23 Template:Navbox"," 12.29% 202.674 65 Template:IPA"," 12.11% 199.761 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.98% 148.144 1 Template:IPA-bo"," 8.78% 144.864 26 Template:Sfn"," 5.76% 94.957 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.64% 92.968 1 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