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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Military composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasion of Java</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9" title="الغزو المغولي لجاوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو المغولي لجاوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4ng-k%C3%B3%CD%98_t%C3%B9i_Jawa_%C3%AA_chhim-ji%CC%8Dp" title="Bông-kó͘ tùi Jawa ê chhim-ji̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bông-kó͘ tùi Jawa ê chhim-ji̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_mongola_de_Java" title="Invasión mongola de Java – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión mongola de Java" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_mongole_de_Java" title="Invasion mongole de Java – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion mongole de Java" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Jawa_oleh_Mongol" title="Invasi Jawa oleh Mongol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Jawa oleh Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasione_mongola_di_Giava" title="Invasione mongola di Giava – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasione mongola di Giava" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_hadj%C3%A1rat_J%C3%A1va_ellen" title="Mongol hadjárat Jáva ellen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mongol hadjárat Jáva ellen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Mongol_ke_atas_Jawa" title="Serangan Mongol ke atas Jawa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan Mongol ke atas Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangan_Mongol_ka_Jawa" title="Sarangan Mongol ka Jawa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sarangan Mongol ka Jawa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Монголчуудын Жава руу хийсэн довтолгоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монголчуудын Жава руу хийсэн довтолгоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="モンゴルのジャワ侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンゴルのジャワ侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_mongol_de_Java" title="Invasão mongol de Java – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão mongol de Java" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Монгольское вторжение на Яву – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монгольское вторжение на Яву" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Java" title="Mongolernas invasion av Java – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mongolernas invasion av Java" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சாவகம் மீதான மங்கோலியப் படையெடுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாவகம் மீதான மங்கோலியப் படையெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava%27n%C4%B1n_Mo%C4%9Follar_taraf%C4%B1ndan_istilas%C4%B1" title="Cava'nın Moğollar tarafından istilası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cava'nın Moğollar tarafından istilası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Монгольське вторгнення на Яву – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монгольське вторгнення на Яву" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">13th-century military campaign</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mongol invasion of Java</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_invasion_of_java_(map).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mongol_invasion_of_java_%28map%29.png/300px-Mongol_invasion_of_java_%28map%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mongol_invasion_of_java_%28map%29.png/450px-Mongol_invasion_of_java_%28map%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mongol_invasion_of_java_%28map%29.png/600px-Mongol_invasion_of_java_%28map%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="2147" /></a></span><br />Mongol invasion of Java in 1293</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>22 January 1293–early August 1293<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20227_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20227-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>: the city of Daha and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Brantas_River" title="Brantas River">Brantas River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mas_River" title="Mas River">Mas River</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Majapahit victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> (before Kediri defeat)</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> (after Kediri defeat)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Bi (page does not exist)">Shi Bi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%BC%BC_(%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:史弼 (元朝)">zh</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%BC%BC_(%E5%85%83)" class="extiw" title="ja:史弼 (元)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xing_(Chinese_commander)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Xing (Chinese commander) (page does not exist)">Gao Xing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%85%B4_(%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:高兴 (元朝)">zh</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%88%88_(%E5%85%83)" class="extiw" title="ja:高興 (元)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%AF%CE%B3m%C3%AF%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yïγmïš (page does not exist)">Yïγmïš</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A6%E9%BB%91%E8%BF%B7%E5%A4%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:亦黑迷失">zh</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" class="extiw" title="ja:イグミシュ">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang#Conquest_of_Kediri" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-survey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indianized_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indianized-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201">: 201 </span></sup></li> <li>Kebo Mundarang <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li>Panglet Mahisa Rubuh <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sora" class="extiw" title="id:Ken Sora">Ken Sora</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambi" class="extiw" title="id:Nambi">Nambi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranggalawe" class="extiw" title="id:Ranggalawe">Ranggalawe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Wiraraja" class="extiw" title="id:Arya Wiraraja">Arya Wiraraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–30,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201345_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201345-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–100,000+<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> 10,000–20,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>: 12,000–18,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011119_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011119-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>: Unknown</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 5,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/23px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/35px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg/46px-Majapahit_fictitious_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="607" /></span></span></span> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_invasions_andconquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and<br />conquests</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Caucassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Nizari state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Burma (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Other invasions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans#Mongol_invasions" title="Cumans">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Durdzuketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania#Mongol_conquest_and_aftermath_(13th–14th_centuries)" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Poland and Bohemia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third</a>)</li> <li>Hungary and Croatia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Byzantine Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Gazaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_involving_Majapahit" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_involving_Majapahit" title="Template:Campaignbox Conflicts involving Majapahit"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Conflicts_involving_Majapahit" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Conflicts involving Majapahit"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_involving_Majapahit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Conflicts involving Majapahit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_involving_Majapahit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Conflicts involving Majapahit</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongol invasion of Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demak-Majapahit_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Demak-Majapahit conflicts">Demak-Majapahit conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brebes" title="Battle of Brebes">Battle of Brebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bubat" title="Battle of Bubat">Battle of Bubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regreg_War" title="Regreg War">Regreg War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamalayu" title="Pamalayu">Pamalayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> attempted in 1293 to invade <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, an island in modern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, with 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 30,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201345_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201345-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was intended as a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara">Kertanegara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of their emissaries. However, in the intervening years between Kertanegara's refusal and the expedition's arrival on Java, Kertanegara had been killed and Singhasari had been usurped by <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a>. Thus, the Yuan expeditionary force was directed to obtain the submission of its successor state, <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a>, instead. After a fierce campaign, Kediri surrendered, but the Yuan forces were betrayed by their erstwhile ally, <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a>. In the end, the invasion ended with Yuan failure and strategic victory for the new state, Majapahit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, had sent envoys to many states demanding that they pay tributes and submit themselves to Yuan China. Men-shi or Meng-qi (孟琪), one of his ministers, was sent to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> (<a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>) but was not well received there.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king of <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara">Kertanegara</a>, was offended by Men-shi's proposal and branded his face with a hot iron as was done to common thieves, cut his ears, and scornfully sent him on his way. Kublai Khan was shocked and ordered a punitive expedition against Kertanegara, whom he labeled a barbarian, in 1292. The campaign also had other objectives. According to Kublai Khan, if the Yuan forces were able to defeat Singhasari, the other countries around it would submit themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187630_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187630-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuan dynasty could then control the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> sea trade routes, because of the strategic geographical position of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">archipelago</a> in trading.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011106–107_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011106–107-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i>, 20,000–30,000 men were collected from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>, along with 500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20224–5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20224–5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officers were the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> Shi Bi, the <a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugur</a> Yighmish, who were experienced in overseas voyages, and the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> Gao Xing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, after defeating <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu Dharmasraya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in 1290, Singhasari became the most powerful kingdom in the region. Kertanegara sent a massive army to Sumatra in the <a href="/wiki/Pamalayu" title="Pamalayu">Pamalayu</a> campaign. However, seizing the opportunity of the lack of an army guarding the capital, in 1292 <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a>, the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a> (Gelang-gelang), a vassal state of Singhasari, revolted against Kertanegara. Jayakatwang's revolt was assisted by Kertanegara's former close friend, Banyak Wide (also known by his title <a href="/wiki/Aria_Wiraraja" title="Aria Wiraraja">Arya Wiraraja</a>), who secretly despised Kertanegara since he was removed from being a minister/<a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a> of Singhasari and was sent to <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> as the governor in <a href="/wiki/Sumenep_(town)" title="Sumenep (town)">Sumenep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199">: 199 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201333,_233,_249–250_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201333,_233,_249–250-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kediri (Gelang-gelang) army attacked Singhasari simultaneously from both the north and south flanks. The king of Singhasari only noticed the invasion from the north and sent his son-in-law, Nararya Sanggramawijaya (<a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a>), northward to vanquish the rebellion. The northern attack was quashed, but the southern attack under the command of Kebo Mundarang successfully remained undetected until it reached and sacked the unprepared capital city of <a href="/wiki/Singosari" title="Singosari">Kutaraja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013221_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayakatwang usurped and killed Kertanegara during the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> sacred ceremony while drinking <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a>, thus bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013250–251,_254_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013250–251,_254-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Kertanegara and the fall of Singhasari is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada_inscription" title="Gajah Mada inscription">Gajah Mada inscription</a> in the month of <i>Jyesta</i> in 1214 <i>Saka</i>, which has been interpreted as April–May 1292 or between 18th May and the 15th June of 1292.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201344,_130,_186_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201344,_130,_186-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having learned of the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Singosari" title="Singosari">Kutaraja</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a> rebellion, <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> tried to return and defend Singhasari but failed. He and his three colleagues, Rangga Lawe, Sora, and Nambi, went into exile to <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> under the protection of the regent <a href="/wiki/Aria_Wiraraja" title="Aria Wiraraja">Arya Wiraraja</a>, who then turned to <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a>'s side. Kertanegara's son-in-law, Raden Wijaya, submitted to Kediri, and being brokered by Arya Wiraraja he was pardoned by Jayakatwang. Wijaya was then permitted to establish a new settlement in Tarik timberland. The new settlement was named <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, which was taken from <a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos"><i>maja</i> fruit</a> that had a bitter taste in that timberland (<i>maja</i> is the fruit name and <i>pahit</i> means 'bitter').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013187–188,_224,_230–231,_256–257_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013187–188,_224,_230–231,_256–257-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_composition">Military composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 325.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 323.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%83%E8%83%8C%E5%9B%8A%E8%B4%9F%E5%8C%A3%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91%E3%80%81%E6%80%A5%E9%80%92%E9%A9%BF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuan dynasty Mongol cavalry, from Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, collected by Xi'an Museum."><img alt="Yuan dynasty Mongol cavalry, from Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, collected by Xi'an Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E5%85%83%E8%83%8C%E5%9B%8A%E8%B4%9F%E5%8C%A3%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91%E3%80%81%E6%80%A5%E9%80%92%E9%A9%BF.jpg/485px-%E5%85%83%E8%83%8C%E5%9B%8A%E8%B4%9F%E5%8C%A3%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91%E3%80%81%E6%80%A5%E9%80%92%E9%A9%BF.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E5%85%83%E8%83%8C%E5%9B%8A%E8%B4%9F%E5%8C%A3%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91%E3%80%81%E6%80%A5%E9%80%92%E9%A9%BF.jpg/727px-%E5%85%83%E8%83%8C%E5%9B%8A%E8%B4%9F%E5%8C%A3%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91%E3%80%81%E6%80%A5%E9%80%92%E9%A9%BF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E5%85%83%E8%83%8C%E5%9B%8A%E8%B4%9F%E5%8C%A3%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91%E3%80%81%E6%80%A5%E9%80%92%E9%A9%BF.jpg/969px-%E5%85%83%E8%83%8C%E5%9B%8A%E8%B4%9F%E5%8C%A3%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91%E3%80%81%E6%80%A5%E9%80%92%E9%A9%BF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5014" data-file-height="3105" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> cavalry, from <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi Province</a>, collected by <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Museum" title="Xi'an Museum">Xi'an Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jember_Brass_%22Tartar-rider%22_(possibly_a_toy),_from_Djember,_Besuki,_East_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A brass "Tartar rider" toy from Besuki, East Java."><img alt="A brass "Tartar rider" toy from Besuki, East Java." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jember_Brass_%22Tartar-rider%22_%28possibly_a_toy%29%2C_from_Djember%2C_Besuki%2C_East_Java.jpg/229px-Jember_Brass_%22Tartar-rider%22_%28possibly_a_toy%29%2C_from_Djember%2C_Besuki%2C_East_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jember_Brass_%22Tartar-rider%22_%28possibly_a_toy%29%2C_from_Djember%2C_Besuki%2C_East_Java.jpg/344px-Jember_Brass_%22Tartar-rider%22_%28possibly_a_toy%29%2C_from_Djember%2C_Besuki%2C_East_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jember_Brass_%22Tartar-rider%22_%28possibly_a_toy%29%2C_from_Djember%2C_Besuki%2C_East_Java.jpg/459px-Jember_Brass_%22Tartar-rider%22_%28possibly_a_toy%29%2C_from_Djember%2C_Besuki%2C_East_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A brass "Tartar rider" toy from <a href="/wiki/Besuki" title="Besuki">Besuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>There were 5,000 men commanded by Shi Bi, 2,000 from the garrison in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a>, and soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a> provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187621_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187621-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The personal equipment during the expedition was not explicitly recorded. If the equipment was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasion of Japan</a>, the soldiers would have worn light steel helmets and hide armor. The weapons included pikes, <a href="/wiki/Battle_axe" title="Battle axe">battle axes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflex_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex bow">reflex bows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb"><i>tiě pào</i></a> (鐵炮 — grenades launched by catapults). Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> soldiers also brought horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012255,_274_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012255,_274-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i> also mentioned cannon (Chinese: <a href="/wiki/Hu_dun_pao" title="Hu dun pao">炮 — <i>Pào</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> From the record of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, Chinese ships carried <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> shooters/throwers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201346_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201346-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kind of ships used in the campaign is not mentioned in the <i>History of Yuan</i>, but the norm of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Junks" class="mw-redirect" title="Junks">junks</a> pre-1500 was about 20–30 m (65.6–98.4 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowring2019129_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowring2019129-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worcester estimates that the large junks of the Yuan dynasty were 36 feet (10.97 m) in beam and over 100 feet (30.48 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> By using the ratio between the number of ships and total soldiers, each ship may have carried a maximum capacity of 30 or 31 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011128_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Bade estimated a capacity of 20 to 50 men per ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201346_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201346-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bowl-mouthed_cannon_found_in_Java,_from_Julian_Permata_colllection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/A_bowl-mouthed_cannon_found_in_Java%2C_from_Julian_Permata_colllection.png/220px-A_bowl-mouthed_cannon_found_in_Java%2C_from_Julian_Permata_colllection.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/A_bowl-mouthed_cannon_found_in_Java%2C_from_Julian_Permata_colllection.png/330px-A_bowl-mouthed_cannon_found_in_Java%2C_from_Julian_Permata_colllection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/A_bowl-mouthed_cannon_found_in_Java%2C_from_Julian_Permata_colllection.png/440px-A_bowl-mouthed_cannon_found_in_Java%2C_from_Julian_Permata_colllection.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese-style cannon found in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, made of bronze and weighs about 15 kg. Unknown origin, it is either Chinese-made or a Javanese copy. It may be used as anti-ship cannon or as a mortar, firing large cannonballs or bombs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i> recorded that the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> army had more than 100,000 men. This is now believed to be an exaggerated or mistaken number. Modern estimates place the Javanese forces at around the same size as the Yuan army, of around 20,000 to 30,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a Chinese record, Java already had a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>, an achievement that only a handful of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> empires could hope to achieve. This army numbered around 30,000 men that were paid in gold, recorded as early as 1225 in <i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 467">: 467 </span></sup> </p><p>Military forces in various parts of Southeast Asia were lightly armored. As was common in Southeast Asia, most of the Javanese forces were composed of temporarily conscripted commoners (<a href="/wiki/Conscription#Medieval_levies" title="Conscription">levy</a>) led by the warrior and noble <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>. The "peasant army" was usually bare-chested wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarung</a></i>, and armed with a spear, short sword, or bow and arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their infantry (professional soldiers, not the levy) wore a scale armor called <a href="/wiki/Siping-siping" title="Siping-siping">siping-siping</a>, possibly made of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>. The high-ranking soldiers wore a metal <a href="/wiki/Breastplate" title="Breastplate">breastplate</a> called <a href="/wiki/Kawaca" title="Kawaca">kawaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJákl201478–80_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJákl201478–80-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Javanese navy, however, was more advanced than the Chinese. <a href="/wiki/Javanese_junk" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese junk">Javanese junks</a> (jong) were more than 69 to 80 metres (226 to 262 ft) long, able to carry 600–1,000 men, and constructed in multiple thick planks that rendered artillery useless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAveroes202259–62_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAveroes202259–62-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-up_of_KITLV_87823_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Reliefs_on_Tjandi_Panataran_near_Blitar_-_Before_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Close-up_of_KITLV_87823_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Reliefs_on_Tjandi_Panataran_near_Blitar_-_Before_1900.jpg/600px-Close-up_of_KITLV_87823_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Reliefs_on_Tjandi_Panataran_near_Blitar_-_Before_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Close-up_of_KITLV_87823_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Reliefs_on_Tjandi_Panataran_near_Blitar_-_Before_1900.jpg/900px-Close-up_of_KITLV_87823_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Reliefs_on_Tjandi_Panataran_near_Blitar_-_Before_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Close-up_of_KITLV_87823_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Reliefs_on_Tjandi_Panataran_near_Blitar_-_Before_1900.jpg/1200px-Close-up_of_KITLV_87823_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Reliefs_on_Tjandi_Panataran_near_Blitar_-_Before_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6602" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Battle scene from the main temple of <a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a> temple complex, 1269 saka or 1347 AD.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleet_of_Kublai_Khan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fleet_of_Kublai_Khan.JPG/250px-Fleet_of_Kublai_Khan.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fleet_of_Kublai_Khan.JPG/375px-Fleet_of_Kublai_Khan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fleet_of_Kublai_Khan.JPG/500px-Fleet_of_Kublai_Khan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Kublai Khan's fleet passing through the Indonesian archipelago, by Sir Henry Yule (1871)</figcaption></figure> <p>The order to subdue <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> on March 1292.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012304_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012304-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> forces departed from the southern port of <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chengho_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengho-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traveled along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> along the way to their primary target. The small states of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> submitted and sent envoys to them, and Yuan commanders left <a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">darugha</a> there. It is known that the Yuan forces stopped at Ko-lan (Gelam island) to plan their strategy. On 22 January 1293,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yighmish departed first to bring the Emperor's order to Java. The main fleet then sailed to <a href="/wiki/Karimunjawa" title="Karimunjawa">Karimun Jawa</a>, and from there sailed to <a href="/wiki/Tuban" title="Tuban">Tuban</a>. As noted in <i>Kidung Panji Wijayakrama</i>, they probably pillaged the coastal town of Tuban and the villages surrounding the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201351,_227_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201351,_227-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the commanders decided to split the forces into two. The first would advance inland, the second follows them using boats. Shi Bi sailed to the estuary of Sedayu, and from there went to a small river called <a href="/wiki/Mas_River" title="Mas River">Kali Mas</a> (a tributary of <a href="/wiki/Brantas_River" title="Brantas River">Brantas River</a>). Land troops under Gao Xing and Yighmish, which consisted of cavalry and infantry, went to Du-Bing-Zu. Three commanders sailed using fast boats from Sedayu to <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>'s floating bridge and then joined with the main troops on the way to <a href="/wiki/Mas_River" title="Mas River">Kali Mas River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011112_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011112-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187622_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187622-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ser_Marco_Polo_Ancient_Chinese_War_Vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ser_Marco_Polo_Ancient_Chinese_War_Vessel.jpg/220px-Ser_Marco_Polo_Ancient_Chinese_War_Vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ser_Marco_Polo_Ancient_Chinese_War_Vessel.jpg/330px-Ser_Marco_Polo_Ancient_Chinese_War_Vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ser_Marco_Polo_Ancient_Chinese_War_Vessel.jpg/440px-Ser_Marco_Polo_Ancient_Chinese_War_Vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Painting of a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> junk. Yuan naval armada consisted of this kind of ship.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> army arrived in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> sent an envoy from <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> and informed them that <a href="/wiki/Kertanagara" title="Kertanagara">Kertanagara</a> had been killed in a palace coup and the usurper, <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a>, currently ruled in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet2015_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang and gave the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> a map of the country <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kalang</a> (Gelang-gelang, another name for Kediri). According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i>, Wijaya attacked Jayakatwang without success when he heard of the arrival of the Yuan navy. Then he requested their aid. In return, Yuan generals demanded his submission to their emperor, and he gave it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011113_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011113-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187623_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187623-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raden Wijaya promised a tribute including two princesses should the army succeed in destroying Kediri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201330,_45_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201330,_45-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 22nd March, all of the troops gathered in <a href="/wiki/Mas_River" title="Mas River">Kali Mas</a>. At the headwaters of the river was the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Tumapel" title="Tumapel">Tumapel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>) king. This river was the entryway to Java, and here they decided to battle. A Javanese minister blocked the river using boats. The Yuan commanders then made a crescent-shaped encampment at the bank of the river. They instructed the waterborne troops, cavalry, and infantry to move forward together. The minister abandoned his boats and fled in the night. More than 100 large boats with a devil head at the bow were seized by Yuan forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187623_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187623-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large portion of the army was tasked to guard the estuary of Kali Mas; meanwhile, the main troops advanced. <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a>'s messenger said that the king of Kediri had chased him to <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> and begged the Yuan army to protect him. Because the position of Kediri's army couldn't be determined, the Yuan army returned to Kali Mas. Upon hearing information from Yighmish that the enemy's army would arrive that night, the Yuan army departed to Majapahit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 14th April, Kediri's army arrived from 3 directions to attack Wijaya. In the morning of the 15th April, Yighmish led his troops to attack the enemy in the southwest, but couldn't find them. Gao Xing battled the enemy in the southeast, eventually forcing them to flee into the mountains. Near midday, enemy troops came from the southeast. Gao Xing attacked again and managed to defeat them in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 22nd April, the troops split into 3 to attack Kediri, and it was agreed that on the 26th April they would meet up in Daha to begin the attack after hearing cannon fire. The first troops sailed along the river. The second troops led by Yighmish marched along the eastern riverbank while the third army led by Gao Xing marched along the western riverbank. Raden Wijaya and his troops marched in the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brantas_140722-44842_kdi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brantas_140722-44842_kdi.JPG/240px-Brantas_140722-44842_kdi.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brantas_140722-44842_kdi.JPG/360px-Brantas_140722-44842_kdi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brantas_140722-44842_kdi.JPG/480px-Brantas_140722-44842_kdi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>21st-century view of Brantas river in Kediri.</figcaption></figure> <p>The army arrived at Daha on the 26th April. The prince of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a> defended the city with his troops. The battle lasted from 6:00 am to 14:00 pm. After attacking 3 times, Kediri forces were defeated and fled. At the same time that the Mongol and Kediri forces clashed, <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> forces attacked the city from another <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> side and quickly defeated the guards. <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> went into the palace and freed the princess which has been taken captive by <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a> and her two handmaidens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201354,_228,_246,_258_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201354,_228,_246,_258-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few thousand Kediri troops tried to cross the river but drowned while 5,000 were killed in the battle. King Jayakatwang retreated to his fortress only to find out that his palace had been burned. The Yuan army then rounded up Daha and called on the king to surrender. In the afternoon, Jayakatwang declared his submission to the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. The Yuan army captured Jayakatwang, his son, his wife and all his officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebo Mundarang, who battled in the south, was defeated and fled, only to be captured by Sora. He was brought to a plain and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013188,_227–228_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013188,_227–228-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a> had been captured by <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> forces, <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, ostensibly to prepare his tribute settlement, and leaving his allies to celebrate their victory. Shi Bi and Yighmish allowed Raden Wijaya to go back to his country to prepare his tribute and a new letter of submission, but Gao Xing disliked the idea and he warned the other two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wijaya asked the Yuan forces to come to his country unarmed, as the princesses could not stand the sight of weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011109_and_115_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011109_and_115-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_189_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_189-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two hundred unarmed <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> soldiers led by two officers were sent to <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya's</a> country, but on the 26th May Raden Wijaya quickly mobilized his forces again and ambushed the Yuan convoy. After that Raden Wijaya marched his forces to the main Yuan camp and launched a surprise attack, killing many and sending the rest running back to their ships. Shi Bi was left behind and cut off from the rest of his army, and was obliged to fight his way eastward through 123 km of hostile territory.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raden Wijaya did not engage the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> head-on; instead, he used all possible tactics to harass and reduce the enemy army bit by bit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_219_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_219-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rout, the Yuan army lost a part of the spoils that had been captured beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118–119_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118–119-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187625_and_27_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187625_and_27-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/220px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/330px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/440px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Three-masted <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> jong in <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, this illustration is from 1610.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Yuan forces had to withdraw in confusion, as the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds to carry them home would soon end, leaving them to wait on a hostile island for six months. <a href="/wiki/Jayakatwang" title="Jayakatwang">Jayakatwang</a> composed <i>Kidung Wukir Polaman</i> during captivity in Jung Galuh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013228,_229_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013228,_229-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Mongols killed him and his son before they departed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187628_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187628-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sailed back on the 31st May to <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> in 68 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187627_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187627-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kudadu inscription hints at a battle between the Javanese fleet commanded by <i>rakryan mantri</i> Arya Adikara<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Mongol-Chinese fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2009145_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2009145-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kidung Panji Wijayakrama</i> indicated that Mongol ships were either destroyed or captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201362,_78,_228_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201362,_78,_228-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi Bi's troops lost more than 3,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Shi_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shi-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern research by Nugroho estimated 60% of the Yuan army was killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011119_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011119-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with total losses of 12,000–18,000 soldiers), with an unknown number of soldiers taken prisoner and an unknown number of ships destroyed or captured.<sup id="cite_ref-chengho_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengho-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early August 1293, the army arrived in China. They brought Jayakatwang's children and some of his officers, numbering more than 100. They also acquired the nation's map, population registration, and a letter with golden writings from the king of Muli/Buli (probably <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali</a>). They captured loot in form of valuables, incenses, perfumes, and textiles; all are counted to be worth more than 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a> of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187627_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187627-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Bronze_Gun_(9948385285).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yuan_Bronze_Gun_%289948385285%29.jpg/218px-Yuan_Bronze_Gun_%289948385285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yuan_Bronze_Gun_%289948385285%29.jpg/327px-Yuan_Bronze_Gun_%289948385285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yuan_Bronze_Gun_%289948385285%29.jpg/436px-Yuan_Bronze_Gun_%289948385285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang.png/218px-Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang.png/327px-Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang.png/436px-Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Hand cannons:<br /> <ul><li>Yuan dynasty bronze hand cannon, Xi'an, China.</li> <li>Bronze hand cannon <a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">cetbang</a>, found in the Brantas river, Jombang.</li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>The three <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> generals, demoralized by the considerable loss of their elite soldiers due to the ambush, went back to their empire with the surviving soldiers. Upon their arrival, Shi Bi was condemned to receive 70 lashes and have a third of his property confiscated for allowing the catastrophe. Yighmish also was reprimanded and a third of his property was taken away. But Gao Xing was awarded 50 taels of gold for protecting the soldiers from a total disaster. Later, Shi Bi and Yighmish were shown mercy, and the emperor restored their reputation and property.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This failure was the last expedition in <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s reign. <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, in contrast, became the most powerful state of its era in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai Khan summoned his minister, Liu Guojie, to prepare another invasion of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> with a 100,000-strong army, but this plan was canceled after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelers passing the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a>, however, noted that Java had been attacked by the Mongols several times, but always ending in failure.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 885">: 885 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gunung Butak inscription from 1294 may have mentioned that Arya Adikara intercepted a further Mongol invasion and successfully defeated it before landing in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2009145_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2009145-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This invasion may have involved the first use of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> After this invasion, Chinese shipbuilding techniques were absorbed by Javanese shipbuilders.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61–62">: 61–62 </span></sup> A new type of jong appeared, called the Sino-Southeast Asian hybrid jong, they mixed Chinese techniques in their manufacture, namely the usage of iron nails alongside wooden dowels, and also the addition of watertight bulkheads and a central rudder.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268, 272–273">: 268, 272–273 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270">: 270 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> left two inscriptions on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serutu_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serutu Island (page does not exist)">Serutu Island</a> on February 25th, 1293. The inscriptions were called the Pasir Kapal and the Pasir Cina inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20221–10_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20221–10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Mongol invasions of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Cetbang</a>, Majapahit gunpowder powder whose technology was obtained from this incursion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">Bedil</a>, a term for gunpowder-based weapon of the region</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <i>Kidung Harsawijaya</i>, during the attack on Singhasari, the Daha troops who attacked from the south numbered 10,000 men; while the northern troops were unspecified. The Singhasari troops that attacked Malayu and later sided with Wijaya before the foundation of the Majapahit settlement also numbered 10,000. This points to a probable number of 20,000; not including the number of those killed during the fall of Singhasari and the Pamalayu expedition and the number of new troops who came from Madura under Arya Wiraraja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dates in this article are taken from <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, pp. 303–308 and <a href="#CITEREFHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak2022">Hung et al. 2022</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the south according to <i>Kidung Panji Wijayakrama</i>, or east according to <i><a href="/wiki/Pararaton" title="Pararaton">Pararaton</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201349_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201349-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless <i>Kidung Panji Wijayakrama</i> indicated there is a clash in the east too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013227_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013227-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <i>Pararaton</i>, Kebo Mundarang battled in the east. He was pursued by Rangga Lawe to a place called Trinipanti valley and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201350,_188,_258_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201350,_188,_258-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distance is written as 300 <i>li</i> in the Account of Shi Bi, History of the Yuan dynasty book 162. See <a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An alternate name of Banyak Wide, also known as Arya Wiraraja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuljana2005203,_207,_211–212_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuljana2005203,_207,_211–212-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <i>Kidung Harsawijaya</i>, during the attack on Singhasari, the Daha troops who attacked from the south numbered 10,000 men; while the northern troops were unspecified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">modern estimate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mongol claim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <i>Kidung Harsawijaya</i>, the Singhasari troops that attacked Malayu and later sided with Wijaya before the foundation of the Majapahit settlement also numbered 10,000. This points to a probable number of 20,000; not including the number of those killed during the fall of Singhasari and the Pamalayu expedition and the number of new troops who came from Madura under Arya Wiraraja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20227-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20227_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak2022">Hung et al. 2022</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-survey_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpulerF.R.C._Bagley1981" class="citation book cs1">Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C. Bagley (31 December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4</i></a>. Brill Archive. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06196-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06196-5"><bdi>978-90-04-06196-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+world+%3A+a+historical+survey%2C+Part+4&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1981-12-31&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06196-5&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rft.au=F.R.C.+Bagley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNgUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indianized-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indianized_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1">Coedès, George (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC"><i>The Indianized states of Southeast Asia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+states+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2004" class="citation cs2">Weatherford, Jack (2004), <i>Genghis khan and the making of the modern world</i>, New York: Random House, p. 239, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4"><bdi>0-609-80964-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+khan+and+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-609-80964-4&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201345-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201345_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201345_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019452_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019">Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 2019</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013185_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksic2013">Miksic 2013</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013235,_237_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 235, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011119-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011119_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011119_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 115, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187624_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2004" class="citation cs2">Weatherford, Jack (2004), <i>Genghis khan and the making of the modern world</i>, New York: Random House, p. 239, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80964-4"><bdi>0-609-80964-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+khan+and+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-609-80964-4&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1988" class="citation cs2">Grousset, Rene (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288"><i>Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java</i></a>, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288">288</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+steppes%2C+Wars+in+Japan%2C+Indochina+and+Java&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187630-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187630_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011106–107-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011106–107_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20224–5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak20224–5_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHungHartatikMa'rifatSimanjuntak2022">Hung et al. 2022</a>, p. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weatherford (2004), and also Man (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Coedès" class="citation book cs1">George Coedès. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/theindianizedstatesofsoutheastasia"><i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.au=George+Coed%C3%A8s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheindianizedstatesofsoutheastasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Coedès">Cœdès, George</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC"><i>The Indianized states of Southeast Asia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824803681" title="Special:BookSources/9780824803681"><bdi>9780824803681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+states+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780824803681&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201333,_233,_249–250-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201333,_233,_249–250_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 33, 233, 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013221-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013221_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013250–251,_254-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013250–251,_254_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 250–251, 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201344,_130,_186-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201344,_130,_186_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 44, 130, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013187–188,_224,_230–231,_256–257-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013187–188,_224,_230–231,_256–257_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 187–188, 224, 230–231, 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187621-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187621_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012255,_274-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012255,_274_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 255, 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of European". T'oung Pao. 3: 1–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201346-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201346_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201346_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowring2019129-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowring2019129_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowring2019">Bowring 2019</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorcester1947" class="citation book cs1">Worcester, G. R. G. 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Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. p. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJákl201478–80-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJákl201478–80_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJákl2014">Jákl 2014</a>, p. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAveroes202259–62-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAveroes202259–62_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAveroes2022">Averoes 2022</a>, p. 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012304-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012304_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chengho-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chengho_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chengho_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201351,_227-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201351,_227_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 51, 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011112-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011112_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187622-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187622_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet2015-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet2015_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnet2015">Burnet 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011113-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011113_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187623-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187623_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187623_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201330,_45-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201330,_45_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 30, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011114_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201349-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201349_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013227-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013227_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201354,_228,_246,_258-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201354,_228,_246,_258_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 54, 228, 246, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013188,_227–228-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013188,_227–228_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 188, 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201350,_188,_258-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201350,_188,_258_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 50, 188, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011109_and_115-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011109_and_115_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 109 and 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_189-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_189_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 60, 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_219-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201360,_219_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 60, 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118–119-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2011115,_118–119_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2011">Nugroho 2011</a>, p. 115, 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187625_and_27-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187625_and_27_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 25 and 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade2013228,_229-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade2013228,_229_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 228, 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187628-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187628_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187627-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187627_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt187627_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldt1876">Groeneveldt 1876</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuljana2005203,_207,_211–212-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuljana2005203,_207,_211–212_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuljana2005">Muljana 2005</a>, p. 203, 207, 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2009145-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2009145_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugroho2009145_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugroho2009">Nugroho 2009</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBade201362,_78,_228-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBade201362,_78,_228_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBade2013">Bade 2013</a>, p. 62, 78, 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shi-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shi_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shi-bi's notes book 162, in Groeneveldt (1876).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1983). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kalangwan-sastra-jawa-kuno-selayang-pandang-1983/page/520/mode/2up">Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang</a></i>. Penerbit Djambatan. p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMan2007">Man 2007</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation cs2">Saunders, J. J. (2001), <i>The history of Mongol conquests</i>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1766-7"><bdi>0-8122-1766-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Mongol+conquests&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8122-1766-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWei2003" class="citation book cs1">Wei, Zhang (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8J5AAAAIAAJ"><i>中国海疆通史 (General History of China's Seas and Frontiers)</i></a>. Vol. 6. 中州古籍出版社 (Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House). p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787534818950" title="Special:BookSources/9787534818950"><bdi>9787534818950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E7%96%86%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2+%28General+History+of+China%27s+Seas+and+Frontiers%29&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%28Zhongzhou+Ancient+Books+Publishing+House%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9787534818950&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8J5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H.A.R.; Beckingham, C.F., eds. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/ii/mode/2up"><i>The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4)</i></a>, London: Hakluyt Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904180-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904180-37-4"><bdi>978-0-904180-37-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%2C+A.D.+1325%E2%80%931354+%28Volume+4%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-904180-37-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravels-of-ibn-battuta%2FThe%2520Travels%2520of%2520Ibn%2520Battuta-1325%25E2%2580%25931354-Volume-IV%2Fpage%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule1866" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Sir Henry (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CathayAndTheWayThitherVol1"><i>Cathay and the way thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China vol. 1</i></a>. 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The University of Queensland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Literary+Representations+of+War+and+Warfare+in+Old+Javanese+Kakawin+Poetry&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=The+University+of+Queensland&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1kl&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo2012" class="citation cs2">Lo, Jung-pang (2012) [1957], Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.), <i>China as Sea Power 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods</i>, Singapore: NUS Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+as+Sea+Power+1127-1368%3A+A+Preliminary+Survey+of+the+Maritime+Expansion+and+Naval+Exploits+of+the+Chinese+People+During+the+Southern+Song+and+Yuan+Periods&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=Jung-pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2007" class="citation cs2">Man, John (2007), <i>Kublai Khan: The Mongol king who remade China</i>, London: Bantam Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81718-8"><bdi>978-0-553-81718-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kublai+Khan%3A+The+Mongol+king+who+remade+China&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-553-81718-8&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksic2013" class="citation cs2">Miksic, John Norman (2013), <i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800</i>, Singapore: NUS Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-558-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-558-3"><bdi>978-9971-69-558-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-558-3&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuljana2005" class="citation cs2">Muljana, Raden Benedictus Slamet (2005) [1965], <i>Menuju Puncak Kemegahan (Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit)</i>, Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Menuju+Puncak+Kemegahan+%28Sejarah+Kerajaan+Majapahit%29&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=LKiS+Pelangi+Aksara&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Muljana&rft.aufirst=Raden+Benedictus+Slamet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugroho2011" class="citation cs2">Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011), <i>Majapahit Peradaban Maritim</i>, Jakarta: Suluh Nuswantara Bakti, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-9346-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-9346-00-8"><bdi>978-602-9346-00-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Majapahit+Peradaban+Maritim&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Suluh+Nuswantara+Bakti&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-602-9346-00-8&rft.aulast=Nugroho&rft.aufirst=Irawan+Djoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugroho2009" class="citation cs2">Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2009), <i>Meluruskan Sejarah Majapahit</i>, Ragam Media</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meluruskan+Sejarah+Majapahit&rft.pub=Ragam+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nugroho&rft.aufirst=Irawan+Djoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoesponegoroNotosusanto2019" class="citation cs2">Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (2019) [2008], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sejarah-nasional-indonesia-jilid-2-zaman-kuno/mode/2up"><i>Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Edisi Pemutakhiran Jilid 2: Zaman Kuno</i></a>, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Nasional+Indonesia+Edisi+Pemutakhiran+Jilid+2%3A+Zaman+Kuno&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Poesponegoro&rft.aufirst=Marwati+Djoened&rft.au=Notosusanto%2C+Nugroho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsejarah-nasional-indonesia-jilid-2-zaman-kuno%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Java&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBade2002" class="citation cs2">Bade, David W. (2002), <i>Khubilai Khan and the Beautiful Princess of Tumapel: the Mongols Between History and Literature in Java</i>, Ulaanbaatar: A. Chuluunbat</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khubilai+Khan+and+the+Beautiful+Princess+of+Tumapel%3A+the+Mongols+Between+History+and+Literature+in+Java&rft.place=Ulaanbaatar&rft.pub=A.+Chuluunbat&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bade&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Ohsson2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/D%27Ohsson" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Ohsson">d'Ohsson, Constantin Mouradgea</a> (2002), "Chapitre 3 Kublai Khan, Tome III", <i>Histoire des Mongols, depuis Tchinguiz-Khan jusqu'à Timour Bey ou Tamerlan</i>, Boston: Adamant Media, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-94729-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-94729-1"><bdi>978-0-543-94729-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapitre+3+Kublai+Khan%2C+Tome+III&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Mongols%2C+depuis+Tchinguiz-Khan+jusqu%27%C3%A0+Timour+Bey+ou+Tamerlan&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Adamant+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-543-94729-1&rft.aulast=d%27Ohsson&rft.aufirst=Constantin+Mouradgea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevathes1994" class="citation cs2">Levathes, Louise (1994), <i>When China Ruled the Seas</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 54, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-70158-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-70158-4"><bdi>0-671-70158-4</bdi></a>, <q>The ambitious khan [Kublai Khan] also sent fleets into the South China Seas to attack Annam and Java, whose leaders both briefly acknowledged the suzerainty of the dragon throne</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+China+Ruled+the+Seas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-671-70158-4&rft.aulast=Levathes&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujana1987" class="citation cs2">Sujana, Kadir Tisna (1987), <i>Babad Majapahit</i>, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babad+Majapahit&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sujana&rft.aufirst=Kadir+Tisna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasion+of+Java" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol invasion of Alania (page does not exist)">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Nong Shu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">Jin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-05-20T10:32:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T00:05:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/33\/Mongol_invasion_of_java_%28map%29.png","headline":"13th-century military campaign"}</script> </body> </html>