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title="Guo Kan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guo Kan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E4%BE%83" title="郭侃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="郭侃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குவோ கான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவோ கான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guo Kan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A1ch_Kh%E1%BA%A3n" title="Quách Khản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quách Khản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E4%BE%83" title="郭侃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="郭侃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E4%BE%83" title="郭侃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Guo Kan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Governor of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1258–1259</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1217</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1277</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">General</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongol%E2%80%93Jin_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol–Jin War">Mongol–Jin War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Siege of Baghdad (1258)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Guo_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo (surname)">Guo</a></i>.</div> <p><b>Guo Kan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">郭侃</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guō Kǎn</span></i>, 1217–1277 AD) was a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a> who served the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in their conquest of China and the West. He descended from a lineage of Chinese generals. Both his father and grandfather served under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, while his forefather <a href="/wiki/Guo_Ziyi" title="Guo Ziyi">Guo Ziyi</a> was a famous general of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prawdin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prawdin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guo Kan became the first governor of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> during Mongol rule and was instrumental in devising the strategy for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad (1258)</a>. He served as a Mongol commander and was in charge of Chinese artillery units under the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. He was one of the Han Chinese legions that served the Mongol Empire, and some of the later conquests of the Mongols were done by armies under his command. The biography of this Han commander in the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i> said that Guo Kan's presence struck so much fear in his foes that they called him the "Divine Man". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_lineage">Birth and lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guo Kan was raised in the household of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shi_Tianzhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Tianzhe">Shi Tianzhe</a> (who was also a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>, and whose father and two brothers all served the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_legacy">Military legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He took part in the final drive in the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, including the capture of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>. He then helped Subutai conquer West Eurasia, Europe, and the Middle East and was appointed governor of Baghdad by Hulagu. At some point after <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s accession as Khan, Guo Kan assisted Kublai Khan in the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> and ultimately the reunification of China under the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hildinger_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildinger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_Europe">Middle East and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle East and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He served <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a> in the conquest of Europe a few years following the fall of the Jin dynasty. He then served in <a href="/wiki/Hulagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu">Hulagu</a>'s conquest of the Middle East, playing a major role in the capture and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baghdad (1258)">battle of Baghdad</a>, devising the strategy of using the <a href="/wiki/Dike_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dike (construction)">dikes</a> to drown the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>'s army, and supervising the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>'s walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Amitai-Preiss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amitai-Preiss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then appointed the first Ilkhanate Governor of Baghdad by Hulagu.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i>, he was present in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maymun-Diz" title="Siege of Maymun-Diz">siege of Maymun-Diz</a> during Hulegu's <a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">campaign against the Nizaris</a>. Guo Kan attacked the inaccessible fortress by "catapults on mounts" (<i>jiapao</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Biran_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biran-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guo Kan took part in the final drive in the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, including the capture of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>. He then helped Subutai conquer West Eurasia, Europe, and the Middle East and was appointed governor of Baghdad by Hulagu. At some point after <a href="/wiki/Khubilai_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khubilai Khan">Khubilai Khan</a>'s accession as Khan, Guo Kan assisted Khubilai Khan in the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> and ultimately the unification of China under the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hildinger_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildinger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point the Mongol Yuan empire was nearly fully complete, stretching from China across Central Asia, Siberia, and the Middle East to Europe. </p><p>After Guo Kan returned to China with Hulagu Khan following <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a>'s death, Guo Kan helped Kublai Khan in the difficult conquest of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> dynasty of Southern China. <a href="/wiki/Khubilai_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khubilai Khan">Khubilai</a>'s accession as becoming Khan allowed him to select the best Yuan Generals to serve him. Subutai and Jebe both died of old age, and Guo Kan was the last of the 'Gods of War', so the new Great Khan <a href="/wiki/Khubilai_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khubilai Khan">Khubilai</a> assigned Guo Kan to command the final Yuan expedition and reunification of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Guo Kan reportedly urged Khubilai to adopt a Han Chinese-style dynastic title, establish a capital and central government, and build schools. He reportedly was the general who proposed capturing <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang_District,_Xiangfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangyang District, Xiangfan">Xiangyang</a> as a strategy for invading the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a>. In 1262, he defeated Song forces in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Xuzhou_(1262)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Xuzhou (1262) (page does not exist)">battle at Xuzhou</a>, and in 1266 urged Khubilai to establish military farms in <a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huaibei</a> to provide supplies for an invasion of the Southern Song.<sup id="cite_ref-Prawdin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prawdin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1268 and 1270 he suppressed local rebellions, and then he was sent to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">siege of Xiangyang</a>. In 1276, the Song dynasty fell (except for the loyalist movement that lasted until 1279), and Guo served as a prefect for one more year before dying. </p><p>Guo Kan was a general who helped unify the massive Yuan Mongol empire. He played an important role in their conquests of all corners of the empire, from the east to west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prawdin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prawdin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prawdin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Prawdin" title="Michael Prawdin">Prawdin, Michael</a>. "The Mongol Empire".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildinger-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hildinger_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hildinger_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildinger, Erik. "Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amitai-Preiss-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amitai-Preiss_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. <i>The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLillian_Craig_Harris1993" class="citation book cs1">Lillian Craig Harris (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmptAAAAMAAJ"><i>China considers the Middle East</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Tauris. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-598-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-598-7"><bdi>1-85043-598-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>. <q>The first governor of Baghdad under the new regime was Guo Kan, a Chinese general who had commanded the Mongols' right flank in the siege of Baghdad. Irrigation works in the Tigris-Euphrates basin were improved by Chinese engineers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+considers+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85043-598-7&rft.au=Lillian+Craig+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmptAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuo+Kan" class="Z3988"></span>(Original from the University of Michigan)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biran-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biran_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiranBrackFiaschetti" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8XhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals</i></a>. Univ of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29875-0"><bdi>978-0-520-29875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Along+the+Silk+Roads+in+Mongol+Eurasia%3A+Generals%2C+Merchants%2C+and+Intellectuals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29875-0&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Brack%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Fiaschetti%2C+Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8XhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuo+Kan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, J.J.. "The History of the Mongol Conquests"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Amitai" title="Reuven Amitai">Amitai-Preiss, Reuven</a>. <i>The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War</i>, 1998</li> <li>Chambers, James, <i>The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe</i>. Atheneum. New York. 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-10942-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-10942-3">0-689-10942-3</a></li> <li>Hildinger, Erik, <i>Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700</i></li> <li>Morgan, David, <i>The Mongols</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17563-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17563-6">0-631-17563-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">Nicolle, David</a>, <i>The Mongol Warlords</i> <a href="/wiki/Brockhampton_Press" title="Brockhampton Press">Brockhampton Press</a>, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Prawdin" title="Michael Prawdin">Prawdin, Michael</a>. <i>The Mongol Empire</i></li> <li>Reagan, Geoffry, <i>The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles </i>, Canopy Books, New York (1992)</li> <li>Saunders, J.J., <i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i>, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1766-7">0-8122-1766-7</a></li> <li>Sicker, Martin, <i>The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna</i>, Praeger Publishers, 2000</li> <li>Soucek, Svatopluk, <i>A History of Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge, 2000</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&oldid=1265252956">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guo_Kan&oldid=1265252956</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yuan_dynasty_generals" title="Category:Yuan dynasty generals">Yuan dynasty generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1217_births" title="Category:1217 births">1217 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1277_deaths" title="Category:1277 deaths">1277 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Weinan" title="Category:Politicians from Weinan">Politicians from Weinan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_from_Shaanxi" title="Category:Generals from Shaanxi">Generals from Shaanxi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2017">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 December 2024, at 00:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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