CINXE.COM

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href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/parler-du-cyberharcelement-a-vos-proches"><span class="link-inner">Parler du cyberharcèlement à vos proches</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-3155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3155"><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/parler-du-cyberharcelement-aux-employeurs"><span class="link-inner">Parler du cyberharcèlement aux employeurs</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-3156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3156"><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/bonnes-pratiques-pour-les-allies-ou-temoins"><span class="link-inner">Bonnes pratiques pour les allié(e)s ou témoins</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-3157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3157"><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/10-bonnes-pratiques-pour-les-responsables-de-redactions"><span class="link-inner">10 bonnes pratiques pour les responsables de rédactions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3139" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children dropdown menu-item-3139"><a href="#"><span class="link-inner">EN SAVOIR PLUS</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3158"><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/glossaire-du-cyberharcelement/"><span class="link-inner">Glossaire du cyberharcèlement</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-3159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3159"><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/cyberharcelement-une-menace-pour-la-liberte-d-expression"><span class="link-inner">Cyberharcèlement: une menace pour la liberté d’expression</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-3160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3160"><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/ressources-sur-le-cyberharcelement/"><span class="link-inner">Ressources sur le cyberharcèlement</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="search-toggle-li menu-item wpex-menu-extra no-icon-margin"><a href="#" class="site-search-toggle search-dropdown-toggle" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="searchform-dropdown" aria-label="Search"><span class="link-inner"><span class="wpex-menu-search-text wpex-hidden">Rechercher</span><span class="wpex-menu-search-icon ticon ticon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a> <div id="searchform-dropdown" data-placeholder="Rechercher" data-disable-autocomplete="true" class="header-searchform-wrap header-drop-widget header-drop-widget--colored-top-border wpex-invisible wpex-opacity-0 wpex-absolute wpex-transition-all wpex-duration-200 wpex-translate-Z-0 wpex-text-initial wpex-z-10000 wpex-top-100 wpex-right-0 wpex-surface-1 wpex-text-2 wpex-p-15"> <form role="search" method="get" class="searchform wpex-relative" action="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/"> <label class="searchform-label wpex-text-current wpex-block wpex-m-0 wpex-p-0"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Rechercher</span> <input type="search" class="searchform-input field" name="s" placeholder="Rechercher"> </label> <button type="submit" class="searchform-submit"><span class="ticon ticon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Envoyer</span></button> </form> </div> </li></ul></nav> </div> </header> <main id="main" class="site-main wpex-clr"> <header class="page-header has-aside default-page-header wpex-relative wpex-mb-40 wpex-surface-2 wpex-py-20 wpex-border-t wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-surface-3 wpex-text-2 wpex-supports-mods"> <div class="page-header-inner container wpex-md-flex wpex-md-flex-wrap wpex-md-items-center wpex-md-justify-between"> <div class="page-header-content wpex-md-mr-15"> <h1 class="page-header-title wpex-block wpex-m-0 wpex-text-2xl"> <span>Contrer le harcèlement en ligne en toute sécurité</span> </h1> </div> <div class="page-header-aside wpex-md-text-right"><nav class="site-breadcrumbs position-page_header_aside wpex-text-4 wpex-text-sm" aria-label="You are here:"><span class="breadcrumb-trail wpex-clr"><span><span><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/">Home</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Contrer le harcèlement en ligne en toute sécurité</span></span></span></nav></div></div> </header> <div id="content-wrap" class="container wpex-clr"> <div id="primary" class="content-area wpex-clr"> <div id="content" class="site-content wpex-clr"> <article id="single-blocks" class="single-page-article wpex-clr"> <div class="single-page-content single-content entry wpex-clr"><p><span class="coral">Faut-il « nourrir les trolls » ? Les avis divergent sur la question. Pour certain(e)s, la pratique du contre-discours, à savoir le fait de développer d’autres narratifs, qui contredisent ceux des cyberharceleurs, peut aider la personne visée… à condition que cela se fasse en toute sécurité.</span></p> <p>D’autres soutiennent que le remède peut potentiellement être pire que la maladie: une confrontation pourrait aggraver le harcèlement ou récompenser par inadvertance le harceleur pour son comportement – souvent, les agresseurs en ligne veulent juste vous gâcher la journée. Prenez le temps <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/evaluer-la-menace/">d’évaluer les risques</a>.</p> <p>Pour de nombreux écrivain(e)s et journalistes, remettre en cause les trolls, s’engager dans des contre-discours ou affronter directement son harceleur peut être une étape importante pour lutter contre les abus en ligne et reprendre le contrôle sur son récit, sa vie et son travail.</p> <p>En tant qu’organisation de défense de la liberté d’expression, PEN America estime que l’exercice de la parole dans des espaces où d’autres tentent de la réduire au silence est l’un des outils les plus puissants dont nous disposons.</p> <p>« Affronter » un harceleur peut impliquer de contacter directement un individu, mais ce n’est pas forcément le cas. Cela peut également signifier faire une déclaration sur vos réseaux sociaux, aux communautés de soutien en ligne et au public sur les raisons pour lesquelles l’abus dont vous êtes victime est inacceptable et doit être arrêté.</p> <p>La question de savoir s’il faut répondre et comment répondre est un choix personnel. Vous trouverez ci-dessous une série de recommandations que PEN America conseille de suivre afin de décider de répondre ou non à un cyberharceleur. Ces recommandations ont été élaborées avec l’aide d’un professionnel de la santé mentale agréé, en ayant à l’esprit votre bien-être et votre sécurité.</p> <h2><strong>1. Évaluez le niveau de menace</strong></h2> <p>Avant de choisir d’affronter un harceleur en ligne, vous devez faire une évaluation du niveau de menace, à la fois sur le plan de la sécurité physique et numérique. <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/evaluer-la-menace/">Évaluez la menace</a> et rappelez-vous: faites-vous confiance et suivez votre instinct. Vous êtes la personne la mieux placée pour décider si engager la conversation avec un troll sera susceptible de porter atteinte à votre sécurité ou non.</p> <p>Si vous ne savez toujours pas à quel niveau de menace vous êtes confronté(e), les conseils suivants peuvent vous aider:</p> <ul> <li>Si vous pensez que votre sécurité physique est menacée, n’engagez pas la conversation avec votre troll. Contactez les autorités locales si ça vous semble pertinent et recrutez des membres de votre communauté pour vous fournir un soutien. Au besoin, changez de logement temporairement si c’est plus sécurisé pour vous. Assurez-vous de <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/documenter-le-harcelement-en-ligne/">documenter au maximum le harcèlement</a> contre vous avant de contacter les forces de l’ordre ou des organisations susceptibles de vous venir en aide.</li> <li>Si vous pensez que votre harceleur ne va pas menacer votre sécurité physique mais semble suffisamment instable ou mécontent pour continuer à vous harceler en ligne, cela ne vaut probablement pas la peine d’engager la conversation avec lui.</li> <li>Si vous pensez que votre harceleur ne représente aucune menace physique et ne va pas augmenter d’un cran la violence des propos à votre égard, vous pouvez avoir un intérêt à engager la conversation avec lui.</li> <li>Si vous pensez que votre harceleur ne menace pas votre sécurité physique et que le risque de voir les propos devenir plus violents ne vous dissuade pas, vous pouvez envisager d’engager le dialogue avec lui.</li> </ul> <h2><strong>2. Auto-évaluation: suis-je prêt(e) pour une confrontation?</strong></h2> <p>Cela ne vaut pas la peine d’affronter un cyberharceleur tant que vous n’êtes pas émotionnellement prêt(e) à le faire. Engager le dialogue avec un harceleur alors que vous êtes très affecté(e) peut aggraver la situation, ou amplifier l’impact négatif sur votre bien-être.</p> <p>Comment saurez-vous si vous êtes prêt(e)? Les questions suivantes peuvent vous aider à comprendre votre propre état émotionnel:</p> <ul> <li>Ruminez-vous constamment ce harcèlement? Des pensées en lien avec ce harcèlement en ligne surgissent-elles tout au long de la journée, interférant avec votre travail ou interrompant votre vie sociale?</li> <li>Qu’est-ce qui motive votre réaction? Riposter et humilier votre cyberharceleur, ou vous défendre, vous et vos idées? Lorsque vous pensez à votre harcèlement en ligne, êtes-vous agité(e) et/ou contrarié(e)? Si oui, parvenez-vous à vous calmer?</li> </ul> <p>Si vous n’arrivez pas à vous calmer lorsque vous pensez au harcèlement qui vous vise, ou si vous êtes obsédé(e) à l’idée de vous venger, vous n’êtes probablement pas prêt(e) à affronter votre harceleur. Suivez plutôt <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/prendre-soin-de-soi-en-cas-de-cyberharcelement">ces recommandations</a> pour prendre soin de vous. Si au contraire, vous parvenez à retrouver votre calme lorsque vous êtes agité(e), et que votre motivation première est de mettre fin aux abus et de défendre ce qui est juste plutôt que de nuire à votre troll, alors vous êtes probablement prêt(e) pour l’étape suivante.</p> <h2><strong>3. Décidez où et comment vous voulez affronter votre cyberharceleur</strong></h2> <p>Affronter votre harceleur en ligne ne signifie pas nécessairement envoyer un message direct ou nommer l’auteur de l’attaque – dans les cas où vous êtes ciblé(e) à partir de plusieurs comptes en ligne, vous ne pourrez pas vous adresser à des personnes spécifiques.</p> <p>Cette confrontation peut prendre plusieurs formes. Vous pouvez décider de publier une déclaration sur les réseaux sociaux pour dénoncer le harcèlement qui vous vise. Vous pouvez aussi déployer votre communauté de soutien en ligne pour aider à corriger un récit diffamatoire diffusé à votre sujet. Vous pouvez également choisir de faire une capture d’écran et de publier à nouveau les messages haineux contre vous afin de mettre en lumière le caractère scandaleux de ce comportement.</p> <p>Voici quelques questions à vous poser avant d’affronter votre harceleur:</p> <ul> <li>Est-il important pour vous de dénoncer les abus sur la plateforme où cela s’est produit, ou préférez-vous faire une déclaration sur une plateforme différente?</li> <li>Voulez-vous vous confronter directement avec le troll en question ou condamner son comportement?</li> <li>Êtes-vous plus intéressé(e) par le fait de déconstruire les fausses allégations faites contre vous et de remettre les pendules à l’heure, ou par le fait d’attirer l’attention sur des comportements absurdes et préjudiciables?</li> </ul> <p>Alors qu’elle avait saisi l’occasion de la fête du travail, le 1er mai 2020, pour dénoncer le harcèlement des femmes dans les rédactions, la journaliste béninoise <a href="https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-52547824" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Angela Kpeidja</a> a par la suite été victime de cyberharcèlement et de critiques acerbes de la part d’internautes. Ses efforts de <a href="https://www.facebook.com/angela.kpeidja/posts/10217428069074451" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">confrontation</a> ainsi que la forte <a href="https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1628433003963986&id=100003919072648" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">mobilisation</a> d’une communauté en ligne lui ont permis de reprendre le contrôle sur les récits diffamatoires qui étaient tenus à son égard. <em>« Mon combat dans ce milieu hostile, c’est vraiment de libérer la parole. Il faut que de plus en plus de femmes et même d’hommes se sentent libres de s’exprimer et de se battre pour leurs convictions, leurs idéaux. Je rêve d’un effet domino »</em>, confie-t-elle à PEN America.</p> <p>Il est important de décider où et comment vous voulez affronter votre harceleur. N’oubliez pas que parler du harcèlement en ligne – même si vous n’engagez pas directement le dialogue avec votre agresseur – est aussi un moyen de riposter. Condamner le harcèlement plutôt que le harceleur peut éviter d’aggraver la situation.</p> <h2><strong>4. Définissez votre objectif</strong></h2> <p>Clarifiez ce que vous espérez accomplir en postant votre message:</p> <ul> <li>Voulez-vous affaiblir la portée du message de votre harceleur en utilisant l’humour?</li> <li>Voulez-vous dénoncer une attitude ou une croyance que vous percevez comme nuisibles?</li> <li>Voulez-vous faire participer d’autres personnes à la diffusion de votre message?</li> </ul> <p>Même si vous ne changerez pas l’état d’esprit de votre harceleur, vous pouvez toujours rétablir les faits et devenir un exemple à suivre pour les personnes qui sont attaquées en ligne.</p> <h2><strong>5. Utilisez un langage et rédigez des messages susceptibles de désamorcer l’attaque</strong></h2> <p>C’est difficile à entendre lorsque l’on subit du harcèlement en ligne, mais les personnes qui s’en prennent à vous sur les réseaux sociaux sont aussi des humains – à moins, bien sûr, que ce ne soient <a href="https://www.ionos.fr/digitalguide/web-marketing/les-media-sociaux/social-bots/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">des robots programmés par des groupes d’intérêts économiques ou politiques pour vous envoyer des messages de cyberharcèlement</a>.</p> <p>Difficile d’avoir de l’empathie pour votre agresseur – c’est compréhensible. Parfois, les agresseurs en ligne sont en fait malheureux dans leur propre vie – ce qui n’excuse pas du tout leur comportement, mais peut en partie l’expliquer. Que vous trouviez utile ou non de considérer l’être humain derrière les messages haineux, les informations ci-dessous peuvent être utiles pour rédiger des messages destinés à atténuer, plutôt qu’à aggraver, une situation tendue en ligne, tout en vous assurant de faire passer un message clair et ferme:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Condamnez les messages du harceleur plutôt que le harceleur lui-même.</strong> Vous aurez probablement une conversation plus productive si la personne qui vous attaque ne se sent pas attaquée en retour.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>Nommez les conséquences du harcèlement et son impact direct sur vous, votre travail ou votre communauté.</strong> Expliquer comment quelque chose vous nuit ou fait du tort à la communauté que vous représentez donne une idée concrète de l’impact du harcèlement et montre que la haine en ligne n’est pas un problème théorique, mais engendre un préjudice bien réel. Votre agresseur pourrait ainsi comprendre que ses actions ont un impact réel, ce qui peut être une chose difficile à comprendre pour des cyberharceleurs assis derrière leur écran, et physiquement éloignés de leurs cibles.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>Évitez d’injurier, d’utiliser un langage hostile, ou de menacer votre harceleur.</strong> Cela peut être tentant, mais ça aggraverait certainement les choses.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>Trouvez un moyen d’exprimer votre humanité.</strong> Si vos croyances, votre passé, vos caractéristiques physiques ont été attaquées, vous pouvez aussi saisir cet élément et vous le réapproprier.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Si vous vous sentez prêt(e), <strong>essayez de faire preuve d’empathie tout en condamnant le comportement de votre harceleur en ligne</strong> (et non le harceleur lui-même).</li> </ul> <h2><strong>6. Exemples de contre-discours et de mobilisations inspirants</strong></h2> <p>Le contre-discours est un outil utile pour les <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/bonnes-pratiques-pour-les-allies-ou-temoins" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">témoins</a> qui souhaitent intervenir afin de soutenir les cibles d’attaques en ligne. Voici quelques exemples:</p> <ul> <li>Retweeter des messages haineux avec une déclaration explicite sur ce qui rend le message si dangereux. Attention, cela peut avoir pour dommage collatéral de contribuer à donner de la visibilité à ce discours. Évaluez bien la situation et les conséquences possibles avant d’agir.</li> <li>Récupérer un hashtag qui a été utilisé pour promouvoir une idée haineuse en “noyant” ce hashtag sous les messages positifs.</li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/fr/mobiliser-une-communaute-de-soutien-en-ligne">Enrôler une communauté en ligne</a> pour rediriger la conversation dans une section commentaires, un fil Twitter, etc., en postant une succession de messages positifs et constructifs.</li> </ul> <p><strong><a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/12/01/this_brazilian_campaign_is_putting_racist_comments_on_billboards.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Racisme Virtuel, Conséquences Réelles.</a></strong> En 2015, une femme noire est embauchée pour présenter la météo à la télévision brésilienne. Elle devient alors la cible d’attaques racistes en ligne. Le groupe de défense des droits civiques afro-brésilien <a href="https://criola.org.br/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Criola</a> décide de s’attaquer à ces abus en utilisant des outils de géolocalisation pour publier les messages haineux en ligne sur les panneaux d’affichage des villes où vivent les commentateurs. Aucune identité n’a été dévoilée, mais une majorité de commentateurs haineux ont supprimé leurs comptes à la suite de cette campagne.</p> <p><strong>#MêmePasPeur</strong> est un hashtag utilisé par les femmes africaines en réaction aux violences et abus sexuels faits aux femmes qui résonnent du Sénégal au Bénin, de la Côte d’Ivoire au Cameroun.</p> <p><strong>#SırtımızıDönüyoruz.</strong> Traduit en français par #NousTournonsNosDos, <a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=typd&q=%23S%C4%B1rt%C4%B1m%C4%B1z%C4%B1D%C3%B6n%C3%BCyoruz" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#SırtımızıDönüyoruz</a> est un hashtag utilisé par les femmes et les hommes turcs pour publier des photos d’eux-mêmes tournant le dos aux déclarations sexistes du président Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.</p> <p>Une autre manière d’agir peut aussi être de rallier à votre cause des organisations féministes, de défense des minorités, des écrivain(e)s, blogueurs(euses), journalistes ou activistes, ou bien de défense des droits humains, et ce afin de lancer une campagne pour soutenir une personne visée par du cyberharcèlement.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://holdthelineformariaressa.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#HoldTheLineForMariaRessa.</a></strong> Cette campagne internationale a pour objectif de soutenir la journaliste Maria Ressa, ciblée par du harcèlement judiciaire et des campagnes massives de haine en ligne à la suite des enquêtes sur le pouvoir philippin publié par le site d’information qu’elle dirige, Rappler. Une tentative de reprendre le contrôle d’un narratif noyé sous les messages de haine.</p> <p>Certaines confrontations peuvent ne pas se dérouler aussi bien que vous le souhaiteriez, tandis que d’autres peuvent vous surprendre. Si vous suivez les étapes ci-dessus et qu’une confrontation n’aboutit toujours pas à un résultat utile, soyez fier(e) du fait que vous vous êtes exprimé(e) et que votre harceleur en ligne n’a pas réussi à vous faire taire.</p> </div> </article> </div> </div> <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar-primary sidebar-container wpex-print-hidden"> <div id="sidebar-inner" class="sidebar-container-inner wpex-mb-40"></div> </aside> </div> </main> <style>.vc_custom_1524085143925{padding-top: 5px !important;}</style> <div id="footer-callout-wrap" class="wpex-surface-2 wpex-text-2 wpex-py-30 wpex-border-solid wpex-border-surface-3 wpex-border-y wpex-print-hidden"> <div id="footer-callout" class="container"> <div id="footer-callout-left" class="footer-callout-content wpex-text-xl"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid no-bottom-margins wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div style="font-size:16px;line-height:25px;" class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><strong>A propos de PEN America:</strong> Fondée 1922, l’organisation PEN America travaille à l'intersection entre la littérature et les droits humains pour protéger la liberté d’expression aux États-Unis et dans le reste du monde. Nous célébrons la liberté d'écrire, en reconnaissant le pouvoir des mots et de leur capacité à transformer le monde. Notre mission est de réunir les écrivain(e)s et leurs allié(e)s pour mettre en lumière l’expression créative et défendre les libertés qui la rendent possible. 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