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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clustering_and_high_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clustering and high availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clustering_and_high_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clients</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clients-sublist" class="cdx-button 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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hosted Exchange as a service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hosted_Exchange_as_a_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third-party_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Third-party providers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Exchange Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerabilities_and_hacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerabilities_and_hacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vulnerabilities and hacks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vulnerabilities_and_hacks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vulnerabilities and hacks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vulnerabilities_and_hacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1" title="مايكروسوفت إكستشينج سيرفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكروسوفت إكستشينج سيرفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange" title="Microsoft Exchange – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Microsoft Exchange" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مایکروسافت اکسچنج سرور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکروسافت اکسچنج سرور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9D%B5%EC%8A%A4%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80_%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84" title="마이크로소프트 익스체인지 서버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이크로소프트 익스체인지 서버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%AA_Exchange" title="שרת Exchange – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרת Exchange" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Microsoft Exchange Server" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223653#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Calendaring and mail server</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Microsoft Exchange Server</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Exchange_(2019-present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Microsoft_Exchange_%282019-present%29.svg/64px-Microsoft_Exchange_%282019-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Microsoft_Exchange_%282019-present%29.svg/96px-Microsoft_Exchange_%282019-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Microsoft_Exchange_%282019-present%29.svg/128px-Microsoft_Exchange_%282019-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Exchange Server 2019 logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">April 2, 1996<span class="noprint">; 28 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996-04-02</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-initial-release_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial-release-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 CU14 Apr24HU (15.02.1544.011)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (April 23, 2024<span class="noprint">; 7 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-04-23</span>)</span>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/exchange/email">www<wbr />.microsoft<wbr />.com<wbr />/en-us<wbr />/microsoft-365<wbr />/exchange<wbr />/email</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223653?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Microsoft Exchange Server</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mail_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail server">mail server</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">calendaring</a> server developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. It runs exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a> operating systems. </p><p>The first version was called Exchange Server 4.0, to position it as the successor to the related <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mail" title="Microsoft Mail">Microsoft Mail</a> 3.5. Exchange initially used the <a href="/wiki/X.400" title="X.400">X.400</a> directory service but switched to <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> later. Until version 5.0, it came bundled with an email client called <b>Microsoft Exchange Client</b>. This was discontinued in favor of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a>. </p><p>Exchange Server primarily uses a proprietary protocol called <a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">MAPI</a> to talk to <a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">email clients</a>, but subsequently added support for <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync" title="Exchange ActiveSync">EAS</a>. The standard <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a> protocol is used to communicate to other Internet mail servers. </p><p>Exchange Server is licensed both as <a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">on-premises software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a> (SaaS). In the on-premises form, customers purchase <a href="/wiki/Client_access_license" title="Client access license">client access licenses</a> (CALs); as SaaS, Microsoft charges a monthly service fee instead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="History of Microsoft Exchange Server">History of Microsoft Exchange Server</a></div> <p>Microsoft had sold a number of simpler email products before, but the first release of Exchange (Exchange Server 4.0 in April 1996<sup id="cite_ref-initial-release_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial-release-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an entirely new <a href="/wiki/X.400" title="X.400">X.400</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> groupware system with a single database store, which also supported <a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">X.500</a> directory services. The directory used by Exchange Server eventually became Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> service, an <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a>-compliant directory service which was integrated into <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> as the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Server domain">Windows Server domains</a>. </p><p>As of 2020, there have been ten releases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_version">Current version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current version, Exchange Server 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was released in October 2018. Unlike other Office Server 2019 products such as SharePoint and Skype for Business, Exchange Server 2019 could only be deployed on Windows Server 2019 when it was released. Since Cumulative Update 2022 H1 Exchange 2019 has been supported on Windows Server 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the key features of the new release is that Exchange Server can be deployed onto Windows Server Core for the first time. Additionally, Microsoft has retired the Unified Messaging feature of Exchange, meaning that Skype for Business on-premises customers will have to use alternative solutions for voicemail, such as Azure cloud voicemail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_features">New features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Security:</b> support for installing Exchange Server 2019 onto Windows Server Core</li> <li><b>Performance:</b> supports running Exchange Server with up to 48 processor cores and 256 GB of RAM</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removed_features">Removed features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Removed features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Unified Messaging</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clustering_and_high_availability">Clustering and high availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clustering and high availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exchange Server Enterprise Edition supports clustering of up to 4 nodes when using Windows 2000 Server, and up to 8 nodes with Windows Server 2003. Exchange Server 2003 also introduced active-active clustering, but for two-node clusters only. In this setup, both servers in the cluster are allowed to be active simultaneously. This is opposed to Exchange's more common active-passive mode in which the failover servers in any cluster node cannot be used at all while their corresponding home servers are active. They must wait, inactive, for the home servers in the node to fail. Subsequent performance issues with active-active mode have led Microsoft to recommend that it should no longer be used.<sup id="cite_ref-exchangecluster_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exchangecluster-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, support for active-active mode clustering has been discontinued with Exchange Server 2007. </p><p>Exchange's clustering (active-active or active-passive mode) has been criticized because of its requirement for servers in the cluster nodes to share the same data. The clustering in Exchange Server provides redundancy for Exchange Server as an <i>application</i>, but not for Exchange <i>data</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2k3benefits_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2k3benefits-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this scenario, the data can be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single point of failure</a>, despite Microsoft's description of this set-up as a "Shared Nothing" model.<sup id="cite_ref-clustering_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clustering-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This void has however been filled by ISVs and storage manufacturers, through "site resilience" solutions, such as geo-clustering and asynchronous data replication.<sup id="cite_ref-storageglossary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storageglossary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exchange Server 2007 introduces new cluster terminology and configurations that address the shortcomings of the previous "shared data model".<sup id="cite_ref-highavailability_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highavailability-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exchange Server 2007 provides built-in support for asynchronous replication modeled on SQL Server's "<a href="/wiki/Log_shipping" title="Log shipping">Log shipping</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-sql2kfaq_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sql2kfaq-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in CCR (Cluster Continuous Replication) clusters, which are built on MSCS MNS (Microsoft Cluster Service—Majority Node Set) clusters, which do not require shared storage. This type of cluster can be inexpensive and deployed in one, or "stretched" across two data centers for protection against site-wide failures such as natural disasters. The limitation of CCR clusters is the ability to have only two nodes and the third node known as "voter node" or file share witness that prevents "split brain"<sup id="cite_ref-MSKB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSKB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scenarios, generally hosted as a file share on a Hub Transport Server. The second type of cluster is the traditional clustering that was available in previous versions, and is now being referred to as SCC (Single Copy Cluster). In Exchange Server 2007 deployment of both CCR and SCC clusters has been simplified and improved; the entire cluster install process takes place during Exchange Server installation. LCR or Local Continuous Replication has been referred to as the "poor man's cluster". It is designed to allow for data replication to an alternative drive attached to the same system and is intended to provide protection against local storage failures. It does not protect against the case where the server itself fails. </p><p>In November 2007, Microsoft released SP1 for Exchange Server 2007. This service pack includes an additional high-availability feature called SCR (Standby Continuous Replication). Unlike CCR, which requires that both servers belong to a Windows cluster typically residing in the same datacenter, SCR can replicate data to a non-clustered server, located in a separate datacenter. </p><p>With Exchange Server 2010, Microsoft introduced the concept of the Database Availability Group (DAG). A DAG contains Mailbox servers that become members of the DAG. Once a Mailbox server is a member of a DAG, the Mailbox Databases on that server can be copied to other members of the DAG. When a Mailbox server is added to a DAG, the Failover Clustering Windows role is installed on the server and all required clustering resources are created. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like Windows Server products, Exchange Server requires <a href="/wiki/Client_access_license" title="Client access license">client access licenses</a>, which are different from Windows CALs. Corporate license agreements, such as the <a href="/wiki/EA/SA" class="mw-redirect" title="EA/SA">Enterprise Agreement</a>, or EA, include Exchange Server CALs. It also comes as part of the Core CAL. Just like Windows Server and other server products from Microsoft, there is the choice to use User CALs or Device CALs. Device CALs are assigned to devices (workstation, laptop or PDA), which may be used by one or more users.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> User CALs, are assigned to users, allowing them to access Exchange from any device. User and Device CALs have the same price, however, they cannot be used interchangeably. </p><p>For service providers looking to host Microsoft Exchange, there is a Service Provider License Agreement (SPLA) available whereby Microsoft receives a monthly service fee instead of traditional CALs. Two types of Exchange CAL are available: Exchange CAL Standard and Exchange CAL Enterprise. The Enterprise CAL is an add-on license to the Standard CAL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clients">Clients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microsoft Exchange Server uses a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) protocol called <a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">MAPI/RPC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-exchangeprotocols_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exchangeprotocols-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was designed to be used by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a>. Clients capable of using the proprietary features of Exchange Server include <a href="/wiki/Evolution_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution (software)">Evolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gnome_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnome-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiri_(email_client)" title="Hiri (email client)">Hiri</a> and Microsoft Outlook. <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a> can access Exchange server via the Owl Plugin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exchange Web Services (EWS), an alternative to the MAPI protocol, is a documented <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>-based protocol introduced with Exchange Server 2007. Exchange Web Services is used by the latest version of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Entourage" title="Microsoft Entourage">Microsoft Entourage</a> for Mac and Microsoft Outlook for Mac - since the release of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X Snow Leopard</a> Mac computers running OS X include some support for this technology via Apple's Mail application. </p><p>E-mail hosted on an Exchange Server can also be accessed using <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP4</a> protocols, using clients such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Mail" title="Windows Live Mail">Windows Live Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Notes">Lotus Notes</a>. These protocols must be enabled on the server. Exchange Server mailboxes can also be accessed through a web browser, using <a href="/wiki/Outlook_Web_App" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlook Web App">Outlook Web App</a> (OWA). Exchange Server 2003 also featured a version of OWA for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>, called Outlook Mobile Access (OMA). </p><p>Microsoft Exchange Server up to version 5.0 came bundled with Microsoft Exchange Client as the email client. After version 5.0, this was replaced by Microsoft Outlook, bundled as part of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_97" title="Microsoft Office 97">Microsoft Office 97</a> and later.<sup id="cite_ref-what_is_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_is-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Outlook 97 was released, Exchange Client 5.0 was still in development and to be later released as part of Exchange Server 5.0, primarily because Outlook was only available for Windows. Later, in Exchange Server 5.5, Exchange Client was removed and Outlook was made the only Exchange client. As part of Exchange Server 5.5, Outlook was released for other platforms. </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> "Inbox" client also used MAPI and was called "Microsoft Exchange". A stripped-down version of the Exchange Client that does not have support for Exchange Server was released as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Windows Messaging</a> to avoid confusion; it was included with <a href="/wiki/Windows_95_OSR2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 95 OSR2">Windows 95 OSR2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT 4">Windows NT 4</a>. It was discontinued because of the move to email standards such as SMTP, IMAP, and POP3, all of which <a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a> supports better than Windows Messaging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_ActiveSync">Exchange ActiveSync</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exchange ActiveSync"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support for <a href="/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync" title="Exchange ActiveSync">Exchange ActiveSync</a> (EAS) was added to Microsoft Exchange Server 2003. It allows a compliant device such as a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> device or <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> to securely synchronize mail, contacts and other data directly with an Exchange server and has become a popular mobile access standard for businesses due to support from companies like <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-aslicensee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aslicensee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as its device security and compliance features. </p><p>Support for <a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">push email</a> was added to it with Exchange Server 2003 Service Pack 2 and is supported by Windows Phone 7,<sup id="cite_ref-asfaq_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asfaq-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> phones,<sup id="cite_ref-iphone_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iphone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but notably not for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s native <a href="/wiki/Mail_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (Apple)">Mail</a> app on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. </p><p>Exchange ActiveSync Policies allow administrators to control which devices can connect to the organization, remotely deactivate features, and remotely wipe lost or stolen devices.<sup id="cite_ref-activesync_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activesync-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hosted_Exchange_as_a_service">Hosted Exchange as a service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hosted Exchange as a service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hosted_Exchange" title="Hosted Exchange">Hosted Exchange</a></div> <p>The complexities of managing Exchange Server—namely running both one or more Exchange Servers, plus Active Directory synchronization servers—make it attractive for organisations to purchase it as a hosted service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_providers">Third-party providers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third-party providers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This has been possible from a number of providers<sup id="cite_ref-hepd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for more than 10 years, but as of June 2018 is that many providers have been marketing the service as "cloud computing" or "Software-as-a-Service". Exchange hosting allows for Microsoft Exchange Server to be running in the Internet, also referred to as the Cloud, and managed by a "Hosted Exchange Server provider" instead of building and deploying the system in-house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_Online">Exchange Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exchange Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exchange Online is Exchange Server delivered as a cloud service hosted by Microsoft itself. It is built on the same technologies as <a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">on-premises</a> Exchange Server, and offers essentially the same services as third-party providers which host Exchange Server instances.<sup id="cite_ref-office365_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office365-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Customers can also choose to combine both on-premises and online options in a hybrid deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrid implementations are popular for organizations that are unsure of the need or urgency to do a full transition to Exchange Online, and also allows for staggered <a href="/wiki/Email_migration" title="Email migration">email migration</a>. </p><p>Hybrid tools can cover the main stack of Microsoft Exchange, <a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Lync</a>, SharePoint, Windows, and Active Directory servers, in addition to using replica data to report cloud user experience. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exchange Online was first provided as a hosted service in dedicated customer environments in 2005 to select pilot customers.<sup id="cite_ref-hop_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hop-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft launched a multi-tenant version of Exchange Online as part of the Business Productivity Online Standard Suite in November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-outofbeta_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofbeta-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2011, as part of the commercial release of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_365" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office 365">Microsoft Office 365</a>, Exchange Online was updated with the capabilities of Exchange Server 2010. </p><p>Exchange Server 2010 was developed concurrently as a server product and for the Exchange Online service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulnerabilities_and_hacks">Vulnerabilities and hacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vulnerabilities and hacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2020, an <a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a> vulnerability was discovered and exploited relying on a default setting allowing attackers to run arbitrary code with system privileges, only requiring a connection to the server as well as being logged into any user account which can be done through <a href="/wiki/Credential_stuffing" title="Credential stuffing">credential stuffing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exploit relied on all versions of Microsoft Exchange using the same <a href="/wiki/Static_variable" title="Static variable">static</a> validation key to decrypt, encrypt, and validate the 'View State' by default on all installations of the software and all versions of it, where the View State is used to temporarily preserve changes to an individual page as information is sent to the server. The default validation key used is therefore public knowledge, and so when this is used the validation key can be used to decrypt and falsely verify a modified View State containing commands added by an attacker.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When logged in as any user, any <a href="/wiki/.aspx" class="mw-redirect" title=".aspx">.ASPX</a> page is then loaded, and by requesting both the <a href="/wiki/Session_ID" title="Session ID">session ID</a> of the user login and the correct View State directly from the server, this correct View State can be <a href="/wiki/Deserialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserialization">deserialised</a> and then modified to also include <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">arbitrary code</a> and then be falsely verified by the attacker. This modified View State is then serialised and passed back to the server in a <a href="/wiki/GET_request" class="mw-redirect" title="GET request">GET request</a> along with the session ID to show it is from a logged-in user; in legitimate use, the view state should always be returned in a <a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST request</a>, and never a GET request. This combination causes the server to decrypt and run this added code with its own privileges, allowing the server to be fully compromised as any command can therefore be run.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020, <a href="/wiki/Positive_Technologies" title="Positive Technologies">Positive Technologies</a> published research explaining how hackers can attack Microsoft Exchange Server without exploiting any vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was voted into Top 10 web hacking techniques of 2020 according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=PortSwigger_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PortSwigger Ltd (page does not exist)">PortSwigger Ltd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2021_Microsoft_Exchange_Server_data_breach" title="2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach">2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach</a></div> <p>In 2021, critical <a href="/wiki/Zero-day_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-day (computing)">zero-day</a> exploits were discovered in Microsoft Exchange Server.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of organizations have been affected by hackers using these techniques to steal information and install malicious code.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft revealed that these vulnerabilities had existed for around 10 years,<sup id="cite_ref-2021hackcnbc_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021hackcnbc-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were exploited only from January 2021 onwards. The attack affected the email systems of an estimated 250,000 global customers, including state and local governments, policy think tanks, academic institutions, infectious disease researchers and businesses such as law firms and defense contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-2021hackcnn_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021hackcnn-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a separate incident, an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Brute-force_attack" title="Brute-force attack">brute-force</a> campaign from mid-2019 to the present (July 2021)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="2 years later since updated, still says this is ongoing (November 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>, attributed by <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">British</a> and American (<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_and_Infrastructure_Security_Agency" title="Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency">CISA</a>) security agencies to the <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a>, uses/used publicly known Exchange vulnerabilities, as well as already-obtained account credentials and other methods, to infiltrate networks and steal data.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2023"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2023, Microsoft was notified that Microsoft Exchange is vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Remote_code_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote code execution">remote code execution</a> including data theft attacks. Microsoft has not fixed these issues yet.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="History of Microsoft Exchange Server">History of Microsoft Exchange Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mail_servers" title="Comparison of mail servers">Comparison of mail servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_collaborative_software" title="List of collaborative software">List of collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Communications_Alliance" title="Innovative Communications Alliance">Innovative Communications Alliance</a> (Microsoft - Nortel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Microsoft_Exchange_Server_data_breach" title="2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach">2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Exchange_Server&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-initial-release-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-initial-release_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-initial-release_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.microsoft.com/1996/04/02/microsoft-exchange-server-available/">"Microsoft Exchange Server Available"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsa.gov&rft.atitle=NSA%2C+Partners+Release+Cybersecurity+Advisory+on+Brute+Force+Global+Cyber+Campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fnews-features%2Fpress-room%2FArticle%2F2677750%2Fnsa-partners-release-cybersecurity-advisory-on-brute-force-global-cyber-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Exchange+Server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF">"Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Defense.gov</i>. Joint publication form US/UK security agencies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense.gov&rft.atitle=Russian+GRU+Conducting+Global+Brute+Force+Campaign+to+Compromise+Enterprise+and+Cloud+Environments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2021%2FJul%2F01%2F2002753896%2F-1%2F-1%2F1%2FCSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Exchange+Server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/new-microsoft-exchange-zero-days-allow-rce-data-theft-attacks/">New Microsoft Exchange zero-days allow RCE, data theft attacks</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Internet-mail.svg/72px-Internet-mail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Internet-mail.svg/96px-Internet-mail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axigen" title="Axigen">Axigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommuniGate_Pro" title="CommuniGate Pro">CommuniGate Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Internet_Mail_Server" title="Eudora Internet Mail Server">Eudora Internet Mail Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordano_Messaging_Suite" title="Gordano Messaging Suite">Gordano Messaging Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Notes">IBM/Lotus Notes/Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IceWarp_Mail_Server" title="IceWarp Mail Server">IceWarp Mail Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswitch_IMail_Server" title="Ipswitch IMail Server">Ipswitch IMail Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerio_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerio Connect">Kerio Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Mail_Transport_System" title="Mercury Mail Transport System">Mercury Mail Transport System</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microsoft Exchange Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupWise" title="GroupWise">Novell GroupWise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-IMAP" title="Push-IMAP">Push-IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Access_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Access Protocol">SMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Unicode and email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a 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