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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legend subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Childhood and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurukshetra_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurukshetra_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kurukshetra War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurukshetra_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Disappearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outside Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Balarama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بلرام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلرام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বলোৰাম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বলোৰাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বলরাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বলরাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balar%C3%A2ma" title="Balarâma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balarâma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="બલરામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બલરામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88" title="발라라마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발라라마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बलराम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बलराम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladewa" title="Baladewa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baladewa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balar%C4%81ma" title="Balarāma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Balarāma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad%C3%A9wa" title="Baladéwa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baladéwa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಬಲರಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲರಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ബലരാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബലരാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बलराम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बलराम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯕꯜꯔꯥꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯜꯔꯥꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बलराम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बलराम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E" title="バララーマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バララーマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ବଳରାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଳରାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬਲਰਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲਰਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="ពលរាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពលរាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Баларама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баларама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad%C3%A9wa" title="Baladéwa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baladéwa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Balarama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பலராமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலராமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Баларама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баларама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="బలరాముడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బలరాముడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="พระพลราม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระพลราม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Баларама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баларама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بلرام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلرام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8A%9B%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9" title="大力罗摩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大力罗摩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1061606#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Balarama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Agriculture and Strength<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Balarama_Mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balarama_Mural.jpg/250px-Balarama_Mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balarama_Mural.jpg/330px-Balarama_Mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balarama_Mural.jpg/500px-Balarama_Mural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Early 18th century depiction of Balarama from a wall hanging in a south Indian temple</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data">Avatar of <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>; eighth avatar of Vishnu in some <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> traditions<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Balarama_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Balarama-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">Plough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Mace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data">Balarama Jayanti, <a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokula</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> (father)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a> (mother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rohini_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini Devi">Rohini</a> (surrogate and foster mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Revati" title="Revati">Revati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Nishatha and Ulmuka (sons)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yaduvamsha</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chandravamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandravamsha">Chandravamsha</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Balarama</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">बलराम</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Balarāma</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu god">Hindu god</a>, and the elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US438_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US438-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is particularly significant in the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> tradition, as one of the triad deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p82-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also known as <b>Haladhara</b>, <b>Halayudha</b>, <b>Baladeva</b>, <b>Balabhadra</b>, and <b>Sankarshana</b>. </p><p>The first two epithets associate him with <i>hala</i> (<i>langala</i>, "plough")<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from his strong associations with farming and farmers, as the deity who used farm equipment as weapons when needed, and the next two refer to his strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p82-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally an agri-cultural deity, Balarama is mostly described as an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Adi Shesha</a>, the serpent associated with the deity Vishnu<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p82-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_Balarama_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Balarama-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> traditions regard him as the eighth avatar of Vishnu,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Balarama_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Balarama-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>’s Gitagovinda (c.1200) "incorporat[ing] Balarama into the pantheon" as the ninth of the <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">10 principal avatars</a> of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p82-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balarama's significance in Indian culture has ancient roots. His image in artwork is dated to around the start of the common era, and in coins dated to the second-century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Elgood2000p57_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elgood2000p57-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jainism, he is known as Baladeva, and has been a historically significant farmer-related deity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olivelle391_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelle391-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/250px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/500px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balarama_-_Early_Mediaeval_Period_-_Maholi_-_ACCN_18-1515_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5791.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Balarama_-_Early_Mediaeval_Period_-_Maholi_-_ACCN_18-1515_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5791.JPG/250px-Balarama_-_Early_Mediaeval_Period_-_Maholi_-_ACCN_18-1515_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5791.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Balarama_-_Early_Mediaeval_Period_-_Maholi_-_ACCN_18-1515_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5791.JPG/330px-Balarama_-_Early_Mediaeval_Period_-_Maholi_-_ACCN_18-1515_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5791.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Balarama_-_Early_Mediaeval_Period_-_Maholi_-_ACCN_18-1515_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5791.JPG/500px-Balarama_-_Early_Mediaeval_Period_-_Maholi_-_ACCN_18-1515_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5791.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Balarama from <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Early Medieval period</a> (8th–13th century CE).</figcaption></figure> <p>Balarama is an ancient deity, a prominent one by the epics era of Indian history as evidenced by archeological and numismatic evidence. His iconography appears with <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> (many-headed serpent), a plough and other farm artifacts such as a watering pot, possibly indicating his origins in a bucolic, agricultural culture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts">Texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narratives of Balarama are found in <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>,</i> and other <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>. He is identified with the <a href="/wiki/Vyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyuha">vyuha</a> avatar of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Sankarshana</a>, along with the deities of <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend of Balarama as the avatar of Shesha, the demigod-serpent Vishnu rests upon, reflects his role and association with Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p65_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p65-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Balarama's mythology and his association with the ten avatars of Vishnu is relatively younger and post-Vedic, because it is not found in the Vedic texts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balarama's legend appears in many <i>Parva</i> (books) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. Book Three (<a href="/wiki/Vana_Parva" title="Vana Parva">Vana Parva</a>) states about Krishna and him that Balarama is an avatar of Vishnu, while Krishna is the source of all avatars and existence. In some art works of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>, temples of Gujarat and elsewhere, for example, Baladeva is the eighth avatar of Vishnu, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> (Buddhism) or <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a> (Jainism).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balarama finds a mention in Kautilya's <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> (4th to 2nd century BCE), where according to Hudson, his followers are described as "ascetic worshippers" with shaved heads or braided hair.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2008p99_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2008p99-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balarama, as Baladewa, is an important character in the 11th-century Javanese text <i><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Bh%C4%81ratayuddha" title="Kakawin Bhāratayuddha">Kakawin Bhāratayuddha</a></i>, the Kakawin poem based on the <i>Mahabharata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archeology,_coins,_arts,_and_epigraphy"><span id="Archeology.2C_coins.2C_arts.2C_and_epigraphy"></span>Archeology, coins, arts, and epigraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archeology, coins, arts, and epigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Balarama on punch-marked coins<br /> <small>(2nd century BCE)</small></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg/145px-MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg/218px-MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg/290px-MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1249" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg/250px-Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Possible depiction of Balarama on late, post-<a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">punch-marked coins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MHA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is shown wielding a mace and a plough.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MHA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a></div> <p>Balarama was anciently a powerful local deity named <a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a>, associated with the local cult of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes" title="Vrishni heroes">Vrishni heroes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> from around the 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US438_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US438-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of the avatars of Vishnu formed during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> period in the 3rd to 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-US439_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US439-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coins dated to about 185-170 BCE belonging to the Indo-Greek King <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a> show Balarama's iconography and Greek inscriptions. Balarama-Samkarshana is typically shown standing with a gada in his right hand and holding a plough in his left. On the other side of these coins is <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a> holding the conch and chakra. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/250px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/330px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/500px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>(Bala)rama and Krishna with their attributes at <a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> inscription nearby reads <i>Rama [kri]ṣa</i>. 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-DS215_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Balarama on Indo-Greek coins<br /> <small>(190-180 BCE)</small></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:286px;max-width:286px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/284px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/426px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/568px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a> with depiction of Balarama, 190-180 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bopearachchi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the two deities.<sup id="cite_ref-DS215_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Obv</b> Balarama-<a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a> with Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ "King Agathocles".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Rev</b> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a> with <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> legend <i>Rajane Agathukleyasasa</i> "King Agathocles".</div></div></div></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a> II archeological site dated to the first half of 1st-century CE in northwest Pakistan, near Afghanistan border, are engraved two males along with many Buddhist images nearby. The larger of the two males hold a plough and club in his two hands. The artwork also has an inscription with it in Kharosthi script, which has been deciphered by scholars as <i>Rama-Krsna</i>, and interpreted as an ancient depiction of the two brothers Balarama and Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Balarama images found in Jansuti (Mathura, Uttar Pradesh) and two at Tumain (Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh) are dated to 2nd/1st-century BCE and these show Balarama holding a <i>Hala</i> (plough) and a <i>musala</i> (pestle) in his two hands.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all of these early depictions, Balarama-Samkarsana seems to hold a senior position over Vāsudeva-Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-DS215_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the coins of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a>, Balarama is on the front of the coin (the side with a legend in Greek), whereas Vāsudeva-Krishna is on the reverse (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> side).<sup id="cite_ref-DS215_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Chilas, Balarama is shown taller and bigger than Vāsudeva-Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-DS215_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same relationship is also visible in the hierarchy of the Vrishni heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-DS215_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some Indian ancient arts and texts, Balarama (Sankarsana) and Krishna (Vasudeva) are two of the five heroes (<i>Pancaviras of the Vrishnis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-upinder437_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upinder437-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other three differ by the text. In some those are "Pradyumna, Samba and Aniruddha",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in others "Anadhrsti, Sarana and Viduratha".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Mora_well_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Mora well inscription">Mora well inscription</a> near Mathura, dated between 10 and 25 CE, mention the installation of five Vrishni heroes in a stone temple.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balarama_Avatar_on_a_brass_chariot_of_Searsole_Rajbari,_West_Bengal,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Balarama_Avatar_on_a_brass_chariot_of_Searsole_Rajbari%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/250px-Balarama_Avatar_on_a_brass_chariot_of_Searsole_Rajbari%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Balarama_Avatar_on_a_brass_chariot_of_Searsole_Rajbari%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/330px-Balarama_Avatar_on_a_brass_chariot_of_Searsole_Rajbari%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Balarama_Avatar_on_a_brass_chariot_of_Searsole_Rajbari%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/500px-Balarama_Avatar_on_a_brass_chariot_of_Searsole_Rajbari%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1561" /></a><figcaption>Balarama Avatar on a brass chariot of Searsole Rajbari, West Bengal, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest surviving southeast Asian artwork related to Balarama is from the Phnom Da collection, near Angkor Borei in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>'s lower <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_meets_parents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Krishna_meets_parents.jpg/250px-Krishna_meets_parents.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Krishna_meets_parents.jpg/330px-Krishna_meets_parents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Krishna_meets_parents.jpg/500px-Krishna_meets_parents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and Balarama meet their parents. 19th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Balarama was the son of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>. The evil king <a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a>, the tyrant of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, was intent upon killing the children of his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a>, because of a prophecy that he would die at the hands of her eighth child.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsha</a> states that Kamsa went on to murder the first six children of the imprisoned Devaki by smashing the newborns against a stone floor.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Balarama was conceived, Vishnu intervened, state the Hindu legends; his embryo was transferred from Devaki's womb into the womb of <a href="/wiki/Rohini_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini Devi">Rohini</a>, Vasudeva's first wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p82-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p65_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p65-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some texts, this transfer gives Balarama the epithet <i>Sankarshana</i> (one who was dragged away). Balarama grew up with his younger brother Krishna with his foster-parents, in the household of the head of cowherds <a href="/wiki/Nanda_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda (mythology)">Nanda</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p82-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapter 10 of the Bhagavata Purana describes it as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The Bhagavan as the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Self</a> of everything tells the creative power of His unified consciousness (yogamaya) about His plan for His own birth as Balarama and Krishna. He begins with Balarama. The whole of Shesha, which is my abode, will become an embryo in Devaki's womb which you shall transplant to Rohini's womb. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> 10.2.8, Tr: D Dennis Hudson<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2008p34_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2008p34-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>He was named Rama, but because of his great strength, he was called Balarama, Baladeva, or Balabhadra, meaning <i>Strong Rama</i>. He was born on <a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">Shraavana</a> <a href="/wiki/Purnima_(day)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purnima (day)">Purnima</a>, which coincides with the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_marriage">Childhood and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Childhood and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_(1525-1550_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/220px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/330px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/440px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and Balarama Studying with the Brahman <a href="/wiki/Sandipani" title="Sandipani">Sandipani</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, 1525-1550 CE print).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balarama_with_Consort_LACMA_AC1999.127.33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balarama_with_Consort_LACMA_AC1999.127.33.jpg/220px-Balarama_with_Consort_LACMA_AC1999.127.33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balarama_with_Consort_LACMA_AC1999.127.33.jpg/330px-Balarama_with_Consort_LACMA_AC1999.127.33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balarama_with_Consort_LACMA_AC1999.127.33.jpg/440px-Balarama_with_Consort_LACMA_AC1999.127.33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Balarama with his consort Revati (right), <a href="/wiki/Nathdwara_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathdwara Painting">Nathdwara Painting</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One day, Nanda requested the presence of Sage <a href="/wiki/Gargamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargamuni">Gargamuni</a>, his priest, to name the newborn <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and Balarama. When the Garga arrived, Nanda received him well and requested the naming ceremony. Gargamuni then reminded Nanda that Kamsa was looking for the son of Devaki and if he performed the ceremony in opulence, it would come to his attention. Nanda, therefore, asked Garga to perform the ceremony in secret and Garga did so: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because Balarama, the son of Rohini, increases the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> bliss of others, his name is Rama and because of his extraordinary strength, he is called Baladeva. He attracts the Yadus to follow his instructions and therefore his name is Sankarshana.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavata Purana, 10.8.12<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When his elder brother, fatigued from playing, would lie down with his head upon the lap of a cowherd boy, Lord Kṛiṣṇa would help him relax by personally massaging his feet and offering other services</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Bhagavatam, Canto 10, Chapter 15, Verse 14<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Balarama spent his childhood as a cow herder with his brother Krishna. He killed <a href="/wiki/Dhenuka" title="Dhenuka">Dhenuka</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura (Hinduism)">asura</a> sent by Kamsa, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pralamba" title="Pralamba">Pralamba</a> and Mushtika wrestlers sent by the king. When Krishna was killing Kamsa, Balarama slew his mighty commander, <a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Mahabharata#Kaalvakra" title="List of characters in the Mahabharata">Kalavakra</a>. After the evil king was slain, Balarama and Krishna went to the ashrama of sage <a href="/wiki/Sandipani" title="Sandipani">Sandipani</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> for their education. Balarama married <a href="/wiki/Revati" title="Revati">Revati</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Kakudmi" title="Kakudmi">Kakudmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pargiter135_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pargiter135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two sons - Nishatha and Ulmuka, and a daughter - Shashirekha also known as Vatsala. </p><p>Balarama is the celebrated tiller, one of the embodiments of agriculture along with livestock with whom Krishna is associated with. The plough is Balarama's weapon. In the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>, he uses it to fight asuras, dig a way for <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> river to bring it closer to <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, and he also availed it to drag the entire capital of <a href="/wiki/Hastinapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastinapura">Hastinapura</a> into the Ganga river.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2008p99_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2008p99-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurukshetra_War">Kurukshetra War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kurukshetra War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balarama taught both <a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a> of the Kauravas and <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> of the Pandavas the art of war with a <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">mace</a>. When war broke between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, Balarama carried obligations for both sides and so remained neutral. He went for a pilgrimage with his nephew <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadavas</a> during the war, and returned on the last day, to watch the fight between his disciples. When Bhima defeated Duryodhana by striking him in the thigh with his mace, a traditional violation of the rules of combat, Balarama threatened to kill Bhima. This was prevented when Krishna reminded Balarama of Bhima's vow—to kill Duryodhana by crushing the thigh he had exposed to Bhima's wife, <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disappearance">Disappearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, it is described that after Balarama took part in the battle causing the destruction of the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Yadu_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu dynasty">Yadu dynasty</a> and witnessing the disappearance of Krishna, he sat down in a meditative state and departed from this world.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scriptures describe a great white snake that left the mouth of Balarama, in reference to his identity as Ananta-<a href="/wiki/Sesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesha">Sesha</a>, a form of Vishnu. The place where he departed is situated near <a href="/wiki/Somnath_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath Temple">Somnath Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. </p><p>The local people of <a href="/wiki/Veraval" title="Veraval">Veraval</a> believe about the cave near the temple place, that the white snake who came out of Balarama's mouth got into that cave and went back to <a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance">Significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hindu tradition, Balarama is depicted as a farmer's patron deity, signifying the one who is "harbinger of knowledge", of agricultural tools and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-Vemsani2016p23_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vemsani2016p23-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is almost always shown and described with Krishna, such as in the act of stealing butter, playing childhood pranks, complaining to Yashoda that his baby brother Krishna had eaten dirt, playing in cow sheds, studying together at the school of <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandipani" title="Sandipani">Sandipani</a>, and fighting malevolent beasts sent by Kamsa to kill the two brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vemsani2016p23_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vemsani2016p23-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the constant companion of Krishna, ever watchful, leading to the epithet <i>"Luk Luk Dauji"</i> (or <i>Luk Luk Daubaba</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pustimarga</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vemsani2016p23_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vemsani2016p23-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the classical Tamil work <a href="/wiki/Akana%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" title="Akanaṉūṟu">Akananuru</a>, Krishna hides from Balarama when he steals the clothes of the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">milkmaids</a> while they bathe, suggesting his brother's vigilance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a creative store of knowledge for the agriculturists: the knowledge that dug a water channel to bring Yamuna water to Vrindavan; that restored groves, farms and forests; that produced goods and drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-Vemsani2016p23_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vemsani2016p23-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hindu texts, Balarama almost always supports Krishna in form and spirit. However, there are occasions where the dialogues between Balarama and Krishna present different viewpoints, with Krishna's wisdom establishing him to be the ultimate divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Vemsani2016p23_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vemsani2016p23-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balarama's constant symbolic association with Krishna makes him the protector and supporter of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_century_Balarama,_Lakshmi_(Shubadra),_Vasudeva_(Krishna,_Jagannath).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg/220px-11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg/330px-11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg/440px-11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3_icons_Jagannath_Balabhadra_Shubhadra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3_icons_Jagannath_Balabhadra_Shubhadra.jpg/250px-3_icons_Jagannath_Balabhadra_Shubhadra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3_icons_Jagannath_Balabhadra_Shubhadra.jpg/330px-3_icons_Jagannath_Balabhadra_Shubhadra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3_icons_Jagannath_Balabhadra_Shubhadra.jpg/500px-3_icons_Jagannath_Balabhadra_Shubhadra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Above: 11th-century art showing Balarama with <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> (Krishna). Below: Abstract icons of the three in the Jagannath tradition.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popular_print,_album_(BM_2003,1022,0.71_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.71_1%29.jpg/250px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.71_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.71_1%29.jpg/330px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.71_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.71_1%29.jpg/500px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.71_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Late 19th century lithograph from Bengal depicting Krishna & Balarama. Instead of the plough, Balarama holds a bugle made out of buffalo-horn, a characteristic of Shaiva ascetics, based on the description of <a href="/wiki/Nityananda" title="Nityananda">Nityananda</a>, who is revered by <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavas</a> as Balarama's incarnation. </figcaption></figure> <p>Balarama is depicted as light-skinned, in contrast to his brother, Krishna, who is dark-skinned; Krishna in Sanskrit means dark.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p65_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p65-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>ayudha</i> or weapons are the <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a> <i>hala</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a> <i>gadā</i>. The plough is usually called Balachita.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often wears blue garments and a <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> of forest flowers. His hair is tied in a topknot and he has earrings, bracelets and armlets; he is known for his strength, the reason for his name; Bala means strength in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> tradition, one particularly popular in eastern and central regions of India, he is more often called Balabhadra. Balarama is one in the triad, wherein Balarama is shown together with his brother Jagannath (Krishna) and sister Subhadra (<a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>). Jagannath is identifiable from his circular eyes compared to an oval of Shubhadra and almond-shaped eyes of the abstract icon for Balarama. Further, Balarama's face is white, Jagannath's icon is dark, and Subhadra icon is yellow. The third difference is the flat head of Jagannath icon, compared to the semi-circular carved head of abstract Balarama.<sup id="cite_ref-donaldson779_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donaldson779-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape of Balabhadra's head, also called Balarama or Baladeva in these regions, varies in some temples between somewhat flat and semi-circular.<sup id="cite_ref-donaldson779_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donaldson779-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE,_Mathura_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chatur-vyūha: Balarama, with serpent hood and drinking cup, to the right of Vasudeva-Krishna. 2nd century CE, Art of Mathura."><img alt="Chatur-vyūha: Balarama, with serpent hood and drinking cup, to the right of Vasudeva-Krishna. 2nd century CE, Art of Mathura." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/96px-Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/144px-Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/191px-Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="3558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chatur-vy%C5%ABha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatur-vyūha">Chatur-vyūha</a>: Balarama, with serpent hood and drinking cup, to the right of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasudeva-Krishna">Vasudeva-Krishna</a>. 2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diety_wearing_Chang_Kben,_Phnom_Da,_Angkor_Borei,_Cambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6th century Balarama from Phnom Da, Angkor Borei, Takeo, Cambodia. Now exhibits at National Museum of Cambodia."><img alt="6th century Balarama from Phnom Da, Angkor Borei, Takeo, Cambodia. Now exhibits at National Museum of Cambodia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Diety_wearing_Chang_Kben%2C_Phnom_Da%2C_Angkor_Borei%2C_Cambodia.jpg/60px-Diety_wearing_Chang_Kben%2C_Phnom_Da%2C_Angkor_Borei%2C_Cambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Diety_wearing_Chang_Kben%2C_Phnom_Da%2C_Angkor_Borei%2C_Cambodia.jpg/120px-Diety_wearing_Chang_Kben%2C_Phnom_Da%2C_Angkor_Borei%2C_Cambodia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="3820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">6th century Balarama from Phnom Da, Angkor Borei, Takeo, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Now exhibits at <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Cambodia" title="National Museum of Cambodia">National Museum of Cambodia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balarama_-_Mediaeval_Period_-_Swami_Ghat_-_ACCN_49-3210_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5342.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balarama, Medieval period, Mathura"><img alt="Balarama, Medieval period, Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Balarama_-_Mediaeval_Period_-_Swami_Ghat_-_ACCN_49-3210_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5342.JPG/60px-Balarama_-_Mediaeval_Period_-_Swami_Ghat_-_ACCN_49-3210_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5342.JPG" decoding="async" width="44" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Balarama_-_Mediaeval_Period_-_Swami_Ghat_-_ACCN_49-3210_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5342.JPG/120px-Balarama_-_Mediaeval_Period_-_Swami_Ghat_-_ACCN_49-3210_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5342.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="4285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balarama, Medieval period, Mathura</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balarama_from_Badoh,_Medieval_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balarama from Badoh, Medieval period"><img alt="Balarama from Badoh, Medieval period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Balarama_from_Badoh%2C_Medieval_period.jpg/120px-Balarama_from_Badoh%2C_Medieval_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Balarama_from_Badoh%2C_Medieval_period.jpg/250px-Balarama_from_Badoh%2C_Medieval_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balarama from Badoh, Medieval period</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balarama_-_Circa_18th_Century_CE_-_ACCN_80-6_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5347.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balarama, 18th century, Mathura"><img alt="Balarama, 18th century, Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Balarama_-_Circa_18th_Century_CE_-_ACCN_80-6_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5347.JPG/120px-Balarama_-_Circa_18th_Century_CE_-_ACCN_80-6_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5347.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Balarama_-_Circa_18th_Century_CE_-_ACCN_80-6_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5347.JPG/250px-Balarama_-_Circa_18th_Century_CE_-_ACCN_80-6_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5347.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="4210" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balarama, 18th century, Mathura</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendrapara" title="Kendrapara">Kendrapara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baladevjew_Temple" title="Baladevjew Temple">Baladevjew Temple</a>, Odisha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Vasudeva_Temple" title="Ananta Vasudeva Temple">Ananta Vasudeva Temple</a></li> <li>Kathmandu temples, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathras_Fort" title="Hathras Fort">Shri Dauji Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hathras" title="Hathras">Hathras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Hinduism">Outside Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outside Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, notably, the <i>Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacarita</i> of <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>, narrate hagiographical accounts of nine Baladevas or <a href="/wiki/Balabhadra" title="Balabhadra">Balabhadras</a> who are believed to be <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aal%C4%81k%C4%81puru%E1%B9%A3a" title="Śalākāpuruṣa">śalākāpuruṣas</a> (literally torch-bearers, great personalities). Balarama was the ninth one.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balarama along with Krishna are considered as cousins of the revered <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a> (Aristanemi) by Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jainism tradition lists 63 <i>Śalākāpuruṣa</i> or notable figures which, amongst others, includes the twenty-four <i>Tirthankaras</i> and nine sets of triads. One of these triads is Krishna as the <i>Vasudeva</i>, Balarama as the <i>Baladeva</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a> as the <i>Prati-Vasudeva</i>. In each age of the Jain cyclic time is born a <i>Vasudeva</i> with an elder brother termed the <i>Baladeva</i>. Between the triads, <i>Baladeva</i> upholds the principle of non-violence, a central idea of Jainism. The villain is the <i>Prati-vasudeva</i>, who attempts to destroy the world. To save the world, <i>Vasudeva-Krishna</i> has to forsake the non-violence principle and kill the <i>Prati-Vasudeva</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories of these triads can be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa Purana">Harivamsa Purana</a></i> (8th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century CE) of <a href="/wiki/Jinasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a> (not be confused with its namesake, the addendum to <i>Mahābhārata</i>) and the <i>Trishashti-shalakapurusha-charita</i> of Hemachandra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201626_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201626-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jer_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Khajuraho22.jpg/250px-Khajuraho22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Khajuraho22.jpg/330px-Khajuraho22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Khajuraho22.jpg/500px-Khajuraho22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Balarama with a plough in his left hand, at the <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a> Parsvnatha Jain Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The story of Krishna's life in the <i>Puranas</i> of Jainism follows the same general outline as those in the Hindu texts, but in details, they are very different: they include Jain <i>Tirthankaras</i> as characters in the story, and generally are polemically critical of Krishna, unlike the versions found in the <i>Mahabharata</i>, the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>, and the <i>Vishnu Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Krishna loses battles in the Jain versions, and his <i>gopis</i> and his clan of Yadavas die in a fire created by an ascetic named Dvaipayana. Similarly, after dying from the hunter Jara's arrow, the Jaina texts state Krishna goes to the <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">third hell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>, while Balarama is said to go to the <a href="/wiki/Svarga_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarga (Jainism)">sixth heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glasenapp1999p317_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasenapp1999p317-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other Jain texts, Krishna and Baladeva are stated to be a cousin of the twenty-second <i>Tirthankara</i>, Neminatha. The Jain texts state that Naminatha taught Krishna all the wisdom that he later gave to Arjuna in the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i>. According to <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a>, a professor of Religion known for his publications on Jainism, this connection between Krishna and Neminatha has been a historic reason for Jains to accept, read, and cite the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i> as a spiritually important text, celebrate Krishna-related festivals, and intermingle with Hindus as spiritual cousins.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence related to early Jainism, states <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> and other scholars, suggests Balarama had been a significant farmer deity in Jain tradition in parts of the Indian subcontinent such as near the Mathura region.<sup id="cite_ref-olivelle391_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelle391-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpasutra</a></i> describe the same idea of embryo transfer, as in Hindu texts for Balarama, for the 24th Tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>; in the latter case, the embryo of a Brahmin woman is moved into the womb of a Kshatriya woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Pal1997p25_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pal1997p25-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balarama, states <a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya_Pal" title="Pratapaditya Pal">Pratapaditya Pal</a>, was one of the historic deities revered in Jainism along with Ambika, Lakshmi and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Pal1997p25_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pal1997p25-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the Hindu farmers, state <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a> and other scholars, it is likely that Balarama was the patron deity of Jain farmers in the early centuries of the common era, because a large number of Balarama images have been found in early Jain arts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balarama images have been discovered in central Indian Buddhist sites, such as with Sanchi stupas at Andher, Mehgaon and Chandna. These are dated to around the start of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghata Jataka, one of the Jataka Tales that form part of Buddhist scriptures, depicts Krishna as a previous birth of Buddha's disciple Sariputta and has Balarama depicted as the previous birth of one of the Buddha's disciples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=balarama+God+of+agriculture&pg=PT258"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184752779" title="Special:BookSources/9788184752779"><bdi>9788184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.isbn=9788184752779&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbalarama%2BGod%2Bof%2Bagriculture%26pg%3DPT258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoulterTurner2013" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&dq=balarama+avatar&pg=PA90"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135963903" title="Special:BookSources/9781135963903"><bdi>9781135963903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=9781135963903&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft.au=Turner%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEIngqiKOugC%26dq%3Dbalarama%2Bavatar%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNehra" class="citation book cs1">Nehra, Air Marshal R. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nD5dpTyYdYoC&dq=balarama+avatar&pg=PT128"><i>Hinduism & Its Military Ethos</i></a>. Lancer Publishers LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935501473" title="Special:BookSources/9781935501473"><bdi>9781935501473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+%26+Its+Military+Ethos&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers+LLC&rft.isbn=9781935501473&rft.aulast=Nehra&rft.aufirst=Air+Marshal+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnD5dpTyYdYoC%26dq%3Dbalarama%2Bavatar%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/l3-dashavatara">"L3 - Dashavatara"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L3+-+Dashavatara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speakingtree.in%2Fblog%2Fl3-dashavatara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Balarama-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Balarama_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Balarama_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Balarama_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balarama">"Balarama | Hindu mythology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Balarama+%26%23124%3B+Hindu+mythology&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBalarama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp142.htm">"The Vishnu Purana: Book V: Chapter XXV"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+Book+V%3A+Chapter+XXV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fvp%2Fvp142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US438-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US438_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US438_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA438"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/448184">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Balarama and Krishna Fighting the Enemy", Folio from a Harivamsa (The Legend of Hari (Krishna)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Balarama+and+Krishna+Fighting+the+Enemy%22%2C+Folio+from+a+Harivamsa+%28The+Legend+of+Hari+%28Krishna%29&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F448184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p82-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p82_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>84, 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A%E2%80%93M&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E84%2C+269&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJan_Gonda1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC"><i>Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 100, <span class="nowrap">152–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1087-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1087-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1087-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Early+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87uism&rft.pages=100%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1087-7&rft.au=Jan+Gonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8urRsuUJ9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXnXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hindu and Mythology of Balarāma</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31, <span class="nowrap">52–</span>59, 68–69 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5723-2"><bdi>978-0-7734-5723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+and+Mythology+of+Balar%C4%81ma&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E59%2C+68-69+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-5723-2&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXnXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elgood2000p57-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elgood2000p57_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000" class="citation book cs1">Heather Elgood (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Hinduism and the Religious Arts</i></a>. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 57, 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3"><bdi>978-0-304-70739-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Religious+Arts&rft.pages=57%2C+61&rft.pub=Bloomsburg+Academic&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70739-3&rft.au=Heather+Elgood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcj2tAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVemsani2006" class="citation book cs1">Vemsani, Lavanya (2006). <i>Hindu and Jain Mythology of Balarama</i> (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773457232" title="Special:BookSources/9780773457232"><bdi>9780773457232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+and+Jain+Mythology+of+Balarama&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780773457232&rft.aulast=Vemsani&rft.aufirst=Lavanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olivelle391-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivelle391_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelle391_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA391"><i>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 391 with note 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1"><bdi>978-0-19-977507-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pages=391+with+note+15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977507-1&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefaOR_-YsIcC%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Morgan1987" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Morgan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C"><i>The Religion of the Hindus</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0387-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Hindus&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0387-9&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dulz9mO9cK54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> (1987). Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (ed.). <i>Srimad-Bhagavatam: Bhagavata Purana</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892132507" title="Special:BookSources/0892132507"><bdi>0892132507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad-Bhagavatam%3A+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0892132507&rft.au=A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami+Prabhupada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesRyan2006p65-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p65_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p65_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p65_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA65"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padmanabh S. Jaini (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/615287">Jina Ṛṣabha as an "Avatāra" of Viṣṇu</a>, <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 40, No. 2 (1977), pp. 321–337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Morgan1987" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Morgan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&pg=PA55"><i>The Religion of the Hindus</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0387-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Hindus&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0387-9&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dulz9mO9cK54C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson2008p99-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2008p99_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2008p99_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD_Dennis_Hudson2008" class="citation book cs1">D Dennis Hudson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C"><i>The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1"><bdi>978-0-19-970902-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+of+God%3A+An+Emperor%27s+Palace+for+Krishna+in+Eighth-Century+Kanchipuram&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970902-1&rft.au=D+Dennis+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMCxbOezDi4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Creese2015" class="citation book cs1">Helen Creese (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ1sBgAAQBAJ"><i>Women of the Kakawin World: Marriage and Sexuality in the Indic Courts of Java and Bali</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 93, <span class="nowrap">104–</span>105, 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45179-2"><bdi>978-1-317-45179-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Kakawin+World%3A+Marriage+and+Sexuality+in+the+Indic+Courts+of+Java+and+Bali&rft.pages=93%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E105%2C+110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45179-2&rft.au=Helen+Creese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZ1sBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MHA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MHA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. BRILL. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMishraRay2016" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Susan Verma; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE</i></a>. Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6"><bdi>978-1-317-19374-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Sacred+Spaces%3A+The+temple+in+western+India%2C+2nd+century+BCE%E2%80%938th+century+CE&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-19374-6&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Susan+Verma&rft.au=Ray%2C+Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtDLDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25807197"><i>Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergence+of+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+and+%C5%9Aiva+Images+in+India%3A+Numismatic+and+Sculptural+Evidence&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25807197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenfield1967" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfield, John M. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA152"><i>The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynastic+Arts+of+the+Kushans&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rosenfield&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudnBkQhzHH4C%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US439-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US439_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS215-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. BRILL. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p.22 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bopearachchi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a>, 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25807197/Emergence_of_Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u_and_%C5%9Aiva_Images_in_India_Numismatic_and_Sculptural_Evidence">Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenjamín_Preciado-Solís1984" class="citation book cs1">Benjamín Preciado-Solís (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA155"><i>The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 155, see Plate 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-226-1"><bdi>978-0-89581-226-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+Cycle+in+the+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as%3A+Themes+and+Motifs+in+a+Heroic+Saga&rft.pages=155%2C+see+Plate+2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-226-1&rft.au=Benjam%C3%ADn+Preciado-Sol%C3%ADs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvCaWvjGDVEC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 214–215 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4"><bdi>90-04-10758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=214-215+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10758-4&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJason_Neelis2010" class="citation book cs1">Jason Neelis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC"><i>Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">271–</span>272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5"><bdi>978-90-04-18159-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+Within+and+Beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18159-5&rft.au=Jason+Neelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Shaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Julia Shaw (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ"><i>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. lxxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2"><bdi>978-1-315-43263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+c.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=lxxix&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43263-2&rft.au=Julia+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUbUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-upinder437-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-upinder437_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Upinder Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._Richard_Blurton1993" class="citation book cs1">T. Richard Blurton (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA50"><i>Hindu Art</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5"><bdi>978-0-674-39189-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39189-5&rft.au=T.+Richard+Blurton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJ-lzU_nj_MC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParmanand_Gupta1989" class="citation book cs1">Parmanand Gupta (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC"><i>Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals</i></a>. Concept. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-248-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-248-4"><bdi>978-81-7022-248-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+from+Ancient+Indian+Coins+%26+Seals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-248-4&rft.au=Parmanand+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLzHpZ5N5MhcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 11, 203, 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.pages=11%2C+203%2C+239&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_F._Bryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwin F. Bryant (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 18 note 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972431-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972431-4"><bdi>978-0-19-972431-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=18+note+19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972431-4&rft.au=Edwin+F.+Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVDqCkW1WpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Dowling (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hl-128-171-57-22.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17119/1/AP-v38n1-51-61.pdf">A new date for the Phnom Da images and its implications for early Cambodia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331191949/http://hl-128-171-57-22.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17119/1/AP-v38n1-51-61.pdf">Archived</a> 31 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Asian Perspectives</i>, University of Hawaii Press, Volume 38, Number 1, pages 54–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_GuyPierre_BaptisteLawrence_Becker2014" class="citation book cs1">John Guy; Pierre Baptiste; Lawrence Becker; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCw_AwAAQBAJ"><i>Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20437-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20437-7"><bdi>978-0-300-20437-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20437-7&rft.au=John+Guy&rft.au=Pierre+Baptiste&rft.au=Lawrence+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgCw_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=kamsa+cousin+devaki&pg=PT632"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 632. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=632&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-277-9&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkamsa%2Bcousin%2Bdevaki%26pg%3DPT632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26fDwAAQBAJ&dq=kamsa+smashed+newborns&pg=PA156"><i>Krishna's Lineage: The Harivamsha of Vyasa's Mahabharata</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2 July 2019. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027919-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027919-6"><bdi>978-0-19-027919-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%27s+Lineage%3A+The+Harivamsha+of+Vyasa%27s+Mahabharata&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027919-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU26fDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkamsa%2Bsmashed%2Bnewborns%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Morgan1987" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Morgan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&pg=PA55"><i>The Religion of the Hindus</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0387-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Hindus&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0387-9&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dulz9mO9cK54C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson2008p34-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2008p34_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD_Dennis_Hudson2008" class="citation book cs1">D Dennis Hudson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C"><i>The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1"><bdi>978-0-19-970902-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+of+God%3A+An+Emperor%27s+Palace+for+Krishna+in+Eighth-Century+Kanchipuram&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970902-1&rft.au=D+Dennis+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMCxbOezDi4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerma2013" class="citation book cs1">Verma, Manish (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&dq=shravan+purnima+raksha+bandhan&pg=PA40"><i>Fasts and Festivals of India</i></a>. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7182-076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7182-076-4"><bdi>978-81-7182-076-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasts+and+Festivals+of+India&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-7182-076-4&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Manish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4gzFFLdBoYC%26dq%3Dshravan%2Bpurnima%2Braksha%2Bbandhan%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/8/12/">"ŚB 10.8.12"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mumbai: St. Paul Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">148–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7109-497-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7109-497-X"><bdi>81-7109-497-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pilgrimage+Through+The+Mahabharata&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=St.+Paul+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-7109-497-X&rft.aulast=Varkey&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070326075600/http://vedabase.net/sb/11/30/26/en1">"ŚB 11.30.26"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i>. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._Whitney_Sanford2006" class="citation book cs1">A. Whitney Sanford (2006). Guy L. Beck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8z-v1p2qrwsC&pg=PA91"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional And Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6416-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-6416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+And+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6416-8&rft.au=A.+Whitney+Sanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8z-v1p2qrwsC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPadmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">Padmaja, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=balaramar+tamil&pg=RA1-PA36"><i>Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamiln%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-398-4&rft.aulast=Padmaja&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgaS1wRnl8C%26dq%3Dbalaramar%2Btamil%26pg%3DRA1-PA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXnXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hindu and Jain Mythology of Balarāma: Change and Continuity in an Early Indian Cult</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>66, <span class="nowrap">94–</span>100, <span class="nowrap">116–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5723-2"><bdi>978-0-7734-5723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+and+Jain+Mythology+of+Balar%C4%81ma%3A+Change+and+Continuity+in+an+Early+Indian+Cult&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E66%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E100%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-5723-2&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXnXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ"><i>Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada"><i>India through the ages</i></a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/75">75</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2009" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (26 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/bala">"Bala, Bāla, Balā, Bālā: 78 definitions"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Bala%2C+B%C4%81la%2C+Bal%C4%81%2C+B%C4%81l%C4%81%3A+78+definitions&rft.date=2009-04-26&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donaldson779-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-donaldson779_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-donaldson779_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_E._Donaldson2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas E. Donaldson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2otOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Tantra and Śākta Art of Orissa</i></a>. DK Printworld. pp. <span class="nowrap">779–</span>780. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0198-3"><bdi>978-81-246-0198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra+and+%C5%9A%C4%81kta+Art+of+Orissa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E779-%3C%2Fspan%3E780&rft.pub=DK+Printworld&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0198-3&rft.au=Thomas+E.+Donaldson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2otOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO._M._Starza1993" class="citation book cs1">O. M. Starza (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C"><i>The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 61–64 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09673-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09673-6"><bdi>90-04-09673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jagannatha+Temple+at+Puri%3A+Its+Architecture%2C+Art%2C+and+Cult&rft.pages=61-64+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-09673-6&rft.au=O.+M.+Starza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4bV3beb0n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy1992" class="citation journal cs1">Guy, John (1992). "New Evidence for the Jagannātha Cult in Seventeenth Century Nepal". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>2</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">213–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs135618630000239x">10.1017/s135618630000239x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162316166">162316166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+for+the+Jagann%C4%81tha+Cult+in+Seventeenth+Century+Nepal&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs135618630000239x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162316166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaktibharat.com/mandir/dauji-hathras">"श्री दाऊजी मंदिर | Shri Dauji Mandir | Hathras Uttar Pradesh | About, Aarti, Timings, History, Photo, How to Reach"</a>. <i>BhaktiBharat.com</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BhaktiBharat.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0+%7C+Shri+Dauji+Mandir+%7C+Hathras+Uttar+Pradesh+%7C+About%2C+Aarti%2C+Timings%2C+History%2C+Photo%2C+How+to+Reach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaktibharat.com%2Fmandir%2Fdauji-hathras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshi,_Nilakanth_Purushottam1979" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Nilakanth Purushottam (1979). <i>Iconography of Balarāma</i>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-107-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-107-5"><bdi>81-7017-107-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Balar%C4%81ma&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=81-7017-107-5&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Nilakanth+Purushottam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUmakant_Premanand_Shah1995" class="citation book cs1">Umakant Premanand Shah (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC"><i>Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-316-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-316-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-316-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jaina+Art+and+Iconography+and+Allied+Subjects&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-316-8&rft.au=Umakant+Premanand+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfETebHcHKogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Krsna (Vasudeva) and Baladeva or Balarama are regarded as cousin brothers of Neminatha".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaini1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, P. S.</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC&pg=PA207"><i>Jaina Puranas: A Puranic Counter Tradition</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1381-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Puranas%3A+A+Puranic+Counter+Tradition&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1381-4&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201626-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201626_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016">Upinder Singh 2016</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jer-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jer_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jerome H. Bauer "Hero of Wonders, Hero in Deeds: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA151">"Vasudeva Krishna in Jaina Cosmohistory</a>" in <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, pp. 167–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevangana_Desai2000" class="citation book cs1">Devangana Desai (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amPqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Khajuraho</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565391-5"><bdi>978-0-19-565391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khajuraho&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565391-5&rft.au=Devangana+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamPqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCort1993" class="citation cs2">Cort, J. E. (1993), Wendy Doniger (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC&pg=PA191"><i>An Overview of the Jaina Puranas, in Purana Perennis</i></a>, SUNY Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">220–</span>233, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438401362" title="Special:BookSources/9781438401362"><bdi>9781438401362</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Overview+of+the+Jaina+Puranas%2C+in+Purana+Perennis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781438401362&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasenapp1999p317-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glasenapp1999p317_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelmuth_von_Glasenapp1999" class="citation book cs1">Helmuth von Glasenapp (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA317"><i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">316–</span>318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1376-2&rft.au=Helmuth+von+Glasenapp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2009" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery D. Long (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>Jainism: An Introduction</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-625-5"><bdi>978-1-84511-625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-625-5&rft.au=Jeffery+D.+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmRlAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pal1997p25-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pal1997p25_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pal1997p25_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1997" class="citation book cs1">Pratapaditya Pal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMUp4nxAqwwC&pg=PA25"><i>Divine Images, Human Visions: The Max Tanenbaum Collection of South Asian and Himalayan Art in the National Gallery of Canada</i></a>. National Gallery of Canada. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896209-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896209-05-0"><bdi>978-1-896209-05-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Images%2C+Human+Visions%3A+The+Max+Tanenbaum+Collection+of+South+Asian+and+Himalayan+Art+in+the+National+Gallery+of+Canada&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Canada&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-896209-05-0&rft.au=Pratapaditya+Pal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMUp4nxAqwwC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMNP_Tiwari1995" class="citation book cs1">MNP Tiwari (1995). Umakant Premanand Shah (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC"><i>Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-316-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-316-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-316-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jaina+Art+and+Iconography+and+Allied+Subjects+in+Honour+of+Dr.+U.P.+Shah&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-316-8&rft.au=MNP+Tiwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfETebHcHKogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Jains</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 298 note 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-50165-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-50165-X"><bdi>1-134-50165-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=298+note+17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-134-50165-X&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MNP Tiwari and K Giri (1985), Balarama – The Deity of Krsikarman in Jaina Art, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, Volume 60, Issue 1, pages 122-125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Shaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Julia Shaw (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ"><i>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>139, Figures 141–144, 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2"><bdi>978-1-315-43263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+c.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E139%2C+Figures+141-144%2C+150&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43263-2&rft.au=Julia+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUbUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNilakanth_Purushottam_Joshi1979" class="citation book cs1">Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA32"><i>Iconography of Balarāma</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-107-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Balar%C4%81ma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-107-2&rft.au=Nilakanth+Purushottam+Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vd-lKzyFg0C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Beck (page does not exist)">Beck, Guy L. (Ed.)</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6415-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6415-6"><bdi>0-7914-6415-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7914-6415-6&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.+%28Ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC"><i>Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0"><bdi>0-7914-1381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1381-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6"><bdi>978-93-325-6996-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-325-6996-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalarama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Balarama" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Balarama">Balarama</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VishnuAvatars" title="Template talk:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a><br />(for example)<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/60px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/90px-Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/120px-Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Other avatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prsnigarbha" title="Prsnigarbha">Prsnigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div><small><sup><small>1</small></sup> The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahabharata285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahabharata" title="Template:Mahabharata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahabharata" title="Template talk:Mahabharata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahabharata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahabharata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahabharata285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditional author<br />and narrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisampayana" title="Vaisampayana">Vaisampayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrashravas" title="Ugrashravas">Ugrashrava Sauti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/165px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/248px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/330px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_18_parvas" class="mw-redirect" title="The 18 parvas">Books (<i>parva</i>s)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Parva" title="Adi Parva">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabha_Parva" title="Sabha Parva">Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vana_Parva" title="Vana Parva">Vana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virata_Parva" title="Virata Parva">Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udyoga_Parva" title="Udyoga Parva">Udyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Parva" title="Bhishma Parva">Bhishma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drona_Parva" title="Drona Parva">Drona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karna_Parva" title="Karna Parva">Karna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalya_Parva" title="Shalya Parva">Shalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauptika_Parva" title="Sauptika Parva">Sauptika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stri_Parva" title="Stri Parva">Stri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Parva" title="Shanti Parva">Shanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anushasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedhika_Parva" title="Ashvamedhika Parva">Ashvamedhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashramavasika_Parva" title="Ashramavasika Parva">Ashramavasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausala_Parva" title="Mausala Parva">Mausala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaprasthanika_Parva" title="Mahaprasthanika Parva">Mahaprasthanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svargarohana_Parva" title="Svargarohana Parva">Svargarohana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Kingdoms and tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastinapur" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indraprastha" title="Indraprastha">Indraprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchala_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala kingdom">Panchala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampilya" title="Kampilya">Kampilya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_kingdom" title="Matsya kingdom">Matsya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upaplavya" title="Upaplavya">Upaplavya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madra_kingdom" title="Madra kingdom">Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti_kingdom" title="Kunti kingdom">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha kingdom">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedi_kingdom" title="Chedi kingdom">Chedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%AB_(kingdom)" title="Kāśī (kingdom)">Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosala_kingdom" title="Kosala kingdom">Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_Kingdom" title="Sindhu Kingdom">Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_kingdom" title="Salwa kingdom">Shalva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_kingdom_(Mahabharata)" title="Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)">Avanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anga kingdom">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekeya_kingdom" title="Kekeya kingdom">Kekaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga kingdom">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom" title="Vidarbha kingdom">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_kingdom_(Mahabharata)" title="Pandya kingdom (Mahabharata)">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishadas" title="Nishadas">Nishada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigarta_kingdom" title="Trigarta kingdom">Trigarta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdoms_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshagriha" title="Lakshagriha">Lakshagriha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayamvara" title="Svayamvara">Svayamvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayasabha" title="Mayasabha">Mayasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasuya" title="Rajasuya">Rajasuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasa" title="Vanavasa">Vanavasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoshayatra_Parva" title="Ghoshayatra Parva">Ghoshyatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Vishvarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmavyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmavyuha">Chakravyūha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Mahabharata" title="List of characters in the Mahabharata">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakula" title="Nakula">Nakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Pandava Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Role in the <i>Mahabharata</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrishtadyumna" title="Dhrishtadyumna">Dhrishtadyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupada" title="Drupada">Drupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virata" title="Virata">Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyaki" title="Satyaki">Satyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikhandi" title="Shikhandi">Shikhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrishtaketu" title="Dhrishtaketu">Dhrishtaketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatotkacha" title="Ghatotkacha">Ghatotkacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttamaujas_and_Yudhamanyu" title="Uttamaujas and Yudhamanyu">Uttamaujas and Yudhamanyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upapandavas" title="Upapandavas">Upapandavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyutsu" title="Yuyutsu">Yuyutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iravan" title="Iravan">Iravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_(Mahabharata)" title="Uttara (Mahabharata)">Uttara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahadeva_of_Magadha" title="Sahadeva of Magadha">Sahadeva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushasana" title="Dushasana">Dushasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikarna" title="Vikarna">Vikarna</a></li> <li>97 more</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Kaurava Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drona" title="Drona">Drona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalya" title="Shalya">Shalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuni" title="Shakuni">Shakuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripa" title="Kripa">Kripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadratha" title="Jayadratha">Jayadratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritavarma" title="Kritavarma">Kritavarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlika_(Mahabharata)" title="Bahlika (Mahabharata)">Bahlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurishravas" title="Bhurishravas">Bhurishravas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagadatta" title="Bhagadatta">Bhagadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinda_and_Anuvinda_of_Avanti" title="Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti">Vinda and Anuvinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susharma" title="Susharma">Susharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudakshina" title="Sudakshina">Sudakshina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Kumara" title="Lakshmana Kumara">Lakshmana Kumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrishasena" title="Vrishasena">Vrishasena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Remaining Kuru Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shantanu" title="Shantanu">Shantanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyavati" title="Satyavati">Satyavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitr%C4%81ngada" title="Chitrāngada">Chitrāngada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitravirya" title="Vichitravirya">Vichitravirya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_(Mahabharata)" title="Ambika (Mahabharata)">Ambika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalika" title="Ambalika">Ambalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madri" title="Madri">Madri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidimbi" title="Hidimbi">Hidimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulupi" title="Ulupi">Ulupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitr%C4%81ngad%C4%81" title="Chitrāngadā">Chitrāngadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babruvahana" title="Babruvahana">Babruvahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)" title="Uttarā (Mahabharata)">Uttarā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janamejaya_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Janamejaya II">Janamejaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushala" title="Dushala">Dushala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(Mahabharata)" title="Amba (Mahabharata)">Amba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrasena_(gandharva)" title="Chitrasena (gandharva)">Chitrasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damayanti" title="Damayanti">Damayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaumya" title="Dhaumya">Dhaumya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasa" title="Durvasa">Durvasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushyanta" title="Dushyanta">Dushyanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekalavya" title="Ekalavya">Ekalavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidimba" title="Hidimba">Hidimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatasura" title="Jatasura">Jatasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichaka" title="Kichaka">Kichaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindama" title="Kindama">Kindama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomasha" title="Lomasha">Lomasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahusha" title="Nahusha">Nahusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala" title="Nala">Nala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purochana" title="Purochana">Purochana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pururavas" title="Pururavas">Pururavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmi" title="Rukmi">Rukmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaya" title="Sanjaya">Sanjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan" title="Savitri and Satyavan">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuntala" title="Shakuntala">Shakuntala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishupala" title="Shishupala">Shishupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeshna" title="Sudeshna">Sudeshna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrishaketu" title="Vrishaketu">Vrishaketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayati" title="Yayati">Yayati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Category:Characters in the Mahabharata">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Avatars in the Mahabharata">Avatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic India">Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic era">Vedic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;;background:#FFC569;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:Mahabharata" title="Category:Mahabharata">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jagannath_worship231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jagannath" title="Template:Jagannath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jagannath" title="Template talk:Jagannath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jagannath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jagannath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jagannath_worship231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jagannath worship</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg/250px-Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg/330px-Balabhadra_Subhadra_Jagannath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Odisha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundicha_Temple" title="Gundicha Temple">Gundicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Baripada" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Baripada">Baripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Gunupur" title="Jagannath Temple, Gunupur">Gunupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Koraput" title="Jagannath Temple, Koraput">Koraput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Nayagarh" title="Jagannath Temple, Nayagarh">Nayagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Vasudeva_Temple" title="Ananta Vasudeva Temple">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladevjew_Temple" title="Baladevjew Temple">Kendrapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatia_Bata" title="Chhatia Bata">Chhatia Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Dharakote" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Dharakote">Dharakote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patali_Srikhetra" title="Patali Srikhetra">Patali Srikhetra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagannath_Temple,_Barbil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagannath Temple, Barbil (page does not exist)">Barbil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Rest of India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Jagannath_Mandir" title="Agartala Jagannath Mandir">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Ahmedabad" title="Jagannath Temple, Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Alwar" title="Jagannath Temple, Alwar">Alwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Chennai" title="Jagannath Temple, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Delhi" title="Jagannath Temple, Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Digha" title="Jagannath Temple, Digha"><i>Digha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Madhava_Temple" title="Hayagriva Madhava Temple">Hajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Hyderabad" title="Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Ranchi" title="Jagannath Temple, Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanpur_Jagannath_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohanpur Jagannath temple">Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathayatra_of_Mahesh" title="Rathayatra of Mahesh">Mahesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comilla_Jagannath_Temple" title="Comilla Jagannath Temple">Comilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamrai_Jagannath_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamrai Jagannath Roth">Dhamrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Pabna" title="Jagannath Temple, Pabna">Pabna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Jagannath_Puri_Temple" title="Shri Jagannath Puri Temple">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Sialkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_observed_at_Jagannatha_Temple,_Puri" title="List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandan_Yatra" title="Chandan Yatra">Chandan Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Dola Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaka" title="Panchaka">Panchaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabakalebara" title="Nabakalebara">Nabakalebara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabakalebara_2015" title="Nabakalebara 2015">2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra_(Puri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra (Puri)">Rath Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snana_Yatra" title="Snana Yatra">Snana Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshas_of_Jagannath" title="Beshas of Jagannath">Besha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suna_Besha" title="Suna Besha">Suna Besha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madala_Panji" title="Madala Panji">Madala Panji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahuka_boli" title="Dahuka boli">Dahuka boli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Devotees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indradyumna" title="Indradyumna">Indradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarala_Dasa" title="Sarala Dasa">Sarala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa">Balarama Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasobanta_Dasa" title="Jasobanta Dasa">Jasobanta Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Dasa" title="Ananta Dasa">Ananta Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyutananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutananda">Achyutananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salabega" title="Salabega">Salabega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavi_Pattanayak" title="Madhavi Pattanayak">Madhavi Pattanayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinakrushna_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinakrushna Das">Dinakrushna Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banamali_Dasa" title="Banamali Dasa">Banamali Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Upendra Bhanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladeba_Ratha" title="Baladeba Ratha"><i>Kabisurjya</i> Baladeba Ratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka" title="Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka">Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahana_Vije" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahana Vije">Gahana Vije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaprasad_(Jagannath_Temple)" title="Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)">Mahaprasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilachal">Nilachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_Chakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nila Chakra">Nila Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neela_Madhava" title="Neela Madhava">Neela Madhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkha_Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkha Kshetra">Samkha Kshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Jagannath_Temple_Act,_1955" title="Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955">Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jagannath" title="Category:Jagannath">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061606#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata762" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061606#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata762" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061606#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32845240">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52149617043803751995">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121138631">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017241998">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007282312305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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