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translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="5053386"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">12</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-author</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><a href="/ShahrokhFardoust/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5053386" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_political_economy_of_oil_and_gas"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShahrokhFardoust","location":"/ShahrokhFardoust","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/ShahrokhFardoust","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["International political economy of oil and gas"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-5a64162a-df5e-444d-a233-f6b9eec357d9"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-5a64162a-df5e-444d-a233-f6b9eec357d9"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5053386" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_monetary_system"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["International monetary system"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-99f21bd4-72d3-4ed4-8cf7-49a71aa1b49e"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-99f21bd4-72d3-4ed4-8cf7-49a71aa1b49e"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Shahrokh Fardoust</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="122634386"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/122634386/How_Can_Budget_Support_Meet_21st_Century_Challenges"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of How Can Budget Support Meet 21st Century Challenges?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/122634386/How_Can_Budget_Support_Meet_21st_Century_Challenges">How Can Budget Support Meet 21st Century Challenges?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press eBooks</span><span>, Apr 20, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122634386"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122634386"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122634386; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122634386]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122634386]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87370518"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87370518/Towards_a_Better_Global_Economy_Policy_Implications_for_Citizens_Worldwide_in_the_21st_Century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Towards a Better Global Economy: Policy Implications for Citizens Worldwide in the 21st Century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87370518/Towards_a_Better_Global_Economy_Policy_Implications_for_Citizens_Worldwide_in_the_21st_Century">Towards a Better Global Economy: Policy Implications for Citizens Worldwide in the 21st Century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>OUP Catalogue</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Substantial progress in the fight against extreme poverty was made in the last two decades. But t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Substantial progress in the fight against extreme poverty was made in the last two decades. But the slowdown in global economic growth and significant increases in income inequality in many developed and developing countries raise serious concerns about the continuation of this trend into the 21st century. The time has come to seriously think about how improvements in official global governance, coupled with and reinforced by rising activism of &#39;global citizens&#39; can lead to welfare-enhancing and more equitable results for global citizens through better national and international policies. This book examines the factors that are most likely to facilitate the process of beneficial economic growth in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. It examines past, present, and future economic growth; demographic changes; the hyperglobalization of trade; the effect of finance on growth; climate change and resource depletion; and the sense of global citizenship and the need for global governance in order to draw longer-term implications, identify policy options for improving the lives of average citizens around the world, and make the case for the need to confront new challenges with truly global policy responses. The book documents how demographic changes, convergence, and competition are likely to bring about massive shifts in the sectoral and geographical composition of global output and employment, as the center of gravity of the global economy moves toward Asia and emerging economies elsewhere. It shows that the legacies of the 2008-09 crisis-high unemployment levels, massive excess capacities, and high debt levels-are likely to reduce the standard of living of millions of people in many countries over a long period of adjustment and that fluctuations in international trade, financial markets, and commodity prices, as well as the tendency of institutions at both the national and international level to favor the interests of the better-off and more powerful pose substantial risks for citizens of all countries. The chapters and their policy implications are intended to stimulate public interest and facilitate the exchange of ideas and policy dialogue. Contributors to this volume - Franklin Allen, Imperial College London Thorsten Beck, Cass Business School and Tilburg University Jere R. Behrman, University of Pennsylvania Nancy Birdsall, Center for Global Development Elena Carletti, Bocconi University Stijn Claessens, Federal Reserve Board Kemal Dervis, Brookings Institution Shahrokh Fardoust, College of William and Mary Jun &#39;QJ&#39; Qian, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Bernard Hoekman, European University Institute Chang-Tai Hseih, University of Chicago Booth School of Business Martin Kessler, Peterson Institute for International Economics Hans-Peter Kohler, University of Pennsylvania Ronald Lee, University of California, Berkeley Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Centre for Policy Research, Delhi Christian Meyer, Center for Global Development Branko Milanovic, City University of New York Jeremy Oppenheim, McKinsey&#39;s Global Sustainability and Resource Productivity Practice Theophilos Priovolos, Global Citizen Foundation Zia Qureshi, Brookings Institution Dani Rodrick, Harvard University Alexis Sowa, Center for Global Development Andrew Steer, World Resources Institute Arvind Subramanian, Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India Patricio Valenzuela, University of Chile</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87370518"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87370518"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87370518; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87370518]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87370518]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87370518; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87370518']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87370518, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87370518]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87370518,"title":"Towards a Better Global Economy: Policy Implications for Citizens Worldwide in the 21st Century","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Substantial progress in the fight against extreme poverty was made in the last two decades. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79819256"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79819256/Scenarios_for_growth_in_the_1990s"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Scenarios for growth in the 1990s" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86405670/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79819256/Scenarios_for_growth_in_the_1990s">Scenarios for growth in the 1990s</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using two macroeconomic models and results, the authors simulate global outcomes in the 1990s und...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using two macroeconomic models and results, the authors simulate global outcomes in the 1990s under several scenarios, allowing for the impact of: (a) changes in industrial countries&#39; financial and macroeconomic conditions; (b) changes in the international oil market; and (c) changes in developing countries&#39; domestic policies under varying assumptions about the world economy and trading environment. They find that an increase in the growth rate in industrial countries has an unambiguously positive effect on the growth rate in developing countries, but that the magnitude of the impact depends largely on the level of real international interest rates. To an extent, low real interest rates together with continuing financial flows to the developing countries could cushion the negative impact on developing countries of the recession in industrial countries. 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Background Pa- Pers and Notes Were Prepared" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86405584/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79819255/Bibliographic_Note_This_Report_Draws_on_a_Wide_Range_of_World_Bank_Docu_Ments_and_on_Numerous_outside_Sources_Background_Pa_Pers_and_Notes_Were_Prepared">Bibliographic Note This Report Draws on a Wide Range of World Bank Docu- Ments and on Numerous outside Sources. Background Pa- Pers and Notes Were Prepared</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This Report draws on a wide range of World Bank documents and on numerous outside sources. Backgr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This Report draws on a wide range of World Bank documents and on numerous outside sources. Background papers and notes were prepared by Sherburne Abbott, G. Acharya, Alain Bertaud, José Brakarz, Kjell Arne Brekke, Tim Campbell, Roberto Chavez, Monica das Gupta, John Dixon, Scott Gates, Nils Petter Gleditsch, Rognvaldur Hannesson, Karla Hoff, Pernille Holtedahl, Eckard Janeba, John Kellenberg, Stein Kuhnle, Huck-ju Kwon, Desmond McNeill, Edgar Ortiz Mtialavasi, S. Mansoob Murshed, Eric Neumayer, Jelena Pantelic, Sanjeev Prakash, Jane Pratt, Per Selle, Guttorm Schjeldrup, Haakon Vennemo, Nicolas Sambanis, Paul Steinberg, Arne Tesli, and Ahmed Zainabi. Background papers for the report are available either on the World Wide Web <a href="http://econ.worldbank.org/" rel="nofollow">http://econ.worldbank.org/</a> wdr/wdr2003/ or through the World Development Report office. The views expressed in these papers are not necessarily those of the World Bank or of this Report. 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The use of budget su...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter discusses the evolution of budget support as an aid instrument. The use of budget support has ebbed and flowed over the years. While it is not the primary vehicle to deliver aid, it remains an important one. About 10–13 per cent of ODA has been delivered through budget support, reaching 20 per cent during times of crises. MDBs have provided the largest share of budget support, covering about 85 per cent of total commitments. Different modalities have been developed to help countries during times of crisis, crowd in private capital, or insure against emergencies such as natural disasters. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87370518"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87370518/Towards_a_Better_Global_Economy_Policy_Implications_for_Citizens_Worldwide_in_the_21st_Century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Towards a Better Global Economy: Policy Implications for Citizens Worldwide in the 21st Century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87370518/Towards_a_Better_Global_Economy_Policy_Implications_for_Citizens_Worldwide_in_the_21st_Century">Towards a Better Global Economy: Policy Implications for Citizens Worldwide in the 21st Century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>OUP Catalogue</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Substantial progress in the fight against extreme poverty was made in the last two decades. But t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Substantial progress in the fight against extreme poverty was made in the last two decades. But the slowdown in global economic growth and significant increases in income inequality in many developed and developing countries raise serious concerns about the continuation of this trend into the 21st century. The time has come to seriously think about how improvements in official global governance, coupled with and reinforced by rising activism of &#39;global citizens&#39; can lead to welfare-enhancing and more equitable results for global citizens through better national and international policies. This book examines the factors that are most likely to facilitate the process of beneficial economic growth in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. It examines past, present, and future economic growth; demographic changes; the hyperglobalization of trade; the effect of finance on growth; climate change and resource depletion; and the sense of global citizenship and the need for global governance in order to draw longer-term implications, identify policy options for improving the lives of average citizens around the world, and make the case for the need to confront new challenges with truly global policy responses. The book documents how demographic changes, convergence, and competition are likely to bring about massive shifts in the sectoral and geographical composition of global output and employment, as the center of gravity of the global economy moves toward Asia and emerging economies elsewhere. It shows that the legacies of the 2008-09 crisis-high unemployment levels, massive excess capacities, and high debt levels-are likely to reduce the standard of living of millions of people in many countries over a long period of adjustment and that fluctuations in international trade, financial markets, and commodity prices, as well as the tendency of institutions at both the national and international level to favor the interests of the better-off and more powerful pose substantial risks for citizens of all countries. The chapters and their policy implications are intended to stimulate public interest and facilitate the exchange of ideas and policy dialogue. Contributors to this volume - Franklin Allen, Imperial College London Thorsten Beck, Cass Business School and Tilburg University Jere R. Behrman, University of Pennsylvania Nancy Birdsall, Center for Global Development Elena Carletti, Bocconi University Stijn Claessens, Federal Reserve Board Kemal Dervis, Brookings Institution Shahrokh Fardoust, College of William and Mary Jun &#39;QJ&#39; Qian, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Bernard Hoekman, European University Institute Chang-Tai Hseih, University of Chicago Booth School of Business Martin Kessler, Peterson Institute for International Economics Hans-Peter Kohler, University of Pennsylvania Ronald Lee, University of California, Berkeley Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Centre for Policy Research, Delhi Christian Meyer, Center for Global Development Branko Milanovic, City University of New York Jeremy Oppenheim, McKinsey&#39;s Global Sustainability and Resource Productivity Practice Theophilos Priovolos, Global Citizen Foundation Zia Qureshi, Brookings Institution Dani Rodrick, Harvard University Alexis Sowa, Center for Global Development Andrew Steer, World Resources Institute Arvind Subramanian, Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India Patricio Valenzuela, University of Chile</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87370518"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87370518"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87370518; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87370518]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87370518]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87370518; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87370518']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 87370518, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87370518]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87370518,"title":"Towards a Better Global Economy: Policy Implications for Citizens Worldwide in the 21st Century","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Substantial progress in the fight against extreme poverty was made in the last two decades. 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It examines past, present, and future economic growth; demographic changes; the hyperglobalization of trade; the effect of finance on growth; climate change and resource depletion; and the sense of global citizenship and the need for global governance in order to draw longer-term implications, identify policy options for improving the lives of average citizens around the world, and make the case for the need to confront new challenges with truly global policy responses. The book documents how demographic changes, convergence, and competition are likely to bring about massive shifts in the sectoral and geographical composition of global output and employment, as the center of gravity of the global economy moves toward Asia and emerging economies elsewhere. 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Behrman, University of Pennsylvania Nancy Birdsall, Center for Global Development Elena Carletti, Bocconi University Stijn Claessens, Federal Reserve Board Kemal Dervis, Brookings Institution Shahrokh Fardoust, College of William and Mary Jun \u0026#39;QJ\u0026#39; Qian, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Bernard Hoekman, European University Institute Chang-Tai Hseih, University of Chicago Booth School of Business Martin Kessler, Peterson Institute for International Economics Hans-Peter Kohler, University of Pennsylvania Ronald Lee, University of California, Berkeley Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Centre for Policy Research, Delhi Christian Meyer, Center for Global Development Branko Milanovic, City University of New York Jeremy Oppenheim, McKinsey\u0026#39;s Global Sustainability and Resource Productivity Practice Theophilos Priovolos, Global Citizen Foundation Zia Qureshi, Brookings Institution Dani Rodrick, Harvard University Alexis Sowa, Center for Global Development Andrew Steer, World Resources Institute Arvind Subramanian, Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India Patricio Valenzuela, University of Chile","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"OUP Catalogue"},"translated_abstract":"Substantial progress in the fight against extreme poverty was made in the last two decades. But the slowdown in global economic growth and significant increases in income inequality in many developed and developing countries raise serious concerns about the continuation of this trend into the 21st century. The time has come to seriously think about how improvements in official global governance, coupled with and reinforced by rising activism of \u0026#39;global citizens\u0026#39; can lead to welfare-enhancing and more equitable results for global citizens through better national and international policies. This book examines the factors that are most likely to facilitate the process of beneficial economic growth in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. 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Professor Om Mathur of NIPFP, New Delhi has directed me to key urban government references and shared his insights on urban public finances. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79819256"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79819256/Scenarios_for_growth_in_the_1990s"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Scenarios for growth in the 1990s" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86405670/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79819256/Scenarios_for_growth_in_the_1990s">Scenarios for growth in the 1990s</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using two macroeconomic models and results, the authors simulate global outcomes in the 1990s und...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using two macroeconomic models and results, the authors simulate global outcomes in the 1990s under several scenarios, allowing for the impact of: (a) changes in industrial countries&#39; financial and macroeconomic conditions; (b) changes in the international oil market; and (c) changes in developing countries&#39; domestic policies under varying assumptions about the world economy and trading environment. They find that an increase in the growth rate in industrial countries has an unambiguously positive effect on the growth rate in developing countries, but that the magnitude of the impact depends largely on the level of real international interest rates. To an extent, low real interest rates together with continuing financial flows to the developing countries could cushion the negative impact on developing countries of the recession in industrial countries. 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Background Pa- Pers and Notes Were Prepared" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86405584/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79819255/Bibliographic_Note_This_Report_Draws_on_a_Wide_Range_of_World_Bank_Docu_Ments_and_on_Numerous_outside_Sources_Background_Pa_Pers_and_Notes_Were_Prepared">Bibliographic Note This Report Draws on a Wide Range of World Bank Docu- Ments and on Numerous outside Sources. Background Pa- Pers and Notes Were Prepared</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This Report draws on a wide range of World Bank documents and on numerous outside sources. Backgr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This Report draws on a wide range of World Bank documents and on numerous outside sources. Background papers and notes were prepared by Sherburne Abbott, G. Acharya, Alain Bertaud, José Brakarz, Kjell Arne Brekke, Tim Campbell, Roberto Chavez, Monica das Gupta, John Dixon, Scott Gates, Nils Petter Gleditsch, Rognvaldur Hannesson, Karla Hoff, Pernille Holtedahl, Eckard Janeba, John Kellenberg, Stein Kuhnle, Huck-ju Kwon, Desmond McNeill, Edgar Ortiz Mtialavasi, S. Mansoob Murshed, Eric Neumayer, Jelena Pantelic, Sanjeev Prakash, Jane Pratt, Per Selle, Guttorm Schjeldrup, Haakon Vennemo, Nicolas Sambanis, Paul Steinberg, Arne Tesli, and Ahmed Zainabi. Background papers for the report are available either on the World Wide Web <a href="http://econ.worldbank.org/" rel="nofollow">http://econ.worldbank.org/</a> wdr/wdr2003/ or through the World Development Report office. The views expressed in these papers are not necessarily those of the World Bank or of this Report. 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