CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vrishni heroes - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8c45c98a-dd57-471f-b205-e8e546762462","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vrishni_heroes","wgTitle":"Vrishni heroes","wgCurRevisionId":1263608392,"wgRevisionId":1263608392,"wgArticleId":62580342,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2021","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Mathura art","Deified men"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vrishni_heroes","wgRelevantArticleId":62580342,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q82897446","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="557"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/960px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="371"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="297"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vrishni heroes - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrishni_heroes"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrishni_heroes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vrishni_heroes rootpage-Vrishni_heroes skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vrishni+heroes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vrishni+heroes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vrishni+heroes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vrishni+heroes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_heroes_turned_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_heroes_turned_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Local heroes turned deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_heroes_turned_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_coinage_(3rd-2nd_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_coinage_(3rd-2nd_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early coinage (3rd-2nd century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_coinage_(3rd-2nd_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-sectarian_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-sectarian_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Cross-sectarian deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-sectarian_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devotional_structures_and_symbolism_(circa_115_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devotional_structures_and_symbolism_(circa_115_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Devotional structures and symbolism (circa 115 BCE) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devotional_structures_and_symbolism_(circa_115_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Devotional structures and symbolism (circa 115 BCE) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Devotional_structures_and_symbolism_(circa_115_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vrishni_Temple_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrishni_Temple_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Vrishni Temple structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrishni_Temple_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saṃkarṣaṇa_in_Indo-Scythian_coinage_(1st_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saṃkarṣaṇa_in_Indo-Scythian_coinage_(1st_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Saṃkarṣaṇa in Indo-Scythian coinage (1st century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saṃkarṣaṇa_in_Indo-Scythian_coinage_(1st_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghosundi_Inscriptions_(1st_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghosundi_Inscriptions_(1st_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ghosundi Inscriptions (1st century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghosundi_Inscriptions_(1st_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mora_Vrishni_heroes_(circa_15_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mora_Vrishni_heroes_(circa_15_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mora Vrishni heroes (circa 15 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mora_Vrishni_heroes_(circa_15_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vrishni_Temples_(circa_15_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrishni_Temples_(circa_15_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vrishni Temples (circa 15 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrishni_Temples_(circa_15_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamunda_Tila_Vrishni_symbols_(1st_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamunda_Tila_Vrishni_symbols_(1st_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Chamunda Tila Vrishni symbols (1st century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamunda_Tila_Vrishni_symbols_(1st_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triads_(1st-2nd_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triads_(1st-2nd_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Triads (1st-2nd century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triads_(1st-2nd_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caturvyūha_(2nd_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caturvyūha_(2nd_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Caturvyūha (2nd century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caturvyūha_(2nd_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_images_of_Vāsudeva_(2nd-3rd_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_images_of_Vāsudeva_(2nd-3rd_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cult images of Vāsudeva (2nd-3rd century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_images_of_Vāsudeva_(2nd-3rd_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_(4th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_(4th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Kondamotu Vrishni heroes (4th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_(4th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_as_avatars_of_Vishnu_(4th_century_CE-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_as_avatars_of_Vishnu_(4th_century_CE-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Evolution as avatars of Vishnu (4th century CE-) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_as_avatars_of_Vishnu_(4th_century_CE-)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Evolution as avatars of Vishnu (4th century CE-) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_as_avatars_of_Vishnu_(4th_century_CE-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Symbolic system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh_(6th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh_(6th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh (6th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh_(6th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_depictions_of_the_Vrishni_heroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_depictions_of_the_Vrishni_heroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Later depictions of the Vrishni heroes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_depictions_of_the_Vrishni_heroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vrishni heroes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" > Add languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82897446#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vrishni_heroes" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vrishni_heroes" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vrishni_heroes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&oldid=1263608392" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vrishni_heroes&id=1263608392&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVrishni_heroes">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVrishni_heroes">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vrishni_heroes&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vrishni_heroes" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82897446" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Indian legendary heroes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Vrishni heroes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/338px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/507px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/676px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="464" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Vrishni heroes on the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a>, circa 190-180 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada</a> mace and <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a> (a pear-shaped case or conch) and <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Chakra</a> wheel.<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Early_Vaiṣṇava_Imagery:_Caturvyūha-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iconography_of_Balarāma-3">[3]</a> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the two deities.<a href="#cite_note-DS215-4">[4]</a> Another variation <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt7FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">[1]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief,_4th_century_CE,_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/338px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/507px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/676px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="912" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The five Vrishni heroes <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> standing around enthroned <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>. Kondamotu Vrishni heroes relief, 4th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad State Museum">Hyderabad State Museum</a>. The Vrishni heroes remained major divinities until the 5th century CE, when they lost preeminence to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IH224-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRA27-7">[7]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Vrishni heroes (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vṛṣṇi</a> vīras), also referred to as Pancha-viras (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Pañca vīras; 'the five heroes'), are a group of five legendary, deified heroes who are found in the literature and archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211a-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murthy1990-9">[9]</a> Their earliest worship is attestable in the clan of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishnis</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> by 4th-century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211a-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p119-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30-11">[11]</a> Legends are associated with these deified heroes, some of which may be based on real, historical heroes of the Vrishni clan.<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12">[12]</a> Their early worship has been variously described as cross-sectarian, much like the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a>, related to the early <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and with possible links to <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-SRQ211-13">[13]</a> They and their legends – particularly of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> – have been an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava tradition</a> of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211a-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murthy1990-9">[9]</a> The Vrishnis were already known in the late <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature. They are also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> in Astadhyayi verse 6.2.34, while Krishna is referred to as Krishna Varshneya ("the Vrishni") in verse 3.187.51 of the Mahabharata.<a href="#cite_note-jgw127-15">[15]</a> Beyond texts, their importance in ancient India is attested by the ancient inscriptions found near Mathura and coins discovered in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> (Afghanistan), bearing images of the two main Vrishni heroes, with Greek and <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> legends.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211a-8">[8]</a> The cult of the Vrishni heroes existed as an independent cult in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, as suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well Inscription</a>, and was then amalgamated very progressively into <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The deification of the Vrhisni heroes centered around the cult of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasudeva-Krishna">Vasudeva-Krishna</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Epigraphical evidence suggests that their legends and worship swiftly expanded to other parts of India by the start of the common era.<a href="#cite_note-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-US436-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The Vrishni heroes are generally identified as <a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>-Samkarshana, son of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Anakadundubhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasudeva Anakadundubhi">Vasudeva Anakadundubhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a>),<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-jgw127-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a>, another son of Vasudeva Anakadundubhi and <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a>),<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-jgw127-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>),<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a>),<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> (son of Pradyumna).<a href="#cite_note-US436-18">[18]</a> Probably as late as the 1st century CE, the cult of the Vrishni heroes (Vīravāda) retained more importance than the <a href="/wiki/Chatur-vy%C5%ABha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatur-vyūha">Vyuha doctrine</a> (Vyūhavāda), the subsequent cult of emanations that evolved from the Vrishni hero cult.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Still later, it evolved into the Avatāravāda system of incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JS73-21">[21]</a> Overall, according to <a href="/wiki/Doris_Srinivasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Doris Srinivasan">Doris Srinivasan</a>, "the absorption of the Vrishni hero into the Vaishnava worship is very gradual. The amalgamation process was preceded and concurrent with a cult of several Vrishni heroes".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Vrishni heroes also have distinct individual qualities: <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> is also associated with gentleness and strength, <a href="/wiki/Samkarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarsana">Samkarsana</a> with knowledge, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> with female power, Samba with male power and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> with ferociousness and sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-VIA-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identity">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vrishni_triad_shown_in_a_rock_painting_at_Tikla,_M.P._3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vrishni_triad_shown_in_a_rock_painting_at_Tikla%2C_M.P._3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/290px-Vrishni_triad_shown_in_a_rock_painting_at_Tikla%2C_M.P._3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vrishni_triad_shown_in_a_rock_painting_at_Tikla%2C_M.P._3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/435px-Vrishni_triad_shown_in_a_rock_painting_at_Tikla%2C_M.P._3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vrishni_triad_shown_in_a_rock_painting_at_Tikla%2C_M.P._3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/580px-Vrishni_triad_shown_in_a_rock_painting_at_Tikla%2C_M.P._3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Vrishni triad shown in a rock painting at <a href="/wiki/Tikla" title="Tikla">Tikla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, 3rd-2nd century BCE. These would be <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a> (with plough and mace), <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> (with mace and wheel) and a female deity, probably <a href="/wiki/Ekanamsha" title="Ekanamsha">Ekanamsha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/330px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/500px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/580px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>(Bala)rama and Krishna at <a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> inscription nearby reads Rama [kri]ṣa. 1st century CE.<a href="#cite_note-DS215-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> The historical roots and the identity of the Vrishni heroes is unclear. Several interpretations have been proposed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_heroes_turned_deities">Local heroes turned deities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Local heroes turned deities">edit</a>]</div> According to Rosenfield, the five heroes of the Vrishnis may have been ancient historical rulers in the region of Mathura, and Vāsudeva and Krishna "may well have been kings of this dynasty as well".<a href="#cite_note-JMR151-25">[25]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a> (97.1-2), the five Vrishni heroes were originally human, and their names were Samkarshana, Vāsudeva, Pradyumna, Samba, and Aniruddha.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12">[12]</a> The heroes would then have evolved into Vaishnavite deities through a step-by-step process: 1) deification of the Vrishni heroes 2) association with the God <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> 3) incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Vyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyuha">Vyuha</a> concept of successive emanations of the God.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Epigraphically, the deified status of Vāsudeva in particular is confirmed by his appearance on the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a> (190-180 BCE) and by the devotional character of the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> inscription (circa 110 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-DS51-27">[27]</a> Later, the association with <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) is suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions</a> of the 1st century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-DS51-27">[27]</a> It is generally thought that "by the beginning of the Christian era, the cult of Vasudeva, Vishnu and Narayana amalgamated".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By the 2nd century CE, the "avatara concept was in its infancy", and the depiction of Vishnu with his four emanations (the <a href="/wiki/Chatur-vy%C5%ABha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatur-vyūha">Chatur-vyūha</a>), consisting in the Vrishni heroes minus Samba, starts to become visible in art at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Banerjee too considered that they may have been semi-deified legendary kings who came to be considered as Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JMR151-25">[25]</a> This would lead to an early form of Vaishnavism, currently described as the <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-JMR151-25">[25]</a> Also according to Gavin Flood – an Indologist and scholar of Hinduism, Vāsudeva may have originated in a real Vrishni hero or king, but the lineage is difficult to establish.<a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p119-10">[10]</a> This Vasudeva became deified in the Vrishni clan, its worship being traceable to the 4th century text of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, which mentions Vāsudevaka or a "devotee of Vāsudeva".<a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p119-10">[10]</a> Vāsudeva then fused with Krishna of the Yadavas clan.<a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p119-10">[10]</a> Over time, Vāsudeva was identified with Krishna and Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p119-10">[10]</a> According to Christopher Austin, the Vrishni heroes are characters linked to the end of Mahabharata, reflecting the three generations of Vrishnis of Krishna from the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> fame, his son, his grandson along with the Balarama (Samkarshana). This view is supported by Srinivasan and Banerjee based on evidence in two Puranic passages and the Mora well inscription.<a href="#cite_note-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30-11">[11]</a> In early <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the five Vrishni heroes have been identified as <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samkarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarsana">Samkarsana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a> as known from the Medieval <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SRQ211-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-VSA253-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_coinage_(3rd-2nd_century_BCE)">Early coinage (3rd-2nd century BCE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early coinage (3rd-2nd century BCE)">edit</a>]</div> The Vrishni heroes appear on the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a>, circa 190-180 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada</a> mace and <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a> (a pear-shaped case or conch) and <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Chakra</a> wheel.<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Early_Vaiṣṇava_Imagery:_Caturvyūha-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iconography_of_Balarāma-3">[3]</a> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the two deities.<a href="#cite_note-DS215-4">[4]</a> On some of the Indian punch-marked coins, three individuals appear without attributes, possibly deities <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekanamsha" title="Ekanamsha">Ekanamsha</a> in the late 4th-2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The same type of coins was excavated in <a href="/wiki/Besnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Besnagar">Besnagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On some post-Mauryan punch-marked coins, possible depictions of Saṃkarṣaṇa-Balarama appear.<a href="#cite_note-MHA-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He is shown wielding a mace and a plough.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHA-33">[33]</a> These punch-marked coin are dated to the 2nd century BCE, and may be associated with Mathura.<a href="#cite_note-DS215-4">[4]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Agathocles of Bactria (190-180 BCE)[1]"><img alt="Coin of Agathocles of Bactria (190-180 BCE)[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/150px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/225px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/300px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="464" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a> (190-180 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-US437-1">[1]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauryan Empire. Late 4th-2nd century BC"><img alt="Mauryan Empire. Late 4th-2nd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/150px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/225px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/300px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mauryan Empire. Late 4th-2nd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_punch-marked_coin_with_three_deities_4th-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauryan punch-marked coin with three deities 4th-2nd century BCE"><img alt="Mauryan punch-marked coin with three deities 4th-2nd century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mauryan_punch-marked_coin_with_three_deities_4th-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/250px-Mauryan_punch-marked_coin_with_three_deities_4th-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mauryan_punch-marked_coin_with_three_deities_4th-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Mauryan_punch-marked_coin_with_three_deities_4th-2nd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mauryan punch-marked coin with three deities 4th-2nd century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Besnagar_silver_punch-marked_coins_(anthropomorphical).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punch-marked coins excavated in Besnagar"><img alt="Punch-marked coins excavated in Besnagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Besnagar_silver_punch-marked_coins_%28anthropomorphical%29.jpg/150px-Besnagar_silver_punch-marked_coins_%28anthropomorphical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Besnagar_silver_punch-marked_coins_%28anthropomorphical%29.jpg/225px-Besnagar_silver_punch-marked_coins_%28anthropomorphical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Besnagar_silver_punch-marked_coins_%28anthropomorphical%29.jpg/300px-Besnagar_silver_punch-marked_coins_%28anthropomorphical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="580" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punch-marked coins excavated in Besnagar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin with possible Balarama (detail)[36]"><img alt="Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin with possible Balarama (detail)[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg/120px-Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg/250px-Mauryan_Balarama_Coin_3rd-2nd_Century_CE_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="551" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin with possible Balarama (detail)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> Another theory has been proposed by Heinrich Luders. Based on analysis of 10th to 12th century Jaina texts, Luders proposed that Vrishnis may have roots in Jainism, noting the co-existence of the Jain and Vrishni-related archaeological findings in Mathura, and the strength of Jainism at that time in Mathura.<a href="#cite_note-SRQ211-13">[13]</a> He names the Vrishni heroes as Baladeva, Akrura, Anadhrsti, Sarana and Viduratha – all Jain heroes and with Akrura as the commander.<a href="#cite_note-SRQ211-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-sectarian_deities">Cross-sectarian deities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cross-sectarian deities">edit</a>]</div> According to Quintanilla, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross-sectarian, much like the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Yakshas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshas">Yakshas</a>, and "may not necessarily represent the roots of Vaiṣṇava theology at Mathura".<a href="#cite_note-SRQ211-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devotional_structures_and_symbolism_(circa_115_BCE)">Devotional structures and symbolism (circa 115 BCE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Devotional structures and symbolism (circa 115 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliodorus_pillar_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Heliodorus_pillar_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Heliodorus_pillar_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Heliodorus_pillar_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Heliodorus_pillar_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Heliodorus_pillar_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Heliodorus_pillar_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="3536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> was erected to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> by the Greek <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(ambassador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodorus (ambassador)">Heliodorus</a> in 115 BCE. It was crowned by a <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> capital.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar,_Besnagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg/250px-Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg/330px-Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg/500px-Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Excavation of the Vrishni Temple, with elliptic plan. The Heliodorus pillar appears in the immediate background.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a></div> Several pillar capitals with symbolic statuary associated to the Vhrishni heroes have been found in <a href="/wiki/Besnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Besnagar">Besnagar</a> around the site of the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a>, dated to about 115 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> inscription explains that the pillar erected to honour <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>-vajra, although the Garuda statue has not been found.<a href="#cite_note-MD-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to Susan L. Huntington, the Garuda capital on the Heliodorus pillar was probably similar to <a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Male_Figure_on_Horseback_(9220433942).jpg" title="File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Male Figure on Horseback (9220433942).jpg">a portable Garuda standard illustrated</a> on one of the nearly contemporary reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SLH66-40">[40]</a> In Bharhut, a man riding a horse is seen holding a portable pillar-standard, crowned by a bird-man creature similar to a <a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SLH66-40">[40]</a> The same concept of Garuda pillar may have been adopted for the Heliodorus pillar.<a href="#cite_note-SLH66-40">[40]</a> Other sculptures and pillar capitals were found near the Heliodorus pillar, and it is thought they were dedicated to Vāsudeva's kinsmen, otherwise known as the Vrishni heroes and objects of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> cult.<a href="#cite_note-IH222-41">[41]</a> These are a tala (fan-palm capital), a makara (crocodile) capital, a banyan-tree capital, and a possible statue of the goddess Lakshmi, also associated with the Bhagavat cult.<a href="#cite_note-IH224-6">[6]</a> Just as Garuda is associated with Vāsudesa, the fan-palm capital is generally associated with <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>, and the makara is associated with <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VVG81-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRA24-43">[43]</a> The banyan-tree capital with ashtanidhis is associated with Lakshmi.<a href="#cite_note-IH224-6">[6]</a> In effect, the findings surrounding the Heliodorus pillar suggest the cult of a trio of the Vrishni heroes in this time and area, composed of the three deities Vāsudesa, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vrishni_Temple_structure">Vrishni Temple structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vrishni Temple structure">edit</a>]</div> Excavations suggests that these various pillars with their symbolic capitals were standing in line at the site, and that the Heliodorus pillar was just one of them, standing at the end of the line.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Although the pillars are <a href="/wiki/Aniconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniconic">aniconic</a>, it is probable that now lost sculptures representing the deities, broadly similar to the depictions on <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a> on the coins of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a> (190-180 BCE), were located in adjoining shrines.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The 1963–65 excavations at the site suggest that the site had an elliptical shrine – possibly dating to the 4th to 3rd-century BCE – with a brick foundation and likely a wooden superstructure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM_D_Khare1967-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> This was destroyed by a flood around 200 BCE. New soil was then added and the ground level raised to build a new second temple to Vāsudeva, with a wooden pillar (Garuda dhvaja) in front of the east-facing elliptical shrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM_D_Khare1967-48">[48]</a> This too was destroyed by floods sometime in the 2nd-century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170-47">[47]</a> In late 2nd-century BCE, after some ground preparation, yet another Vāsudeva temple was rebuilt, this time with eight stone pillars aligned in the north-south cardinal axis. Only one of these eight pillars have survived: the Heliodorus pillar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM_D_Khare1967-48">[48]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of Vasudeva circa 190-180 BCE."><img alt="Depiction of Vasudeva circa 190-180 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/120px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/250px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="799" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of Vasudeva circa 190-180 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Garuda, symbol of Vāsudeva, was probably similar to this design from Bharhut, circa 100 BCE.[40]"><img alt="The Garuda, symbol of Vāsudeva, was probably similar to this design from Bharhut, circa 100 BCE.[40]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg/120px-Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg/250px-Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1616" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, symbol of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, was probably similar to this design from <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, circa 100 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-SLH66-40">[40]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fan-palm capital, found next to the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with Saṃkarṣaṇa.[42][43]"><img alt="The fan-palm capital, found next to the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with Saṃkarṣaṇa.[42][43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg/120px-Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg/250px-Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1537" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fan-palm capital, found next to the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VVG81-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRA24-43">[43]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Makara capital, found at the site of the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with Pradyumna.[41][50][42][43] 2nd century BCE.[51] Gwalior Museum"><img alt="The Makara capital, found at the site of the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with Pradyumna.[41][50][42][43] 2nd century BCE.[51] Gwalior Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg/120px-Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg/250px-Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="811" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">Makara</a> capital, found at the site of the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IH222-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-VVG81-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRA24-43">[43]</a> 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwalior Museum">Gwalior Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalpadruma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pillar capital shaped as a Kalpadruma tree, also found nearby at Besnagar, probably associated with Lakshmi.[41][42]"><img alt="A pillar capital shaped as a Kalpadruma tree, also found nearby at Besnagar, probably associated with Lakshmi.[41][42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kalpadruma.jpg/120px-Kalpadruma.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kalpadruma.jpg/250px-Kalpadruma.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="1073" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pillar capital shaped as a <a href="/wiki/Kalpadruma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpadruma">Kalpadruma</a> tree, also found nearby at Besnagar, probably associated with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IH222-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-VVG81-42">[42]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saṃkarṣaṇa_in_Indo-Scythian_coinage_(1st_century_BCE)">Saṃkarṣaṇa in Indo-Scythian coinage (1st century BCE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saṃkarṣaṇa in Indo-Scythian coinage (1st century BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maues_Balarama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maues_Balarama.jpg/170px-Maues_Balarama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maues_Balarama.jpg/255px-Maues_Balarama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maues_Balarama.jpg/340px-Maues_Balarama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Saṃkarṣaṇa-Balarama with mace and plough, striding forward with billowing scarf, on the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> (90-80 BCE).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>, the Vrishni elder and the leading divinity until the rise to precedence of Vāsudeva, is known to appear on the coinage of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a> rulers <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azes_I" title="Azes I">Azes I</a> during the 1st century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-DS215-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-DS22-52">[52]</a> These coins show him holding a mace and a plough.<a href="#cite_note-DS215-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-DS22-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRA80-53">[53]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maues_coinage_with_Balarama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Maues (90-80 BCE)[53]"><img alt="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Maues (90-80 BCE)[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Maues_coinage_with_Balarama.jpg/250px-Maues_coinage_with_Balarama.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Maues_coinage_with_Balarama.jpg/330px-Maues_coinage_with_Balarama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="317" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> (90-80 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-CRA80-53">[53]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samkarsana_on_the_coinage_of_Maues.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Maues (90-80 BCE)[53]"><img alt="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Maues (90-80 BCE)[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Samkarsana_on_the_coinage_of_Maues.jpg/134px-Samkarsana_on_the_coinage_of_Maues.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Samkarsana_on_the_coinage_of_Maues.jpg/202px-Samkarsana_on_the_coinage_of_Maues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Samkarsana_on_the_coinage_of_Maues.jpg/269px-Samkarsana_on_the_coinage_of_Maues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="452" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> (90-80 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-CRA80-53">[53]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Maues (90-80 BCE)[53]"><img alt="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Maues (90-80 BCE)[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg/150px-BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg/225px-BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg/300px-BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1262" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> (90-80 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-CRA80-53">[53]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Azes_coinage_with_Balarama_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Azes (58-12 BCE)"><img alt="Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of Azes (58-12 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Azes_coinage_with_Balarama_image.jpg/150px-Azes_coinage_with_Balarama_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Azes_coinage_with_Balarama_image.jpg/225px-Azes_coinage_with_Balarama_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Azes_coinage_with_Balarama_image.jpg/300px-Azes_coinage_with_Balarama_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="397" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Azes_I" title="Azes I">Azes</a> (58-12 BCE)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghosundi_Inscriptions_(1st_century_BCE)">Ghosundi Inscriptions (1st century BCE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ghosundi Inscriptions (1st century BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasudeva_in_the_Ghosundi_Fragment_A_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vasudeva_in_the_Ghosundi_Fragment_A_inscription.jpg/220px-Vasudeva_in_the_Ghosundi_Fragment_A_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vasudeva_in_the_Ghosundi_Fragment_A_inscription.jpg/330px-Vasudeva_in_the_Ghosundi_Fragment_A_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vasudeva_in_the_Ghosundi_Fragment_A_inscription.jpg/440px-Vasudeva_in_the_Ghosundi_Fragment_A_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>The name Vāsudevā (<big>𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸</big>) in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Ghosundi inscription</a>, 1st century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions</a></div> The two major Vrishni heroes Saṃkarṣaṇa and Vāsudeva, still in their proper seniority order, are again mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions</a>, dated to the 1st century BCE. For the first time they seem to be associated to a higher divinity, as the inscription mention that their cult is made on a precinct of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mora_Vrishni_heroes_(circa_15_CE)">Mora Vrishni heroes (circa 15 CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mora Vrishni heroes (circa 15 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg/220px-Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg/330px-Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg/440px-Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="5054" /></a><figcaption>Torso said to be from one of the five Vrishni Heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VSA253-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-SRQ211-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well Inscription</a></div> The Vrishni heroes are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well Inscription</a> in Mathura, dated to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Northern Satraps</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodasa" title="Sodasa">Sodasa</a>, in which they are called <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavatam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quintanilla2007p260-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vemsani203-57">[57]</a> Statue fragments were found in Mora, which are thought to represent some of the Vrishni heroes.<a href="#cite_note-VSA253-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-JMR151-25">[25]</a> Two uninscribed male torsos were discovered in the mound, both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume.<a href="#cite_note-JMR151-25">[25]</a> They are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> They share some sculptural characteristics with the <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a> statues found in Mathura, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style.<a href="#cite_note-VSA253-30">[30]</a> Sonya Rhie Quintanilla also supports an attribution of the torso to the five Vrishnis, and dates them to around the time of <a href="/wiki/Sodasa" title="Sodasa">Sodasa</a> (circa 15 CE), which is confirmed on artistic grounds.<a href="#cite_note-SRQ211-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrishni_Temples_(circa_15_CE)">Vrishni Temples (circa 15 CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vrishni Temples (circa 15 CE)">edit</a>]</div> Mention of Vrishni Temples appears in the <a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well Inscription</a>, which describes a pratima (murti, images), a stone shrine (temple) and calls the <a href="/wiki/Five_Vrishnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Vrishnis">five Vrishnis</a> as bhagavatam.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quintanilla2007p260-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vemsani203-57">[57]</a> The inscription is dated to the early decades of the 1st century CE during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sodasa" title="Sodasa">Sodasa</a>, probably circa 15 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211-55">[55]</a> A decorated doorjamb, also probably belonging to a Temple, on which is inscribed the <a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb Inscription</a>, is dedicated to deity <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, and mentions the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Satrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Satrap">Northern Satrap</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodasa" title="Sodasa">Sodasa</a>, and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">scrolls of grapevines</a>. They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-SRQ171-59">[59]</a> It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been <a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_floral_scrolls.jpg" title="File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg">introduced from the Gandhara area</a> in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Satrap</a> rulers.<a href="#cite_note-RB142-60">[60]</a> These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura.<a href="#cite_note-RB142-60">[60]</a> The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 430px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasu_doorjamb_horizontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vasu doorjamb, dedicated to Vāsudeva "in the reign of Sodasa", Mathura, circa 15 CE. Mathura Museum, GMM 13.367[59]"><img alt="The Vasu doorjamb, dedicated to Vāsudeva "in the reign of Sodasa", Mathura, circa 15 CE. Mathura Museum, GMM 13.367[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vasu_doorjamb_horizontal.jpg/500px-Vasu_doorjamb_horizontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vasu_doorjamb_horizontal.jpg/960px-Vasu_doorjamb_horizontal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4124" data-file-height="1017" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu doorjamb</a>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> "in the reign of Sodasa", <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, circa 15 CE. <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>, GMM 13.367<a href="#cite_note-SRQ171-59">[59]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 430px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mora_doorjamb_designs_Mathura,_1st_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mora doorjamb with grapevine design, probably belonging to a Vrishni Temple at Mora, near Mathura, circa 15 CE. State Museum Lucknow, SML J.526.[59]"><img alt="Mora doorjamb with grapevine design, probably belonging to a Vrishni Temple at Mora, near Mathura, circa 15 CE. State Museum Lucknow, SML J.526.[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mora_doorjamb_designs_Mathura%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/343px-Mora_doorjamb_designs_Mathura%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="343" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mora_doorjamb_designs_Mathura%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/515px-Mora_doorjamb_designs_Mathura%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mora_doorjamb_designs_Mathura%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/686px-Mora_doorjamb_designs_Mathura%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="1197" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mora_well_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Mora well inscription">Mora doorjamb</a> with <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">grapevine design</a>, probably belonging to a Vrishni Temple at Mora, near <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, circa 15 CE. <a href="/wiki/State_Museum_Lucknow" class="mw-redirect" title="State Museum Lucknow">State Museum Lucknow</a>, SML J.526.<a href="#cite_note-SRQ171-59">[59]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chamunda_Tila_Vrishni_symbols_(1st_century_CE)">Chamunda Tila Vrishni symbols (1st century CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chamunda Tila Vrishni symbols (1st century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamunda_Tila_pillar_capital,_Mathura_(background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chamunda_Tila_pillar_capital%2C_Mathura_%28background%29.jpg/220px-Chamunda_Tila_pillar_capital%2C_Mathura_%28background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chamunda_Tila_pillar_capital%2C_Mathura_%28background%29.jpg/330px-Chamunda_Tila_pillar_capital%2C_Mathura_%28background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chamunda_Tila_pillar_capital%2C_Mathura_%28background%29.jpg/440px-Chamunda_Tila_pillar_capital%2C_Mathura_%28background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="3571" /></a><figcaption>Chamunda Tila pillar capital.</figcaption></figure> The Chamunda Tila pillar capital, also found in Mathura, may be another example of the Vrishni cult in the area of Mathura, this time using the Vrishni lanchana symbols around a central figure.<a href="#cite_note-VKG80-62">[62]</a> This pillar capital uses five symbols on both sides: a lion, a palm leaf, a <a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">makara</a>, an adorned woman, and Yaksha in central position, with a probable top symbol missing.<a href="#cite_note-VKG80-62">[62]</a> The Tāladdhvaja (palm leaf column) is known to symbolize <a href="/wiki/Samkarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarsana">Samkarsana</a>, the Garuḍadhvaja (<a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">garuda</a> column) symbolizes <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, the Makaradhvaja (<a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">makara</a> crocodile column) symbolizes <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, and the Ṛṣyadhvaja (white antilope column) corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-VKG80-62">[62]</a> The lion pillar capital corresponds to Samba.<a href="#cite_note-VKG80-62">[62]</a> The function of the adorned woman is Shri Rukmani.<a href="#cite_note-VKG80-62">[62]</a> The central figure uses the iconography of a Yaksha, pointing to the association of Vrishni iconography with Yasha iconography, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/File:Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg" title="File:Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg">Mora statue</a> found with the <a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well Inscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VKG80-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triads_(1st-2nd_century_CE)">Triads (1st-2nd century CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Triads (1st-2nd century CE)">edit</a>]</div> A few triads are known from Mathura, dated to the 1st-2nd century CE, showing Vāsudeva and Saṃkarṣaṇa with their attributes, together with a female standing in the middle, thought to be <a href="/wiki/Ekanamsha" title="Ekanamsha">Ekanamsha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In these triads, the kinship of the warrior heroes is still emphasized, with the depiction focusing on the elder brother, the younger brother and the sister, with a prominence still given to the elder brother Samkarsana.<a href="#cite_note-DS131-66">[66]</a> They are still presented as warrior "<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a>" heroes who are not yet fully deified or considered as royals, and are only the object of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> devotional worship towards ancestral heroes, focusing on their enshrined icons.<a href="#cite_note-DS131-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caturvyūha_(2nd_century_CE)">Caturvyūha (2nd century CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caturvyūha (2nd century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE,_Mathura_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/220px-Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/330px-Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/440px-Chaturvuyha_Sankarshan_Vasudeva_2nd_century_CE%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="3558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> and his Vrishni kinsmen emanating from him.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caturvy%C5%ABha" title="Caturvyūha">Caturvyūha</a></div> The famous "<a href="/wiki/Chatur-vy%C5%ABha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatur-vyūha">Chatur-vyūha</a>" statue in <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a> is an attempt to show in one composition <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> together with the other members of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni</a> clan of the <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> system: <a href="/wiki/Samkarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarsana">Samkarsana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a> missing, Vāsudeva being the central deity from whom the others emanate.<a href="#cite_note-CV-67">[67]</a> The back of the relief is carved with the branches of a <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba tree">Kadamba tree</a>, symbolically showing the relationship being the different deities.<a href="#cite_note-CV-67">[67]</a> Vāsudeva is fittingly in the center with ornate crown and flower necklace, making the <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Abhaya Mudra</a> and holding his decorated heavy mace on the side, his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> to his right under a serpent hood, his son <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> to his left (lost), and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> on top.<a href="#cite_note-CV-67">[67]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_image_rear_view,_background,_Mathura_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tree and branches sculpted in the back, showing their genealogical relationship."><img alt="Tree and branches sculpted in the back, showing their genealogical relationship." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Vishnu_image_rear_view%2C_background%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/250px-Vishnu_image_rear_view%2C_background%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Vishnu_image_rear_view%2C_background%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg/330px-Vishnu_image_rear_view%2C_background%2C_Mathura_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="3693" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tree and branches sculpted in the back, showing their genealogical relationship.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Caturvyuha,_Balarama_under_his_snake_hood_holding_a_cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samkarsana-Balarama under his snake hood holding a cup"><img alt="Samkarsana-Balarama under his snake hood holding a cup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caturvyuha%2C_Balarama_under_his_snake_hood_holding_a_cup.jpg/250px-Caturvyuha%2C_Balarama_under_his_snake_hood_holding_a_cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caturvyuha%2C_Balarama_under_his_snake_hood_holding_a_cup.jpg/330px-Caturvyuha%2C_Balarama_under_his_snake_hood_holding_a_cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caturvyuha%2C_Balarama_under_his_snake_hood_holding_a_cup.jpg/500px-Caturvyuha%2C_Balarama_under_his_snake_hood_holding_a_cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="952" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samkarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarsana">Samkarsana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> under his snake hood holding a cup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Caturvyuha,_vasudeva%27s_mace_held_by_one_of_his_supplementary_hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasudeva's ornate mace held by one of his supplementary hands"><img alt="Vasudeva's ornate mace held by one of his supplementary hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Caturvyuha%2C_vasudeva%27s_mace_held_by_one_of_his_supplementary_hands.jpg/151px-Caturvyuha%2C_vasudeva%27s_mace_held_by_one_of_his_supplementary_hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Caturvyuha%2C_vasudeva%27s_mace_held_by_one_of_his_supplementary_hands.jpg/226px-Caturvyuha%2C_vasudeva%27s_mace_held_by_one_of_his_supplementary_hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Caturvyuha%2C_vasudeva%27s_mace_held_by_one_of_his_supplementary_hands.jpg/302px-Caturvyuha%2C_vasudeva%27s_mace_held_by_one_of_his_supplementary_hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1086" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vasudeva's ornate mace held by one of his supplementary hands</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult_images_of_Vāsudeva_(2nd-3rd_century_CE)">Cult images of Vāsudeva (2nd-3rd century CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cult images of Vāsudeva (2nd-3rd century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_statuette,_3rd-4th_century_CE,_Udayagiri,_Vidisha_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vishnu_statuette%2C_3rd-4th_century_CE%2C_Udayagiri%2C_Vidisha_District.jpg/180px-Vishnu_statuette%2C_3rd-4th_century_CE%2C_Udayagiri%2C_Vidisha_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vishnu_statuette%2C_3rd-4th_century_CE%2C_Udayagiri%2C_Vidisha_District.jpg/270px-Vishnu_statuette%2C_3rd-4th_century_CE%2C_Udayagiri%2C_Vidisha_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vishnu_statuette%2C_3rd-4th_century_CE%2C_Udayagiri%2C_Vidisha_District.jpg/360px-Vishnu_statuette%2C_3rd-4th_century_CE%2C_Udayagiri%2C_Vidisha_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">Vasudeva-Krishna with his three attributes (a mace, a wheel and a conch) and an Abhaya mudra hand gesture, but without an aureole, terracotta.<a href="#cite_note-CS-68">[68]</a></div></figcaption></figure> Cult images of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> continued to be produced until the 4th century CE, the worship of this Mathuran deity being much more important than that of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> during that period.<a href="#cite_note-CS-68">[68]</a> Statues dating to the 2nd and 3rd century show a possibly four-armed Vāsudeva standing with his attributes: the wheel, the mace and the conch, his right hand saluting in <a href="/wiki/Abhaya_mudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhaya mudra">Abhaya mudra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Only with the Gupta period, did statues focusing on the worship of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> himself start to appear, using the same iconography as the statues of Vāsudeva, but with the addition of an <a href="/wiki/Aureole" class="mw-redirect" title="Aureole">aureole</a> starting at the shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-CS-68">[68]</a> From the 4th century CE, independent devotional statues of Vāsudeva-Krishna become very rare, and are replaced by statues of Vishnu with the addition of an aureole.<a href="#cite_note-CS80-70">[70]</a> This suggests with a high probability that the human face in the statues of Vishnu, including those known as <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturmurti" title="Vaikuntha Chaturmurti">Vaikuntha Chaturmurti</a>, is actually the face of his human emanation, Vāsudeva-Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-CS80-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_(4th_century_CE)">Kondamotu Vrishni heroes (4th century CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kondamotu Vrishni heroes (4th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> A relief from Kondamotu, <a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, dates to the 4th century CE, and shows the Vrishni heroes standing in genealogical order around <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRA27-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-VVG74-71">[71]</a> From left to right, they are: <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>, holding a mace and a ploughshare topped by the depiction of a lion, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, with a hand in abhaya mudra and the other hand on the hip holding a conch shell.<a href="#cite_note-VVG74-71">[71]</a> Vāsudeva also has a crown, which distinguishes him from the others.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Then follow <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, holding a bow and an arrow, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>, holding a wine goblet, and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>, holding a sword and a shield.<a href="#cite_note-VVG74-71">[71]</a> The fact that they stand around Narasimha suggests a fusion of the Satvata cult with the Vrishni cult.<a href="#cite_note-VVG74-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief,_4th_century_CE,_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/550px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/825px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/1100px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>The five Vrishni heroes <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> standing around enthroned <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>. Kondamotu Vrishni heroes relief, 4th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad State Museum">Hyderabad State Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRA27-7">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_as_avatars_of_Vishnu_(4th_century_CE-)">Evolution as avatars of Vishnu (4th century CE-)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Evolution as avatars of Vishnu (4th century CE-)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_(Mathura),_Gupta_period,_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg/250px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg/330px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg/500px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations._Northern_India_%28Mathura%29%2C_Gupta_period%2C_mid-5th_century_AD._Boston_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Saṃkarṣaṇa appears as a lion, while <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> appears as a boar in this <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturmurti" title="Vaikuntha Chaturmurti">Vaikuntha Chaturmurti</a> statue, showing Vishnu in his three main emanations, mid-5th century. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Boston Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DS39-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-CS-68">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> The Vrishni heroes for the most part became avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and were incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavite">Vaishnavite</a> system from the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-CS80-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The avatars were combined in the Vishnu statuary from this time, in statues known as <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturmurti" title="Vaikuntha Chaturmurti">Vaikuntha Chaturmurti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CS80-70">[70]</a> Saṃkarṣaṇa came to be associated with the lion, which is his <a href="/wiki/Theriomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriomorphic">theriomorphic</a> aspect.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-DS39-73">[73]</a> He can be identified as <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-VIA-23">[23]</a> Saṃkarṣaṇa appears as a lion in some of the <a href="/wiki/Caturvy%C5%ABha" title="Caturvyūha">Caturvyūha</a> statues (the Bhita statue), where he is an assistant to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturmurti" title="Vaikuntha Chaturmurti">Vaikuntha Chaturmurti</a> when his lion's head protrudes from the side of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s head.<a href="#cite_note-DS39-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> came to be associated with the boar, which is his <a href="/wiki/Theriomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriomorphic">theriomorphic</a> aspect, also known as <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-DS39-73">[73]</a> Aniruddha appears as a boar in some of the <a href="/wiki/Caturvy%C5%ABha" title="Caturvyūha">Caturvyūha</a> statues, where he is an assistant to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturmurti" title="Vaikuntha Chaturmurti">Vaikuntha Chaturmurti</a> when his boar's head protrudes from the side of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s head.<a href="#cite_note-DS39-73">[73]</a> In the Vaikuntha Chaturmurti, especially in the statues from <a href="/wiki/Kasmir_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasmir region">Kasmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> also appears sometimes in the back of the head of the central Vishnu, as a fearsome deity, also known as Kapila.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_system">Symbolic system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Symbolic system">edit</a>]</div> The caturvyuha, this <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</a> polycephalic aspect of Vishnu formed by the four Vrishni heroes as his emanations (a Saumya benevolent face to the east, a Simha lion face to the south, a Varaha boar face to the north, a Raudra terrible human face to the west) is described in detail in the <a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara Purana</a> (compiled between the 4th and the 7th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> This is to be understood in conjunction with the description of the four <a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%ABha" title="Vyūha">Vyūhas</a> Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha, also presented as emanations of Vishnu, as known from the <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a> doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPR-83">[83]</a> This establishes multiple correspondences between the deities and their symbols:<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPR-83">[83]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:88%; margin:0.5em auto; max-width:70%; text-align:center; valign:middle;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.2em 1.15em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pancaratra" title="Template:Pancaratra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pancaratra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pancaratra (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pancaratra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pancaratra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pāñcarātra system</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%ABha" title="Vyūha">Vyūhas</a> </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Attributes </th> <th colspan="2">Symbol<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </th> <th>Direction </th> <th colspan="2">Face </th> <th>Concept </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/60px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/120px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="799" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a> Wheel <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gadā</a> Mace <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a> Conch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> Eagle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg/60px-Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg/120px-Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1616" /></a> </td> <td>East </td> <td>Saumya (Placid/ benevolent) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_(Saumya).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Saumya%29.jpg/40px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Saumya%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Saumya%29.jpg/60px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Saumya%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Saumya%29.jpg/80px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Saumya%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="2160" /></a> </td> <td>Jṅāna Knowledge </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samkarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarsana">Samkarsana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samkarshana_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria,_circa_180_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Samkarshana_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria%2C_circa_180_BCE.jpg/60px-Samkarshana_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria%2C_circa_180_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Samkarshana_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria%2C_circa_180_BCE.jpg/120px-Samkarshana_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria%2C_circa_180_BCE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="799" /></a> </td> <td>Lāṅgala <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">Plough</a> <a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a> <a href="/wiki/Pestle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestle">Pestle</a> Wine glass </td> <td>Tala Fan palm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg/60px-Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg/120px-Besnagar_fan-palm_capital.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1537" /></a> </td> <td>South </td> <td>Simha Lion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_(Simha).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Simha%29.jpg/40px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Simha%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Simha%29.jpg/60px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Simha%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Simha%29.jpg/80px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Simha%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1043" /></a> </td> <td>Bala Strength </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pradyumna,_holding_a_bow_and_an_arrow,_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief,_4th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pradyumna%2C_holding_a_bow_and_an_arrow%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg/40px-Pradyumna%2C_holding_a_bow_and_an_arrow%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pradyumna%2C_holding_a_bow_and_an_arrow%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg/60px-Pradyumna%2C_holding_a_bow_and_an_arrow%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pradyumna%2C_holding_a_bow_and_an_arrow%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg/120px-Pradyumna%2C_holding_a_bow_and_an_arrow%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="845" /></a> </td> <td>Cāpa Bow <a href="/wiki/B%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāṇa">Bāṇa</a> Arrow </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">Makara</a> Crocodile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg/40px-Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg/60px-Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg/120px-Besnagar_Makara_pillar_capital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="811" /></a> </td> <td>West </td> <td>Raudra Kapila </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.69.13.2_(5_of_17)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.69.13.2_%285_of_17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/50px-The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.69.13.2_%285_of_17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.69.13.2_%285_of_17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.69.13.2_%285_of_17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.69.13.2_%285_of_17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.69.13.2_%285_of_17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="702" /></a> </td> <td>Aiśvaryā Sovereignty </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anirudha,_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield,_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief,_4th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anirudha%2C_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg/40px-Anirudha%2C_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anirudha%2C_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg/60px-Anirudha%2C_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anirudha%2C_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg/120px-Anirudha%2C_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield%2C_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief%2C_4th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="815" /></a> </td> <td>Carma Shield Khaḍga Sword </td> <td>Ṛṣya (ऋष्य) White-footed antelope </td> <td> </td> <td>North </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> Boar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_(Varaha).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Varaha%29.jpg/40px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Varaha%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Varaha%29.jpg/60px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Varaha%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Varaha%29.jpg/120px-The_God_Vishnu_in_Three_Incarnations_%28Varaha%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="977" /></a> </td> <td>Śakti Power </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh_(6th_century_CE)">Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh (6th century CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh (6th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg/220px-Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg/330px-Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg/440px-Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of Vāsudeva at Deogarh. He holds the wheel, the conch and salutes in <a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Mudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhaya Mudra">Abhaya Mudra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AL-91">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" title="Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" title="Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Temple</a> in Deogarh is closely related to the iconic architectural temple structure described in the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87udharmottara_pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Viṣṇudharmottara purāṇa">Viṣṇudharmottara purāṇa</a>, and can be interpreted as an architectural representation of the <a href="/wiki/Caturvyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Caturvyuha">Caturvyuha</a> concept and the <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a> doctrine, centering on the depictions of the four main emanations of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>: <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samkarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarshana">Samkarshana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AL-91">[91]</a> According to Lubotsky, it is likely that the entrance is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> aspect of Vishnu; the Anantashayana side is his role as the creator (<a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>); the sage form of Nara-Narayana side symbolizes his preservation and maintainer role in cosmic existence (<a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>); and the Gajendramoksha side represents his role as the destroyer (<a href="/wiki/Samkarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkarsana">Samkarsana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AL-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_depictions_of_the_Vrishni_heroes">Later depictions of the Vrishni heroes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later depictions of the Vrishni heroes">edit</a>]</div> The Vrishni heroes – particularly Krishna and Balarama – are still found in some Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1372px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_century_Balarama,_Lakshmi_(Shubadra),_Vasudeva_(Krishna,_Jagannath).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="11th century Balarama, Lakshmi (or perhaps, Subhadra), Vasudeva (Krishna, Jagannath)"><img alt="11th century Balarama, Lakshmi (or perhaps, Subhadra), Vasudeva (Krishna, Jagannath)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg/213px-11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg/319px-11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg/426px-11th_century_Balarama%2C_Lakshmi_%28Shubadra%29%2C_Vasudeva_%28Krishna%2C_Jagannath%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="705" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">11th century Balarama, Lakshmi (or perhaps, Subhadra), Vasudeva (Krishna, Jagannath)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ParthasarathyTemple_EasternThoranaEntrance_BeachRoad_(Vrishni_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The five Vrishni heroes standing in the Parthasarathy Temple, Eastern Torana Entrance. From left to right: Balarama, Rukmini, Vasudeva-Krishna (center), Pradyumna, Aniruddha and Satyaki"><img alt="The five Vrishni heroes standing in the Parthasarathy Temple, Eastern Torana Entrance. From left to right: Balarama, Rukmini, Vasudeva-Krishna (center), Pradyumna, Aniruddha and Satyaki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ParthasarathyTemple_EasternThoranaEntrance_BeachRoad_%28Vrishni_detail%29.jpg/300px-ParthasarathyTemple_EasternThoranaEntrance_BeachRoad_%28Vrishni_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ParthasarathyTemple_EasternThoranaEntrance_BeachRoad_%28Vrishni_detail%29.jpg/450px-ParthasarathyTemple_EasternThoranaEntrance_BeachRoad_%28Vrishni_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ParthasarathyTemple_EasternThoranaEntrance_BeachRoad_%28Vrishni_detail%29.jpg/600px-ParthasarathyTemple_EasternThoranaEntrance_BeachRoad_%28Vrishni_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="842" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The five Vrishni heroes standing in the <a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthasarathy Temple">Parthasarathy Temple</a>, Eastern Torana Entrance. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasudeva-Krishna">Vasudeva-Krishna</a> (center), <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyaki" title="Satyaki">Satyaki</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-US437-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US437_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 436–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Vaiṣṇava_Imagery:_Caturvyūha-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Vaiṣṇava_Imagery:_Caturvyūha_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Vaiṣṇava_Imagery:_Caturvyūha_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1979). "Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms". Archives of Asian Art. 32: 50. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6637">0066-6637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096">20111096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Early+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Imagery%3A+Caturvy%C5%ABha+and+Variant+Forms&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6637&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iconography_of_Balarāma-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iconography_of_Balarāma_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iconography_of_Balarāma_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1979" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Nilakanth Purushottam (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22">Iconography of Balarāma</a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-107-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Balar%C4%81ma&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-107-2&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Nilakanth+Purushottam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vd-lKzyFg0C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS215-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS215_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt7FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">Art and History: Texts, Contexts and Visual Representations in Ancient and Early Medieval India</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88414-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-88414-31-9"><bdi>978-93-88414-31-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+History%3A+Texts%2C+Contexts+and+Visual+Representations+in+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-93-88414-31-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVt7FDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IH224-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IH224_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IH224_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IH224_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA224">Indian History</a>. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. A-224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4"><bdi>978-81-8424-568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=A-224&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-568-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DSL1-PA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRA27-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRA27_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRA27_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRA27_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin2019" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Christopher R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005411-3"><bdi>978-0-19-005411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pradyumna%3A+Lover%2C+Magician%2C+and+Son+of+the+Avatara&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005411-3&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jCoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211a-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211a_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211a_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211a_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211a_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 211–220, 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4"><bdi>90-04-10758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E220%2C+236&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10758-4&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murthy1990-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy1990_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy1990_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR_Champakalakshmi1990" class="citation book cs1">R Champakalakshmi (1990). H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC&pg=PA52">Essays on Indian History and Culture</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 52–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-211-0"><bdi>978-81-7099-211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Indian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-211-0&rft.au=R+Champakalakshmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jMg8K5dPZUC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood1996p119-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood1996p119_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood1996p119_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood1996p119_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood1996p119_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood1996p119_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGavin_D._Flood1996" class="citation book cs1">Gavin D. Flood (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/119">119</a>–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Gavin+D.+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Austin2018" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Austin (2018). Diana Dimitrova and Tatiana Oranskaia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2JgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30">Divinizing in South Asian Traditions</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-12360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-12360-0"><bdi>978-1-351-12360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinizing+in+South+Asian+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-12360-0&rft.au=Christopher+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2JgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1979). "Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms". Archives of Asian Art. 32: 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6637">0066-6637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096">20111096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Early+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Imagery%3A+Caturvy%C5%ABha+and+Variant+Forms&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6637&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRQ211-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ211_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ211_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ211_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ211_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ211_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ211_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ211_13-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla2007" class="citation book cs1">Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</a>. BRILL. pp. 211–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15537-4&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ">Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 23–25, 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E25%2C+239&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988">; For their regional significance in contemporary Hinduism, see: [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoutureSchmidCouture2001" class="citation journal cs1">Couture, André; Schmid, Charlotte; Couture, Andre (2001). "The Harivaṃśa, the Goddess Ekānaṃśā, and the Iconography of the Vṛṣṇi Triads". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (2): 173–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606559">10.2307/606559</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606559">606559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Hariva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba%2C+the+Goddess+Ek%C4%81na%E1%B9%83%C5%9B%C4%81%2C+and+the+Iconography+of+the+V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87i+Triads&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606559&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Couture&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Couture%2C+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988">; [b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1979). "Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms". Archives of Asian Art. 32: 39–54. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096">20111096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Early+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Imagery%3A+Caturvy%C5%ABha+and+Variant+Forms&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jgw127-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jgw127_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgw127_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgw127_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Gottfried_Williams1981" class="citation book cs1">Joanna Gottfried Williams (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. pp. 127–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06498-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06498-2"><bdi>90-04-06498-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=90-04-06498-2&rft.au=Joanna+Gottfried+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "The absorption of the Vrishni heroes into the Vaishnava mainstream is very gradual. The amalgamation process was preceded and concurrent with a cult of the several Vrishni heroes. Inscriptional evidence indicates the existence of such cult in Mathura." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US436-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US436_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US436_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA436">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 436–440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1981" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joanna+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA222">Indian History</a>. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. A222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4"><bdi>978-81-8424-568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=A222&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-568-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DSL1-PA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JS73-21"><a href="#cite_ref-JS73_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Julia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR73">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</a>. Routledge. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2"><bdi>978-1-315-43263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+c.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43263-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUbUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIA-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VIA_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VIA_23-1">b</a> "Gentleness and strength are associated with Vasudeva, knowledge with Samkarsana, (Narasimha) female power with Pradyumna (Varaha) and ferociousness and sovereignty with Aniruddha (Kapila)." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamalakarVeerender1993" class="citation book cs1">Kamalakar, G.; Veerender, M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMcYAAAAYAAJ">Vishnu in Art, Thought & Literature</a>. Birla Archeological & Cultural Research Institute. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vishnu+in+Art%2C+Thought+%26+Literature&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Birla+Archeological+%26+Cultural+Research+Institute&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kamalakar&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Veerender%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMcYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Vinay K. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40656540">"Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art"</a>. Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta: 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indology%27s+Pulse+Arts+in+Context%2C+Doris+Meth+Srinivasan+Festschrift+Volume%2C+Eds.+Corinna+Wessels+Mevissen+and+Gerd+Mevissen+with+Assistance+of+Vinay+Kumar+Gupta&rft.atitle=Vrishnis+in+Ancient+Literature+and+Art&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Vinay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40656540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMR151-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMR151_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMR151_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMR151_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMR151_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMR151_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenfield1967" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfield, John M. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151">The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans</a>. University of California Press. pp. 151–152 and Fig.51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynastic+Arts+of+the+Kushans&rft.pages=151-152+and+Fig.51&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rosenfield&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudnBkQhzHH4C%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1979). "Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms". Archives of Asian Art. 32: 50. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096">20111096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Early+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Imagery%3A+Caturvy%C5%ABha+and+Variant+Forms&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS51-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS51_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS51_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1979). "Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms". Archives of Asian Art. 32: 51. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6637">0066-6637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096">20111096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Early+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Imagery%3A+Caturvy%C5%ABha+and+Variant+Forms&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6637&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubburaj2004" class="citation book cs1">Subburaj, V.V.K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mjae1kdYUC&pg=PA68">Basic Facts of General Knowledge</a>. Sura Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7254-234-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7254-234-4"><bdi>978-81-7254-234-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Facts+of+General+Knowledge&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Sura+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7254-234-4&rft.aulast=Subburaj&rft.aufirst=V.V.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0mjae1kdYUC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VSA253-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSA253_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSA253_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSA253_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSA253_30-3">d</a> "We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a dhoti and uttaraya and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ahbayamudra..." in "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgrawala1965" class="citation book cs1">Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharana (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJo0AQAAIAAJ">Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D</a>. Prithivi Prakashan. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Art%3A+A+history+of+Indian+art+from+the+earliest+times+up+to+the+third+century+A.D&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Prithivi+Prakashan&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Agrawala&rft.aufirst=Vasudeva+Sharana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJo0AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Described and illustrated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaulPaul1989" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Pran Gopal; Paul, Debjani (1989). "Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations". East and West. 39 (1/4): 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8376">0012-8376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756891">29756891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Brahmanical+Imagery+in+the+Ku%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+Art+of+Mathur%C4%81%3A+Tradition+and+Innovations&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29756891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8376&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Pran+Gopal&rft.au=Paul%2C+Debjani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201978-79%20A%20Review.pdf">Indian Archaeology 1978-79 A review</a> (PDF). Archaeological Survey of India. p. 90 Plate LI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Archaeology+1978-79+A+review&rft.pages=90+Plate+LI&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnmma.nic.in%2Fnmma%2Fnmma_doc%2FIndian%2520Archaeology%2520Review%2FIndian%2520Archaeology%25201978-79%2520A%2520Review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHA-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MHA_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MHA_33-1">b</a> "Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMishraRay2016" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Susan Verma; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE</a>. Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6"><bdi>978-1-317-19374-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Sacred+Spaces%3A+The+temple+in+western+India%2C+2nd+century+BCE%E2%80%938th+century+CE&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-19374-6&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Susan+Verma&rft.au=Ray%2C+Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtDLDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25807197">Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergence+of+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+and+%C5%9Aiva+Images+in+India%3A+Numismatic+and+Sculptural+Evidence&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25807197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin2019" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Christopher R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvarDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Scion of the Avatara</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005412-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005412-0"><bdi>978-0-19-005412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pradyumna%3A+Lover%2C+Magician%2C+and+Scion+of+the+Avatara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005412-0&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvarDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD-38"><a href="#cite_ref-MD_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDass2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dass, Meera I (2001). "Helliodorus Pillar from Besnagar: ITS Capital and Worship". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 62: 1136–1137. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155935">44155935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Helliodorus+Pillar+from+Besnagar%3A+ITS+Capital+and+Worship&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1136-%3C%2Fspan%3E1137&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44155935%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Dass&rft.aufirst=Meera+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "Heliodorus Pillar from Besnagar: Its Capital and Worship." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Mumbai 77-78: 32-41, 2002-2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-SLH66-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLH66_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLH66_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLH66_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLH66_40-3">d</a> "The rider of the horse holds a portable pillar-standard (dhvaja stambha) related to the stationary type seen since Maurya and pre-Maurya times, here probably intended as a royal insignia. It is interesting to note resemblance between this standard with its square abacus, lotus capital, and bird-man creature called a kinnara and what was probably the original concept of the Heliodorus Garuda pillar at Vidisa. Since this particular sculpture of the Bharhut vedika was dedicated by an individual from <a href="/wiki/Vidisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidisa">Vidisa</a>, as indicated by an inscription, this resemblance is even more remarkable and may indicate that the Bharhut form was based specifically on the Vedika pillar, or a common prototype." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuntington1985" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, Susan L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ag_qAAAAMAAJ">The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain</a>. Weatherhill. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0183-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0183-7"><bdi>978-0-8348-0183-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Ancient+India%3A+Buddhist%2C+Hindu%2C+Jain&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8348-0183-7&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dag_qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IH222-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IH222_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IH222_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IH222_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA222">Indian History</a>. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. A-222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4"><bdi>978-81-8424-568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=A-222&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-568-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DSL1-PA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VVG81-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VVG81_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVG81_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVG81_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVG81_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Vinay K. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40656540">"Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art"</a>. Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta: 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indology%27s+Pulse+Arts+in+Context%2C+Doris+Meth+Srinivasan+Festschrift+Volume%2C+Eds.+Corinna+Wessels+Mevissen+and+Gerd+Mevissen+with+Assistance+of+Vinay+Kumar+Gupta&rft.atitle=Vrishnis+in+Ancient+Literature+and+Art&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Vinay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40656540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRA24-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRA24_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRA24_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRA24_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin2019" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Christopher R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvarDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Scion of the Avatara</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005412-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005412-0"><bdi>978-0-19-005412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pradyumna%3A+Lover%2C+Magician%2C+and+Scion+of+the+Avatara&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005412-0&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvarDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin2019" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Christopher R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvarDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Scion of the Avatara</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005412-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005412-0"><bdi>978-0-19-005412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pradyumna%3A+Lover%2C+Magician%2C+and+Scion+of+the+Avatara&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005412-0&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvarDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Julia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR74">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</a>. Routledge. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2"><bdi>978-1-315-43263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+c.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43263-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUbUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Julia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR75">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</a>. Routledge. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2"><bdi>978-1-315-43263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+c.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43263-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUbUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Irwin1974166–170_47-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohn_Irwin1974">John Irwin 1974</a>, pp. 166–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM_D_Khare1967-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM_D_Khare1967_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM_D_Khare1967_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM_D_Khare1967_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFM_D_Khare1967">M D Khare 1967</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgrawala1977" class="citation book cs1">Agrawala, Vasudeva S. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108207">Gupta Art Vol.ii</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gupta+Art+Vol.ii&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Agrawala&rft.aufirst=Vasudeva+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyyar1987" class="citation book cs1">Ayyar, Sulochana (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G9eHPXL6UE0C&pg=PA13">Costumes and Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum</a>. Mittal Publications. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-002-4"><bdi>978-81-7099-002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costumes+and+Ornaments+as+Depicted+in+the+Sculptures+of+Gwalior+Museum&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-002-4&rft.aulast=Ayyar&rft.aufirst=Sulochana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG9eHPXL6UE0C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVIENNOT1958" class="citation journal cs1">VIENNOT, Odette (1958). "Le Makara dans la Décoration des Monuments de l'Inde Ancienne : Positions et Fonctions". Arts Asiatiques. 5 (3): 184. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43484068">43484068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=Le+Makara+dans+la+D%C3%A9coration+des+Monuments+de+l%27Inde+Ancienne+%3A+Positions+et+Fonctions&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=184&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43484068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=VIENNOT&rft.aufirst=Odette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS22-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS22_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS22_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World</a>. BRILL. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2049-1"><bdi>978-90-474-2049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Cusp+of+an+Era%3A+Art+in+the+Pre-Ku%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+World&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2049-1&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZuevCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRA80-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRA80_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRA80_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRA80_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRA80_53-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErringtonTrustMuseum1992" class="citation book cs1">Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ">The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</a>. Ancient India and Iran Trust. p. 80 with image and description of the same coin type: "Indian God Balarama walking to left, holding club and plough". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518399-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518399-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9518399-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=80+with+image+and+description+of+the+same+coin+type%3A+%22Indian+God+Balarama+walking+to+left%2C+holding+club+and+plough%22&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Trust%2C+Ancient+India+and+Iran&rft.au=Museum%2C+Fitzwilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenfield1967" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfield, John M. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151">The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans</a>. University of California Press. pp. 151–152 and Fig.51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynastic+Arts+of+the+Kushans&rft.pages=151-152+and+Fig.51&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rosenfield&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudnBkQhzHH4C%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 211–214, 308–311 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4"><bdi>90-04-10758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E214%2C+308-311+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10758-4&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quintanilla2007p260-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quintanilla2007p260_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quintanilla2007p260_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSonya_Rhie_Quintanilla2007" class="citation book cs1">Sonya Rhie Quintanilla (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</a>. BRILL Academic. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15537-4&rft.au=Sonya+Rhie+Quintanilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vemsani203-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vemsani203_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vemsani203_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 202–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLüders1937" class="citation book cs1">Lüders, H. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526">Epigraphia Indica Vol.24</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n247">199</a>-200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+Vol.24&rft.pages=199-200&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCders&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRQ171-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ171_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ171_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ171_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla2007" class="citation book cs1">Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</a>. BRILL. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004155374" title="Special:BookSources/9789004155374"><bdi>9789004155374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004155374&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RB142-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RB142_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RB142_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBracey2018" class="citation book cs1">Bracey, Robert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt">Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017</a>. The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149">142</a>–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Chronology+in+Gandh%C4%81ran+Art%3A+Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Workshop+of+the+Gandh%C4%81ra+Connections+Project%2C+University+of+Oxford%2C+23rd-24th+March%2C+2017&rft.pages=142-143&rft.pub=The+Classical+Art+Research+Centre.+Archaeopress.+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bracey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> "Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharmaGhosal2004" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ramesh Chandra; Ghosal, Pranati (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMufAAAAMAAJ">Buddhism and Gandhāra Art</a>. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-264-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-264-4"><bdi>978-81-7305-264-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Gandh%C4%81ra+Art&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-264-4&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft.au=Ghosal%2C+Pranati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMufAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VKG80-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VKG80_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VKG80_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VKG80_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VKG80_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VKG80_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VKG80_62-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Vinay K. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40656540">Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art</a>. pp. 80–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vrishnis+in+Ancient+Literature+and+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Vinay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40656540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> "A shrine of Aniruddha, the fourth of the 'vyuhas', which had within its precincts a 'rsyadhvaja', i. e. a column bearing on its top the figure of a 'rsya' or a white antelope which was his characteristic 'lanchana'." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F1zrAAAAMAAJ">Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art</a>. Indian Society of Oriental Art. 1937. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Society+of+Oriental+Art&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Indian+Society+of+Oriental+Art&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF1zrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoutureSchmid2001" class="citation journal cs1">Couture, André; Schmid, Charlotte (2001). "The Harivaṃśa, the Goddess Ekānaṃśā, and the Iconography of the Vṛṣṇi Triads". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (2): 181, image of the trio in Figure 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606559">10.2307/606559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606559">606559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Hariva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba%2C+the+Goddess+Ek%C4%81na%E1%B9%83%C5%9B%C4%81%2C+and+the+Iconography+of+the+V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87i+Triads&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181%2C+image+of+the+trio+in+Figure+1&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606559&rft.aulast=Couture&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA130">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS131-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS131_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS131_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CV_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaulPaul1989" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Pran Gopal; Paul, Debjani (1989). "Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations". East and West. 39 (1/4): 132–136, for the photograph p.138. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8376">0012-8376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756891">29756891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Brahmanical+Imagery+in+the+Ku%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+Art+of+Mathur%C4%81%3A+Tradition+and+Innovations&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E136%2C+for+the+photograph+p.138&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29756891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8376&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Pran+Gopal&rft.au=Paul%2C+Debjani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CS_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS_68-3">d</a> For English summary, see page 80 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Charlotte (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401">"Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa?"</a>. Arts Asiatiques. 52: 60–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401">10.3406/arasi.1997.1401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=Les+Vaiku%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha+gupta+de+Mathura+%3A+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+ou+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Farasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Charlotte (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401">"Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa?"</a>. Arts Asiatiques. 52: 60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401">10.3406/arasi.1997.1401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=Les+Vaiku%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha+gupta+de+Mathura+%3A+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+ou+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Farasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS80-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CS80_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS80_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS80_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS80_70-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Charlotte (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401.pdf">"Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa?"</a> (PDF). Arts Asiatiques. 52: 60–88, English summary p.80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401">10.3406/arasi.1997.1401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=Les+Vaiku%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha+gupta+de+Mathura+%3A+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+ou+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E88%2C+English+summary+p.80&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farasi.1997.1401&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FdocAsPDF%2Farasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VVG74-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VVG74_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVG74_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVG74_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVG74_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Vinay K. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40656540">"Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art"</a>. Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta: 74–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indology%27s+Pulse+Arts+in+Context%2C+Doris+Meth+Srinivasan+Festschrift+Volume%2C+Eds.+Corinna+Wessels+Mevissen+and+Gerd+Mevissen+with+Assistance+of+Vinay+Kumar+Gupta&rft.atitle=Vrishnis+in+Ancient+Literature+and+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Vinay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40656540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA217">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS39-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS39_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS39_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS39_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS39_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS39_73-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1979). "Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms". Archives of Asian Art. 32: 39–54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6637">0066-6637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096">20111096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Early+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Imagery%3A+Caturvy%C5%ABha+and+Variant+Forms&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6637&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> "The absorption of the Vrishni hero into the Vaishnava worship is very gradual. The amalgamation process was preceded and concurrent with a cult of several Vrishni heroes". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> "Samkarsana is represented by his theriomorphic form, the lion..." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA253">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL. pp. 253–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA241">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL. p. 241 Note 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=241+Note+9&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> "The glorious Aniruddha should be Varaha who rescued the Earth" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRangarajan1997" class="citation book cs1">Rangarajan, Haripriya (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJTpAAAAMAAJ">Varāha Images in Madhya Pradesh: An Iconographic Study</a>. Somaiya Publications. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7039-214-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7039-214-9"><bdi>978-81-7039-214-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Var%C4%81ha+Images+in+Madhya+Pradesh%3A+An+Iconographic+Study&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Somaiya+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7039-214-9&rft.aulast=Rangarajan&rft.aufirst=Haripriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJTpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> "Aniruddha (is represented) by his theriomorphic form, the boar" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA254">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. BRILL. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "The Vishnudharmmottara (78.1.1) sometimes directly identifies Pradyumna with Kapila" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOhriKhannaCulture1989" class="citation book cs1">Ohri, Vishwa Chander; Khanna, Amar Nath; Culture, Himachal Pradesh (India) Dept of Languages & (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyduAAAAMAAJ">History and culture of the Chamba State, a western Himalayan kingdom: collected papers of the seminar held at Chamba in 1983</a>. Books & Books. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788585016258" title="Special:BookSources/9788585016258"><bdi>9788585016258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+culture+of+the+Chamba+State%2C+a+western+Himalayan+kingdom%3A+collected+papers+of+the+seminar+held+at+Chamba+in+1983&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Books+%26+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788585016258&rft.aulast=Ohri&rft.aufirst=Vishwa+Chander&rft.au=Khanna%2C+Amar+Nath&rft.au=Culture%2C+Himachal+Pradesh+%28India%29+Dept+of+Languages+%26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lubotsky, Alexander (1996). "The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa". Ars Orientalis. 26: 67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0571-1371">0571-1371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500">4629500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=The+Iconography+of+the+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+Temple+at+Deogarh+and+the+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87udharmottarapur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4629500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0571-1371&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Kramrisch, Stella. The Vishnudharmottara Part III: A Treatise On Indian Painting And Image-Making. Second Revised and Enlarged Edition, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press, 1928, p.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Vishnudharmottara Purana <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vishnudharmottar031493mbp/page/n87">Book III, Chapter 47 (p.69-70)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vishnudharmottar031493mbp/page/n129">Book III, Chapter 85 (p.113-114)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPR-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPR_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPR_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParlier-Renault2007" class="citation book cs1">Parlier-Renault, Edith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN0-IV0pwoC&pg=PP43">Temples de l'Inde méridionale: VIe-VIIIe siècles. La mise en scène des mythes</a>. Presses Paris Sorbonne. pp. 38–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84050-464-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84050-464-1"><bdi>978-2-84050-464-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+de+l%27Inde+m%C3%A9ridionale%3A+VIe-VIIIe+si%C3%A8cles.+La+mise+en+sc%C3%A8ne+des+mythes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Presses+Paris+Sorbonne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-84050-464-1&rft.aulast=Parlier-Renault&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGN0-IV0pwoC%26pg%3DPP43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtherton1997" class="citation book cs1">Atherton, Cynthia Packert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C&pg=PA78">The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan</a>. BRILL. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10789-2"><bdi>978-90-04-10789-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sculpture+of+Early+Medieval+Rajasthan&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10789-2&rft.aulast=Atherton&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Packert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkxXK5wFob4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MMKAQAAIAAJ">A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. A.D. 300-985</a>. Orient Longmans. 1982. p. 866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+pt.+1-2.+A.D.+300-985&rft.pages=866&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MMKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtherton1997" class="citation book cs1">Atherton, Cynthia Packert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C&pg=PA78">The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan</a>. Brill. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10789-2"><bdi>978-90-04-10789-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sculpture+of+Early+Medieval+Rajasthan&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10789-2&rft.aulast=Atherton&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Packert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkxXK5wFob4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MMKAQAAIAAJ">A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. A.D. 300-985</a>. Orient Longmans. 1982. p. 866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+pt.+1-2.+A.D.+300-985&rft.pages=866&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MMKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParlier-Renault2007" class="citation book cs1">Parlier-Renault, Edith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN0-IV0pwoC&pg=PP43">Temples de l'Inde méridionale: VIe-VIIIe siècles. La mise en scène des mythes</a>. Presses Paris Sorbonne. pp. 38–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84050-464-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84050-464-1"><bdi>978-2-84050-464-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+de+l%27Inde+m%C3%A9ridionale%3A+VIe-VIIIe+si%C3%A8cles.+La+mise+en+sc%C3%A8ne+des+mythes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Presses+Paris+Sorbonne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-84050-464-1&rft.aulast=Parlier-Renault&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGN0-IV0pwoC%26pg%3DPP43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "A shrine of Aniruddha, the fourth of the 'vyuhas', which had within its precincts a 'rsyadhvaja', i. e. a column bearing on its top the figure of a 'rsya' or a white antelope which was his characteristic 'lanchana'." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F1zrAAAAMAAJ">Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art</a>. Indian Society of Oriental Art. 1937. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Society+of+Oriental+Art&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Indian+Society+of+Oriental+Art&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF1zrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Vinay K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40656540">"Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art"</a>. Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta: 80–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indology%27s+Pulse+Arts+in+Context%2C+Doris+Meth+Srinivasan+Festschrift+Volume%2C+Eds.+Corinna+Wessels+Mevissen+and+Gerd+Mevissen+with+Assistance+of+Vinay+Kumar+Gupta&rft.atitle=Vrishnis+in+Ancient+Literature+and+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Vinay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40656540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AL-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AL_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lubotsky, Alexander (1996). "The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa". Ars Orientalis. 26: 65–80. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0571-1371">0571-1371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500">4629500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=The+Iconography+of+the+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+Temple+at+Deogarh+and+the+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87udharmottarapur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4629500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0571-1371&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:17em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size: 145%; padding: 0.15em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vrishni heroes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.65em; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief,_4th_century_CE,_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kondamotu Vrishni heroes relief, 4th century CE, Hyderabad State Museum"><img alt="Kondamotu Vrishni heroes relief, 4th century CE, Hyderabad State Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/240px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/360px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg/480px-Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief%2C_4th_century_CE%2C_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="912" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.40em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vrishni_heroes" title="Template:Vrishni heroes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vrishni_heroes" title="Template talk:Vrishni heroes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vrishni_heroes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vrishni heroes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1979). "Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms". Archives of Asian Art. 32: 39–54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6637">0066-6637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096">20111096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Early+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Imagery%3A+Caturvy%C5%ABha+and+Variant+Forms&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6637&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Irwin1974" class="citation journal cs1">John Irwin (1974). "The Heliodorus Pillar at Besanagar". Purātattva. 8. Archaeological Society of India (co-published Art and Archaeology Research Papers, USA): 166–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pur%C4%81tattva&rft.atitle=The+Heliodorus+Pillar+at+Besanagar&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1974&rft.au=John+Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM_D_Khare1967" class="citation journal cs1">M D Khare (1967). "Discovery of a Vishnu temple near the Heliodorus pillar, Besnagar, Dist. Vidisha (MP)". Lalit Kala. 13: 21–27. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138838">44138838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lalit+Kala&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+a+Vishnu+temple+near+the+Heliodorus+pillar%2C+Besnagar%2C+Dist.+Vidisha+%28MP%29&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44138838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=M+D+Khare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM_D_Khare1975" class="citation journal cs1">M D Khare (1975). "The Heliodorus Pillar – A Fresh Appraisal: A Rejoinder". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 36: 92–97. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138838">44138838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Heliodorus+Pillar+%E2%80%93+A+Fresh+Appraisal%3A+A+Rejoinder&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44138838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=M+D+Khare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVrishni+heroes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathura_Museum142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathura_Museum" title="Template:Mathura Museum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mathura_Museum" title="Template talk:Mathura Museum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathura_Museum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mathura Museum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathura_Museum142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Art of Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_art" title="Mauryan art">Mauryan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_art" title="Kushan art">Kushan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_stele_inscription" title="Mirzapur stele inscription">Mirzapur stele inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavanarajya_inscription" title="Yavanarajya inscription">Yavanarajya inscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Works of art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mudgarpani" title="Mudgarpani">Mudgarpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnipani" title="Agnipani">Agnipani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkham_Yaksha" title="Parkham Yaksha">Parkham Yaksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_Herakles" title="Mathura Herakles">Mathura Herakles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABpa" title="Yūpa">Isapur Yūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptarishi_Tila_statue" title="Saptarishi Tila statue">Saptarishi Tila statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutesvara_Yakshis" title="Bhutesvara Yakshis">Bhutesvara Yakshis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vrishni heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caturvy%C5%ABha" title="Caturvyūha">Caturvyūha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_statue_of_Vasudeva_I" title="Buddha statue of Vasudeva I">Buddha statue of Vasudeva I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mathura_art" title="Category:Mathura art">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&oldid=1263608392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&oldid=1263608392</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathura_art" title="Category:Mathura art">Mathura art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_men" title="Category:Deified men">Deified men</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 December 2024, at 17:04 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrishni_heroes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Vrishni heroes</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> Add languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84559f4bd5-stj5h","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.047","walltime":"1.194","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5915,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":187693,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1566,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":406926,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 998.554 1 -total"," 51.91% 518.319 1 Template:Reflist"," 35.74% 356.923 67 Template:Cite_book"," 10.79% 107.701 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.54% 75.332 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.98% 69.706 7 Template:Sfn"," 5.21% 52.045 1 Template:Pancaratra"," 4.77% 47.616 1 Template:Mathura_Museum"," 4.71% 47.054 1 Template:Navbar-collapsible"," 4.55% 45.427 2 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.631","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7600040,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgrawala1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgrawala1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtherton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin2019\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFAyyar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBopearachchi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBracey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Austin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoutureSchmid2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoutureSchmidCouture2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDass2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFErringtonTrustMuseum1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_D._Flood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2019\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoanna_Gottfried_Williams1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Irwin1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKamalakarVeerender1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLubotsky1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLüders1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_D_Khare1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_D_Khare1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishraRay2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhriKhannaCulture1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParlier-Renault2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulPaul1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFQuintanilla2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFR_Champakalakshmi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRangarajan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfield1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid1997\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaGhosal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSonya_Rhie_Quintanilla2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1979\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1981\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1997\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubburaj2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVIENNOT1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Mathura Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Pancaratra\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vrishni heroes\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-xw96z","timestamp":"20250331041824","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vrishni heroes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vrishni_heroes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82897446","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82897446","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-12-14T07:29:19Z","dateModified":"2024-12-17T17:04:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg","headline":"group of five legendary, deified heroes"}</script> </body> </html>