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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struttura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struttura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Struttura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struttura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acido_L-aspartico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acido_L-aspartico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Acido L-aspartico</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acido_L-aspartico-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Acido L-aspartico</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acido_L-aspartico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosintesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosintesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biosintesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosintesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produzione_industriale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produzione_industriale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Produzione industriale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produzione_industriale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metabolismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizzi_industriali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizzi_industriali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Utilizzi industriali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizzi_industriali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acido_D-aspartico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acido_D-aspartico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Acido D-aspartico</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acido_D-aspartico-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Acido D-aspartico</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acido_D-aspartico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosintesi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosintesi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biosintesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosintesi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Utilizzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbondanza_negli_alimenti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbondanza_negli_alimenti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abbondanza negli alimenti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbondanza_negli_alimenti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acido aspartico</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 63 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض الأسبارتيك - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض الأسبارتيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagin_tur%C5%9Fusu" title="Asparagin turşusu - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asparagin turşusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اسید آسپارتیک - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسید آسپارتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аспарагінавая кіслата - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аспарагінавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аспарагинова киселина - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аспарагинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="অ্যাস্পার্টিক অ্যাসিড - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাস্পার্টিক অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginska_kiselina" title="Asparaginska kiselina - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Asparaginska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_asp%C3%A0rtic" title="Àcid aspàrtic - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid aspàrtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_asparagov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina asparagová - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina asparagová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagins%C3%A4ure" title="Asparaginsäure - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asparaginsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Ασπαραγινικό οξύ - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασπαραγινικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aspartic acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartata_acido" title="Aspartata acido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aspartata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_asp%C3%A1rtico" title="Ácido aspártico - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido aspártico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagiinhape" title="Asparagiinhape - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asparagiinhape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_aspartiko" title="Azido aspartiko - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido aspartiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اسید آسپارتیک - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسید آسپارتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagiinihappo" title="Asparagiinihappo - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asparagiinihappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_aspartique" title="Acide aspartique - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide aspartique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_aspartach" title="Aigéad aspartach - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad aspartach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_asp%C3%A1rtico" title="Ácido aspártico - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido aspártico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה אספרטית - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה אספרטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="एस्पार्टिक अम्ल - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्पार्टिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginska_kiselina" title="Asparaginska kiselina - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asparaginska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aszparaginsav" title="Aszparaginsav - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aszparaginsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ասպարագինաթթու - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասպարագինաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_aspartat" title="Asam aspartat - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam aspartat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AE%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="アスパラギン酸 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスパラギン酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Аспарагин қышқылы - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аспарагин қышқылы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아스파르트산 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스파르트산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir%C5%9Feya_aspart%C3%AE" title="Tirşeya aspartî - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirşeya aspartî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Аспарагин кислотасы - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аспарагин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartat" title="Aspartat - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aspartat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparto_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Asparto rūgštis - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asparto rūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparag%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be" title="Asparagīnskābe - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asparagīnskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аспарагинска киселина - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аспарагинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_aspartik" title="Asid aspartik - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid aspartik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginezuur" title="Asparaginezuur - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asparaginezuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginsyre" title="Asparaginsyre - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Asparaginsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginsyre" title="Asparaginsyre - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Asparaginsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_aspartic" title="Acid aspartic - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid aspartic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_asparaginowy" title="Kwas asparaginowy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas asparaginowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_asp%C3%A1rtico" title="Ácido aspártico - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido aspártico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_aspartic" title="Acid aspartic - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid aspartic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аспарагиновая кислота - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аспарагиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aspartic acid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginska_kiselina" title="Asparaginska kiselina - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asparaginska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aspartic acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_aspar%C3%A1gov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina asparágová - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina asparágová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginska_kislina" title="Asparaginska kislina - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Asparaginska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginska_kiselina" title="Asparaginska kiselina - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Asparaginska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_aspartat" title="Asam aspartat - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam aspartat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginsyra" title="Asparaginsyra - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asparaginsyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அஸ்பார்டிக் அமிலம் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அஸ்பார்டிக் அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดแอสปาร์ติก - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดแอสปาร์ติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartik_asit" title="Aspartik asit - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aspartik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аспарагінова кислота - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аспарагінова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagin_kislota" title="Asparagin kislota - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asparagin kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_aspartic" title="Acid aspartic - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid aspartic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="天冬氨酸 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天冬氨酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%A8%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="天门冬氨酸 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天门冬氨酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagin-sng" title="Asparagin-sng - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Asparagin-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%96%80%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="天門冬氨酸 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天門冬氨酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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style="width:300px;"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AADDFF;">Acido aspartico</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="acido L-aspartico"><img alt="acido L-aspartico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/200px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/300px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/400px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>acido L-aspartico</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball and stick model of the aspartic acid molecule"><img alt="Ball and stick model of the aspartic acid molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png/200px-L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png/300px-L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png/400px-L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Ball and stick model of the aspartic acid molecule</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nome <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">Acido 2-ammino-1,4-butandioico </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Abbreviazioni</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><b>D</b><br /><b>Asp</b> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nomi alternativi</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">Acido aspartico <p>Acido amminosuccinico </p> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Caratteristiche generali</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Formula_bruta" title="Formula bruta">Formula bruta</a> o <a href="/wiki/Formula_molecolare" title="Formula molecolare">molecolare</a></th><td>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>7</sub>NO<sub>4</sub> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">Massa molecolare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a>)</th><td>133,10 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Colore" title="Colore">Aspetto</a></th><td>solido cristallino bianco </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_CAS" title="Numero CAS">Numero CAS</a></th><td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="https://iw.toolforge.org/magnustools/cas.php?language=it&cas=56-84-8">56-84-8</a></span></span> (numero CAS miscela racema: 617-45-8) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_EINECS" title="Numero EINECS">Numero EINECS</a></th><td>200-291-6 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5960">5960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=139060126">139060126</a> e <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=44367445">44367445</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DBDB00128">DBDB00128</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a></th><td><div style="word-break: break-all;"><code style="background-color:transparent; border:none">C(C(C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O</code></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Proprietà chimico-fisiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Costante_di_dissociazione_acida" title="Costante di dissociazione acida">Costante di dissociazione acida</a> a 293 K</th><td>pK<sub>1</sub>: 1,99<br /> <p>pK<sub>2</sub>: 9,90<br /> pK<sub>r</sub>: 3,90 </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Punto_isoelettrico" title="Punto isoelettrico">Punto isoelettrico</a></th><td>2,85 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Solubilit%C3%A0" title="Solubilità">Solubilità</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a></th><td>4 g/l a 293 K </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_di_fusione" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura di fusione">Temperatura di fusione</a></th><td>270 °C (543 K) </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Proprietà termochimiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_formazione" title="Entalpia standard di formazione">Δ<sub>f</sub>H<sup>0</sup></a> (kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>)</th><td>−973,3 </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Indicazioni di sicurezza</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Frasi_H" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasi H">Frasi H</a></th><td>--- </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Consigli_P" title="Consigli P">Consigli P</a></th><td>---<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178450" class="extiw" title="d:Q178450"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Acido aspartico su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Composto_chimico/man" title="Template:Composto chimico/man"><span title="Manuale del template Composto chimico">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'<b>acido aspartico</b> è un <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amminoacidi">amminoacido</a> utilizzato degli esseri viventi per la <a href="/wiki/Sintesi_proteica" title="Sintesi proteica">sintesi delle proteine</a>. Viene indicato comunemente con le sigle <b>D</b> o <b>Asp</b> ed è codificato sull’<a href="/wiki/RNA_messaggero" title="RNA messaggero">RNA messaggero</a> dai codoni GAU e GAC. </p><p>È coinvolto anche nel <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_dell%27urea" title="Ciclo dell'urea">ciclo dell'urea</a> ed è inserito fra gli amminoacidi <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesi" title="Gluconeogenesi">gluconeogenici</a> in quanto, per transamminazione, si trasforma in <a href="/wiki/Acido_ossalacetico" title="Acido ossalacetico">ossalacetato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il farmacista francese Auguste-Arthur Plisson nel <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> isolò l’acido aspartico dopo aver fatto reagire l’<a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">asparagina</a>, ottenuta dal succo di <a href="/wiki/Asparagus_officinalis" title="Asparagus officinalis">asparago</a>, con <a href="/wiki/Idrossido_di_piombo(II)" title="Idrossido di piombo(II)">idrossido di piombo</a>. Chiamò l'acido ottenuto "acide aspartique" (dal latino <i>aspăragus</i>, "asparago") acido aspartico in italiano.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritthausen nel 1868 isolò l’acido aspartico da una proteina idrolizzata.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struttura">Struttura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Struttura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Struttura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>È composto da un <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_amminico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo amminico">gruppo amminico</a>, uno <a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">carbossilico</a> e una catena laterale acida (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COOH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>COOH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COOH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9cc835cb05dc313a957d77f6b773d23c53c7cef9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.321ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COOH}}}"></span>), il che rende la molecola <a href="/wiki/Polarit%C3%A0" title="Polarità">polare</a>. In condizioni fisiologiche l'amminoacido si presenta in forma di <a href="/wiki/Anione" title="Anione">anione</a>, in quanto il gruppo α-carbossilico e α-amminico sono carichi negativamente e positivamente, mentre la catena laterale è carica negativamente (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COO-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>COO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COO-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/115fc944aa480271de9c79fcfd559eced12dacc2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.089ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COO-}}}"></span>), di conseguenza la carica globale della molecola è negativa. In questa forma, l'acido aspartico prende il nome di <i>aspartato</i>, ed è in grado di interagire elettricamente con altre molecole cariche. </p><p>La forma <a href="/wiki/Zwitterione" title="Zwitterione">zwitterionica</a> viene invece raggiunta a pH acidi, quando il gruppo amminico è protonato e solo uno dei due gruppi carbossilici è deprotonato. Siccome i due gruppi carbossilici hanno <a href="/wiki/Costante_di_dissociazione_acida" title="Costante di dissociazione acida">costanti di dissociazione acida</a> differenti, è possibile identificare il <a href="/wiki/Punto_isoelettrico" title="Punto isoelettrico">punto isoelettrico</a> a pH pari a 2,85. </p><p>L'acido aspartico, come la maggior parte degli amminoacidi, è soggetto a <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomero" title="Stereoisomero">stereoisomeria</a>. Il carbonio 2, chiamato anche carbonio α, è uno stereocentro che porta legati 4 sostituenti differenti (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51fae9b82d7452dc1dbace378bf553606055c9a5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.551ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-H}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45f55f89d98655b98d04e2afe2ca14c7a4bdb493" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.349ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH2}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-COOH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>COOH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-COOH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a189021951b72ae494c3a64ce3ead4c58c5e94a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.846ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-COOH}}}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COOH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>COOH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COOH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9cc835cb05dc313a957d77f6b773d23c53c7cef9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.321ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-CH2COOH}}}"></span>). A seconda di come sono orientati tridimensionalmente questi sostituenti, possono identificarsi due <a href="/wiki/Enantiomero" title="Enantiomero">enantiomeri</a>: l'acido 2(<i>S</i>)-ammino-1,4-butandioico e l'acido 2(<i>R</i>)-ammino-1,4-butandioico. Queste due molecole hanno <a href="/wiki/Potere_rotatorio" title="Potere rotatorio">attività ottica</a> e di conseguenza si possono distinguere l'<i>acido L-aspartico</i> e l'<i>acido D-aspartico</i>. Anche la loro forma anionica possiede attività ottica e dunque si riconoscono: l'<i>L-aspartato</i> e il <i>D-aspartato</i>. </p><p> Con il nome “acido aspartico” e "aspartato" si intendono comunemente le <a href="/wiki/Racemo_(chimica)" title="Racemo (chimica)">miscele racemiche</a>.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Struttura dell'acido L-aspartico"><img alt="Struttura dell'acido L-aspartico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/200px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/300px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/400px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Struttura dell'acido L-aspartico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-Aspartic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Struttura dell'acido D-aspartico"><img alt="Struttura dell'acido D-aspartico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/D-Aspartic_acid.svg/188px-D-Aspartic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/D-Aspartic_acid.svg/283px-D-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/D-Aspartic_acid.svg/377px-D-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Struttura dell'acido D-aspartico</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acido_L-aspartico">Acido L-aspartico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Acido L-aspartico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Acido L-aspartico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'enantiomero L dell'acido aspartico è quello utilizzato dagli esseri viventi come <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_proteinogenici" title="Amminoacidi proteinogenici">mattoncino per costruire le proteine</a>. Viene naturalmente sintetizzato nel nostro organismo, per cui rientra in quella categoria di amminoacidi non essenziali, che possono essere evitati dall'alimentazione.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uno studio ha dimostrato che in condizioni simili a quelle si suppone vigessero sulla Terra primordiale, i cristalli sinistrorsi di acido aspartico (enantiomeri L) si formassero più facilmente e in maggiore quantità di quelli destrorsi. Questa potrebbe essere la motivazione per cui il nostro codice genetico ha incluso l'enantiomero L e non il D.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'L-aspartato agisce nel cervello come un <a href="/wiki/Neurotrasmettitore" title="Neurotrasmettitore">neurotrasmettitore</a> eccitatorio che stimola i <a href="/wiki/Recettore_NMDA" title="Recettore NMDA">recettori NMDA</a>, anche se non eccessivamente come invece fa il <a href="/wiki/Acido_glutammico" title="Acido glutammico">glutammato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosintesi">Biosintesi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Biosintesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Biosintesi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Nel corpo umano viene sintetizzato tramite la reazione di <a href="/wiki/Transaminazione" title="Transaminazione">transaminazione</a> dell’<a href="/wiki/Ossaloacetato" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossaloacetato">ossalacetato</a>, un intermedio del <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_di_Krebs" title="Ciclo di Krebs">ciclo di Krebs</a>. La reazione è catalizzata dall'enzima <a href="/wiki/Aspartato_transaminasi" title="Aspartato transaminasi">aspartato transaminasi</a>, che si trova libero nel <a href="/wiki/Citosol" title="Citosol">citosol</a> di molte cellule. Il trasferimento del gruppo amminico da molecole come l’<a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">alanina</a> o <a href="/wiki/Glutammina" title="Glutammina">glutammina</a> produce aspartato e un <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-chetoacido" title="Α-chetoacido">alfa-cheto acido</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintesi_aspartato_e_asparagina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sintesi_aspartato_e_asparagina.png/658px-Sintesi_aspartato_e_asparagina.png" decoding="async" width="658" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sintesi_aspartato_e_asparagina.png/987px-Sintesi_aspartato_e_asparagina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sintesi_aspartato_e_asparagina.png/1316px-Sintesi_aspartato_e_asparagina.png 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Sintesi di aspartato e asparagina.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produzione_industriale">Produzione industriale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Produzione industriale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Produzione industriale"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dal punto di vista industriale l’acido L-aspartico viene sintetizzato a partire dall’<a href="/wiki/Acido_fumarico" title="Acido fumarico">acido fumarico</a>. La reazione prevede l’uso dell’<a href="/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca">ammoniaca</a> e di un <a href="/wiki/Catalizzatore" title="Catalizzatore">catalizzatore</a> enzimatico: l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspartato_ammoniaca_liasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspartato ammoniaca liasi (la pagina non esiste)">aspartato ammoniaca liasi</a>, chiamata anche aspartasi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintesi_acido_L-aspartico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sintesi_acido_L-aspartico.jpg/370px-Sintesi_acido_L-aspartico.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sintesi_acido_L-aspartico.jpg/555px-Sintesi_acido_L-aspartico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Sintesi_acido_L-aspartico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Schema di sintesi di acido L-aspartico</figcaption></figure> <p>Il primo utilizzo di questo catalizzatore si fa risalire ad un processo discontinuo<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> del 1953 che fu poi convertito, nel 1973, a processo continuo per la produzione di acido L-aspartico. Questa nuova sintesi prevedeva l’uso di una colonna contenente cellule di <i>E.Coli</i> immobilizzate in un reticolo di <a href="/wiki/Gel_di_poliacrilammide" title="Gel di poliacrilammide">poliacrilammide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per ottenere miglioramenti nel processo, si iniziò nel 1978 ad utilizzare come gel di intrappolamento la κ-carragenina.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 1983 invece si iniziò ad usare cellule EAPC-7 immobilizzate in χ-carragenina, eliminando inoltre la conversione dell’acido fumarico ad <a href="/wiki/Acido_malico" title="Acido malico">acido L-malico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Si sono così susseguiti vari tentativi di miglioramento per la produzione dell’acido L-aspartico: dall’uso di cellule di <i>E.Coli</i> intrappolate in poliazetidina<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, all’uso di cellule intatte di un batterio corineforme, il <i>Brevibacterium flavum</i> MJ-233, con una membrana ad ultrafiltrazione.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tutti questi processi hanno in comune l’utilizzo di un eccesso di ammoniaca per cercare di spostare l’equilibrio della reazione verso la produzione di acido L-aspartico.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Si è poi provato a migliorare il biocatalizzatore impiegato: l’aspartasi. Esempi sono: la preparazione di un nuovo microrganismo del genere <i>E.Coli</i>, integrando un <a href="/wiki/Plasmide" title="Plasmide">plasmide</a> con un <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">acido desossiribonucleico</a> che trasporta il gene per l’aspartasi<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(che ha portato a una più vantaggiosa sintesi dell’amminoacido) e l’identificazione di un’aspartasi altamente termostabile nei <i>Bacillus sp.</i> YM55-1.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successivi studi sulla struttura ai raggi X dell’aspartasi di <i>E.Coli</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e di <i>Bacillus sp.</i> YM55-1<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hanno permesso all'ingegneria proteica di migliorarsi in questo campo, sempre di più. </p><p>La continua ottimizzazione delle singole componenti del processo ha fatto sì che i processi basati sull’aspartasi siano tra i processi enzimatici più efficienti ed economicamente più convenienti conosciuti ad oggi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintesi_a_partire_da_aspartato.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sintesi_a_partire_da_aspartato.png/354px-Sintesi_a_partire_da_aspartato.png" decoding="async" width="354" height="476" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sintesi_a_partire_da_aspartato.png/532px-Sintesi_a_partire_da_aspartato.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sintesi_a_partire_da_aspartato.png/709px-Sintesi_a_partire_da_aspartato.png 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="2741" /></a><figcaption>Sintesi di vari amminoacidi a partire da acido aspartico </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolismo">Metabolismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Metabolismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Metabolismo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'acido aspartico viene utilizzato come <a href="/wiki/Precursore_chimico" title="Precursore chimico">precursore</a> nella sintesi di altri amminoacidi, come l'<a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">asparagina</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">arginina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">lisina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">metionina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">treonina</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Isoleucina" title="Isoleucina">isoleucina</a>. Oltre a ciò, lo si usa per sintetizzare alcuni <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotidi</a>. L'acido aspartico funge anche da neurotrasmettitore.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Il processo di biosintesi degli amminoacidi parte da una <a href="/wiki/Fosforilazione" title="Fosforilazione">fosforilazione</a> dell’aspartato catalizzata da <a href="/wiki/Aspartato_chinasi" title="Aspartato chinasi">aspartato-chinasi</a> che produce aspartil-β-fosfato; da quest’ultimo poi si produce β-aspartato-semialdeide dal quale si seguono infine differenti vie metaboliche per la produzione degli amminoacidi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anche la sintesi dell'<a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">alanina</a> prevede l'uso di acido L-aspartico come precursore, in questo processo si usa come catalizzatore l'Aspartato-β-decarbossilasi.<br /></p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintesi_alanina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sintesi_alanina.png/512px-Sintesi_alanina.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sintesi_alanina.png/768px-Sintesi_alanina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sintesi_alanina.png/1024px-Sintesi_alanina.png 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Sintesi di L-alanina a partire da acido L-aspartico</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Degradazione_aspartato.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Degradazione_aspartato.png/354px-Degradazione_aspartato.png" decoding="async" width="354" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Degradazione_aspartato.png/531px-Degradazione_aspartato.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Degradazione_aspartato.png/708px-Degradazione_aspartato.png 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption>Degradazione dell'acido aspartico e dell'asparagina</figcaption></figure> <p>L’aspartato viene degradato a <a href="/wiki/Acido_ossalacetico" title="Acido ossalacetico">ossalacetato</a>, che è un precursore del <a href="/wiki/Glucosio" title="Glucosio">glucosio</a> e per questo motivo è classificato come amminoacido glucogenico.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La reazione è una <a href="/wiki/Transaminazione" title="Transaminazione">transamminazione</a> dell’aspartato. Anche l’asparagina che viene idrolizzata in aspartato tramite la L-asparaginasi porta alla formazione di ossalacetato.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilizzi_industriali">Utilizzi industriali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Utilizzi industriali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizzi industriali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’acido L-aspartico è utilizzato ampiamente nella <a href="/wiki/Nutrizione_parenterale" title="Nutrizione parenterale">nutrizione parenterale</a> ed <a href="/wiki/Nutrizione_enterale" title="Nutrizione enterale">enterale</a> come acidificante, come precursore della L-alanina e dell’<a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">aspartame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viene inoltre utilizzato come materiale di partenza per la <a href="/wiki/Sintesi_asimmetrica" title="Sintesi asimmetrica">sintesi stereoselettiva</a> di vari composti chimici organici chirali.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_poliaspartico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido poliaspartico (la pagina non esiste)">acido poliaspartico</a> è un polimero <a href="/wiki/Idrofilia" title="Idrofilia">idrosolubile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodegradazione" title="Biodegradazione">biodegradabile</a> dell'acido aspartico, prezioso in numerose applicazioni industriali, mediche e agricole per sostituire molti <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimeri</a> non biodegradabili in uso.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le applicazioni dell'acido poliaspartico includono, infatti, sistemi di trattamento delle acque, trattamenti anti microbici<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Selvicoltura" title="Selvicoltura">silvicoltura</a>, sfruttamento di <a href="/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio">petrolio</a>, applicazione nelle formulazioni dei <a href="/wiki/Detergente" title="Detergente">detergenti</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e come costituente di polimeri superassorbenti biodegradabili (SAP), utilizzati nei pannolini usa e getta, nei prodotti per l’incontinenza degli adulti e nei prodotti per l’igiene femminile.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il mercato globale di acido aspartico (che quindi comprende: integratori alimentari, medicina, acido poliaspartico, aspartame, L-alanina) dovrebbe raggiungere i 101,0 milioni di dollari entro il 2022. La domanda globale di acido aspartico è stata di 35,6 <a href="/wiki/Prefissi_del_Sistema_internazionale_di_unit%C3%A0_di_misura" title="Prefissi del Sistema internazionale di unità di misura">chilo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tonnellata" title="Tonnellata">tonnellate</a> nel 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 1996, invece, la produzione industriale di acido aspartico era di 7 chilo-tonnellate all’anno, per via enzimatica.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acido_D-aspartico">Acido D-aspartico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Acido D-aspartico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Acido D-aspartico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'acido D-aspartico non viene utilizzato dal macchinario della sintesi proteica per costruire le proteine, di conseguenza viene definito <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_non_proteinogenici" title="Amminoacidi non proteinogenici">amminoacido non proteinogenico</a>. È uno dei principali regolatori della <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesi" title="Neurogenesi">neurogenesi</a> adulta e svolge un ruolo importante nello sviluppo della funzione endocrina. D-Asp è presente nei tessuti endocrini, neuroendocrini e nei <a href="/wiki/Testicolo" title="Testicolo">testicoli</a> e regola la sintesi e la secrezione di <a href="/wiki/Ormone" title="Ormone">ormoni</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesi" title="Spermatogenesi">spermatogenesi</a>. Anche le proteine degli alimenti contengono D-amminoacidi che sono naturalmente originati o indotti da processi che coinvolgono alte temperature, trattamenti con acidi o processi di <a href="/wiki/Fermentazione" title="Fermentazione">fermentazione</a>. Infatti, la presenza di D-aminoacidi nei <a href="/wiki/Latticini" title="Latticini">latticini</a> è indice di un trattamento termico o di contaminazione microbica.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durante lo stadio embrionale degli uccelli e la prima vita postnatale dei mammiferi, un'alta concentrazione transitoria di D-Asp è presente nel <a href="/wiki/Cervello" title="Cervello">cervello</a> e nella <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>. Questo amminoacido è stato rilevato nei sinaptosomi e nelle vescicole sinaptiche, dove viene rilasciato dopo stimoli chimici (ioni (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {K+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {K+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1121f5e27e3dd7471b277a6a419a626b5af39918" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.319ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {K+}}}"></span>), <a href="/wiki/Ionomicina" title="Ionomicina">ionomicina</a>) o elettrici. Inoltre, D-Asp aumenta il cAMP nelle cellule neuronali e viene trasportato dalle fessure sinaptiche alle cellule nervose presinaptiche attraverso un trasportatore specifico. Nel <a href="/wiki/Apparato_endocrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparato endocrino">sistema endocrino</a>, invece, D-Asp è coinvolto nella regolazione della sintesi e del rilascio ormonale. Ad esempio, nell'<a href="/wiki/Ipotalamo" title="Ipotalamo">ipotalamo</a> di ratto, aumenta il rilascio della <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropina_corionica" title="Gonadotropina corionica">gonadotropina</a> (GnRH) e induce la sintesi dell'mRNA, di <a href="/wiki/Ossitocina" title="Ossitocina">ossitocina</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vasopressina" title="Vasopressina">vasopressina</a>. Nella <a href="/wiki/Ipofisi" title="Ipofisi">ghiandola pituitaria</a>, stimola la secrezione dei seguenti ormoni: <a href="/wiki/Prolattina" title="Prolattina">prolattina</a> (PRL), <a href="/wiki/Ormone_luteinizzante" title="Ormone luteinizzante">ormone luteinizzante</a> (LH) e <a href="/wiki/Somatotropina" title="Somatotropina">ormone della crescita</a> (GH) Nei testicoli, è presente nelle <a href="/wiki/Cellula_di_Leydig" title="Cellula di Leydig">cellule di Leydig</a> ed è coinvolta nel rilascio di <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> e <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosintesi_2">Biosintesi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Biosintesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Biosintesi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'acido D-aspartico viene sintetizzato nel nostro organismo a partire dall'acido L-aspartico. La reazione di <a href="/wiki/Racemizzazione_degli_amminoacidi" title="Racemizzazione degli amminoacidi">racemizzazione</a> è catalizzata da un enzima <a href="/wiki/Isomerasi" title="Isomerasi">isomerasi</a> chiamato: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspartato-racemasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspartato-racemasi (la pagina non esiste)">aspartato-racemasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilizzi">Utilizzi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Utilizzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizzi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il D-Asp è coinvolto nella sintesi e nel rilascio di <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> e per questo si presume possa essere usato per l’aumento del testosterone negli uomini. Studi hanno rivelato che il D-Asp esogeno aumenta effettivamente i livelli di testosterone negli animali, mentre gli studi sull'uomo hanno prodotto risultati inconsistenti a causa del numero ridotto di ricerche condotte.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La presenza di acido D-aspartico nei prodotti alimentari, ad esempio nei formaggi, può essere usata per quantificare un'eventuale contaminazione microbica o eventuali trattamenti termici o alcalini del prodotto.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Racemizzazione_degli_amminoacidi" title="Racemizzazione degli amminoacidi">racemizzazione</a> dell'acido aspartico è uno dei principali tipi di modificazione covalente non enzimatica che porta ad un accumulo dipendente dall'età di D-Asp nei tessuti umani. La racemizzazione avviene durante l'invecchiamento delle proteine e si correla con l'età delle proteine a lunga vita. La racemizzazione può provocare una perdita della funzione proteica dovuta alla <a href="/wiki/Proteolisi" title="Proteolisi">proteolisi</a> o causa di cambiamenti nella struttura molecolare. La racemizzazione in vivo può anche aumentare in condizioni patologiche. Infatti questo processo è rilevante nella patogenesi di malattie della vecchiaia come l'<a href="/wiki/Aterosclerosi" title="Aterosclerosi">aterosclerosi</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Enfisema" title="Enfisema">enfisema polmonare</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Presbiopia" title="Presbiopia">presbiopia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Cataratta" title="Cataratta">cataratta</a>, le malattie degenerative della cartilagine e le disfunzioni correlate all'età cerebrale.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La racemizzazione dell’L-aspartato può essere anche usata per stimare l’età dei <a href="/wiki/Dente" title="Dente">denti</a>. Questo metodo si basa sul costante aumento correlato all'età della quantità di acido D-aspartico nella <a href="/wiki/Dentina" title="Dentina">dentina</a>, proteina a lunga vita.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbondanza_negli_alimenti">Abbondanza negli alimenti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Abbondanza negli alimenti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Abbondanza negli alimenti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di seguito sono elencati solo alcuni degli alimenti che contengono acido aspartico.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per un elenco completo consultare la fonte. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Alimento </th> <th>Dose (g/100 g) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Proteine isolate della soia </td> <td>10,203 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albume d'uovo </td> <td>8,253 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carne di foca </td> <td>6,887 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stoccafisso </td> <td>6,433 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spirulina essiccata </td> <td>5,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semi di soia </td> <td>5,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Farina di arachidi </td> <td>4,123 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pancetta affumicata </td> <td>3,649 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filetto di manzo </td> <td>3,386 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arachidi </td> <td>3,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Storione affumicato </td> <td>3,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noci </td> <td>3,096 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pollo </td> <td>3,021 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5960#section=UN-GHS-Classification">scheda dell'acido aspartico su</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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href="/wiki/Glicina" title="Glicina">Glicina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Glutammina" title="Glutammina">Glutammina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Isoleucina" title="Isoleucina">Isoleucina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Istidina" title="Istidina">Istidina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Leucina" title="Leucina">Leucina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">Lisina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">Metionina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Pirrolisina" title="Pirrolisina">Pirrolisina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">Prolina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Selenocisteina" title="Selenocisteina">Selenocisteina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Serina_(chimica)" title="Serina (chimica)">Serina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">Tirosina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">Treonina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Triptofano" title="Triptofano">Triptofano</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Valina" title="Valina">Valina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_non_proteinogenici" title="Amminoacidi non proteinogenici">Non proteinogenici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi D-α</th><td colspan="1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acido D-aspartico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_glutammico" title="Acido glutammico">Acido D-glutammico</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">Alanina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">Arginina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">Asparagina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Cisteina" title="Cisteina">Cisteina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">Fenilalanina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Glutammina" title="Glutammina">Glutammina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Isoleucina" title="Isoleucina">Isoleucina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Istidina" title="Istidina">Istidina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Leucina" title="Leucina">Leucina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">Lisina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">Metionina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Pirrolisina" title="Pirrolisina">Pirrolisina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">Prolina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Selenocisteina" title="Selenocisteina">Selenocisteina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Serina_(chimica)" title="Serina (chimica)">Serina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">Tirosina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">Treonina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Triptofano" title="Triptofano">Triptofano</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Valina" title="Valina">Valina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alliina" title="Alliina">Alliina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoalliina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoalliina (la pagina non esiste)">Isoalliina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi L-α</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-metilcisteina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-metilcisteina (la pagina non esiste)">S-metilcisteina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-terzleucina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-terzleucina (la pagina non esiste)">L-terzleucina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α senza stereocentri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_2-amminoisobutirrico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido 2-amminoisobutirrico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido 2-amminoisobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_2-amminomuconico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido 2-amminomuconico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido 2-amminomuconico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deidroalanina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deidroalanina (la pagina non esiste)">Deidroalanina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α con uno stereocentro</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/5-idrossitriptofano" title="5-idrossitriptofano">5-idrossitriptofano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_%CE%B1-amminobutirrico" title="Acido α-amminobutirrico">Acido α-amminobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_carbossiglutammico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido carbossiglutammico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido carbossiglutammico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_ibotenico" title="Acido ibotenico">Acido ibotenico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_quisqualico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido quisqualico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido quisqualico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Canavanina" title="Canavanina">Canavanina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Citrullina" title="Citrullina">Citrullina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ipoglicina" title="Ipoglicina">Ipoglicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Levodopa">Levodopa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norleucina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norleucina (la pagina non esiste)">Norleucina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Norvalina" title="Norvalina">Norvalina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Omocisteina" title="Omocisteina">Omocisteina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ornitina" title="Ornitina">Ornitina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Penicillamina" title="Penicillamina">Penicillamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiroxina" title="Tiroxina">Tiroxina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α con più stereocentri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_diaminopimelico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido diaminopimelico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido diaminopimelico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cistationina" title="Cistationina">Cistationina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cistina" title="Cistina">Cistina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantionina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantionina (la pagina non esiste)">Lantionina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metillantionina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metillantionina (la pagina non esiste)">Metillantionina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α non-ammine primarie</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_N-metil-D-aspartico" title="Acido N-metil-D-aspartico">Acido N-metil-D-aspartico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_N-metil-L-aspartico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido N-metil-L-aspartico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido N-metil-L-aspartico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_pipecolico" title="Acido pipecolico">Acido pipecolico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carnitina" title="Carnitina">Carnitina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicloalliina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicloalliina (la pagina non esiste)">Cicloalliina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrossiprolina" title="Idrossiprolina">Idrossiprolina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sarcosina" title="Sarcosina">Sarcosina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi non-α</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-alanina" title="Β-alanina">β-alanina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-leucina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-leucina (la pagina non esiste)">β-leucina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_%CE%B2-amminobutirrico" title="Acido β-amminobutirrico">Acido β-amminobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_%CE%B3-amminobutirrico" title="Acido γ-amminobutirrico">Acido γ-amminobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_2-amminobenzoico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acido 2-amminobenzoico">Acido 2-amminobenzoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_3-amminobenzoico" title="Acido 3-amminobenzoico">Acido 3-amminobenzoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_4-amminobenzoico" title="Acido 4-amminobenzoico">Acido 4-amminobenzoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_3-amminolevulinico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido 3-amminolevulinico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido 3-amminolevulinico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_5-amminolevulinico" title="Acido 5-amminolevulinico">Acido 5-amminolevulinico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Baclofene" title="Baclofene">Baclofene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4211533-4">4211533-4</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295758805171">987007295758805171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cerebral_lobes.png/32px-Cerebral_lobes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cerebral_lobes.png/43px-Cerebral_lobes.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="535" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Anatomia" title="Portale:Anatomia">Portale Anatomia</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/19px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/25px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="995" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Medicina" title="Portale:Medicina">Portale Medicina</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&oldid=138369855">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acido_aspartico&oldid=138369855</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" 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