阿富汗：塔利班首年统治如同灾难

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<div class="container-large max-w-lg mx-auto px-6 sm:px-8 md:pr-14 md:pl-24 x2l:px-0 x2l:mx-32 x3l:mx-auto"> <div class="grid-2-1-content x2l:flex lg:flex mx-auto justify-between "> <div class="grid-2 w-full flex-col lg:flex lg:w-3/5 lg:px-0 "> <div > <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div> <div class="article-body article-body--contained rich-text mx-auto"> <div class="embed align-center embedded-entity embedded-entity-type-media embedded-entity-bundle-image embedded-entity-viewmode-embeddable embed--center" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <div> <figure class="figure figure--expand text-center info "> <div class="figure__media relative inline-block mx-auto"> <a href="/zh-hans/modal/97838" rel="modal:open" class="figure__link"> <img srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/480w/public/media_2022/08/202208asia_afghanistan_taliban.jpg?itok=4ZlCL0PG 480w, /sites/default/files/styles/embed_xxl/public/media_2022/08/202208asia_afghanistan_taliban.jpg?itok=rBehQTu- 946w" sizes="(max-width: 524px) 100px, 500px" width="946" height="631" data-responsive-image-style="embedded_images" loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/embed_xxl/public/media_2022/08/202208asia_afghanistan_taliban.jpg?itok=rBehQTu-" alt="Taliban leaders sit in a row at a ceremony"> <div class="figure__expand absolute block bottom-0 right-0 w-8 h-8 bg-white text-gray-700"> <span class="sr-only">Click to expand Image</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-full inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-expand" /> </svg> </div> </div> </a> </div> <figcaption class="figure__info text-left font-serif text-xs md:text-sm lg:text-base mx-auto text-gray-700 mt-1"> <span class="figure__caption">Taliban leaders at a ceremony in Kabul in April 2022 marking the anniversary of the death of Mullah Mohammad Omar, the Taliban’s founder.</span> <span class="figure__credit">© 2022 AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <p>（纽约）－人权观察今天表示，塔利班接管阿富汗一年来，尊重人权与女性权利的<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/transcript-of-talibans-first-press-conference-in-kabul">多项承诺</a>尽皆食言。 2021年8月15日夺取喀布尔后，塔利班当局严厉限制妇女和少女权利、压迫新闻媒体，并对批评者和它眼中的反对者进行<a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/11/30/no-forgiveness-people-you/executions-and-enforced-disappearances-afghanistan">任意拘禁</a>、酷刑和<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/07/afghanistan-taliban-execute-disappear-alleged-militants">草率处决</a>等各种迫害。</p> <p>人权观察指出，塔利班侵犯人权的行径不仅遭受广泛谴责，而且妨害国际社会解决该国严峻人道主义局势的努力。该国经济已经崩溃，主要原因是各国政府<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/01/afghanistan-economic-roots-humanitarian-crisis">削减外部援助</a>并限制国际经济交易。<a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-food-security-update-2-22-september-2021">逾九成阿富汗人</a>陷入粮食不安全将近一年，导致数百万儿童急性营养不良，并可能引发更严重的长期健康问题。</p> <p>“阿富汗民众生活在人权梦魇之中，沦为塔利班暴行与国际漠视的双重受害者，” 人权观察阿富汗研究员弗瑞希塔・阿巴西（<a href="https://www.hrw.org/about/people/fereshta-abbasi">Fereshta Abbasi</a>）说。“阿富汗的前途依旧黯淡，除非外国政府更积极接触塔利班当局，同时对其人权纪录大力施压。”</p> <p>自从接管阿富汗政权以来，塔利班颁布的许多规定不仅使妇女和少女完全无法行使其<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/18/afghanistan-taliban-deprive-women-livelihoods-identity">言论</a>、迁徙、<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/13/afghanistan-toll-ban-girls-secondary-education">接受教育</a>等最根本的权利，而且妨害到她们的<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/07/speak-behalf-afghan-women">其他基本权利</a>，如生命、生计、健康照护、食物和用水。他们不允许女性出行或前往工作场所，除非有男性亲属陪同——普通家庭几乎都做不到——而且禁止女性从事多种行业。塔利班也<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/23/taliban-close-girls-secondary-schools-afghanistan-again">几乎全面禁止女性接受中等教育</a>。</p> <p>人权观察表示，塔利班的人权纪录惨不忍睹，又不愿与国际金融机构进行有意义接触，致使其孤立更加严重。外国政府应放松对该国金融部门的限制，促进正当经济活动和人道援助，但塔利班也必须克制人权侵犯，将加害者绳之以法。</p> <p>“塔利班应当紧急撤销禁止女性就读中学这种仇恨女性的可怕决定，” 阿巴西说。“借此有助让外界了解，塔利班愿意重新检讨其最极端行动。”</p> <p>已有许多国家对塔利班限制女性受教育的决定发出谴责或批判，包括<a href="https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14902.doc.htm">联合国安全理事会全体成员</a>以及七国集团（G7）和二十国集团（G20）的绝大多数成员。没有任何国家站在塔利班立场进行辩护或尝试为其开脱。</p> <p>一年来，人权观察屡屡针对塔利班侵犯人权发布新闻稿和<a href="https://www.hrw.org/asia/afghanistan">报告</a>，近期并发表新版<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/08/04/economic-causes-afghanistans-humanitarian-crisis">问题与解答文件</a>，说明阿富汗的全面人道主义与经济危机及其缓解建议。其中包括支持美国与塔利班谈判协议，让阿富汗平民更有效参与正当商业活动。</p> <p>美国7月30日空袭刺杀盖达组织领导人扎瓦希里（Ayman al-Zawahri），似乎并未妨碍美国与塔利班正在进行的谈判。双方均应紧急采取行动，争取为解决阿富汗经济危机达成协议。</p> <p>人权观察表示，严重饥饿问题遍及阿富汗全境，尽管粮食与必需品在全国各地市场供应无虞。将近两千万人——即全国人口半数——正遭受世界粮食计划署评估系统上第三级“危机”或第四级“紧急状态”程度的粮食不安全。超过一百万5岁以下儿童（他们特别容易因被剥夺食物致死）罹患长期重度营养不良。据世界粮食计划署6月<a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/wfp-afghanistan-situation-report-19-july-2022">报导</a>，仅在古尔（Ghor）一个省分就有数万人陷入第五级“灾难”程度的粮食不安全，即饥荒的前兆。</p> <p>整体而言，阿富汗民众从去年8月以来全都遭受某种形式的粮食不安全，被迫少吃正餐或整天不进食，并为购买食物采取<a href="https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000140735/download/">极端应对措施</a>，包括将孩子送去打工。</p> <p>经济危机对妇女和少女的影响特别严重，因为女性愈来愈难获得救济物资和健康照护。</p> <p>人权观察指出，如果联合国及其他援助方不能在2022年大幅提升运作，阿富汗的人道主义局势还可能继续恶化。</p> <p>“掌权一年后，塔利班领导人应当承认他们造成的灾难，在人权方面逆转政策，以免更多阿富汗人受苦甚至丧失生命，” 阿巴西说。</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="donation-block"> <div class="donation-block__content bg-cover bg-top bg-black text-white border-t-4 border-orange-500 md:bg-center"> <div class="donation-block__content-inner p-6 background-vert md:background-horz"> <div class="donation-block__form-wrapper pt-40 sm:pt-48 md:pt-0 md:w-1/2"> <h2 class="donation-block__form-heading mb-6 text-xl sm:text-2xl leading-tight">Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.</h2> <form action="https://donate.hrw.org/page/107245/donate/1" id="donation-block__form" class="donation-block__form" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="transaction.recurrpay" value="N" /> <input type="hidden" name="ea.tracking.id" value="EP2022EVpgnewscta" /> <div class="flex flex-wrap"> <div class="donation-block__form-toggle 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