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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_Bhutan_Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Bhutan_Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Royal Bhutan Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Bhutan_Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Department_of_Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Department_of_Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Department of Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Department_of_Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Department_of_Local_Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Department_of_Local_Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Department of Local Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Department_of_Local_Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_law_in_Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_law_in_Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Criminal law in Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criminal_law_in_Bhutan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criminal law in Bhutan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criminal_law_in_Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Security_Act_of_1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Security_Act_of_1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>National Security Act of 1992</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Security_Act_of_1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treason_and_speech_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treason_and_speech_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Treason and speech crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treason_and_speech_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unlawful_assembly,_rioting,_and_emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unlawful_assembly,_rioting,_and_emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Unlawful assembly, rioting, and emergency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unlawful_assembly,_rioting,_and_emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Law enforcement in Bhutan</b> is the collective purview of several divisions of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_and_Cultural_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs">Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs</a>. Namely, the Ministry's Bureau of Law and Order, Department of Immigration, and Department of Local Governance are responsible for law enforcement in Bhutan. The Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs is itself a part of the Bhutanese <a href="/wiki/Lhengye_Zhungtshog" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhengye Zhungtshog">Lhengye Zhungtshog</a>, or Council of Ministers. Generally, law enforcement in Bhutan is the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">agencies</a>. As a means of enforcement, police and immigration authorities prosecute cases in the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Bhutan" title="Judicial system of Bhutan">judicial system</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bhutan" title="Attorney General of Bhutan">Attorney General of Bhutan</a>. </p><p>Criminal law and procedure are established by <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_legislation" title="Bhutanese legislation">acts of parliament</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Parliament of Bhutan</a> has passed several acts regarding law enforcement and criminal law and procedure, namely the National Security Act of 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Bhutan#Civil_and_criminal_procedure" title="Judicial system of Bhutan">Civil and Criminal Procedure Code of 2001</a>, the Penal Code of 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Constitution of 2008</a>, and the Prison Act of 2009. Numerous other issue-based acts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Control_Act_of_Bhutan_2010" title="Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010">Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010</a>, also define crimes, penalties, and responsible enforcement agencies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement_agencies">Law enforcement agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Law enforcement agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Law enforcement in Bhutan is carried out mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Royal Bhutan Police</a>, however immigration and customs laws are also enforced by officers of the Department of Immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-PA09_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA09-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IA07_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_of_Bhutan_2009" title="Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009">Local Government Act of 2009</a>, local governments are also tasked with promulgation of rules, regulation, and some law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-LGA09_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LGA09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These local governments are liaised by the Department of Local Governance.<sup id="cite_ref-MOHCA-DLG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOHCA-DLG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In judicial proceedings, all law enforcement agencies are represented and advised by the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bhutan" title="Attorney General of Bhutan">Attorney General of Bhutan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AG06_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG06-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Bhutan_Police">Royal Bhutan Police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Royal Bhutan Police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Royal Bhutan Police</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Police,_Thimphu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Traffic_Police%2C_Thimphu.jpg/300px-Traffic_Police%2C_Thimphu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Traffic_Police%2C_Thimphu.jpg/450px-Traffic_Police%2C_Thimphu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Traffic_Police%2C_Thimphu.jpg/600px-Traffic_Police%2C_Thimphu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Traffic police</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Royal Bhutan Police</a> is responsible for maintaining law and order and prevention of crime in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-C27_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C27-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formed on 1 September 1965 with 555 personnel reassigned from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Army" title="Royal Bhutan Army">Royal Bhutan Army</a>. It was then called the "Bhutan Frontier Guards." Its independent statutory basis was first codified with the Royal Bhutan Police Act of 1980. This framework was repealed and replaced in its entirety by the Royal Bhutan Police Act of 2009. Under the Police Act of 2009, the police are divided into exclusive jurisdictions, an array of ranks, and field and special divisions. Police are also charged with administration and maintenance of the prisons of Bhutan according to the Prison Act of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-PA09_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA09-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_Immigration">Department of Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Department of Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Citizenship_Act_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985">Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Bhutan">Immigration in Bhutan</a></div> <p>The Department of Immigration is responsible for immigration, customs, and their enforcement. It implements regulations and policies relating to visas, foreign labor recruitment and inspection, importation of goods, and border security.<sup id="cite_ref-MOHCA-DOI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOHCA-DOI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its officers are granted broad authority and discretion in policing both public and private spheres, at the border and within Bhutan.<sup id="cite_ref-IA07_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_Local_Governance">Department of Local Governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Department of Local Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Local Governance is indirectly involved in law enforcement in that it provides legal support and advice to the local <a href="/wiki/Dzongkhag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkhag">Dzongkhag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungkhag" title="Dungkhag">Dungkhag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gewog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewog">Gewog</a>, and municipal administrations in cases of arbitration and disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-MOHCA-DLG_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOHCA-DLG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local governments for their part have regulating and rulemaking powers, including <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bhutan" title="Taxation in Bhutan">taxation</a>, which are locally enforceable.<sup id="cite_ref-LGA09_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LGA09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_law_in_Bhutan">Criminal law in Bhutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criminal law in Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Bhutan" title="Judicial system of Bhutan">Judicial system of Bhutan</a></div> <p>There are many sources of criminal law in <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_legislation" title="Bhutanese legislation">Bhutanese legislation</a>. The highest legal authority, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Constitution of Bhutan</a>, prohibits <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan" title="Capital punishment in Bhutan">capital punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CoBE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other acts of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">parliament</a> criminalize specific acts and practices: for example, the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Control_Act_of_Bhutan_2010" title="Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010">Tobacco Act</a> criminalizes the cultivation, manufacture, and sale of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco products">tobacco products</a>, restricts public tobacco use, criminalizes non-health-related depictions of tobacco in motion media, and modifies the crime of smuggling to include possession of tobacco beyond a person's allotted limit;<sup id="cite_ref-TCA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also, immigration- and customs-related criminal offenses and penalties, as well as quasi-<a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a> for <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> and detention, are enumerated in the <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Citizenship_Act_1985#Provisions_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985">Immigration Act of 2007</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IA07_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most comprehensive pieces of legislation codifying Bhutanese criminal law and procedure have been the National Security Act of 1992, the Civil and Criminal Procedure Code of 2001, and the Penal Code of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA92_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PC04_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC04-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When deciding whether to prosecute cases under Bhutanese law, the Prosecution and Litigation Division of the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bhutan" title="Attorney General of Bhutan">Office of the Attorney General</a> first evaluates whether there exists a <i>prima facie</i> case – whether the elements of the offense are met. When a <i>prima facie</i> case is established, the matter is subjected to an "Evidential Test" and a "Public Interest Test." The "Evidential Test" requires sufficient to convict the accused, and that "any reasonable judge would, without compunctions, hold the accused guilty." The "Public Interest Test" requires further that such a prosecution would not have an adverse implication on the public.<sup id="cite_ref-P&L_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P&L-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Security_Act_of_1992">National Security Act of 1992</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Security Act of 1992"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Security Act is a series of sixteen articles enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">parliament of Bhutan</a> on November 2, 1992, that superseded the provisions of the Thrimshung of 1957 pertaining to treason. Although its provisions regarding capital punishment were repealed in 2008, its other provisions regarding speech and unlawful assembly remain intact.<sup id="cite_ref-CoBE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSA92_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treason_and_speech_crimes">Treason and speech crimes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treason and speech crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan" title="Capital punishment in Bhutan">condemns to death</a> or life imprisonment those that engage in or attempt treasonable acts against the royal government, either within or outside Bhutan. It also metes out the same penalties for those who commit any overt act intending to aid and comfort enemies to deliberately and voluntarily betray the royal government. Under the act, whoever conspires within or outside Bhutan to commit any of these offenses is to be punished with imprisonment for up to ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA92_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act also punishes those who undermine or attempt to undermine Bhutan's security by creating or inciting "hatred and disaffection," including by speech, with imprisonment for up to ten years. Speech and other acts that create "misunderstanding or hostility between the government and people of Bhutan and the Government and people of any foreign country" are punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. Furthermore, the Act allows up to three years' imprisonment for those who speak or act to promote or attempt to promote "feelings of enmity or hatred between different religious, racial or language groups or castes and communities, or commits any act which is prejudicial to the maintenance of harmony between different religious, racial or language groups or castes or communities, and which disturbs or is likely to disturb the public tranquility." As such, the Act <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">criminalizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> harmful to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">foreign relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA92_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unlawful_assembly,_rioting,_and_emergency"><span id="Unlawful_assembly.2C_rioting.2C_and_emergency"></span>Unlawful assembly, rioting, and emergency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unlawful assembly, rioting, and emergency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act authorizes the government to control public assembly to avoid breaches of the peace, namely by requiring prior licensure, prohibiting public assembly in certain government-controlled areas, and declaring curfews. It further authorizes any magistrate or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">police officer-in-charge</a> to command any unlawful assembly of five or more persons to disburse if they are likely to cause a disturbance of the peace. Unlawful assemblies are categorically defined as those that seek to overawe the government or its officers by force or show of force; and those that resist the execution of any law or legal process; and those that compel by force or show of force others to do what they are not legally bound to do. Violations are punishable by imprisonment for up to one year.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA92_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act defines rioting as the use of force by any member of an unlawful assembly in furtherance of the assembly's common object. The offense is punishable by imprisonment up to two years. Likewise, those armed with any deadly weapon as a member of an unlawful assembly are to be punished with imprisonment which may extend to two years. Those guilty of rioting while armed with a deadly weapon are to be punished with imprisonment for up to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA92_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the Act authorizes the Royal Government of Bhutan to declare a state of emergency covering any or all of Bhutan where "natural, social, political or economic factors compel the government to maintain public order."<sup id="cite_ref-NSA92_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penal_Code_of_2004">Penal Code of 2004</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Penal Code of 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Bhutanese Penal Code was enacted by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">parliament</a> on August 11, 2004. The Penal code classifies crimes according to severity, defines the elements and defenses to crimes, and provides a framework for sentencing criminals. The Code sets forth a criminal law framework analogous to that any modern <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-PC04_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC04-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classes of crimes defined by the Code are <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a>, petty misdemeanor, and violation. Misdemeanors result in imprisonment for one year or more but less than three years; petty misdemeanors result in imprisonment for one month or more but less than one year; and violations result in a fine. Felonies are graded into four degrees. First degree felonies are punishable by prison terms of fifteen years to life; second degree felonies – nine to fifteen years; third degree felonies – five to nine years; and fourth degree felonies – three to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-PC04_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC04-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements and defenses to crimes are codified thematically, along with their class and grading. For example, premeditated <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> is listed among "<a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>," graded as a first degree felony; and "unnatural sex," including <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, is listed among "sexual offences," graded as a petty misdemeanor.<sup id="cite_ref-PC04_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC04-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Act, the class and grading of the crime committed, along with a "value-based sentencing" schedule, generally inform the sentencing of criminals. Subsequent convictions for the same crime face sentencing enhancement by one degree. Fines are limited under the sentencing provisions, and the value of any damages is to factor into sentencing. When sentencing, courts are also allowed to consider mitigating and aggravating factors.<sup id="cite_ref-PC04_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC04-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_legal_codes">Historical legal codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical legal codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsa_Yig" title="Tsa Yig">Tsa Yig</a></div> <p>Bhutanese criminal law was first codified in the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Tsa_Yig" title="Tsa Yig">Tsa Yig</a>. Based on <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Buddhist religious law</a>, the Tsa Yig prohibited immoral crimes such as murder in regard to all persons, and prohibited other immoral acts such unchastity in regard to the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-white_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a modern nation, Bhutan revised the Tsa Yig in 1957 and ostensibly replaced it with a new code in 1965. The 1965 code, however, retained most of the spirit and substance of the 17th century code. In modern Bhutan, village heads often judged minor cases and <a href="/wiki/Dzongkhag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkhag">dzongkhag</a> (district) officials adjudicated major crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Worden2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worden2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Royal Bhutan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bhutan" title="Crime in Bhutan">Crime in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Bhutan" title="Judicial system of Bhutan">Judicial system of Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bhutan" title="Law of Bhutan">Law of Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Bhutan">Immigration in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan" title="Capital punishment in Bhutan">Capital punishment in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Censorship in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bhutan">LGBT rights in Bhutan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PA09-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PA09_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PA09_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Royal-Bhutan-Police-Act-2009-both-Dzongkha-English.pdf">"Royal Bhutan Police Act 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bhutan">Government of Bhutan</a>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Bhutan+Police+Act+2009&rft.pub=Government+of+Bhutan&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foag.gov.bt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F05%2FRoyal-Bhutan-Police-Act-2009-both-Dzongkha-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IA07-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IA07_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IA07_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IA07_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823130526/http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Immigration-Act-of-the-Kingdom-of-Bhutan2007-English.pdf">"Immigration Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bhutan">Government of Bhutan</a>. 2007-01-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Immigration-Act-of-the-Kingdom-of-Bhutan2007-English.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Chapter 6 - Bhutan: Legal System. Criminal Justice". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava"><i>Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0777-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0777-1"><bdi>0-8444-0777-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+-+Bhutan%3A+Legal+System.+Criminal+Justice&rft.btitle=Nepal+and+Bhutan%3A+Country+Studies&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+United+States+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8444-0777-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnepalbhutancount00sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bhutan_topics" title="Template:Bhutan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bhutan_topics" title="Template talk:Bhutan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bhutan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bhutan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bhutan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bhutan-related_articles" title="Index of Bhutan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Simtokha_Dzong" title="Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong">Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan War">Bhutan War (Duar War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bhutan" title="Military history of Bhutan">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bhutan" title="Emblem of Bhutan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/110px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/165px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bhutan" title="Template:Borders of Bhutan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan#Climate" title="Geography of Bhutan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Bhutan" title="List of ecoregions in Bhutan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan" title="Environmental issues in Bhutan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Bhutan" title="Extreme points of Bhutan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers of Bhutan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Bhutan" title="Lakes of Bhutan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Bhutan" title="Mountains of Bhutan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bhutan" title="List of protected areas of Bhutan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bhutan" title="List of rivers of Bhutan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valleys_of_Bhutan" title="Valleys of Bhutan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bhutan" title="Wildlife of Bhutan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan#Administrative_divisions" title="Bhutan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bhutan" title="List of cities in Bhutan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwogs_of_Bhutan" title="Chiwogs of Bhutan"><i>Chiwogs</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(electoral precincts)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzongkhag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkhag">Dzongkhags</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan" title="Districts of Bhutan">districts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungkhag" title="Dungkhag"><i>Dungkhags</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(subdistricts)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewogs_of_Bhutan" title="Gewogs of Bhutan"><i>Gewogs</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(village groups)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bhutan" title="List of villages in Bhutan">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bhutan" title="Elections in Bhutan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bhutan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bhutan" title="List of political parties in Bhutan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Bhutan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bhutan" title="Agriculture in Bhutan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bhutan" title="List of companies of Bhutan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan" title="Energy in Bhutan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum" title="Bhutanese ngultrum">Ngultrum <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bhutan" title="Tourism in Bhutan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bhutan" title="Transport in Bhutan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druk_tsendhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk tsendhen">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_wine" title="Bhutanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bhutan" title="Emblem of Bhutan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bhutan" title="Flag of Bhutan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bhutan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bhutan" title="National symbols of Bhutan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bhutan" title="Public holidays in Bhutan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Bhutan" title="Sports in Bhutan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Bhutan" title="Squatting in Bhutan">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bhutan" title="Demographics of Bhutan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bhutan" title="Crime in Bhutan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic groups in Bhutan">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bhutan" title="Health in Bhutan">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bhutan" title="Outline of Bhutan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bhutan-related_articles" title="Index of Bhutan-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan#Further_reading" title="Bhutan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bhutan" title="Category:Bhutan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bhutanese_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bhutanese_law" title="Template:Bhutanese law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bhutanese_law" title="Template talk:Bhutanese law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bhutanese_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bhutanese law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bhutanese_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bhutan" title="Law of Bhutan">Bhutanese law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Constitution of Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_legislation" title="Bhutanese legislation">Acts</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><img alt="Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/80px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions<br />and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bhutan" title="Attorney General of Bhutan">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Bhutan" title="Judicial system of Bhutan">Judicial system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_of_Justice" title="Royal Court of Justice">Royal Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_and_Cultural_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs">Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Police and prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bhutan" title="Supreme Court of Bhutan">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Bhutan" title="High Court of Bhutan">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkhag_Court" title="Dzongkhag Court">Dzongkhag Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungkhag_Court" title="Dungkhag Court">Dungkhag Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan" title="Capital punishment in Bhutan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bhutan" title="Crime in Bhutan">Crime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Driglam_namzha" title="Driglam namzha">Driglam namzha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bhutan" title="Elections in Bhutan">Elections and voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Bhutan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bhutan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_of_Bhutan_2009" title="Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009">Local governance (decentralization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">Religious freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bhutan" title="Taxation in Bhutan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Control_Act_of_Bhutan_2010" title="Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010">Tobacco laws</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Afghanistan" title="Law enforcement in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Law enforcement in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iraq" title="Law enforcement in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jordan" title="Law enforcement in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Korea" title="Law enforcement in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Korea" title="Law enforcement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Law enforcement in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Maldives" title="Law enforcement in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nepal" title="Law enforcement in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Qatar" title="Law enforcement in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Singapore" title="Law enforcement in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Law enforcement in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tajikistan" title="Law enforcement in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkmenistan" title="Law enforcement in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Law enforcement in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uzbekistan" title="Law enforcement in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vietnam" title="Law enforcement in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Yemen" title="Law enforcement in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Abkhazia" title="Law enforcement in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Law enforcement in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> 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