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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistorical_nomads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistorical_nomads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prehistorical nomads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistorical_nomads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Biblical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extent_of_biblical_Negev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_of_biblical_Negev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Extent of biblical Negev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_of_biblical_Negev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Biblical reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nabateans_and_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nabateans_and_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Nabateans and Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nabateans_and_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_heydays:_desert_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_heydays:_desert_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Byzantine heydays: desert agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_heydays:_desert_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline;_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline;_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Decline; causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline;_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early-mid_Islamic_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early-mid_Islamic_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Early-mid Islamic empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-mid_Islamic_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10th–19th_century_Bedouins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th–19th_century_Bedouins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>10th–19th century Bedouins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th–19th_century_Bedouins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period_(1900–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ottoman_period_(1900–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Late Ottoman period (1900–1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period_(1900–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>British Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>State of Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedouin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedouin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bedouin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedouin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy and housing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_housing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and housing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Development plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Solar power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wineries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wineries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Wineries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wineries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Negev</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A8" title="النقب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النقب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%92" title="ܢܓܒ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܓܒ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gueb" title="Négueb – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Négueb" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD" title="নেগেভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেগেভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Негев – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Негев" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Негеў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Негеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Нэгеў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэгеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Негев – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Негев" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8gueb" title="Nègueb – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nègueb" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9guev" title="Néguev – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Néguev" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negevsk%C3%A1_pou%C5%A1%C5%A5" title="Negevská poušť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Negevská poušť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%B2" title="Νεγκέβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεγκέβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9guev" title="Néguev – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Néguev" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negevo" title="Negevo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Negevo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A8" title="صحرای نگب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صحرای نگب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9guev" title="Néguev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néguev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EA%B2%8C%EB%B8%8C_%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%89" title="네게브 사막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네게브 사막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%87_(%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF)" title="Նեգև (անապատ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեգև (անապատ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="नेगेव रेगिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेगेव रेगिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezerto_Negev" title="Dezerto Negev – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dezerto Negev" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto_del_Negev" title="Deserto del Negev – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deserto del Negev" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%91" title="הנגב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנגב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8g%C3%A8b" title="Nègèb – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nègèb" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ნეგევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეგევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Негев – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Негев" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negevs" title="Negevs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Negevs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negevas" title="Negevas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Negevas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev-sivatag" title="Negev-sivatag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Negev-sivatag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Негев – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Негев" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="നെഗേവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെഗേവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A8_(%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="النقب (صحرا فى اسرائيل) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النقب (صحرا فى اسرائيل)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqab" title="Naqab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Naqab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Негевийн цөл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Негевийн цөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B4" title="ネゲヴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネゲヴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev%C3%B8rkenen" title="Negevørkenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Negevørkenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8guev" title="Nèguev – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nèguev" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5" title="ਨੇਗੇਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਗੇਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A8" title="صحرائے نقب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صحرائے نقب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negew" title="Negew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Negew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neguev" title="Neguev – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neguev" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Негев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Негев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%DA%AF%DA%A4" title="نەگڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەگڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Негев – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Негев" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negueb" title="Negueb – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Negueb" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="நெகேவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெகேவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigib" title="Nigib – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nigib" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9F" title="ทะเลทรายเนเกฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลทรายเนเกฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necef_%C3%87%C3%B6l%C3%BC" title="Necef Çölü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Necef Çölü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Негев – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Негев" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A8" title="صحرائے نقب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صحرائے نقب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" title="Negev – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Negev" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%9B%96%E5%A4%AB%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%EF%BC%89" title="内盖夫（以色列） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内盖夫（以色列）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%91" title="נגב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נגב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%93%8B%E5%A4%AB" title="內蓋夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內蓋夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%93%8B%E5%A4%AB_(%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97)" title="內蓋夫 (以色列) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="內蓋夫 (以色列)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Negev&params=30_50_N_34_45_E_type:region"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.833°N 34.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.833; 34.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Desert in southern Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Naqab" redirects here. For places in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Naqab,_Iran_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Naqab, Iran (disambiguation)">Naqab, Iran</a>. For the 1955 film, see <a href="/wiki/Naqab_(film)" title="Naqab (film)"><i>Naqab</i> (film)</a>. For the light machine gun, see <a href="/wiki/IWI_Negev" title="IWI Negev">IWI Negev</a>. For the nomadic Arab tribes, see <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev Bedouin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1095843157">.mw-parser-output .ib-landform{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform td,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-subheader{background-color:#e7dcc3;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-landform vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Negev</div> <div class="nickname ib-landform-native"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַנֶּגֶב</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semidesert" class="mw-redirect" title="Semidesert">semidesert</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NahalHavarimNov212022_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Zin Valley and Nahal Havarim, near Midreshet Ben-Gurion"><img alt="The Zin Valley and Nahal Havarim, near Midreshet Ben-Gurion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NahalHavarimNov212022_03.jpg/250px-NahalHavarimNov212022_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NahalHavarimNov212022_03.jpg/375px-NahalHavarimNov212022_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NahalHavarimNov212022_03.jpg/500px-NahalHavarimNov212022_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a></span><div class="ib-landform-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Zin_Desert" title="Zin Desert">Zin Valley</a> and Nahal Havarim, near <a href="/wiki/Midreshet_Ben-Gurion" title="Midreshet Ben-Gurion">Midreshet Ben-Gurion</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="30.833333333333" data-lon="34.75" data-overlays="["_b30d90a89ac1ba820243405b057d47f72f72cb80"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/30.833333333333/34.75/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,30.833333333333,34.75,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Negev&revid=1280729632&groups=_b30d90a89ac1ba820243405b057d47f72f72cb80" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,30.833333333333,34.75,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Negev&revid=1280729632&groups=_b30d90a89ac1ba820243405b057d47f72f72cb80 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Negev&params=30_50_N_34_45_E_type:region"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.833°N 34.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.833; 34.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,037 m (3,402 ft)<div class="ib-landform-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Ramon" title="Mount Ramon">Mount Ramon</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Negev</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEG</span>-ev</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַנֶּגֶב</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hanNégev</i></span>) or <b>Negeb</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النقب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">an-Naqab</i></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semidesert" class="mw-redirect" title="Semidesert">semidesert</a> region of southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. The region's largest city and administrative capital is <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> (pop. 214,162), in the north. At its southern end is the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">resort city</a> and port of <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>. It contains several <a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">development towns</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitzpe_Ramon" title="Mitzpe Ramon">Mitzpe Ramon</a>, as well as a number of small <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a> towns, including <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Sheva" title="Tel Sheva">Tel Sheva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakiya" title="Lakiya">Lakiya</a>. There are also several <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Revivim" title="Revivim">Revivim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sde_Boker" title="Sde Boker">Sde Boker</a>; the latter became the home of Israel's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, after his retirement from politics. </p><p>Although historically part of a separate region (known during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman period</a> as <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>), the Negev was added to the proposed area of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, of which large parts later became <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, on 10 July 1922, having been conceded by British representative <a href="/wiki/St_John_Philby" title="St John Philby">St John Philby</a> "in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Trans-Jordan</a>'s name".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the region remained exclusively Arab until 1946; in response to the British <a href="/wiki/Morrison%E2%80%93Grady_Plan" title="Morrison–Grady Plan">Morrison–Grady Plan</a> which would have allotted the area to an Arab state, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/11_points_in_the_Negev" title="11 points in the Negev">11 points in the Negev</a> plan to begin Jewish settlement in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-KarshMiller2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarshMiller2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pappé1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappé1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> allotted a larger part of the area to the Jewish State which became Israel. </p><p>The desert is home to the <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a>, whose faculties include the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Blaustein_Institutes_for_Desert_Research" title="Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research">Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Katz_International_School_for_Desert_Studies" title="Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies">Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies</a>, both located on the <a href="/wiki/Midreshet_Ben-Gurion" title="Midreshet Ben-Gurion">Midreshet Ben-Gurion</a> campus adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Sde_Boker" title="Sde Boker">Sde Boker</a>. </p><p>In October 2012, global travel guide publisher <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> rated the Negev second on a list of the world's top ten regional travel destinations for 2013, noting its current transformation through development.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WV_Negev_%26_Southern_Judean_Mountains_%26_southern_Judean_Desert_regions_in_Israel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/WV_Negev_%26_Southern_Judean_Mountains_%26_southern_Judean_Desert_regions_in_Israel.png/250px-WV_Negev_%26_Southern_Judean_Mountains_%26_southern_Judean_Desert_regions_in_Israel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/WV_Negev_%26_Southern_Judean_Mountains_%26_southern_Judean_Desert_regions_in_Israel.png/330px-WV_Negev_%26_Southern_Judean_Mountains_%26_southern_Judean_Desert_regions_in_Israel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/WV_Negev_%26_Southern_Judean_Mountains_%26_southern_Judean_Desert_regions_in_Israel.png/500px-WV_Negev_%26_Southern_Judean_Mountains_%26_southern_Judean_Desert_regions_in_Israel.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The Negev (red), Israel's parts of the Judaean Mountains (salmon) and Judaean Desert (pink) on a map of Israel</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the word <i>Negev</i> is from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Language">Hebrew</a> root denoting 'dry'; in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the word <i>Negev</i> is also used for the direction 'south'. Some English-language translations use the spelling <i>Negeb</i>. </p><p>The Negev mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Biblical">below</a>) consisted only of the northernmost part of the modern Israeli Negev, with the <a href="/wiki/Semiarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiarid">semiarid</a> <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> Valley defined as "the eastern (biblical) Negev".<sup id="cite_ref-BArieh_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BArieh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Arabic, the Negev is known as <i>an-Naqab</i> or <i>an-Naqb</i> ('the [mountain] pass'),<sup id="cite_ref-CIAP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it was not thought of as a distinct region until the demarcation of the Egypt-Ottoman frontier in the 1890s and has no single Arabic name.<sup id="cite_ref-PEF1941_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEF1941-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a>, it was called "Beersheba sub-district".<sup id="cite_ref-PEF1941_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEF1941-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NachalParan1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NachalParan1.jpg/250px-NachalParan1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NachalParan1.jpg/500px-NachalParan1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Paran" title="Nahal Paran">Nahal Paran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Negev contains the oldest discovered surface on Earth, with an approximate age of 1.8 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, the Negev fluctuated between intervals of relative humidity and intervals of aridity similar to or even more severe than the present day; from around 80,000 to 13,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, during a time interval roughly corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, the Negev was significantly more humid than today.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers more than half of Israel, over some 13,000 km<sup>2</sup> (5,000 sq mi), or at least 55% of the country's land area. It forms an inverted triangle shape whose western side is contiguous with the desert of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, and whose eastern border is the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> valley. The Negev has a number of interesting cultural and geological features. Among the latter are three enormous, craterlike <a href="/wiki/Makhtesh" title="Makhtesh">makhteshim</a> (box canyons), which are unique to the region: <a href="/wiki/Makhtesh_Ramon" title="Makhtesh Ramon">Makhtesh Ramon</a>, <a href="/wiki/HaMakhtesh_HaGadol" title="HaMakhtesh HaGadol">HaMakhtesh HaGadol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HaMakhtesh_HaKatan" title="HaMakhtesh HaKatan">HaMakhtesh HaKatan</a>. </p><p>The Negev is a rocky desert. It is a melange of brown, rocky, dusty mountains interspersed by <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> (dry riverbeds with plants that flower briefly after rain) and deep craters. It can be split into five different ecological regions: northern, western and central Negev, the high plateau and the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> Valley. The northern Negev, or <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> zone, receives 300 mm (12 in) of rain annually and has fairly fertile soil. The western Negev receives 250 mm (9.8 in) of rain per year, with light and partially sandy soil. Sand <a href="/wiki/Dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunes">dunes</a> can reach heights of up to 30 metres (98 ft) here. Home to the city of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>, the central Negev has an annual precipitation of 200 mm (7.9 in) and is characterised by impervious soil, known as <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>, allowing minimum penetration of water with greater soil erosion and water runoff. </p><p>The high plateau area of <a href="/wiki/Negev_Mountains" title="Negev Mountains">Negev Mountains</a>/Ramat HaNegev (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">רמת הנגב</span>, <i>The Negev Heights</i>) stands between 370 metres (1,210 ft) and 520 metres (1,710 ft) above sea level with extreme temperatures in summer and winter. The area receives 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain per year, with inferior and partially salty soil. The <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> Valley along the Jordanian border stretches 180 km (110 mi) from Eilat in the south to the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> in the north. The <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> Valley is very arid with barely 50 mm (2.0 in) of rain annually. It has inferior soil, in which little can grow without irrigation and special soil additives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acacia_Negev.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Acacia_Negev.JPG/220px-Acacia_Negev.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Acacia_Negev.JPG/330px-Acacia_Negev.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Acacia_Negev.JPG/440px-Acacia_Negev.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Of the three <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> species growing in high plateau of the Negev, <i>Acacia pachyceras</i> is the most cold-resistant.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vegetation in the Negev is sparse, but certain trees and plants thrive there, among them <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pistacia" title="Pistacia">Pistacia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Retama" title="Retama">Retama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Urginea_maritima" class="mw-redirect" title="Urginea maritima">Urginea maritima</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thymelaea" title="Thymelaea">Thymelaea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica" title="Hyphaene thebaica">Hyphaene thebaica</a></i> or doum palm can be found in the Southern Negev. The Evrona Nature Reserve is the most northerly point in the world where this palm can be found. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulipa_systola_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tulipa_systola_1.JPG/250px-Tulipa_systola_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tulipa_systola_1.JPG/330px-Tulipa_systola_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tulipa_systola_1.JPG/500px-Tulipa_systola_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulips">Tulips</a> flowering in the Negev Mountains around early spring</figcaption></figure> <p>A small population of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_leopard" title="Arabian leopard">Arabian leopards</a>, an endangered animal in the Arabian peninsula, has survived in the southern Negev but is now probably extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivora</a> found in the Negev are the <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">marbled polecat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel's_Unique_Wildlife_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel's_Unique_Wildlife-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_gazelle" title="Arabian gazelle">Arabian gazelle</a> survives with a few individuals in the Negev.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">dorcas gazelle</a> is more numerous, with some 1,000–1,500 individuals in the Negev.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel's_Unique_Wildlife_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel's_Unique_Wildlife-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 350 to 500 <a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex</a> live in the Negev Highlands and in the <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Mountains" title="Eilat Mountains">Eilat Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Negev_shrew" title="Negev shrew">Negev shrew</a> is a species of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> of the family <i><a href="/wiki/Soricidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Soricidae">Soricidae</a></i> that is found only in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A population of the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Kleinmann%27s_tortoise" title="Kleinmann's tortoise">Kleinmann's tortoise</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Negev_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev tortoise">Negev tortoise</a>) survives in the sands of the western and central Negev Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desert snails of the genus <a href="/wiki/Euchondrus" title="Euchondrus">Euchondrus</a> feed on <a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">endolithic</a> lichens which live inside limestone rocks, converting rock and lichen into soil, and releasing between 22 and 27 milligrams of nitrogen per square metre of soil through their faeces.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals that were reintroduced after their <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinction in the wild</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">localised extinction</a> respectively are the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Asiatic wild ass</a>, which in the Negev number about 250 animals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many areas in Israel and the rest of the Middle East, the Negev used to host in the distant past the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Asiatic cheetah</a> until their complete extinction at the hands of humans in later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Negev region is <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">arid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a> receives on average only 24 mm (0.94 in) of rainfall a year), receiving very little rain due to its location to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> (as opposed to the Mediterranean, which lies to the west of Israel), and extreme temperatures due to its location <a href="/wiki/31st_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="31st parallel north">31 degrees north</a>. However the northernmost areas of the Negev, including <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a>. The usual rainfall total from June to October inclusive is zero. Snow and frost are rare in the northern Negev, and snow and frost are unknown in the vicinity of Eilat in the southernmost Negev.<sup id="cite_ref-weathermsn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weathermsn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(105.6) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46<br />(115) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(104.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.2<br />(106.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(93) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46<br />(115) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−5<br />(23) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.6<br />(1.95) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(1.59) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(1.21) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(0.11) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(0.23) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(0.78) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">204.1<br />(8.04) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Israel Meteorological Service<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(101.7) </td> <td style="background: #E40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.4<br />(110.1) </td> <td style="background: #CB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.2<br />(113.4) </td> <td style="background: #AD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.4<br />(117.3) </td> <td style="background: #A10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.3<br />(118.9) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.0<br />(118.4) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td> <td style="background: #D80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(111.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #A10000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.3<br />(118.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24<br />(1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <i>Israel Meteorological Service</i><sup id="cite_ref-ims_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ims-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Precipitation_average_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Precipitation_average-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_the_Negev" title="Ancient history of the Negev">Ancient history of the Negev</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistorical_nomads">Prehistorical nomads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistorical nomads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nomadic life in the Negev dates back at least 4,000 years<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps as much as 7,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first urbanised settlements were established by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amalekite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalekite">Amalekite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Edomite">Edomite</a> groups <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pharaonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaonic">Pharaonic</a> Egypt is credited with introducing copper mining and smelting in both the Negev and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> between 1400 and 1300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tebes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical"><span class="anchor" id="Biblical"></span>Biblical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biblical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extent_of_biblical_Negev">Extent of biblical Negev</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Extent of biblical Negev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Israeli archaeologists, in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the term Negev only relates to the northern, semi-arid part of what we call Negev today; of this, the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Arad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> Valley, which receives enough rain to permit agriculture and therefore sedentary occupation (the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Desert_fringe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desert fringe (page does not exist)">desert fringe</a>"), is accordingly defined as "the eastern (biblical) Negev".<sup id="cite_ref-BArieh_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BArieh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biblical_reference">Biblical reference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biblical reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> chapter 13, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> lived for a while in the Negev after being banished from Egypt (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+13:1,3&version=NRSV">Genesis 13:1,3</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus journey</a> to the Promised Land, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> sent <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Spies" title="The Twelve Spies">twelve scouts</a> into the Negev to assess the land and population (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2013:17&version=nrsv">Numbers 13:17</a>). Later the northern part of biblical Negev was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a> and the southern part of biblical Negev by the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">Tribe of Simeon</a>. The Negev was later part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Monarchy">Kingdom of Solomon</a> (in its entirety, all the way to the Red Sea), and then, with varied extension to the south, part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 9th century BC, development and expansion of mining in both the Negev and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> (modern Jordan) coincided with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> was the region's capital and a centre for trade in the 8th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small settlements of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> in the areas around the capital existed between 1020 and 928 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nabateans_and_Romans">Nabateans and Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nabateans and Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_in_Negev_desert_Israe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ruins_in_Negev_desert_Israe.jpg/250px-Ruins_in_Negev_desert_Israe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ruins_in_Negev_desert_Israe.jpg/330px-Ruins_in_Negev_desert_Israe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ruins_in_Negev_desert_Israe.jpg/500px-Ruins_in_Negev_desert_Israe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4235" data-file-height="2613" /></a><figcaption>Ancient column with <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> in the Negev</figcaption></figure> <p>The 4th-century BC arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabateans</a> resulted in the development of irrigation systems that supported new urban centres located along the <a href="/wiki/Negev_incense_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev incense route">Negev incense route</a> at <a href="/wiki/Avdat" title="Avdat">Avdat</a> (Oboda), <a href="/wiki/Mamshit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamshit">Mamshit</a> (Mampsis), <a href="/wiki/Shivta" title="Shivta">Shivta</a> (Sobata), <a href="/wiki/Elusa_(Haluza)" title="Elusa (Haluza)">Haluza</a> (Elusa), and <a href="/wiki/Nitzana_(Nabatean_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitzana (Nabatean city)">Nitzana</a> (Nessana).<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Negev#New_research_dates_irrigation_to_the_Byzantine_period._Nabataeans_mainly_maintained_road_stations_(Oboda_is_possibly_an_urban_exception)_and_hidden_wells." title="Talk:Negev">discuss</a></i>]</sup> This at least was the prevailing theory, until more recent research showed that the earliest form of Nabataean agriculture in the Negev Highlands was only based on spring-water irrigation, with the much more extensive run-off water harvesting techniques using barrages and terraces apparently developing and being used only later, during the 4th-7th centuries AD, after the 3rd-century collapse of long-distance trade.<sup id="cite_ref-TEG12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEG12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nabateans controlled the trade on the spice route between their capital <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and the Gazan seaports. Nabatean currency and the remains of red and orange <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">potsherds</a>, identified as a trademark of their civilisation, have been found along the route, remnants of which are also still visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nabatean control of the Negev ended when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> annexed their lands in 106 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population, largely comprising nomads, venerated deities such as <a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allat" class="mw-redirect" title="Allat">Allat</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_heydays:_desert_agriculture">Byzantine heydays: desert agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Byzantine heydays: desert agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"> Byzantine</a> rule in the 4th century introduced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture-based cities were established and the population grew exponentially.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As shown by the research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Evenari" title="Michael Evenari">Michael Evenari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert agriculture">novel techniques</a> were employed, such as <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff"> runoff</a> rainwater collection and management systems, which harvested water from larger areas and directed it onto smaller plots.<sup id="cite_ref-GERF_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GERF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This permitted the cultivation of plants with much higher water requirements than the given arid environment could provide for.<sup id="cite_ref-GERF_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GERF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evenari researched the ancient mechanisms, rediscovered the ratio of water collection area to cultivation area, and explained the various ancient techniques of <a href="/wiki/Land_amelioration" class="mw-redirect" title="Land amelioration">land amelioration</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace"> terracing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flash-flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash-flood">flash-flood</a> dams, and the features used for collecting and directing runoff water.<sup id="cite_ref-GERF_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GERF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought that the creators of this elaborate systems had been the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GERF_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GERF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a theory proved wrong by more recent studies, which dated the massive agricultural and demographic expansion in the area to the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region#Byzantine_period" title="Timeline of the Palestine region"> Byzantine period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older explanation for the <i>Tuleilat el-Anab</i>, lit. 'grape mounds' phenomenon, has also been discarded: these large piles of rocks probably served two purposes: removing the rocks from the cultivated plots and accelerating the erosion and water transportation of <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> from the runoff collection area onto those plots.<sup id="cite_ref-phot_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phot-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Avdat (Oboda), Mamshit (Mampsis), Shivta (Sobata), Haluza (Elusa), and Nitzana (Nessana), the settlements at <a href="/wiki/Rehovot-in-the-Negev" title="Rehovot-in-the-Negev">Rehovot-in-the-Negev</a>/Ruheibeh (the second largest by population of the Byzantine-era "Negev towns"<sup id="cite_ref-Nagar_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saadon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saadon (page does not exist)">Saadon</a> are also significant for this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Zh_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zh-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guano_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guano-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline;_causes"><span id="Decline.3B_causes"></span>Decline; causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decline; causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A massive increase in grape production in the northwestern Negev for the requirements of the wine industry was noted for the early 6th century, documented by studying ancient refuse mounds at Shivta, <a href="/wiki/Elusa_(Haluza)" title="Elusa (Haluza)">Elusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nessana" title="Nessana">Nessana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a sharp peak in the presence of grape pips and broken "<a href="/wiki/Gaza_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza jar">Gaza jars</a>" used to export wine and other <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> goods from the <a href="/wiki/Maiuma_(city)" title="Maiuma (city)"> port of Gaza</a> (see "<a href="/wiki/Gaza_wine" title="Gaza wine">Gaza wine</a>"), after a slower increase during the fourth and fifth centuries, and followed in the mid-6th century by a sudden decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was when two major calamities struck the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and large parts of the world: the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_Little_Ice_Age" title="Late Antique Little Ice Age">Late Antique Little Ice Age</a> (536-545), caused by huge volcanic eruptions in the world, with the resulting <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">extreme weather events of 535–536</a>; and in the 540s the first outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Justinianic_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinianic Plague">Justinianic Plague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems likely that these two events resulted in a near-cessation of international trade with luxury goods such as Gaza wine, grape production in the Negev settlements again giving way to subsistence farming focusing on <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repeated earthquakes hit the region during the Byzantine period, with numerous revetment walls added to buildings to support them against collapse; a large 7th-century seismic event led to the abandonement of Avdat and Rehovot-in-the-Negev.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagar_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zh_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zh-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This recent analysis of newly-obtained data has proved the previously widely-accepted theory wrong, namely that the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a>, which occurred a century after these events, and specifically the <a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr"> Muslim ban on alcoholic beverages</a>, was the cause of the decline of the wine industry in the Negev.<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nessana, the number of grape pips is even seen to increase again during the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region#Early_Islamic_period" title="Timeline of the Palestine region"> Early Islamic period</a>, probably due to the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">needs</a> of a local Christian monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This disappearance of the wine industry from the semi-arid northern Negev shows that it was technically possible to sustain it over centuries, but that the grape <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> was economically unsustainable in the long run<sup id="cite_ref-volcanoes_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcanoes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its dependence on empire-wide trading networks, which required stability and prosperity over a vast territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early-mid_Islamic_empires">Early-mid Islamic empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early-mid Islamic empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southern Negev saw a flourishing of economic activity during the 8th to 10th or 11th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Avner_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avner-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six Islamic settlements have been found in the vicinity of modern <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>, along with copper and gold mines and stone quarries, and a sophisticated irrigation system and road network.<sup id="cite_ref-Avner_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avner-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic centre was the port of Ayla (Aqaba).<sup id="cite_ref-Avner_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avner-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th–19th_century_Bedouins"><span id="10th.E2.80.9319th_century_Bedouins"></span>10th–19th century Bedouins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 10th–19th century Bedouins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Bedouins">Negev Bedouins</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmer_map_of_Northern_Sinai_and_the_Negev_(with_modern_borders_overlaid).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Palmer_map_of_Northern_Sinai_and_the_Negev_%28with_modern_borders_overlaid%29.jpg/250px-Palmer_map_of_Northern_Sinai_and_the_Negev_%28with_modern_borders_overlaid%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Palmer_map_of_Northern_Sinai_and_the_Negev_%28with_modern_borders_overlaid%29.jpg/330px-Palmer_map_of_Northern_Sinai_and_the_Negev_%28with_modern_borders_overlaid%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Palmer_map_of_Northern_Sinai_and_the_Negev_%28with_modern_borders_overlaid%29.jpg/500px-Palmer_map_of_Northern_Sinai_and_the_Negev_%28with_modern_borders_overlaid%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>In 1871, the first scientifically accurate map of the Negev by <a href="/wiki/E._H._Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="E. H. Palmer">E. H. Palmer</a> was published in conjunction with the Ordnance Survey of Palestine and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. The red dotted lines have been overlaid to show the modern borders that apply today.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nomadic tribes ruled the Negev largely independently and with a relative lack of interference for the next thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is known of this time is largely derived from oral histories and folk tales of tribes from the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Musa" title="Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a> and Petra areas in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bedouins of the Negev historically survived chiefly on sheep and goat husbandry. Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly. The Bedouin in years past established few permanent settlements, although some were built, leaving behind remnants of stone houses called 'baika.'<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Ottoman_period_(1900–1917)"><span id="Late_Ottoman_period_.281900.E2.80.931917.29"></span>Late Ottoman period (1900–1917)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Late Ottoman period (1900–1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> established an administrative centre for southern <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> at Beersheba including schools and a railway station.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authority of the tribal chiefs over the region was recognised by the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp459_33-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A railway connected it to the port of <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>. In 1914, the Ottoman authorities estimated the nomadic population at 55,000.<sup id="cite_ref-census1922_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1922-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate">British Mandate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: British Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_Redistribution_of_Ottoman_and_Arabian_Territory_on_the_Principle_of_Self-Determination_November_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Possible_Redistribution_of_Ottoman_and_Arabian_Territory_on_the_Principle_of_Self-Determination_November_1918.png/220px-Possible_Redistribution_of_Ottoman_and_Arabian_Territory_on_the_Principle_of_Self-Determination_November_1918.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Possible_Redistribution_of_Ottoman_and_Arabian_Territory_on_the_Principle_of_Self-Determination_November_1918.png/330px-Possible_Redistribution_of_Ottoman_and_Arabian_Territory_on_the_Principle_of_Self-Determination_November_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Possible_Redistribution_of_Ottoman_and_Arabian_Territory_on_the_Principle_of_Self-Determination_November_1918.png/440px-Possible_Redistribution_of_Ottoman_and_Arabian_Territory_on_the_Principle_of_Self-Determination_November_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>A map considered by the British Cabinet in 1918 suggested that the Negev could be included in either Palestine or Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a> between Britain and France placed the Negev in Area B, "Arab state or states" under British patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Negev was appropriated from the Ottoman army by British forces during 1917 and became part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. </p><p>In 1922, the Bedouin component of the population was estimated at 72,898 out of a total of 75,254 for the Beersheba sub-district.<sup id="cite_ref-census1922_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1922-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1931 census estimated that the population of the Beersheba sub-district was 51,082.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This large decrease was considered to be an artifact of incorrect enumeration methods used in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-census1922_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1922-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Arabic history of tribes around Beersheba, published in 1934 records 23 tribal groups.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Israel">State of Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: State of Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the Negev was earmarked by the November 1947 UN Partition Plan for the future Jewish state. During the 1947–49 War of Independence, Israel secured its sovereignty over the Negev. In the early years of the state, it absorbed many of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab countries">Jewish refugees from Arab countries</a>, with the Israeli government setting up many <a href="/wiki/Development_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Development towns">development towns</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a>. Since then, the Negev has also become home to many of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>' major bases – a process accelerating in the past two decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With effect from 2010, the Negev was home to some 630,000 people, or 8.2% of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s population, even though it comprises over 55% of the country's area. 470,000 Negev residents (75% of the population) are <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, while 160,000 or 25% are Bedouin.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Bedouin population (a demographic with a semi-nomadic tradition), 50% live in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrecognised_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrecognised Bedouin villages in Israel (page does not exist)">unrecognised villages</a>, and 50% live in towns built for them by the Israeli government between the 1960s and 1980s; the largest of these is <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_43466_Rahat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PikiWiki_Israel_43466_Rahat.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_43466_Rahat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PikiWiki_Israel_43466_Rahat.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_43466_Rahat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PikiWiki_Israel_43466_Rahat.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_43466_Rahat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>, the largest Bedouin city in the Negev</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of the Negev is expected to reach 1.2 million by 2025.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was projected that the <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> metropolitan area would reach a population of 1 million by 2020, and <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeruham" title="Yeruham">Yeruham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a> would triple in size by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedouin">Bedouin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bedouin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large part of the Negev <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> inhabit small communities or villages. Israel has refused to recognise certain Bedouin villages that were founded after the establishment of the state. Under Israel's 2011-adopted and enacted Begin-Prawer plan – officially the <a href="/wiki/Bill_on_the_Arrangement_of_Bedouin_Settlement_in_the_Negev" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill on the Arrangement of Bedouin Settlement in the Negev">Bill on the Arrangement of Bedouin Settlement in the Negev</a> – some Bedouins are being moved to newly created townships. Bedouin villages established without proper sanction after establishment of the state are illegal under Israeli law. They are consequently destroyed or threatened with destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Israeli court ruling in 2017 forced six residents to pay the cost of eight rounds of demolition to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_housing">Economy and housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy and housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_plans">Development plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Development plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg/220px-Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg/330px-Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg/440px-Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blueprint_Negev" title="Blueprint Negev">Blueprint Negev</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile homes">mobile homes</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Blueprint_Negev" title="Blueprint Negev">Blueprint Negev</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> project introduced in 2005. The $600 million project is intended to attract 500,000 new Jewish residents to the Negev by improving transport infrastructure, establishing businesses, developing water resources and introducing programmes to protect the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A planned artificial desert river, swimming pools and golf courses raised concerns among environmentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics oppose those plans, calling instead for an inclusive plan for the green vitalisation of existing population centres, investment in Bedouin villages, a clean-up of toxic industries and development of job options for the unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> training base is being constructed in the Negev to accommodate 10,000 army personnel and 2,500 civilian staff. Three more bases will be built by 2020 as part of a plan to vacate land and buildings in Tel Aviv and central Israel, and bring jobs and investment to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_power">Solar power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Solar power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Israel" title="Solar power in Israel">Solar power in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_troughs_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Solar_troughs_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg/250px-Solar_troughs_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Solar_troughs_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg/330px-Solar_troughs_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Solar_troughs_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg/500px-Solar_troughs_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>Solar troughs in the Negev</figcaption></figure> <p>The Negev Desert and the surrounding area, including the <a href="/wiki/Arava_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Arava Valley">Arava Valley</a>, are the sunniest parts of Israel and little of this land is <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>, which is why it has become the centre of the Israeli solar industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Kib_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kib-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Faiman" title="David Faiman">David Faiman</a>, an expert on solar energy, is of the opinion that Israel's future energy requirements could be met by building solar energy plants in the Negev. As director of <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center" title="Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center">Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center</a>, he operates one of the largest solar dishes in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Register_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Register-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technically, however, the Arava is a separate desert with its own unique climate and ecology. </p><p>A 250 MW solar park in <a href="/wiki/Ashalim" title="Ashalim">Ashalim</a>, an area in the northern Negev, the <a href="/wiki/Ashalim_Power_Station" title="Ashalim Power Station">Ashalim Power Station</a>, produces 121 Megawatts of power, using solar mirrors and thermal water heating. It is currently the largest in Israel. </p><p>The Rotem Industrial Complex outside of <a href="/wiki/Dimona,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimona, Israel">Dimona, Israel</a>, has dozens of solar mirrors that focus the sun's rays on a tower that in turn heats a water boiler to create steam, turning a turbine to create electricity. Luz II, Ltd., plans to use the solar array to test new technology for the three new solar plants to be built in California, USA for <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company" title="Pacific Gas and Electric Company">Pacific Gas and Electric Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimona_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimona-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wineries">Wineries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Wineries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yatirwine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yatirwine.JPG/180px-Yatirwine.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yatirwine.JPG/270px-Yatirwine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yatirwine.JPG/360px-Yatirwine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Yatir Forest 2005, produced by <a href="/wiki/Yatir_Winery" class="mw-redirect" title="Yatir Winery">Yatir Winery</a> in the Negev</figcaption></figure> <p>Vines have been planted in the Negev since ancient times. In modern times, vineyards have been established in the northern Negev hills using innovative computerised irrigation methods. <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Winery" title="Carmel Winery">Carmel Winery</a> was the first of the major wineries to plant vineyards in the Negev and operates a boutique winery at Ramat <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>. Tishbi has vineyards at <a href="/wiki/Sde_Boker" title="Sde Boker">Sde Boker</a> and Barkan grows its grapes in <a href="/wiki/Mitzpe_Ramon" title="Mitzpe Ramon">Mitzpe Ramon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yatir_Winery" class="mw-redirect" title="Yatir Winery">Yatir Winery</a> is a winery in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a>. Its vineyards are on a hill 900 metres above sea level on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Yatir_Forest" title="Yatir Forest">Yatir Forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rogov2009_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogov2009-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carmey Avdat is Israel's first solar-powered winery.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midreshet_Ben_Gurion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Midreshet_Ben_Gurion.jpg/220px-Midreshet_Ben_Gurion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Midreshet_Ben_Gurion.jpg/330px-Midreshet_Ben_Gurion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Midreshet_Ben_Gurion.jpg/440px-Midreshet_Ben_Gurion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption> Campus of <a href="/wiki/Midreshet_Ben_Gurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Midreshet Ben Gurion">Midreshet Ben Gurion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Negev is home to hazardous infrastructures that include <a href="/wiki/Negev_Nuclear_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Nuclear Research Center">Negev Nuclear Research Center</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, 22 agrochemical and petrochemical factories, an oil terminal, closed military zones, quarries, a toxic waste incinerator at <a href="/wiki/Ne%27ot_Hovav" title="Ne'ot Hovav">Ne'ot Hovav</a>, cell towers, a power plant, several airports, a prison, and two rivers of open sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-Manski_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manski-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the Tel Aviv municipality was accused of dumping waste in the Negev at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dudaim_Waste_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dudaim Waste Facility (page does not exist)">Dudaim dump</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA)" class="extiw" title="he:דודאים (אתר פסולת)">he</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manufacturers Association of Israel established an authority in 2005 to move 60 industrial enterprises active in the Tel Aviv region to the Negev.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Statue_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg/250px-Statue_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Statue_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg/330px-Statue_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Statue_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg/500px-Statue_in_the_Negev_desert_of_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>"Negev Guardian" (2005), 16 m tall environmental statue by Emilio Mogilner next to <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Hovav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramat Hovav">Ramat Hovav</a> industrial zone, protesting against pollution</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Hovav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramat Hovav">Ramat Hovav</a> toxic waste facility was established in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_el-Na%27am&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi el-Na'am (page does not exist)">Wadi el-Na'am</a> because the area was perceived as invulnerable to leakage. However, within a decade, cracks were found in the rock beneath Ramat Hovav.<sup id="cite_ref-Manski_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manski-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the Israeli Ministry of Health released <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Gurion University">Ben Gurion University</a> research findings describing the health problems in a 20 km (12 mi) vicinity of Ramat Hovav. The study, funded in large part by Ramat Hovav, found higher rates of cancer and mortality for the 350,000 people in the area. Prematurely released to the media by an unknown source, the preliminary study was publicly discredited;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its final conclusions – that Bedouin and Jewish residents near Ramat Hovav are significantly more susceptible than the rest of the population to miscarriages, severe birth defects, and respiratory diseases – passed a peer review several months later.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">Caliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Foundation" title="Negev Foundation">Negev Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biger described this meeting as follows: "Sovereignty over the Arava, from the south of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> to Aqaba, was also discussed. Philby agreed, in Trans-Jordan's name, to give up the western bank of Wadi Arava (and thus all of the Negev area). Nevertheless, a precise borderline was still not determined along the territories of Palestine and Trans-Jordan. Philby's relinquishment of the Negev was necessary, because the future of this area was uncertain. In a discussion regarding the southern boundary, the Egyptian aspiration to acquire the Negev area was presented. On the other hand the southern part of Palestine belonged, according to one of the versions, to the sanjak (district) of Ma'an within the vilayet (province) of Hejaz. King Hussein of Hijaz demanded to receive this area after claiming that a transfer action, to add it to the vilayet of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (A-Sham) was supposed to be done in 1908. It is not clear whether this action was completed. Philby claimed that Emir Abdullah had his father's permission to negotiate over the future of the sanjak of Ma'an, which was actually ruled by him, and that he could therefore 'afford to concede' the area west of the Arava in favour of Palestine. This concession was made following British pressure and against the background of the demands of the Zionist Organization for direct contact between Palestine and the Red Sea. It led to the inclusion of the Negev triangle in Palestine's territory, although this area was not considered as part of the country in the many centuries that preceded the British occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negev&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBiger2004" class="citation book cs1">Biger, Gideon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170"><i>The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947</i></a>. Routledge. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76652-8"><bdi>978-1-135-76652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Modern+Palestine%2C+1840%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76652-8&rft.aulast=Biger&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUqRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span> Biger references 10 July 1922 meeting notes, file 2.179, CZA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarshMiller2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KarshMiller2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarshMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim; Miller, Rory (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSu4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Israel at Sixty: Rethinking the Birth of the Jewish State</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 55–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96776-7"><bdi>978-1-317-96776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+at+Sixty%3A+Rethinking+the+Birth+of+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96776-7&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft.au=Miller%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSu4AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappé1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pappé1994_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPappé1994" class="citation book cs1">Pappé, Ilan (15 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC&pg=PA52"><i>The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 52–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9"><bdi>978-1-85043-819-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%2C+1947%E2%80%931951&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1994-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-819-9&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAJZCKAwtPMC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGattegno,_Ilan2012" class="citation web cs1">Gattegno, Ilan (October 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=6216">"Negev named among top ten travel destinations for 2013"</a>. Israel Hayom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080732/http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=6216">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negev+named+among+top+ten+travel+destinations+for+2013&rft.pub=Israel+Hayom&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.au=Gattegno%2C+Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2Fsite%2Fnewsletter_article.php%3Fid%3D6216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309013221/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/themes/best-in-travel-2013/top-10-regions/">"Best in Travel 2013 – Top 10 regions"</a>. Lonely Planet. October 23, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/themes/best-in-travel-2013/top-10-regions/">the original</a> on March 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+in+Travel+2013+%E2%80%93+Top+10+regions&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fthemes%2Fbest-in-travel-2013%2Ftop-10-regions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BArieh-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BArieh_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BArieh_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeit-Arieh1999" class="citation book cs1">Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondrian.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/publications/pub_mon15.html">"Introduction: Settlement"</a>. <i>Tel Ira: a stronghold in the biblical Negev in the Eastern Negev</i>. The Emery and Clare Yass Publications in Archaeology: Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology. Tel Aviv University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-440-008-1" title="Special:BookSources/965-440-008-1"><bdi>965-440-008-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Settlement&rft.btitle=Tel+Ira%3A+a+stronghold+in+the+biblical+Negev+in+the+Eastern+Negev&rft.series=The+Emery+and+Clare+Yass+Publications+in+Archaeology%3A+Monograph+Series+of+the+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=Tel+Aviv+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=965-440-008-1&rft.aulast=Beit-Arieh&rft.aufirst=Itzhaq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondrian.tau.ac.il%2Fhumanities%2Farchaeology%2Fpublications%2Fpub_mon15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAP-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAP_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharon1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, Moshe</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA90">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Aqabah (Ailah)"</a>. <i>Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae</i>. Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Leiden & Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004108332" title="Special:BookSources/9789004108332"><bdi>9789004108332</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123144344/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=Arabic+%22naqb%22&source=bl&ots=b5BLvNcxPD&sig=9R29RFCDy9HWltM-nn0ZksBNDWQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=c61CVZmFJ8fxUouUgegG&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Arabic%20%22naqb%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>In fact, there are two mountain passes through which the road of Aylah has to cross. The western one crosses the mountain ridge to the west of the gulf, and through it passes the main road from Egypt which cuts through the whole width of Sinai, coming from Cairo via Suez. This mountain pass is also called 'Aqabat Aylah, or as it is better known, "Naqb al-'Aqabah" or "Ras an-Naqb."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Aqabah+%28Ailah%29&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Arabicarum+Palaestinae&rft.place=Leiden+%26+Boston&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies%2FHandbuch+Der+Orientalistik&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789004108332&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj1rSzWgHMjoC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertzogAbuhavGoldbergMarx2018" class="citation book cs1">Hertzog, Esther; Abuhav, Orit; Goldberg, Harvey E.; <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Marx" title="Emanuel Marx">Marx, Emanuel</a> (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326234655/https://books.google.com/books?id=71SnYdunv1MC&pg=PA670&lpg=PA670&dq=%22Naqb%22+%22negev%22+bedouin&source=bl&ots=EmTXpblmiv&sig=7o-BSiNevrZIl2gHgYAoPirkBHE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=athCVZ7AG8T1aqa_gMgM&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCQ"><i>Perspectives on Israeli Anthropology</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814330500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814330500"><bdi>978-0814330500</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71SnYdunv1MC&pg=PA670">the original</a> on 26 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Israeli+Anthropology&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.isbn=978-0814330500&rft.aulast=Hertzog&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=Abuhav%2C+Orit&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Harvey+E.&rft.au=Marx%2C+Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71SnYdunv1MC%26pg%3DPA670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEF1941-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEF1941_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEF1941_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Palestine Exploration Quarterly (April 1941). <i>The Negev, or Southern Desert of Palestine by George E. Kirk.</i> London. Page 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank2018" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Adam (2018-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/are-we-earths-only-civilization/557180/">"Was There a Civilization on Earth Before Humans?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Was+There+a+Civilization+on+Earth+Before+Humans%3F&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2018%2F04%2Fare-we-earths-only-civilization%2F557180%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritt2009" class="citation news cs1">Britt, Robert Roy (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/3542-oldest-surface-earth-discovered.html">"Oldest Surface on Earth Discovered"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704083919/https://www.livescience.com/3542-oldest-surface-earth-discovered.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Oldest+Surface+on+Earth+Discovered&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Robert+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F3542-oldest-surface-earth-discovered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoskinKatraPoratZilberman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roskin, Joel; Katra, Itzhak; Porat, Naomi; Zilberman, Ezra (October 2013). "Evolution of Middle to Late Pleistocene sandy calcareous paleosols underlying the northwestern Negev Desert Dunefield (Israel)". <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>387</b>: <span class="nowrap">134–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PPP...387..134R">2013PPP...387..134R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2013.07.018">10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Middle+to+Late+Pleistocene+sandy+calcareous+paleosols+underlying+the+northwestern+Negev+Desert+Dunefield+%28Israel%29&rft.volume=387&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2013.07.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PPP...387..134R&rft.aulast=Roskin&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Katra%2C+Itzhak&rft.au=Porat%2C+Naomi&rft.au=Zilberman%2C+Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaileyDanin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, C.; Danin, A. (1981). "Bedouin plant utilization in Sinai and the Negev". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 145. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981EcBot..35..145B">1981EcBot..35..145B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858682">10.1007/BF02858682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27839209">27839209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Bedouin+plant+utilization+in+Sinai+and+the+Negev&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27839209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02858682&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981EcBot..35..145B&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Danin%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505022421/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-6236634.html">"Gulf-Environment: Arabian Leopard Faces Extinction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-6236634.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15954/215195554">"<i>Panthera pardus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: e.T15954A215195554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T15954A215195554.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T15954A215195554.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Beersheba%2C+ISR+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweather.msn.com%2Flocal.aspx%3Fwealocations%3Dwc%3AISXX0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo">"Averages and Records for Beersheba (Precipitation, Temperature and Records [Excluding January and June] written in the page)"</a>. Israel Meteorological Service. August 2011. 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Israel Meteorological Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo">the original</a> on 14 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Averages+and+Records+for+Tel+Aviv+%28Precipitation%2C+Temperature+and+Records+written+in+the+page%29&rft.pub=Israel+Meteorological+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fims.gov.il%2FIMS%2FCLIMATE%2FLongTermInfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span><span class="languageicon">(in Hebrew)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael">"Extremes for Tel Aviv [Records of February and May]"</a>. 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1557491">"Major congenital malformations and residential proximity to a regional industrial park including a national toxic waste site: An ecological study"</a>. <i>Environmental Health</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EnvHe...5....8B">2006EnvHe...5....8B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-5-8">10.1186/1476-069X-5-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1557491">1557491</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16571107">16571107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Major+congenital+malformations+and+residential+proximity+to+a+regional+industrial+park+including+a+national+toxic+waste+site%3A+An+ecological+study&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1557491%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16571107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1476-069X-5-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006EnvHe...5....8B&rft.aulast=Bentov&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft.au=Kordysh%2C+Ella&rft.au=Hershkovitz%2C+Reli&rft.au=Belmaker%2C+Ilana&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+Marina&rft.au=Bilenko%2C+Natasha&rft.au=Sarov%2C+Batia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1557491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deserts" title="Template:Deserts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deserts" title="Template talk:Deserts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_deserts534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts" title="List of deserts">List of deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Africa" title="List of deserts">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Black Desert (Egypt)">Black Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Desert" title="Blue Desert">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalbi_Desert" title="Chalbi Desert">Chalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djurab_Desert" title="Djurab Desert">Djurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferlo_Desert" title="Ferlo Desert">Ferlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra (White)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Desert" title="Moçâmedes Desert">Moçâmedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiri_Desert" title="Nyiri Desert">Nyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_des_Sables" title="Plaine des Sables">Plaine des Sables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richtersveld" title="Richtersveld">Richtersveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezrouft" title="Tanezrouft">Tanezrouft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ténéré">Ténéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert" title="Western Desert">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Asia" title="List of deserts">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafud_desert" title="Nafud desert">Nefud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlat_al-Sab%27atayn" title="Ramlat al-Sab'atayn">Ramlat al-Sab'atayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiba_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahiba Sands">Wahiba Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsuki_Desert" title="Barsuki Desert">Barsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Dasht-e Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiynkum_Desert" title="Moiynkum Desert">Moiynkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryn_Desert" title="Ryn Desert">Ryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryesik-Atyrau_Desert" title="Saryesik-Atyrau Desert">Saryesik-Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarykum" title="Sarykum">Sarykum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukum" title="Taukum">Taukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami_Desert" title="Hami Desert">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_Desert" title="Lop Desert">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubuqi_Desert" title="Kubuqi Desert">Kubuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Us_Desert" title="Mu Us Desert">Mu Us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katpana_Desert" title="Katpana Desert">Katpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_Desert" title="Kharan Desert">Kharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Kavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Khash" title="Dasht-e Khash">Khash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Leili" title="Dasht-e Leili">Leili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Lut" title="Dasht-e Lut">Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Margo" title="Dasht-e Margo">Margo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polond_Desert" title="Polond Desert">Polond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Sand_Dunes" title="La Paz Sand Dunes">La Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Europe" title="List of deserts">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardenas_Reales" title="Bardenas Reales">Bardenas Reales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monegros_Desert" title="Monegros Desert">Monegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleshky_Sands" title="Oleshky Sands">Oleshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#North_America" title="List of deserts">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvord_Desert" title="Alvord Desert">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Desert" title="Amargosa Desert">Amargosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcross_Desert" title="Carcross Desert">Carcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Desert" title="Carson Desert">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled scablands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_Desert" title="Escalante Desert">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Mile_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Mile Desert">Forty Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Desierto_de_Altar" title="Gran Desierto de Altar">Gran Desierto de Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake_Desert" title="Great Salt Lake Desert">Great Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(Oregon)" title="High Desert (Oregon)">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto" title="Jornada del Muerto">Jornada del Muerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Desert" title="Lechuguilla Desert">Lechuguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owyhee_Desert" title="Owyhee Desert">Owyhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Painted Desert (Arizona)">Painted Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_Desert" title="Sevier Desert">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_Creek_Desert" title="Smoke Creek Desert">Smoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Desert" title="Tonopah Desert">Tonopah Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Tule Desert (Arizona)">Tule (Arizona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Nevada)" title="Tule Desert (Nevada)">Tule (Nevada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuha_Desert" title="Yuha Desert">Yuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Desert" title="Yuma Desert">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Oceania" title="List of deserts">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Australia" title="List of deserts">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert" title="Great Sandy Desert">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(South_Australia)" title="Painted Desert (South Australia)">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedirka_Desert" title="Pedirka Desert">Pedirka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Desert" title="Simpson Desert">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Desert" title="Strzelecki Desert">Strzelecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Stony_Desert" title="Sturt Stony Desert">Sturt Stony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirari_Desert" title="Tirari Desert">Tirari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#New_Zealand" title="List of deserts">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangipo_Desert" title="Rangipo Desert">Rangipo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#South_America" title="List of deserts">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Desert" title="La Guajira Desert">La Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Los Médanos de Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Desert" title="Monte Desert">Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_Desert" title="Sechura Desert">Sechura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">Tatacoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Polar_regions" title="List of deserts">Polar regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Antarctic" title="List of deserts">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Desert" title="Meyer Desert">Meyer Desert</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Arctic" title="List of deserts">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deserts" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deserts">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts" title="Category:Deserts">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deserts">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_District_of_Israel415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Template:Southern District (Israel)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_south_dist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Israel_south_dist.svg/120px-Israel_south_dist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Israel_south_dist.svg/250px-Israel_south_dist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">Local councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%27arat_an-Naqab" title="Ar'arat an-Naqab">Ar'arat an-Naqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hura" title="Hura">Hura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuseife" title="Kuseife">Kuseife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakiya" title="Lakiya">Lakiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehavim" title="Lehavim">Lehavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitar" title="Meitar">Meitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzpe_Ramon" title="Mitzpe Ramon">Mitzpe Ramon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer,_Israel" title="Omer, Israel">Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqib_al-Salam" title="Shaqib al-Salam">Shaqib al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_as-Sabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel as-Sabi">Tel as-Sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeruham" title="Yeruham">Yeruham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasom_Regional_Council" title="Al-Kasom Regional Council">al-Kasom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Tuvia_Regional_Council" title="Be'er Tuvia Regional Council">Be'er Tuvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Shimon_Regional_Council" title="Bnei Shimon Regional Council">Bnei Shimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arava_Regional_Council" title="Central Arava Regional Council">Central Arava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshkol_Regional_Council" title="Eshkol Regional Council">Eshkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevel_Eilot_Regional_Council" title="Hevel Eilot Regional Council">Hevel Eilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof_Ashkelon_Regional_Council" title="Hof Ashkelon Regional Council">Hof Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhish_Regional_Council" title="Lakhish Regional Council">Lakhish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhavim_Regional_Council" title="Merhavim Regional Council">Merhavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Midbar_Regional_Council" title="Neve Midbar Regional Council">Neve Midbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_HaNegev_Regional_Council" title="Ramat HaNegev Regional Council">Ramat HaNegev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sdot_Negev_Regional_Council" title="Sdot Negev Regional Council">Sdot Negev (Azata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaNegev_Regional_Council" title="Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council">Sha'ar HaNegev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafir_Regional_Council" title="Shafir Regional Council">Shafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Regional_Council" title="Tamar Regional Council">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Regional_Council" title="Yoav Regional Council">Yoav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_metropolitan_area" title="Beersheba metropolitan area">Beersheba metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b>Other sub-divisions:</b> <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162843#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Negev"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42166414895702740004">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041559-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090633">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Negev (Izrael : poušť)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130150&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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