美国：特朗普第二任期威胁美国与世界人权

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embedded-entity-type-media embedded-entity-bundle-image embedded-entity-viewmode-embeddable embed--center" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <div> <figure class="figure figure--expand text-center info "> <div class="figure__media relative inline-block mx-auto"> <a href="/zh-hans/modal/108219" rel="modal:open" class="figure__link"> <img srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/480w/public/media_2024/11/202411usp_usa_donald_trump.jpg?itok=5eaAW-GQ 480w, /sites/default/files/styles/embed_xxl/public/media_2024/11/202411usp_usa_donald_trump.jpg?itok=PzOxLr4U 946w" sizes="(max-width: 524px) 100px, 500px" width="946" height="631" data-responsive-image-style="embedded_images" loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/embed_xxl/public/media_2024/11/202411usp_usa_donald_trump.jpg?itok=PzOxLr4U" alt="Republican President-elect Donald Trump after speaking at a campaign rally at Van Andel Arena, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, November 5, 2024. (C) 2024 "> <div class="figure__expand absolute block bottom-0 right-0 w-8 h-8 bg-white text-gray-700"> <span class="sr-only">Click to expand Image</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-full inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-expand" /> </svg> </div> </div> </a> </div> <figcaption class="figure__info text-left font-serif text-xs md:text-sm lg:text-base mx-auto text-gray-700 mt-1"> <span class="figure__caption">Republican President-elect Donald Trump after speaking at a campaign rally at Van Andel Arena, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, November 5, 2024. (C) 2024 </span> <span class="figure__credit">© 2024 Carlos Osorio/AP Photo</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <p>（华盛顿特区）－人权观察今天表示，唐纳德・特朗普二度担任美国总统为美国和全世界人权带来重大威胁。从特朗普在第一个任期中侵犯人权的纪录、他对白人至上主义者及其意识形态的推崇、智库在他的前幕僚领导下提出的极端反民主与反人权政策，包括搜捕和遣返数百万移民、报复政治对手等等，都可看到特朗普政府对人权的威胁。</p><p>“特朗普毫不掩饰他有意剥夺美国数百万人的人权，” 人权观察执行长蒂拉娜・哈桑（<a href="https://www.hrw.org/about/people/tirana-hassan">Tirana Hassan</a>）说。“独立机构和公民社会团体，包括人权观察，未来必须竭尽所能督促他和他的政府为人权侵害负责。”</p><p>在特朗普担任总统的第一个任期，即2017至2021年，人权观察曾纪录他的各种侵犯人权行为，包括在美墨边界<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/08/qa-us-title-42-policy-expel-migrants-border">驱逐庇护寻求者</a>并<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/16/qa-trump-administrations-zero-tolerance-immigration-policy">拆散家庭</a>的政策和措施，宣扬敌视黑人社区和其他有色人种的<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/16/congress-should-condemn-trumps-racist-comments">种族主义言论</a>，实行惩罚低收入家庭并剥夺其医疗保健的<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/05/us-slammed-failure-address-poverty-and-health">政策</a>，以及鼓励<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/06/us-trumps-actions-fuel-capitol-riot">以暴动推翻民主选举结果</a>。</p><p>特朗普在2024年竞选期间提出的政见，在国内和国际都引起对他第二任期的重大忧虑。他曾在2023年说自己不会成为独裁者，“除了（上任）第一天以外”。特朗普曾多次赞美<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/19/trumps-friend-hungary-no-role-model-supporters-democracy">欧尔班</a>、<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/23/trump-putin-ukraine-invasion-00010923">普京</a>和金正恩等独裁者。他所提倡的政策将削弱保障基本人权的民主制度，并减少对总统权力的制衡。美国最高法院近期裁定对总统在职期间的官方行为赋予广泛刑事豁免权，使滥用行政权的威胁更加堪虑。</p><p>在特朗普前幕僚和政治盟友撰写的执政方案《<a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-project-2025-trump-conservative-blueprint-heritage-foundation/">2025计划</a>》中，还包括其他侵犯人权且大多<a href="https://civilrights.org/project2025/">含有种族歧视的政策</a>，可能获新政府采纳。尽管特朗普否认与《2025计划》有关，但他的许多发言都与之呼应。</p><p>此次总统竞选期间，虽然两党候选人均不乏敌视移民的发言，但特朗普以移民为替罪羊的言论成了他的竞选主轴。他曾鼓吹大规模拘捕移民和大规模遣返数百万人等<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/02/20/trump-mass-deportations-immigration/">极端政策</a>，许多已在美国落地生根的家庭将因此被拆散。这样的政策必然导致种族定性（racial profiling），促使执法单位在大规模搜捕过程中更加肆无忌惮侵犯人权，并在更广泛公众之间煽动更多仇外行为。此次选战中，特朗普及其搭档万斯不仅散播特别针对<a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fact-checking-jd-vances-claims-haitian-migrants-springfield/story?id=113844705">海地移民</a>的种族主义谎言，还炒作移民造成美国犯罪激增的不实资讯。</p><p>人工流产权将在特朗普第二任期内面临更大威胁。他坚持各州拥有限制基本医疗保健的权力，将使各州得以制定各种<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/18/human-rights-crisis-abortion-united-states-after-dobbs">侵犯人权</a>、危害健康、<a href="https://www.propublica.org/series/life-of-the-mother">导致可预防死亡</a>以及将<a href="https://ifwhenhow.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Repro-Legal-Helpline-Report-June-24.pdf">个人医疗决策</a>列为犯罪的政策。</p><p>特朗普<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/15/us/politics/trump-opponents-enemy-within.html">曾誓言报复政敌</a>。在各种发言和选战专访中，他日益频繁发出危险言论，将批评他的人称为“内部敌人”。特朗普扬言将下令美国司法部起诉拜登总统以及其他与他政见不同人士，包括部分选务官员和选民。特朗普还曾表示将援引《叛乱法》<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/17/us/politics/trump-2025-insurrection-act.html">出动美军</a>和国民兵镇压行使抗议权利的美国民众。</p><p>在外交政策方面，特朗普在第一任期中几乎毫不尊重国际条约、多边机构或保护专制国家民众人权的努力。他的政府一贯抵制联合国在<a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/14/at-united-nations-women-rights-gender-health-trump-diplomacy/">女性权利</a>和环境方面取得进展，并透过美国国务院设法<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/22/us/politics/pompeo-human-rights-un.html">重新界定</a>或限缩应受保护权利的定义。</p><p>特朗普<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/10/politics/trump-foreign-aid-loan-senate-package/index.html">曾暗示反对</a>在重大冲突与危机时拨款支持人道援助和公民保护。特朗普新政府可能与侵犯人权的外国政府建立伙伴关系，从而可能鼓励这些政府进一步伤害其管辖下的人民，并使世界各国更难脱离侵犯人权免于究责的恶性循环。</p><p>“尊重人权的机构和官员必须在特朗普政府任内坚守底线，”  哈桑说。“世界各国领导人、美国联邦和各州公务员、社运人士和普通公民都必须尽一己之力保护人权，阻止特朗普将他侵犯人权的政见付诸实行。” </p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="donation-block"> <div class="donation-block__content bg-cover bg-top bg-black text-white border-t-4 border-orange-500 md:bg-center"> <div class="donation-block__content-inner p-6 background-vert md:background-horz"> <div class="donation-block__form-wrapper pt-40 sm:pt-48 md:pt-0 md:w-1/2"> <h2 class="donation-block__form-heading mb-6 text-xl sm:text-2xl 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