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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>10,000-year sub-period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10,000-year_sub-period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References_in_the_Mahabharata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_the_Mahabharata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>References in the <i>Mahabharata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_the_Mahabharata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophesied_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophesied_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Prophesied events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophesied_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kali Yuga</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali-joega" title="Kali-joega – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kali-joega" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="كالي يوغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالي يوغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali-yuqa" title="Kali-yuqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kali-yuqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="কলি যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলি যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96-%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калі-юга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калі-юга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कलियुग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कलियुग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalijuga" title="Kalijuga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalijuga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali-Yuga" title="Kali-Yuga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kali-Yuga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Κάλι Γιούγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάλι Γιούγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali-iuga" title="Kali-iuga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kali-iuga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalijugo" title="Kalijugo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalijugo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="کالی یوگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالی یوگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%97" title="કળિયુગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કળિયુગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9C%A0%EA%B0%80" title="칼리 유가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼리 유가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Կալի յուգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալի յուգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कलियुग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कलियुग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliyuga" title="Kaliyuga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaliyuga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97" title="ಕಲಿಯುಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲಿಯುಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="კალი-იუგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალი-იუგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81" title="ກະລີຍຸກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະລີຍຸກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Juga" title="Kali Juga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kali Juga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalijuga" title="Kalijuga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalijuga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali-juga" title="Kali-juga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kali-juga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कलियुग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कलियुग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кали-југа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кали-југа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="കലിയുഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലിയുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कलि युग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कलि युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="კალი-იუგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალი-იუგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_yuga" title="Kali yuga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kali yuga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कलियुग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कलियुग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कलि युग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कलि युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AC" title="カリ・ユガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリ・ユガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliyuga" title="Kaliyuga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaliyuga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਕਲ ਯੁੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲ ਯੁੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कलि युग – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कलि युग" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82" title="កលិយុគ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កលិយុគ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalijuga" title="Kalijuga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalijuga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1li_Iuga" title="Cáli Iuga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cáli Iuga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кали-юга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кали-юга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कलियुगम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कलियुगम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliyuga" title="Kaliyuga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaliyuga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலி யுகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலி யுகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кали Юга – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кали Юга" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="కలియుగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కలియుగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84" title="กลียุค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลียุค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kali Yuga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%AE%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Калі Юґа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калі Юґа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84_%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="کل یگ – Urdu" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kalyug_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kalyug (disambiguation)">Kalyug (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">goddess Kālī</a>.</div> <p> <i><b>Kali Yuga</b></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, is the fourth, shortest, and worst of the four <i><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">yugas</a></i> (world ages) in a <i><a href="/wiki/Yuga_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga Cycle">Yuga Cycle</a></i>, preceded by <i><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a></i> and followed by the next cycle's <i><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Krita (Satya) Yuga</a></i>. It is believed to be the present age, which is full of conflict and sin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithjohnd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithjohnd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranic sources</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krishna#Death_and_ascension" title="Krishna">Krishna's death</a> marked the end of <i><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a></i> and the start of <i>Kali Yuga</i>, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_Companion_to_Hinduism_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_Companion_to_Hinduism-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess193519_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess193519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), <i>Kali Yuga</i> began 5,126 years ago and has 426,874 years left as of 2025 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_measurements_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_measurements-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kali Yuga</i> will end in the year 428,899 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of <i>Kali Yuga</i>, when virtues are at their worst, a cataclysm and a re-establishment of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma#Hinduism" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> occur to usher in the next cycle's <i>Krita (Satya) Yuga</i>, prophesied to occur by <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster1999629_(Kalki)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster1999629_(Kalki)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">युग</span>), in this context, means "an age of the world", where its archaic spelling is <i>yug</i>, with other forms of <i>yugam</i>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yugānāṃ</i></span>, and <i>yuge</i>, derived from <i>yuj</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">युज्</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'to join or yoke'), believed derived from <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*yeug-</span></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>: <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'to join or unite').<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kali Yuga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कलियुग</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kaliyuga or kali-yuga</i></span>) means "the age of <a href="/wiki/Kali_(demon)" title="Kali (demon)">Kali</a>", "the age of darkness", "the age of vice and misery", or "the age of quarrel and hypocrisy".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A complete description of <i>Kali Yuga</i> is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Smriti" title="Vishnu Smriti">Vishnu Smriti</a></i>, and various <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Epigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">P. V. Kane</a>, one of the earliest inscriptions with one of the four <i>yugas</i> named is the Pikira grant of <a href="/wiki/Simhavarman_II" title="Simhavarman II">Pallava Simhavarman</a> (mid-5th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane19364_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane19364-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Who was ever ready to extricate dharma that had become sunk owing to the evil effects of Kaliyuga.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pikira grant of Pallava Simhavarman, line 10 (3rd plate, front)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Other <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphs</a> exist with named <i>yugas</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State" title="Mysore State">Old Mysore</a> region of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Epigraphia_Carnatica" title="Epigraphia Carnatica">Epigraphia Carnatica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Start_date">Start date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Start date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BHALKA-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BHALKA-03.jpg/220px-BHALKA-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BHALKA-03.jpg/330px-BHALKA-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BHALKA-03.jpg/440px-BHALKA-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Information kiosk at <a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a>, the place from where <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> left for His realm in 3102 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The start date and time of <i>Kali Yuga</i> was at midnight (00:00) on 17/18 February 3102 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_Companion_to_Hinduism_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_Companion_to_Hinduism-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta20108_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess193519_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess193519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronomer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a>, who was born in 476 CE, finished his book <i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i> in 499 CE, in which he wrote "When the three yugas (satyug, tretayug and dwaparyug) have elapsed and 60 x 60 (3,600) years of kaliyug have already passed, I am now 23 years old." Based on this information, <i>Kali Yuga</i> began in 3102 BCE, which is calculated from 3600 - (476 + 23) + 1 (no <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a> from 1 BCE to 1 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to K. D. Abhyankar, the starting point of Kali Yuga is an extremely rare planetary alignment, which is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> seals.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duration_and_structure">Duration and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Duration and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yuga_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga Cycle">Yuga Cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures" title="List of numbers in Hindu scriptures">List of numbers in Hindu scriptures</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a> describe four <i><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">yugas</a></i> (world ages)⁠ in a <i><a href="/wiki/Yuga_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga Cycle">Yuga Cycle</a></i>, where, starting in order from the first age of <i><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Krita (Satya) Yuga</a></i>, each <i>yuga's</i> length decreases by one-fourth (25%), giving proportions of 4:3:2:1. Each <i>yuga</i> is described as having a main period (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>yuga</i> proper) preceded by its <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yuga-sandhyā</i></span> (dawn) and followed by its <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yuga-sandhyāṃśa</i></span> (dusk)⁠, where each <a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">twilight</a> (dawn/dusk) lasts for one-tenth (10%) of its main period. Lengths are given in divine years (years of the gods), each lasting for 360 <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">solar</a> (human) years.<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_measurements_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_measurements-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kali Yuga</i>, the fourth age in a cycle, lasts for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), where its main period lasts for 360,000 years (1,000 divine years) and its two twilights each last for 36,000 years (100 divine years). The current cycle's <i>Kali Yuga</i>, the present age, has the following dates based on it starting in 3102<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE:<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_2011_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_measurements_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_measurements-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="border-width:0; text-align:right;"> <caption><i>Kali yuga</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Part </th> <th scope="col">Start (– End) </th> <th scope="col">Length </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Kali-yuga-sandhya</i> (dawn)* </th> <td>3102<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE </td> <td class="nowrap">36,000 (100) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Kali-yuga</i> (proper) </th> <td>32,899<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE </td> <td class="nowrap">360,000 (1,000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa</i> (dusk) </th> <td>392,899–428,899<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE </td> <td class="nowrap">36,000 (100) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding-top:5px;">Years: 432,000 <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">solar</a> (1,200 divine) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; font-size:80%; padding-top:0; text-align:left;"><sup>(*) Current.</sup> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; padding-top:0;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, Book 12 (<a href="/wiki/Shanti_Parva" title="Shanti Parva">Shanti Parva</a>), Ch. 231:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(17) A year (of men) is equal to a day and night of the gods<span class="nowrap"> </span>... (19) I shall, in their order, tell you the number of years that are for different purposes calculated differently, in the Krita, the Treta, the Dwapara, and the Kali yugas. (20) Four thousand celestial years is the duration of the first or Krita age. The morning of that cycle consists of four hundred years and its evening is of four hundred years. (21) Regarding the other cycles, the duration of each gradually decreases by a quarter in respect of both the principal period with the minor portion and the conjoining portion itself.</p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></i>, Ch. 1:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(67) A year is a day and a night of the gods<span class="nowrap"> </span>... (68) But hear now the brief (description of) the duration of a night and a day of Brahman [(Brahma)] and of the several ages (of the world, yuga) according to their order. (69) They declare that the Krita age (consists of) four thousand years (of the gods); the twilight preceding it consists of as many hundreds, and the twilight following it of the same number. (70) In the other three ages with their twilights preceding and following, the thousands and hundreds are diminished by one (in each).</p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i>, Ch. 1:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(13) ... twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods. (14) ... Six times sixty [360] of them are a year of the gods<span class="nowrap"> </span>... (15) Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age (caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two [4,320,000] solar years (16) Is composed that Quadruple Age, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the Golden and the other Ages, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows : (17) The tenth part of an Age, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden and the other Ages, in order : the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="10,000-year_sub-period"><span id="10.2C000-year_sub-period"></span>10,000-year sub-period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 10,000-year sub-period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a> found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i> describes that for the first 10,000 years of <i>Kali Yuga</i>, the ill effects of <i>Kali Yuga</i> will be reduced due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti yogis</a> and the ability to nullify sinful reactions, after which Earth will be devoid of devout religious people and be shackled by <i>Kali Yuga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaturvedi_Nagar_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaturvedi_Nagar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> believes this sub-period started later in <i>Kali Yuga</i> with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> (1486 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hinduism often symbolically represents morality (<i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i>) as an Indian bull. In the <a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a>, the first stage of development, the bull has four legs, which is reduced by one in each age that follows. The four legs of Dharma are <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tapas</i></span></b> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">austerity</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śauca</i></span></b> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">cleanliness</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dayā</i></span></b> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">compassion</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Satya</i></span></b> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">truth</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the age of Kali, morality is reduced to only a quarter of that of the golden age, so that the bull of Dharma has only one leg, the one representing <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Satya</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahabharata_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahabharata-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_in_the_Mahabharata">References in the <i>Mahabharata</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References in the Mahabharata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> and the decimation of <a href="/wiki/Kaurava" title="Kaurava">Kauravas</a> thus happened at the <i>Yuga-Sandhi</i>, the point of transition from one yuga to another.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophesied_events">Prophesied events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prophesied events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A discourse by <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> identifies some of the attributes of people, animals, nature, and weather during the Kali Yuga.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_usage">Other usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kali Yuga is an important concept in both <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/W.Q._Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="W.Q. Judge">W.Q. Judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Savitri Devi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist</a> philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>, among others. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> believed that the Kali Yuga ended in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a> (day of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a> (age of <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralaya" title="Pralaya">Pralaya</a> (period of dissolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga Cycle">Yuga Cycle</a> (four <a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">yuga</a> ages): <a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya (Krita)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a>, and Kali</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity of the Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa#Hindu_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa (Hindu Tradition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_ahargana" title="Kali ahargana">Kali ahargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures" title="List of numbers in Hindu scriptures">List of numbers in Hindu scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranic_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic chronology">Puranic chronology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> (1.18.6),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i> (5.38.8),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i> (2.3.74.241),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i> (2.37.422),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i> (2.103.8)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state that the day <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> left the earth was the day that the <i><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a></i> ended and the <i>Kali Yuga</i> began.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculations exclude <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>. 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE to 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE is one year, not two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 224 (CCXXIV) in some sources: <i>Mahabharata</i> 12.224.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/yuga">"yuga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=yuga&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fyuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/kali-yuga">"kali yuga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kali+yuga&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fkali-yuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithjohnd-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smithjohnd_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Smith" title="John D. Smith">Smith, John D.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YULAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Mahābhārata: an abridged translation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08415-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08415-9"><bdi>978-0-670-08415-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata%3A+an+abridged+translation&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08415-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YULAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish/page/n141/mode/1up">"Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6"</a>. <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>. Vol. Part I. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</a>. 1950. p. 137. <q>On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord [Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Skanda+I%2C+Ch.+18%3A+Curse+of+the+Brahmana%2C+Sloka+6&rft.btitle=Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish%2Fpage%2Fn141%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson, H. H.</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47536/page/n73/mode/1up">"Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8"</a>. <i>The Vishnu Purana</i>. S.P.C.K. Press. p. 61. <q>The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+V%2C+Ch.+38%3A+Arjuna+burns+the+dead%2C+etc.%2C+Sloka+8&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=S.P.C.K.+Press&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.47536%2Fpage%2Fn73%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12922/page/n238/mode/1up">"Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241"</a>. <i>The Brahmanda Purana</i>. Vol. Part III. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. 1958. p. 950. <q>Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+74%2C+Royal+Dynasties%2C+Sloka+241&rft.btitle=The+Brahmanda+Purana&rft.pages=950&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12922%2Fpage%2Fn238%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-vayu-purana-part-2-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology/page/824/mode/1up">"Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422"</a>. <i>The Vayu Purana</i>. Vol. Part II. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. 1988. p. 824. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0455-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0455-4"><bdi>81-208-0455-4</bdi></a>. <q>Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+37%2C+Royal+Dynasties%2C+Sloka+422&rft.btitle=The+Vayu+Purana&rft.pages=824&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-208-0455-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-vayu-purana-part-2-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology%2Fpage%2F824%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98294/page/n285/mode/1up">"Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8"</a>. <i>Brahma Purana</i>. Vol. Part II. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. 1955. p. 515. <q>It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+103%2C+Episode+of+Krsna+concluded%2C+Sloka+8&rft.btitle=Brahma+Purana&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.98294%2Fpage%2Fn285%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell_Companion_to_Hinduism-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_Companion_to_Hinduism_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_Companion_to_Hinduism_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchettYano2003" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda; Yano, Michio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&pg=PA390">"Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631215352" title="Special:BookSources/0631215352"><bdi>0631215352</bdi></a>. <q>The [Kali yuga] epoch arrived at ... was midnight of February 17/18 in 3102 BC according to the midnight (<i>ardharatika</i>) school, and the sunrise of February 18 (Friday) of the same year according to the sunrise (<i>audayika</i>) school.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%2C+Ch.+6%3A+The+Puranas+%2F+Part+III%2C+Ch.+18%3A+Calendar%2C+Astrology%2C+and+Astronomy&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0631215352&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft.au=Yano%2C+Michio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess193519-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess193519_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess193519_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgess1935">Burgess 1935</a>, p. 19: The instant at which the [kali yuga] Age is made to commence is midnight on the meridian of Ujjayini, at the end of the 588,465th and beginning of the 588,466th day (civil reckoning) of the Julian Period, or between the 17th and 18th of February 1612 J.P., or 3102 B.C. [4713 BCE = 0 <a href="/wiki/Julian_day#Julian_Period" title="Julian day">JP</a>; 4713 BCE - 1612 + 1 (no <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>) = 3102 BCE.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwin_2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_2011_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_2011_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_2011_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joscelyn_Godwin" title="Joscelyn Godwin">Godwin, Joscelyn</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H14oDwAAQBAJ"><i>Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Inner_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Traditions">Inner Traditions</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">300–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594778575" title="Special:BookSources/9781594778575"><bdi>9781594778575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantis+and+the+Cycles+of+Time%3A+Prophecies%2C+Traditions%2C+and+Occult+Revelations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E300-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781594778575&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Joscelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH14oDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Merriam-Webster (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>; Hawley, John Stratton (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster, Incorporated</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/445/mode/1up">445 (Hinduism)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1159/mode/1up">1159 (Yuga)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877790442" title="Special:BookSources/0877790442"><bdi>0877790442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.pages=445+%28Hinduism%29%2C+1159+%28Yuga%29&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0877790442&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer_measurements-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_measurements_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_measurements_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_measurements_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, S. V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7">"Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements"</a>. In Hull, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Osgood_Jr." title="Richard M. Osgood Jr.">Osgood, Richard M. Jr.</a>; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.). <i>Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units</i>. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642007378" title="Special:BookSources/9783642007378"><bdi>9783642007378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+1.2.4+Time+Measurements&rft.btitle=Units+of+Measurement%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future.+International+System+of+Units&rft.series=Springer+Series+in+Materials+Science%3A+122&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783642007378&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHiKycrLmEQC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2011301_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodwin2011">Godwin 2011</a>, p. 301: The Hindu astronomers agree that the [Dvapara Yuga ended and] Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently [Kali Yuga] is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster1999629_(Kalki)-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster1999629_(Kalki)_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster1999">Merriam-Webster 1999</a>, p. 629 (Kalki): At the end of the present Kali age, when virtue and religion have disappeared into CHAOS and the world is ruled by unjust men, Kalki will appear to destroy the wicked and usher in a new age.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... According to some myths, Kalki's horse will stamp the earth with its right foot, causing the tortoise that supports the world to drop into the deep. Then Kalki will restore the earth to its initial purity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/युग#Sanskrit">"युग (yuga)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97+%28yuga%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%23Sanskrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yuga">"yuga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=yuga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fyuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yuga">"Yuga"</a>. <i>Wisdom Library</i>. 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdom+Library&rft.atitle=Yuga&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fyuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/युज्#Sanskrit">"युज् (yuj)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D+%28yuj%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%23Sanskrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/*yeug-">"*yeug-"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%2Ayeug-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2F%2Ayeug-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yug">"yug"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></i>. 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=yug&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fyug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/कलि#Sanskrit">"कलि (kali)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF+%28kali%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%23Sanskrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga">"Kali Yuga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></i>. 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=Kali+Yuga&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FKali_Yuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kaliyuga">"Kaliyuga, Kali-yuga"</a>. <i>Wisdom Library</i>. 11 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdom+Library&rft.atitle=Kaliyuga%2C+Kali-yuga&rft.date=2009-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fkaliyuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1936" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Kane, P. V.</a> (September 1936). <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sitaram_Sukthankar" title="Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar">Sukthankar, Dr. V. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Asaf_Ali_Asghar_Fyzee" title="Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee">Fyzee, A. A. A.</a>; Bhagwat, N. K. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281640/page/n202/mode/1up">"Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>12</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2). <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society_of_Mumbai" title="The Asiatic Society of Mumbai">The Asiatic Society of Bombay</a>: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Kalivarjya+%28actions+forbidden+in+the+Kali+Age%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1936-09&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281640%2Fpage%2Fn202%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane19364-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane19364_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKane1936">Kane 1936</a>, p. 4: Among the earliest is the Pikira grant of Pallava Simhavarman where we have the words 'Who was ever ready to extricate dharma that had become sunk owing to the evil effects of Kaliyuga.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pikira grant inscription has the word "kaliyuga" on line 10 located on 3rd plate, first side.<br />⁠— <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultzsch1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/E._Hultzsch" title="E. Hultzsch">Hultzsch, E.</a>, ed. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654/page/n208/mode/1up"><i>Epigraphia Indica and Records of the Archaeological Survey of India</i></a>. Vol. VIII — 1905–06. Bombay: Education Society's Press. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+and+Records+of+the+Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Education+Society%27s+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56654%2Fpage%2Fn208%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Each term has an index of volumes:<br />* p. 177: Dvapara, Yuga or age; Dvapara-yuga, do.<br />* p. 301: Kali-yuga, age of Kali<br />* p. 364: Kritayuga, age; Kritayuga, do.<br />— <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/M._H._Krishna" title="M. H. Krishna">Krishna, Dr. M. H.</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p1epigraphiacarnat13myso"><i>Mysore Archeological Survey: Epigraphia Carnatica</i></a>. Vol. XIII (Part I): General Index. Bangalore: Government Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p1epigraphiacarnat13myso/page/177/mode/1up">177</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p1epigraphiacarnat13myso/page/301/mode/1up">301</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p1epigraphiacarnat13myso/page/364/mode/1up">364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysore+Archeological+Survey%3A+Epigraphia+Carnatica&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pages=177%2C+301%2C+364&rft.pub=Government+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Dr.+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fp1epigraphiacarnat13myso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20108-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta20108_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2010">Gupta 2010</a>, p. 8: The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Induand the Rg-Veda, Page 16, By Egbert Richter-Ushanas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1405-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1405-3">81-208-1405-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.D. Dharm Chakravarty Swami Prakashanand Saraswati. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org/articles/51_the_bhartiya_chronology.htm">Encyclopedia Of Authentic Hinduism</a> The True History and the Religion of India, Hardbound, 2nd Edition, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967382319" title="Special:BookSources/0967382319">0967382319</a> Retrieved 2015-01-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbhyankar1993" class="citation journal cs1">Abhyankar, K. D. (1993). "Astronomical significance to two Mohenjodaro seals". <i>Astronomical Society of India, Bulletin</i>. <b>21</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993BASI...21..475A">1993BASI...21..475A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Society+of+India%2C+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Astronomical+significance+to+two+Mohenjodaro+seals&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=477&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993BASI...21..475A&rft.aulast=Abhyankar&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142208/page/n272/mode/1up">"Ch. 231 (CCXXXI)"</a>. <i>A Prose English Translation of The Mahabharata (Translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit text)</i>. Vol. Book 12 (Shanti Parva). Calcutta: Elysium Press. p. 351 (12.231.17, 19–21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+231+%28CCXXXI%29&rft.btitle=A+Prose+English+Translation+of+The+Mahabharata+%28Translated+Literally+from+the+Original+Sanskrit+text%29&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=351+%2812.231.17%2C+19-21%29&rft.pub=Elysium+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Manmatha+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.142208%2Fpage%2Fn272%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BChler" title="Georg Bühler">Bühler, G.</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawsofman00manu/page/n163/mode/1up">"Ch. 1, The Creation"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller, F. Max</a> (ed.). <i>The Laws of Manu: translated with extracts from seven commentaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a>. Vol. XXV. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 20 (1.67–70).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+1%2C+The+Creation&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Manu%3A+translated+with+extracts+from+seven+commentaries&rft.series=Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.pages=20+%281.67-70%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawsofman00manu%2Fpage%2Fn163%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1935" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Rev. Ebenezer (1935) [1860]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SuryaSiddhantaTranslation/page/n59/mode/1up">"Ch. 1: Of the Mean Motions of the Planets."</a>. In Gangooly, Phanindralal (ed.). <i>Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. pp. 7–9 (1.13–17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+1%3A+Of+the+Mean+Motions+of+the+Planets.&rft.btitle=Translation+of+the+Surya-Siddhanta%2C+A+Text-Book+of+Hindu+Astronomy%3B+With+notes+and+an+appendix&rft.pages=7-9+%281.13-17%29&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Ebenezer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSuryaSiddhantaTranslation%2Fpage%2Fn59%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaturvedi_Nagar-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaturvedi_Nagar_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvediNagar2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chaturvedi, Ramesh; Nagar, Shantilal (2001). "129". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/kaliyuga.htm"><i><span></span></i>Brahmavaivarta Purana<i><span></span></i></a>. Vol. Book 4. Parimal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7110-170-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7110-170-2"><bdi>978-81-7110-170-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=129&rft.btitle=Brahmavaivarta+Purana&rft.pub=Parimal+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7110-170-2&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft.au=Nagar%2C+Shantilal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veda.harekrsna.cz%2Fencyclopedia%2Fkaliyuga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span> (verses 49–60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/kaliyuga.htm">"Kali-yuga and Sakabda"</a>. <i>Veda - Vedic Knowledge Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veda+-+Vedic+Knowledge+Online&rft.atitle=Kali-yuga+and+Sakabda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veda.harekrsna.cz%2Fencyclopedia%2Fkaliyuga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge9jAAAAMAAJ"><i>Purāṇam</i></a>. Vol. 16. Varanasi: All-India Kasiraja Trust. 1974. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&rft.place=Varanasi&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=All-India+Kasiraja+Trust&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGe9jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahabharata-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahabharata_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03189.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXIX"</a>. Sacred-texts.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+3%3A+Vana+Parva%3A+Markandeya-Samasya+Parva%3A+Section+CLXXXIX&rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm03%2Fm03189.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhāgavata Purāṇa</i></span> 1.16.20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajpeyi2019" class="citation news cs1">Vajpeyi, Ananya (29 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/epic-lessons-for-kali-yuga-rereading-the-mahabharata-in-our-contemporary-moment/article28196232.ece">"Epic lessons for Kali Yuga: Rereading the 'Mahabharata' in our contemporary moment"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Epic+lessons+for+Kali+Yuga%3A+Rereading+the+%27Mahabharata%27+in+our+contemporary+moment&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft.aulast=Vajpeyi&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fepic-lessons-for-kali-yuga-rereading-the-mahabharata-in-our-contemporary-moment%2Farticle28196232.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03189.htm">Mahabharata SECTION CLXXXIX</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2019" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (28 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241670.html">"Story of Kali"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Story+of+Kali&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fcompilation%2Fpuranic-encyclopaedia%2Fd%2Fdoc241670.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, Christopher (ed.). <i>Spiritualism, Madame Blavatsky & Theosophy: An Eyewitness View of Occult History : Lectures by Rudolf Steiner</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritualism%2C+Madame+Blavatsky+%26+Theosophy%3A+An+Eyewitness+View+of+Occult+History+%3A+Lectures+by+Rudolf+Steiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDann2000" class="citation book cs1">Dann, Kevin T. (2000). <i>Across the Great Border Fault: The Naturalist Myth in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Great+Border+Fault%3A+The+Naturalist+Myth+in+America&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.aufirst=Kevin+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1911" class="citation journal cs1">Fleet, J. F. (April 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189878">"The Kaliyuga Era of B.C. 3102 (Part I)"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>: <span class="nowrap">479–</span>496. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189878">25189878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Kaliyuga+Era+of+B.C.+3102+%28Part+I%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.date=1911-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189878%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1911" class="citation journal cs1">Fleet, J. F. (July 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189910">"The Kaliyuga Era of B.C. 3102 (Part II)"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>: <span class="nowrap">675–</span>698. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189910">25189910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Kaliyuga+Era+of+B.C.+3102+%28Part+II%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E698&rft.date=1911-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2004" class="citation book cs1">Glass, Marty (2004). <i>Yuga: An Anatomy of our Fate</i>. Hillsdale, NY: Sophia Perennis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuga%3A+An+Anatomy+of+our+Fate&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Marty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a> (2004). <i>The Crisis of the Modern World</i>. Translated by Osborne, Arthur; Pallis, Marco; Nicholson, Richard C. Hillsdale, NY: Sophia Perennis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotillos2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sotillos, Samuel Bendeck (2013). "New Age or the Kali-Yuga?". <i>AHP Perspective</i>. <b>2013</b> (April/May): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AHP+Perspective&rft.atitle=New+Age+or+the+Kali-Yuga%3F&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=April%2FMay&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sotillos&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Bendeck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasaraghavan1969" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasaraghavan, K. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dateofmahabharat00srinuoft/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Date of the Mahabharata War and the Kali Yugadhi</i></a>. Chennai-18: Srinivasa Gandhinilayam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Date+of+the+Mahabharata+War+and+the+Kali+Yugadhi&rft.place=Chennai-18&rft.pub=Srinivasa+Gandhinilayam&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Srinivasaraghavan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdateofmahabharat00srinuoft%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Upton_(poet)" title="Charles Upton (poet)">Upton, Charles</a> (2005). <i>Legends of the End: Prophecies of the End Times, Antichrist, Apocalypse, and Messiah from Eight Religious Traditions</i>. Hillsdale, NY: Sophia Perennis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+the+End%3A+Prophecies+of+the+End+Times%2C+Antichrist%2C+Apocalypse%2C+and+Messiah+from+Eight+Religious+Traditions&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali+Yuga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Kali Yuga"><i>Kali Yuga</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_calendar" title="Mizo calendar">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_calendar" title="Digital calendar">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_cosmology73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFDE99;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmanda" title="Template:Brahmanda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmanda" title="Template talk:Brahmanda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmanda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmanda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_cosmology73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akasha" title="Akasha">Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loka#Hinduism" title="Loka">Loka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaloka" title="Brahmaloka">Brahmaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manidvipa" title="Manidvipa">Manidvipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Aṇḍa">Aṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāla (time)">Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Life of Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">Kalpa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a> (age of mankind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuga_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga Cycle">Cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralaya" title="Pralaya">Pralaya</a> (dissolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Manthana" title="Samudra Manthana">Samudra Manthana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures" title="List of numbers in Hindu scriptures">List of numbers in Hindu scriptures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks750" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks750" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Rogue star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posttribulation_rapture" title="Posttribulation rapture">Posttribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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