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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simplicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simplicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Simplicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simplicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security_reward_and_Georgi_Guninski's_vulnerability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_reward_and_Georgi_Guninski's_vulnerability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Security reward and Georgi Guninski's vulnerability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_reward_and_Georgi_Guninski's_vulnerability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_of_updates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_of_updates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Frequency of updates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_of_updates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Standards compliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Copyright status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کیومیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیومیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail" title="Qmail – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Qmail" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q284108#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&oldid=1275228179" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Qmail&id=1275228179&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q284108" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mail transfer agent for Unix</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">qmail</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bernstein" title="Daniel J. Bernstein">Daniel J. Bernstein</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.03 / June 15, 1998<span class="noprint">; 26 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-06-15</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cr.yp.to/software/qmail-1.03.tar.gz">cr<wbr />.yp<wbr />.to<wbr />/software<wbr />/qmail-1<wbr />.03<wbr />.tar<wbr />.gz</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">Mail transfer agent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a><sup id="cite_ref-rewardraised_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rewardraised-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/qmail.html">cr<wbr />.yp<wbr />.to<wbr />/qmail<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">netqmail</caption><tbody><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.06 / November 30, 2007<span class="noprint">; 17 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2007-11-30</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netqmail.org/netqmail-1.06.tar.gz">netqmail<wbr />.org<wbr />/netqmail-1<wbr />.06<wbr />.tar<wbr />.gz</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netqmail.org/">netqmail<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">s/qmail</caption><tbody><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">4.3.20 / January 16, 2025<span class="noprint">; 2 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2025-01-16</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fehcom.de/sqmail/sqmail.html">fehcom<wbr />.de<wbr />/sqmail<wbr />/sqmail<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">notqmail<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.09 / May 6, 2024<span class="noprint">; 10 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-05-06</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/notqmail/notqmail">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/notqmail<wbr />/notqmail</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notqmail.org/">notqmail<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>qmail</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">mail transfer agent</a> (MTA) that runs on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. It was written, starting December 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bernstein" title="Daniel J. Bernstein">Daniel J. Bernstein</a> as a more <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">secure</a> alternative to the popular <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> program. Originally <a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">license-free software</a>, qmail's <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> was later dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> by the author.<sup id="cite_ref-source-pd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-source-pd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Qmail" title="Special:EditPage/Qmail">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When first published, qmail was the first security-aware mail transport agent; since then, other security-aware <a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">MTAs</a> have been published. The most popular predecessor to qmail, <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a>, was not designed with security as a goal and, as a result, has been a perennial target for attackers. In contrast to sendmail, qmail has a modular architecture composed of mutually untrusting components; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a> listener component of qmail runs with different <a href="/wiki/User_identifier_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="User identifier (Unix)">credentials</a> from the queue manager or the SMTP sender. qmail was also implemented with a security-aware replacement to the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> and, as a result, has not been vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Stack_buffer_overflow" title="Stack buffer overflow">stack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heap_overflow" title="Heap overflow">heap</a> overflows, <a href="/wiki/Format_string_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Format string attack">format string attacks</a> or temporary file <a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">race conditions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it was released, qmail was significantly faster than Sendmail, particularly for bulk mail tasks such as mailing list servers. qmail was originally designed as a way to manage large mailing lists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simplicity">Simplicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Simplicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of qmail's introduction, Sendmail configuration was notoriously complex, while qmail was simple to configure and deploy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations">Innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>qmail encourages the use of several innovations in mail (some originated by Bernstein, others not): </p> <dl><dt>Maildir</dt> <dd>Bernstein invented the <a href="/wiki/Maildir" title="Maildir">Maildir</a> format for qmail, which splits individual email messages into separate files. Unlike the <i>de facto</i> standard <a href="/wiki/Mbox" title="Mbox">mbox</a> format, which stored all messages in a single file, Maildir avoids many locking and concurrency problems, and can safely be provisioned over <a href="/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network File System (protocol)">NFS</a>. qmail also delivers to mbox mailboxes.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wildcard mailboxes</dt> <dd>qmail introduced the concept of user-controlled wildcards. Out of the box, mail addressed to "user-<i>wildcard</i>" on qmail hosts is delivered to separate mailboxes, allowing users to publish multiple mail addresses for mailing lists and spam management.</dd></dl> <p>qmail also introduces the Quick Mail Transport Protocol (QMTP), an e-mail transmission protocol that is designed to have better performance than Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), the de facto standard;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Quick Mail Queuing Protocol (QMQP), a network protocol designed to share e-mail queues between several hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modularity">Modularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>qmail is nearly a completely modular system in which each major function is separated from the other major functions. It is easy to replace any part of the qmail system with a different module as long as the new module retains the same interface as the original. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_reward_and_Georgi_Guninski's_vulnerability"><span id="Security_reward_and_Georgi_Guninski.27s_vulnerability"></span>Security reward and Georgi Guninski's vulnerability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Security reward and Georgi Guninski's vulnerability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, Bernstein offered a US$500 reward for the first person to publish a verifiable <a href="/wiki/Security_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Security hole">security hole</a> in the latest software version.<sup id="cite_ref-guarantee_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarantee-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, security researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Guninski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgi Guninski (page does not exist)">Georgi Guninski</a> found an <a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">integer overflow</a> in qmail. On 64-bit platforms, in default configurations with sufficient virtual memory, the delivery of huge amounts of data to certain qmail components may allow remote code execution. Bernstein disputes that this is a practical attack, arguing that no real-world deployment of qmail would be susceptible. Configuration of resource limits for qmail components mitigates the vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 1, 2007, Bernstein raised the reward to US$1000.<sup id="cite_ref-rewardraised_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rewardraised-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a slide presentation the following day, Bernstein stated that there were 4 "known bugs" in the ten-year-old qmail-1.03, none of which were "security holes". He characterized the bug found by Guninski as a "potential overflow of an unchecked counter". "Fortunately, counter growth was limited by memory and thus by configuration, but this was pure luck."<sup id="cite_ref-slideshow_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slideshow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 19, 2020, a working exploit for Guninski's vulnerability was published by <a href="/wiki/Qualys" title="Qualys">Qualys</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but exploit authors' state they were denied the reward because it contains additional environmental restrictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_of_updates">Frequency of updates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Frequency of updates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core qmail package has not been updated for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New features were initially provided by third-party patches, from which the most important at the time were brought together in a single meta-patch called <i>netqmail</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_compliance">Standards compliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standards compliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>qmail was not designed as a drop-in replacement for <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a>, and does not behave exactly as <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> did in all situations. In some cases, these differences in behavior have become grounds for criticism. For instance, qmail's approach to bounce messages (a format called QSBMF) differs from the standard format of <a href="/wiki/Bounce_message" title="Bounce message">delivery status notifications</a> specified by the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> in RFC 1894,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meanwhile advanced to <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard#Draft_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">draft standard</a> as RFC 3464,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recommended in the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a> specification. </p><p>Some qmail features have been criticized for introducing mail forwarding complications; for instance, qmail's "wildcard" delivery mechanism and security design prevents it from rejecting messages from forged or nonexistent senders during SMTP transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, these differences may have made qmail behave differently when abused as a spam relay, though modern spam delivery techniques are less influenced by bounce behavior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_status">Copyright status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Copyright status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>qmail was released to the <a href="/wiki/Public_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Domain">public domain</a> in November 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until November 2007, qmail was <a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">license-free software</a>, with permission granted for distribution in source form or in pre-compiled form (a "var-qmail package") only if certain restrictions (primarily involving compatibility) were met. This unusual licensing arrangement made qmail non-free according to some guidelines (such as the <a href="/wiki/DFSG" class="mw-redirect" title="DFSG">DFSG</a>) and was a cause of controversy. </p><p>qmail is the only broadly deployed <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Public domain software">public domain software</a> message transfer agent (<a href="/wiki/Message_transfer_agent" title="Message transfer agent">MTA</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qpsmtpd" title="Qpsmtpd">qpsmtpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djbdns" title="Djbdns">djbdns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mail_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mail servers">List of mail servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mail_servers" title="Comparison of mail servers">Comparison of mail servers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rewardraised-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rewardraised_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rewardraised_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/qmail/qmailsec-20071101.pdf">"Some thoughts on security after ten years of qmail 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+thoughts+on+security+after+ten+years+of+qmail+1.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fqmail%2Fqmailsec-20071101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schmonz.com/2019/08/20/announcing-notqmail/">Announcing notqmail </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernstein" class="citation web cs1">Bernstein, Daniel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cr.yp.to/qmail/qmailsec-20071101.pdf">"Some thoughts on security after ten years of qmail 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+thoughts+on+security+after+ten+years+of+qmail+1.0&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fqmail%2Fqmailsec-20071101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-source-pd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-source-pd_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/qmail/dist.html">"Information for distributors"</a>. <q>I hereby place the qmail package (in particular, qmail-1.03.tar.gz, with <a href="/wiki/MD5" title="MD5">MD5</a> checksum 622f65f982e380dbe86e6574f3abcb7c) into the public domain. You are free to modify the package, distribute modified versions, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+for+distributors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fqmail%2Fdist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/proto/qmtp.txt">"Quick Mail Transfer Protocol (QMTP)"</a>. February 1, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick+Mail+Transfer+Protocol+%28QMTP%29&rft.date=1997-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fproto%2Fqmtp.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/proto/qmqp.html">"QMQP: Quick Mail Queueing Protocol"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QMQP%3A+Quick+Mail+Queueing+Protocol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fproto%2Fqmqp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guarantee-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guarantee_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/qmail/guarantee.html">"The qmail security guarantee"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+qmail+security+guarantee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fqmail%2Fguarantee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorgi_Guninski" class="citation web cs1">Georgi Guninski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guninski.com/where_do_you_want_billg_to_go_today_4.html">"Georgi Guninski security advisory #74, 2005"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgi+Guninski+security+advisory+%2374%2C+2005&rft.au=Georgi+Guninski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guninski.com%2Fwhere_do_you_want_billg_to_go_today_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slideshow-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slideshow_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/talks/2007.11.02/slides.pdf">"Some thoughts on security after ten years of qmail 1.0 [Slide presentation]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+thoughts+on+security+after+ten+years+of+qmail+1.0+%5BSlide+presentation%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Ftalks%2F2007.11.02%2Fslides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=oss-security&m=158990858630691&w=2">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'[oss-security] Remote Code Execution in qmail (CVE-2005-1513)' - MARC"</a>. <i>marc.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marc.info&rft.atitle=%27%5Boss-security%5D+Remote+Code+Execution+in+qmail+%28CVE-2005-1513%29%27+-+MARC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Doss-security%26m%3D158990858630691%26w%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifewithqmail.org/lwq.html#history">"Life with qmail; History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+with+qmail%3B+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewithqmail.org%2Flwq.html%23history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netqmail.org/">"netqmail"</a>. <i>netqmail.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=netqmail.org&rft.atitle=netqmail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetqmail.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaudreuilMoore1996" class="citation journal cs1">Vaudreuil, Gregory M.; Moore, Keith (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1894.html">"An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications"</a>. <i>tools.ietf.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1894">10.17487/RFC1894</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=tools.ietf.org&rft.atitle=An+Extensible+Message+Format+for+Delivery+Status+Notifications&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1894&rft.aulast=Vaudreuil&rft.aufirst=Gregory+M.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc1894.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaudreuilMoore2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vaudreuil, Gregory M.; Moore, Keith (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3464.html">"An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications"</a>. <i>tools.ietf.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3464">10.17487/RFC3464</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=tools.ietf.org&rft.atitle=An+Extensible+Message+Format+for+Delivery+Status+Notifications&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3464&rft.aulast=Vaudreuil&rft.aufirst=Gregory+M.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc3464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moen, Rick (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linuxgazette.net/131/moen.html">"On Qmail, Forged Mail, and SPF Records"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i> (131).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Gazette&rft.atitle=On+Qmail%2C+Forged+Mail%2C+and+SPF+Records&rft.issue=131&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Moen&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinuxgazette.net%2F131%2Fmoen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3147768955127254412&q=%22Bernstein+releases+code+to+public+domain%22&total=1&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0">"Bernstein releases code into the public domain"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernstein+releases+code+into+the+public+domain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideoplay%3Fdocid%3D-3147768955127254412%26q%3D%2522Bernstein%2Breleases%2Bcode%2Bto%2Bpublic%2Bdomain%2522%26total%3D1%26start%3D0%26num%3D10%26so%3D0%26type%3Dsearch%26plindex%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qmail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cr.yp.to/qmail.html">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284108#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>, maintained by the author.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qmail.org">qmail.org</a>, maintained by Russ Nelson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/qmail-ldap-ui/">qmail-LDAP-UI</a> – qmail-LDAP-UI is a Web-based User Administration tool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qmailtoaster.com/">Qmailtoaster</a> – Distributes RPM files for appropriate distros to install qmail quickly and easily. Has a wiki and mailing list.</li> <li>pkgsrc <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pkgsrc.se/mail/qmail">qmail</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pkgsrc.se/mail/qmail-run">qmail-run</a>, a pair of easy-to-install cross-platform qmail source packages included in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pkgsrc.org/">pkgsrc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723183108/http://qmail.faqts.com/">The qmail section of FAQTS</a>, an extensive knowledgebase built by qmail users</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824123533/http://www.qmailwiki.org/Main_Page">qmail wiki</a> formerly hosted by Inter7</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qmail.jms1.net/">J.M.Simpson qmail site</a> Useful Information about qmail, including explanations and patches, by John M. Simpson (Updated regularly)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630212728/http://home.pages.de/~mandree/qmail-bugs.html">Unofficial qmail Bug and Wishlist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923121814/http://xzdev.com/qmail_queue.html">qmail queue messages deliver (PHP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/qmail-distributions">qmail-distributions</a> – qmail patches combined into easy-to-use distributions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notes.sagredo.eu/en/qmail-notes-185/qmail-vpopmail-dovecot-roberto-s-qmail-notes-8.html">Roberto's qmail notes</a> – An English/Italian howto on qmail and related software. 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_James" title="Apache James">Apache James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel/UX" title="Citadel/UX">Citadel/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_Mail_Server" title="Courier Mail Server">Courier Mail Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_IMAP_server" title="Cyrus IMAP server">Cyrus IMAP server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovecot_(software)" title="Dovecot (software)">Dovecot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim" title="Exim">Exim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMailServer" title="HMailServer">hMailServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolab" title="Kolab">Kolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopano_(software)" title="Kopano (software)">Kopano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSMTPD" title="OpenSMTPD">OpenSMTPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfix_(software)" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeTA1" title="MeTA1">MeTA1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentyal" title="Zentyal">Zentyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbra" title="Zimbra">Zimbra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delivermail" title="Delivermail">Delivermail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_(software)" title="Hula (software)">Hula</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axigen" title="Axigen">Axigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommuniGate_Pro" title="CommuniGate Pro">CommuniGate Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Internet_Mail_Server" title="Eudora Internet Mail Server">Eudora Internet Mail Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordano_Messaging_Suite" title="Gordano Messaging Suite">Gordano Messaging Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Notes">IBM/Lotus Notes/Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IceWarp_Mail_Server" title="IceWarp Mail Server">IceWarp Mail Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswitch_IMail_Server" title="Ipswitch IMail Server">Ipswitch IMail Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerio_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerio Connect">Kerio Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Mail_Transport_System" title="Mercury Mail Transport System">Mercury Mail Transport System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupWise" title="GroupWise">Novell GroupWise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-IMAP" title="Push-IMAP">Push-IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Access_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Access Protocol">SMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Unicode and email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Message_transfer_agents" title="Category:Message transfer agents">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mail_servers" title="Comparison of mail servers">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mail_server_software" title="List of mail server software">List</a></li></ul> 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