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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Novial" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Novial" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" 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user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Novial" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Novial" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jespersen_som_interlingvist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jespersen_som_interlingvist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jespersen som interlingvist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jespersen_som_interlingvist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grammatikk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatikk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Grammatikk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endinger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endinger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Endinger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endinger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historikk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Språkeksempel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Språkeksempel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Språkeksempel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Språkeksempel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Novial</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 73 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%8D" title="ኖቪያል – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኖቪያል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نوفيال – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوفيال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial_dili" title="Novial dili – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Novial dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نوویال دیلی – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوویال دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Навіяль – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навіяль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Новиаль – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Новиаль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviaal" title="Noviaal – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Noviaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB" title="Νόβιαλ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόβιαλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novialo" title="Novialo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novialo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نوویال – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوویال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%95%8C" title="노비알 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노비알" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="नोवियाल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोवियाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Novial" title="Bahasa Novial – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Novial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნოვიალი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნოვიალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Новиаль (кыв) – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Новиаль (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novialava" title="Novialava – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Novialava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Novial" title="Lingua Novial – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Novial" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial_nyelv" title="Novial nyelv – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Novial nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="നോവിയൽ ഭാഷ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോവിയൽ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB" title="ノヴィアル – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノヴィアル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نوویال – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوویال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial_simi" title="Novial simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Novial simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Новиаль – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новиаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_novial" title="Gjuha novial – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha novial" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADNovial" title="SíNovial – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíNovial" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Новијал – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новијал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Novial" title="Wikang Novial – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Novial" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நோவியல் மொழி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோவியல் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาโนเวียล – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโนเวียล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Новіаль – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Новіаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نوویال – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوویال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نوۋىيال – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نوۋىيال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial" title="Novial – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Novial" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="诺维亚语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺维亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="诺维亚语 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺维亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36738#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Novial" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Novial"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Novial"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Novial" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Novial" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&oldid=23797387" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Novial&id=23797387&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNovial"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNovial"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Novial&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Novial" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36738" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24553676">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/50px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/75px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/100px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Referansel%C3%B8s" title="Wikipedia:Referanseløs">Referanseløs</a></b>: Denne artikkelen inneholder en <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:K">liste over kilder, litteratur</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EL">eksterne lenker</a>, men enkeltopplysninger lar seg ikke <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifisere</a> fordi det mangler konkrete kildehenvisninger i form av fotnotebaserte <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STIL#Referanser" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STIL">referanser</a>. Du kan hjelpe til med å sjekke opplysningene mot kildemateriale og legge inn referanser. Opplysninger uten kildehenvisning i form av referanser kan bli fjernet.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Novial</b> er et <a href="/wiki/Internasjonalt_hjelpespr%C3%A5k" title="Internasjonalt hjelpespråk">internasjonalt hjelpespråk</a> skapt av den danske språkforskeren <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen_(lingvist)" title="Otto Jespersen (lingvist)">Otto Jespersen</a> og lansert i 1928. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jespersen_som_interlingvist">Jespersen som interlingvist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Jespersen som interlingvist" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Jespersen som interlingvist"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Navnet er ei sammentrekning av forkortelsen <i>Nov IAL</i> (international auxiliari lingue) (nytt internasjonalt hjelpespråk, på Novial). Jespersen var en internasjonalt berømt filolog, blant annet en av sin tids største autoriteter på <a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">engelsk</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatikk" title="Grammatikk">grammatikk</a>. Han blei opptatt av <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> rundt århundreskiftet, og var fra 1907 og framover med på å utforme <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a>. Som interlingvist beundret han både Esperantos skaper <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwik Zamenhof">Zamenhof</a> og <a href="/wiki/Occidental" class="mw-redirect" title="Occidental">Occidentals</a> skaper <a href="/wiki/Edgar_von_Wahl" title="Edgar von Wahl">von Wahl</a>, og lette etter et kompromiss mellom lettlærtheten som han fant i den førstes <i>skjematiske</i> språk og den umiddelbare forståeligheten som han fant i den andres <i>naturalistiske</i> språk. Han var dessuten opptatt av enkelheten i den engelske grammatikken, og noen særegenheter i nordiske språk. I 1928 lanserte han endelig et hjelpespråk helt etter sitt eget hode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatikk">Grammatikk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Grammatikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Grammatikk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Novial</i> har en del likhetstrekk med <i>Esperanto</i> som fikk spøkefulle kolleger i <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> til å kalle språket <i>Jesperanto</i>. Jespersen beholdt flere løsninger fra Esperanto som ellers var på vei ut i flere <i>nylatinske</i> og <i>naturalistiske</i> kunstspråka på hans tid. I begynnelsen forsøkte han å holde seg til en strengt regulær stavemåte og unngå grammatiske unntak. Novial har også, som <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a>, faste endinger som forteller brukeren hvilken klasse et ord hører til. Men ulikt nesten alle nyere kunstspråk tok han med <a href="/wiki/Grammatisk_kj%C3%B8nn" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatisk kjønn">grammatisk kjønn</a> på substantivene – riktignok ulikt naturlige språk, strengt i samsvar med virkelig kjønn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endinger">Endinger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Endinger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Endinger"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Novials endinger for ordklasser er: </p> <ul><li>-o for substantiv i hannkjønn (masculinum)</li> <li>-a for substantiv i hunnkjønn (femininum)</li> <li>-e for substantiv i intetkjønn (neutrum)</li> <li>-um for abstrakte substantiv</li> <li>-i for adjektiv</li> <li>-u for adverb (med preposisjon som rot)</li> <li>-im for adverb (med adjektiv som rot))</li> <li>-d for verb i fortid.</li> <li><i>did</i> foran verbet kan også uttrykke fortid</li> <li><i>sal</i> foran verbet uttrykker framtid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historikk">Historikk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historikk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jespersens lansering av Novial i boka <i>An International Language</i> (<a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a>) vakte stor oppmerksomhet. Blant de som roste språket var <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>. I <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> ga han ut ordboka <i>Novial Lexike</i> med forord på engelsk, <a href="/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk">tysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk">fransk</a> og Novial. </p><p>Et lite tidsskrift, <i>Novialiste</i>, kom ut fra <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a> til <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>. Novial kunne leses uten store problemer av brukere av andre kunstige hjelpespråk eller f.eks. engelsk og fransk, så de fleste abonnentene var ikke sjøl aktive novialister. Likevel hører Novial til den lille gruppa kunstige språk som faktisk blei brukt. Språket verva noen få aktive tilhengerne, de fleste med mye erfaring fra andre hjelpespråk. Flere av dem ønsket reformer i <i>naturalistisk</i> og <i>nylatinsk</i> retning. Jespersen var sjøl som tilhenger av Esperanto og Ido for språkreformer, og forandret Novial i 1934 og seinere. Dermed kom en del av regelmessigheten og enkelheten som prega Novial til å gå tapt, og språket likna mer på nylatinske hjelpespråk som Occidental og <a href="/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione" title="Latino Sine Flexione">Interlingua/LSF</a>. </p><p>Som Jespersen også litt trist skreiv, gjorde forandringene restopplaget av <i>Novial Lexike</i> til verdiløst papir. Aktiv virksomhet for Novial tok slutt med utbruddet av <a href="/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig">andre verdenskrig</a>, og språket døde med Jespersen i <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>. I de seinere åra har enkelte forsøkt å nylansere Novial på Internett, om enn med beskjeden suksess slik det ser ut så langt. </p><p>En <a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nov:">Wikipedia på Novial</a> blei lansert i januar <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. Den fulgte Jespersens ureformerte språkform fra 1928 – 1930, og starta med omtrent 30 artikler. Ved slutten av året hadde antallet økt til rundt 1 500. Per februar 2009 har Wikipedia på Novial vel 2500 artikler og i overkant av 800 registrerte brukere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Språkeksempel"><span id="Spr.C3.A5keksempel"></span>Språkeksempel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Språkeksempel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Språkeksempel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fader_v%C3%A5r" title="Fader vår">Fader vår</a> på Novial i språkets opprinnelige utgave fra 1928: </p> <dl><dd><i>Nusen Patro kel es in siele,</i></dd> <dd><i>mey vun nome bli sanktifika,</i></dd> <dd><i>mey vun regno veni,</i></dd> <dd><i>mey vun volio eventa sur tere kom in siele.</i></dd> <dd><i>Dona a nus disidi li omnidiali pane,</i></dd> <dd><i>e pardona a nus nusen ofensos</i></dd> <dd><i>kom anke nus pardona a nusen ofensantes,</i></dd> <dd><i>e non dukte nus en li tento</i></dd> <dd><i>ma fika nus liberi fro li malum.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistisk_planspr%C3%A5k" title="Naturalistisk planspråk">Naturalistisk planspråk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylatinsk_planspr%C3%A5k" title="Nylatinsk planspråk">Nylatinsk planspråk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novial&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040927100408/http://www.geocities.com/idojc/ail.html">An International Language</a> Otto Jespersen (1928)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blahedo.org/novial/nl.html">Novial Lexike</a> Otto Jespersen (1930)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Novial">Novial Wiki Book</a> Li Hunde del Familie Baskerville</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060330192616/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Test-wp/nov/">Wikipedia på Novial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/novial-discussion/">Novial diskusjonsgruppe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621141235/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/novial-discussion/">Arkivert</a> 21. juni 2006 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Yahoo-diskusjonsgruppe på engelsk og novial</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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