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nuclei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_of_superheavy_nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decay_and_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decay_and_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Decay and detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decay_and_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_indications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_indications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early indications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_indications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JINR–LLNL_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JINR–LLNL_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 JINR–LLNL collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JINR–LLNL_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Riken </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_to_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_to_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Road to confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_to_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2004–2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004–2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 2004–2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004–2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009–2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009–2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 2009–2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009–2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval_of_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval_of_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Approval of discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval_of_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isotopes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Isotopes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stability_and_half-lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_and_half-lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stability and half-lives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_and_half-lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicted_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicted_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Predicted properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Predicted properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_and_atomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_atomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Physical and atomic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_atomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Experimental chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nihonium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" > 124 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%88%86%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኒሆኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒሆኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="निहोनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निहोनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="نيهونيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيهونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nihonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nihoniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nihoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="নিহোনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিহোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниһоний – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ниһоний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ніхоній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніхоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ніхон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ніхон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="निहोनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="निहोनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonyo" title="Nihonyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nihonyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нихоний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нихоний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonij" title="Nihonij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nihonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniom" title="Nihoniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nihoniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nihoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нихоний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нихоний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium" title="Ununtrium – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ununtrium" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nihoniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniwm" title="Nihoniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nihoniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoonium" title="Nihoonium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nihoonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Νιχόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιχόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nihonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nihonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nihonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="نیهونیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیهونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium" title="Ununtrium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ununtrium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium" title="Ununtrium – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ununtrium" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioh%C3%B3iniam" title="Niohóiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Niohóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nihonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Унунтриум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Унунтриум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%ED%98%B8%EB%8A%84" title="니호늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니호늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Նիհոնիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիհոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="उनउनट्रियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उनउनट्रियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonij" title="Nihonij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nihonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nihonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNihombi" title="UmNihombi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmNihombi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nihonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ניהוניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניהוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%A9h%C9%94n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Nɩhɔnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nɩhɔnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅನನ್ಟ್ರಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನನ್ಟ್ರಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნიჰონიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიჰონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нихоний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нихоний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniom" title="Nihoniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nihoniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nihoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нихоний – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Нихоний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon%C3%AEy%C3%BBm" title="Nihonîyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nihonîyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Унунтрий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Унунтрий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonijs" title="Nihonijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nihonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonis" title="Nihonis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nihonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%B2nio" title="Nihònio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nihònio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtri" title="Ununtri – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ununtri" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%B3nium" title="Nihónium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nihónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нихониум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нихониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82)" title="നിഹോണിയം (മൂലകം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിഹോണിയം (മൂലകം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अनुनट्रियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनुनट्रियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="نيهونيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيهونيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нихони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нихони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="နီဟိုနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီဟိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%9B%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ニホニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニホニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoonium" title="Nihoonium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nihoonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%B2ni" title="Nihòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nihòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniy" title="Nihoniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nihoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="نيهونيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيهونيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon" title="Nihon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nihon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nihoniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihunyu" title="Nihunyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nihunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нихоний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нихоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%B2niu" title="Nihòniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nihòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniumi" title="Nihoniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nihoniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%B2niu" title="Nihòniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nihòniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%B3nium" title="Nihónium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nihónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonij" title="Nihonij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nihonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriyaam" title="Ununtriyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ununtriyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="نیھۆنیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیھۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нихонијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нихонијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonijum" title="Nihonijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nihonijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nihonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonyo" title="Nihonyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nihonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிகோனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிகோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниһоний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ниһоний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="నిహోనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నిహోనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="นิโฮเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิโฮเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниҳоний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ниҳоний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoniyum" title="Nihoniyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nihoniyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ніхоній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніхоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="نہونیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نہونیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%DB%87%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئۇنۇنترىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇنۇنترىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonii" title="Nihonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nihonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nihoni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonin" title="Nihonin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nihonin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonyo" title="Nihonyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nihonyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鉨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Nihoníọ̀mù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nihoníọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Uut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Uut (disambiguation)">Uut (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 113 (Nh)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Nihonium, 113Nh</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Nihonium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/nɪˈhoʊniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">nih-HOH-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[286]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Nihonium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> ↑ Nh ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> ← nihonium → <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">113</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">group 13 (boron group)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 (predicted)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">solid (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (430 °C, 810 °F) (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1430 K (1130 °C, 2070 °F) (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">16 g/cm3 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.61 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> (extrapolated)<a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporisation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">130 kJ/mol (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: (none) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionisation energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 704.9 kJ/mol (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a></li><li>2nd: 2240 kJ/mol (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a></li><li>3rd: 3020 kJ/mol (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#nihonium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 170 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">172–180 pm (extrapolated)<a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure for nihonium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div> (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-NhFl-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-hcp-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54084-70-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">After <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Nihon in Japanese)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riken" title="Riken">Riken</a> (Japan, first undisputed claim 2004) <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> (Russia) and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Livermore</a> (US, first announcement 2003)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nihonium" title="Isotopes of nihonium">Isotopes of nihonium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nihonium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox nihonium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_nihonium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox nihonium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-7">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">278Nh </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.0 ms </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-274" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-274">274Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">282Nh </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">61 ms </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-278" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-278">278Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">283Nh </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">123 ms </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-279" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-279">279Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">284Nh </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.90 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-280" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-280">280Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium-284" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium-284">284Cn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">285Nh </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.1 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-281" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-281">281Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">286Nh </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.5 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-282" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-282">282Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">287Nh </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.5 s?<a href="#cite_note-EXON-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-283" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-283">283Rg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">290Nh </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2 s?<a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2016-9">[9]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-286" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-286">286Rg</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nihonium" title="Category:Nihonium">Category: Nihonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nihonium" title="Template:Infobox nihonium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_nihonium" title="Template talk:Infobox nihonium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_nihonium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox nihonium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nihonium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Nh and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 113. It is extremely <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>: its most stable known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, nihonium-286, has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of about 10 seconds. In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, nihonium is a <a href="/wiki/Transactinide_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactinide element">transactinide element</a> in the <a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a>. It is a member of <a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">group 13</a>. Nihonium was first reported to have been created in experiments carried out between 14 July and 10 August 2003, by a Russian–American collaboration at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (JINR) in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Russia, working in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a>, and on 23 July 2004, by a team of Japanese scientists at <a href="/wiki/Riken" title="Riken">Riken</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wak%C5%8D,_Saitama" title="Wakō, Saitama">Wakō</a>, Japan. The confirmation of their claims in the ensuing years involved independent teams of scientists working in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, as well as the original claimants in Russia and Japan. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> recognised the element and assigned the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">priority</a> of the discovery and naming rights for the element to Riken. The Riken team suggested the name nihonium in 2016, which was approved in the same year. The name comes from the common Japanese name for Japan (日本, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan#Nihon_and_Nippon" title="Names of Japan">Nihon</a>). Very little is known about nihonium, as it has been made only in very small amounts that decay within seconds. The anomalously long lives of some superheavy nuclides, including some nihonium isotopes, are explained by the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a> theory. Experiments to date have supported the theory, with the half-lives of the confirmed nihonium isotopes increasing from milliseconds to seconds as <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> are added and the island is approached. Nihonium has been calculated to have similar properties to its homologues <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>. All but boron are <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metals</a>, and nihonium is expected to be a post-transition metal as well. It should also show several major differences from them; for example, nihonium should be more stable in the +1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> than the +3 state, like thallium, but in the +1 state nihonium should behave more like <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> than thallium. Preliminary experiments have shown that elemental nihonium is not very <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a>, and that it is less reactive than its lighter homologue thallium. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element#Introduction" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy element § Introduction</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superheavy_element&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_of_superheavy_nuclei">Synthesis of superheavy nuclei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/220px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/330px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/440px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A graphic depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.</figcaption></figure> A superheavy<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, the greater the possibility that the two react.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Bloomberg-17">[15]</a> The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the <a href="/wiki/Particle_beam" title="Particle beam">beam</a> of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fuse</a> into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">electrostatic repulsion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">accelerated</a> in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-18">[16]</a> The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-18">[16]</a> Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10−20 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> This happens because during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-18">[16]</a> Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>—the probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur.<a href="#cite_note-21">[c]</a> This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling#Nuclear_fusion" title="Quantum tunnelling">tunnel</a> through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-18">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YovAFlzFtzg">Visualization</a> of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The resulting merger is an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a>—termed a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction#Compound_nuclear_reactions" title="Nuclear reaction">compound nucleus</a>—and thus it is very unstable.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-18">[16]</a> To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> without formation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-24">[21]</a> Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>. This happens in about 10−16 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-24">[21]</a> The definition by the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> (JWP) states that a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decayed</a> within 10−14 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and thus display its chemical properties.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decay_and_detection">Decay and detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Decay and detection">edit</a>]</div> The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-28">[24]</a> In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products)<a href="#cite_note-31">[e]</a> and transferred to a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">surface-barrier detector</a>, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-28">[24]</a> The transfer takes about 10−6 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20133-32">[27]</a> The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the <a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">energy</a>, and the time of the decay are measured.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-28">[24]</a> Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432-33">[28]</a> Total <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">binding energy</a> provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-35">[30]</a> Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically predicted<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> and have so far been observed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-129–030001-138-37">[32]</a> to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a> Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-40">[34]</a> and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-125-41">[35]</a> In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding <a href="/wiki/Rectangular_potential_barrier" title="Rectangular potential barrier">energy barriers</a> for each mode, but they can be tunneled through.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-35">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Apparatus for creation of superheavy elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/500px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/660px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/880px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the <a href="/wiki/Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions</a> in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">dipole magnet</a> in the former and <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_magnet" title="Quadrupole magnet">quadrupole magnets</a> in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Aksenov-42">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because the mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432–433-43">[37]</a> Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-35">[30]</a> As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (element 92) to <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> (element 102),<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-44">[38]</a> and by 30 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> (element 90) to <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> (element 100).<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> The earlier <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drop model">liquid drop model</a> thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Fission_barrier" title="Fission barrier">fission barrier</a> for nuclei with about 280 nucleons.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-46">[40]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell model</a> suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a> in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-46">[40]</a> Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei,<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> as well as those closer to the expected island,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-44">[38]</a> have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-49">[g]</a> Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined.<a href="#cite_note-53">[h]</a> (That all decays within a decay chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.)<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-28">[24]</a> The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the emitted particle).<a href="#cite_note-54">[i]</a> Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.<a href="#cite_note-57">[j]</a> The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.<a href="#cite_note-63">[k]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoveries of the chemical elements">Discoveries of the chemical elements</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_indications">Early indications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early indications">edit</a>]</div> The syntheses of elements <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">107</a> to <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">112</a> were conducted at the <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany, from 1981 to 1996. These elements were made by cold fusion<a href="#cite_note-67">[l]</a> reactions, in which targets made of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, which are around the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">stable configuration</a> of 82 protons, are bombarded with heavy ions of <a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4 elements</a>. This creates fused nuclei with low excitation energies due to the stability of the targets' nuclei, significantly increasing the yield of <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a>. Cold fusion was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a> and his team in 1974 at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (JINR) in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Soviet Union. Yields from cold fusion reactions were found to decrease significantly with increasing atomic number; the resulting nuclei were severely neutron-deficient and short-lived. The GSI team attempted to synthesise element 113 via cold fusion in 1998 and 2003, bombarding bismuth-209 with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>-70; both attempts were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-68">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[57]</a> Faced with this problem, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Oganessian</a> and his team at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> turned their renewed attention to the older hot fusion technique, in which heavy <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> targets were bombarded with lighter ions. <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">Calcium-48</a> was suggested as an ideal projectile, because it is very neutron-rich for a light element (combined with the already neutron-rich actinides) and would minimise the neutron deficiencies of the nuclides produced. Being <a href="/wiki/Doubly_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly magic">doubly magic</a>, it would confer benefits in stability to the fused nuclei. In collaboration with the team at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> (LLNL) in <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a>, United States, they made an attempt on <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">element 114</a> (which was predicted to be a <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">magic number</a>, closing a proton shell, and more stable than element 113).<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-68">[56]</a> In 1998, the JINR–LLNL collaboration started their attempt on element 114, bombarding a target of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-244" title="Plutonium-244">plutonium-244</a> with ions of calcium-48:<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-68">[56]</a> <dl><dd>244 94Pu + 48 20Ca → 292114* → 290114 + 2 n + e− → 290113 + <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">νe</a> ?</dd></dl> A single <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> was observed which was thought to be the isotope 289114: the results were published in January 1999.<a href="#cite_note-99Og01-70">[58]</a> Despite numerous attempts to repeat this reaction, an isotope with these decay properties has never again been found, and the exact identity of this activity is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-04OgJINRPP-71">[59]</a> A 2016 paper by <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Hofmann" title="Sigurd Hofmann">Sigurd Hofmann</a> et al. considered that the most likely explanation of the 1998 result is that two neutrons were emitted by the produced compound nucleus, leading to 290114 and <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to 290113, while more neutrons were emitted in all other produced chains. This would have been the first report of a decay chain from an isotope of element 113, but it was not recognised at the time, and the assignment is still uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2016-9">[9]</a> A similar long-lived activity observed by the JINR team in March 1999 in the 242Pu + 48Ca reaction may be due to the electron-capture daughter of 287114, 287113; this assignment is also tentative.<a href="#cite_note-EXON-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JINR–LLNL_collaboration">JINR–LLNL collaboration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: JINR–LLNL collaboration">edit</a>]</div> The now-confirmed discovery of element 114 was made in June 1999 when the JINR team repeated the first 244Pu + 48Ca reaction from 1998;<a href="#cite_note-00Og01-72">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-04Og01-73">[61]</a> following this, the JINR team used the same hot fusion technique to synthesize elements <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">116</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">118</a> in 2000 and 2002 respectively via the 248<a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> + 48Ca and 249<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> + 48Ca reactions. They then turned their attention to the missing odd-numbered elements, as the odd protons and possibly neutrons would hinder decay by <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> and result in longer decay chains.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-68">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-03Og01-74">[62]</a> The first report of element 113 was in August 2003, when it was identified as an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> product of <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">element 115</a>. Element 115 had been produced by bombarding a target of <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>-243 with calcium-48 projectiles. The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">LLNL</a> collaboration published its results in February 2004:<a href="#cite_note-03Og01-74">[62]</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Americium-243" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium-243">243 95Am </a> + <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48 20Ca </a> → 291115* → 288115 + 3 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a> → 284113 + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a></dd> <dd>243 95Am + 48 20Ca → 291115* → 287115 + 4 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a> → 283113 + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a></dd></dl> Four further alpha decays were observed, ending with the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> of isotopes of element 105, <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-03Og01-74">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riken">Riken</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Riken">edit</a>]</div> While the JINR–LLNL collaboration had been studying fusion reactions with 48Ca, a team of Japanese scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Riken" title="Riken">Riken</a> Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in <a href="/wiki/Wak%C5%8D,_Saitama" title="Wakō, Saitama">Wakō</a>, Japan, led by <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsuke_Morita" title="Kōsuke Morita">Kōsuke Morita</a> had been studying cold fusion reactions. Morita had previously studied the synthesis of superheavy elements at the JINR before starting his own team at Riken. In 2001, his team confirmed the GSI's discoveries of elements <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">108</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">110</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">111</a>, and 112. They then made a new attempt on element 113, using the same 209Bi + 70Zn reaction that the GSI had attempted unsuccessfully in 1998. Despite the much lower yield expected than for the JINR's hot fusion technique with calcium-48, the Riken team chose to use cold fusion as the synthesised isotopes would alpha decay to known daughter nuclides and make the discovery much more certain, and would not require the use of radioactive targets.<a href="#cite_note-75">[63]</a> In particular, the isotope 278113 expected to be produced in this reaction would decay to the known 266Bh, which had been synthesised in 2000 by a team at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> (LBNL) in Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-JWP-76">[64]</a> The bombardment of 209Bi with 70Zn at Riken began in September 2003.<a href="#cite_note-RudolphForsberg2013-77">[65]</a> The team detected a single atom of 278113 in July 2004 and published their results that September:<a href="#cite_note-04Mo01-78">[66]</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209 83Bi </a> + <a href="/wiki/Zinc-70" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-70">70 30Zn </a> → 279113* → 278113 + <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Riken" title="Riken">Riken</a> team observed four alpha decays from 278113, creating a decay chain passing through 274Rg, 270Mt, and 266Bh before terminating with the spontaneous fission of 262Db.<a href="#cite_note-04Mo01-78">[66]</a> The decay data they observed for the alpha decay of 266Bh matched the 2000 data, lending support for their claim. <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">Spontaneous fission</a> of its daughter 262Db had not been previously known; the American team had observed only alpha decay from this nuclide.<a href="#cite_note-JWP-76">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_to_confirmation">Road to confirmation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Road to confirmation">edit</a>]</div> When the discovery of a new element is claimed, the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">Joint Working Party</a> (JWP) of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> (IUPAP) assembles to examine the claims according to their criteria for the discovery of a new element, and decides <a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">scientific priority</a> and naming rights for the elements. According to the JWP criteria, a discovery must demonstrate that the element has an atomic number different from all previously observed values. It should also preferably be repeated by other laboratories, although this requirement has been waived where the data is of very high quality. Such a demonstration must establish properties, either physical or chemical, of the new element and establish that they are those of a previously unknown element. The main techniques used to demonstrate atomic number are cross-reactions (creating claimed <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a> as parents or daughters of other nuclides produced by a different reaction) and anchoring decay chains to known daughter nuclides. For the JWP, priority in confirmation takes precedence over the date of the original claim. Both teams set out to confirm their results by these methods.<a href="#cite_note-Karol-79">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Element_113_decay_chains.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Element_113_decay_chains.svg/660px-Element_113_decay_chains.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="486" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Element_113_decay_chains.svg/990px-Element_113_decay_chains.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Element_113_decay_chains.svg/1320px-Element_113_decay_chains.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Summary of decay chains passing through isotopes of element 113, ending at <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> (element 101) or earlier. The two chains with bold-bordered nuclides were accepted by the JWP as evidence for the discoveries of element 113 and its parents, elements 115 and 117. Data is presented as known in 2015 (before the JWP's conclusions were published).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004–2008">2004–2008</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2004–2008">edit</a>]</div> In June 2004 and again in December 2005, the JINR–LLNL collaboration strengthened their claim for the discovery of element 113 by conducting chemical experiments on 268<a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a>, the final <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay product</a> of 288115. This was valuable as none of the nuclides in this decay chain were previously known, so that their claim was not supported by any previous experimental data, and chemical experimentation would strengthen the case for their claim, since the chemistry of dubnium is known. 268Db was successfully identified by extracting the final decay products, measuring <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> (SF) activities and using chemical identification techniques to confirm that they behave like a <a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">group 5 element</a> (dubnium is known to be in group 5).<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-e115-80">[68]</a> Both the half-life and decay mode were confirmed for the proposed 268Db which lends support to the assignment of the parent and <a href="/wiki/Daughter_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter isotope">daughter nuclei</a> to elements 115 and 113 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-e115-80">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[69]</a> Further experiments at the JINR in 2005 confirmed the observed decay data.<a href="#cite_note-JWP-76">[64]</a> In November and December 2004, the Riken team studied the 205Tl + 70Zn reaction, aiming the zinc beam onto a <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> rather than a bismuth target, in an effort to directly produce 274Rg in a cross-bombardment as it is the immediate daughter of 278113. The reaction was unsuccessful, as the thallium target was <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">physically weak</a> compared to the more commonly used lead and bismuth targets, and it deteriorated significantly and became non-uniform in thickness. The reasons for this weakness are unknown, given that thallium has a higher melting point than bismuth.<a href="#cite_note-Morimoto2016-82">[70]</a> The Riken team then repeated the original 209Bi + 70Zn reaction and produced a second atom of 278113 in April 2005, with a decay chain that again terminated with the spontaneous fission of 262Db. The decay data were slightly different from those of the first chain: this could have been because an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a> escaped from the detector without depositing its full energy, or because some of the intermediate decay products were formed in <a href="/wiki/Metastable_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable state">metastable isomeric states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JWP-76">[64]</a> In 2006, a team at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>, China, investigated the 243Am + 26Mg reaction, producing four atoms of 266Bh. All four chains started with an alpha decay to 262Db; three chains ended there with spontaneous fission, as in the 278113 chains observed at Riken, while the remaining one continued via another alpha decay to 258Lr, as in the 266Bh chains observed at LBNL.<a href="#cite_note-Karol-79">[67]</a> In June 2006, the JINR–LLNL collaboration claimed to have synthesised a new isotope of element 113 directly by bombarding a <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>-237 target with accelerated calcium-48 nuclei: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium-237">237 93Np </a> + <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48 20Ca </a> → 285113* → 282113 + 3 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a></dd></dl> Two atoms of 282113 were detected. The aim of this experiment had been to synthesise the isotopes 281113 and 282113 that would fill in the gap between isotopes produced via hot fusion (283113 and 284113) and cold fusion (278113). After five alpha decays, these nuclides would reach known isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a>, assuming that the decay chains were not terminated prematurely by spontaneous fission. The first decay chain ended in fission after four alpha decays, presumably originating from 266Db or its electron-capture daughter 266Rf. <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">Spontaneous fission</a> was not observed in the second chain even after four alpha decays. A fifth alpha decay in each chain could have been missed, since 266Db can theoretically undergo alpha decay, in which case the first decay chain would have ended at the known 262Lr or 262No and the second might have continued to the known long-lived 258Md, which has a half-life of 51.5 days, longer than the duration of the experiment: this would explain the lack of a spontaneous fission event in this chain. In the absence of direct detection of the long-lived <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decays</a>, these interpretations remain unconfirmed, and there is still no known link between any superheavy nuclides produced by hot fusion and the well-known main body of the chart of nuclides.<a href="#cite_note-07Og01-83">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009–2015">2009–2015</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2009–2015">edit</a>]</div> The JWP published its report on elements 113–116 and 118 in 2011. It recognised the JINR–LLNL collaboration as having discovered elements 114 and 116, but did not accept either team's claim to element 113 and did not accept the JINR–LLNL claims to elements 115 and 118. The JINR–LLNL claim to elements 115 and 113 had been founded on chemical identification of their daughter dubnium, but the JWP objected that current theory could not distinguish between superheavy <a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">group 4</a> and group 5 elements by their chemical properties with enough confidence to allow this assignment.<a href="#cite_note-JWP-76">[64]</a> The decay properties of all the nuclei in the decay chain of element 115 had not been previously characterised before the JINR experiments, a situation which the JWP generally considers "troublesome, but not necessarily exclusive", and with the small number of atoms produced with neither known daughters nor cross-reactions the JWP considered that their criteria had not been fulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-JWP-76">[64]</a> The JWP did not accept the Riken team's claim either due to inconsistencies in the decay data, the small number of atoms of element 113 produced, and the lack of unambiguous anchors to known isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-JWP-76">[64]</a> In early 2009, the Riken team synthesised the decay product 266Bh directly in the 248Cm + 23Na reaction to establish its link with 278113 as a cross-bombardment. They also established the branched decay of 262Db, which sometimes underwent spontaneous fission and sometimes underwent the previously known alpha decay to 258Lr.<a href="#cite_note-84">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-morimoto-85">[73]</a> In late 2009, the JINR–LLNL collaboration studied the 249Bk + 48Ca reaction in an effort to produce <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">element 117</a>, which would decay to elements 115 and 113 and bolster their claims in a cross-reaction. They were now joined by scientists from <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL) and <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, United States,<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-68">[56]</a> who helped procure the rare and highly radioactive <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> target necessary to complete the JINR's calcium-48 campaign to synthesise the heaviest elements on the periodic table.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-68">[56]</a> Two isotopes of element 117 were synthesised, decaying to element 115 and then element 113:<a href="#cite_note-e117-86">[74]</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkelium-249" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium-249">249 97Bk </a> + <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48 20Ca </a> → 297117* → 294117 + 3 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a> → 290115 + α → 286113 + α</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berkelium-249" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium-249">249 97Bk </a> + <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48 20Ca </a> → 297117* → 293117 + 4 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a> → 289115 + α → 285113 + α</dd></dl> The new isotopes 285113 and 286113 produced did not overlap with the previously claimed 282113, 283113, and 284113, so this reaction could not be used as a cross-bombardment to confirm the 2003 or 2006 claims.<a href="#cite_note-Karol-79">[67]</a> In March 2010, the Riken team again attempted to synthesise 274Rg directly through the 205Tl + 70Zn reaction with upgraded equipment; they failed again and abandoned this cross-bombardment route.<a href="#cite_note-Morimoto2016-82">[70]</a> After 450 more days of irradiation of bismuth with zinc projectiles, Riken produced and identified another 278113 atom in August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-six-alpha-87">[75]</a> Although electricity prices had soared since the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a>, and Riken had ordered the shutdown of the accelerator programs to save money, Morita's team was permitted to continue with one experiment, and they chose their attempt to confirm their synthesis of element 113.<a href="#cite_note-podcast-88">[76]</a> In this case, a series of six alpha decays was observed, leading to an isotope of <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a>: <dl><dd>278113 → <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium-274" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium-274">274 111Rg </a> + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a> → <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium-270" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium-270">270 109Mt </a> + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a> → <a href="/wiki/Bohrium-266" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohrium-266">266 107Bh </a> + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a> → <a href="/wiki/Dubnium-262" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium-262">262 105Db </a> + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a> → <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium-258" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium-258">258 103Lr </a> + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a> → <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium-254" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelevium-254">254 101Md </a> + <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle"> α </a></dd></dl> This decay chain differed from the previous observations at Riken mainly in the decay mode of 262Db, which was previously observed to undergo spontaneous fission, but in this case instead alpha decayed; the alpha decay of 262Db to 258Lr is <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dubnium" title="Isotopes of dubnium">well-known</a>. The team calculated the probability of accidental <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_coincidence" title="Mathematical coincidence">coincidence</a> to be 10−28, or totally negligible.<a href="#cite_note-six-alpha-87">[75]</a> The resulting 254Md atom then underwent <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to 254<a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>, which underwent the seventh alpha decay in the chain to the long-lived 250<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>, which has a half-life of around thirteen years.<a href="#cite_note-89">[77]</a> The 249Bk + 48Ca experiment was repeated at the JINR in 2012 and 2013 with consistent results, and again at the GSI in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Karol-79">[67]</a> In August 2013, a team of researchers at <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, Sweden, and at the GSI announced that they had repeated the 2003 243Am + 48Ca experiment, confirming the findings of the JINR–LLNL collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-RudolphForsberg2013-77">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> The same year, the 2003 experiment had been repeated at the JINR, now also creating the isotope 289115 that could serve as a cross-bombardment for confirming their discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">element 117</a> isotope 293117, as well as its daughter 285113 as part of its decay chain.<a href="#cite_note-Karol-79">[67]</a> Confirmation of 288115 and its daughters was published by the team at the LBNL in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approval_of_discoveries">Approval of discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Approval of discoveries">edit</a>]</div> In December 2015, the conclusions of a new JWP report were published by IUPAC in a press release, in which element 113 was awarded to Riken; elements 115, 117, and 118 were awarded to the collaborations involving the JINR.<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost-92">[80]</a> A joint 2016 announcement by IUPAC and IUPAP had been scheduled to coincide with the publication of the JWP reports, but IUPAC alone decided on an early release because the news of Riken being awarded credit for element 113 had been leaked to Japanese newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-McKellar-93">[81]</a> For the first time in history, a team of Asian physicists would name a new element.<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost-92">[80]</a> The JINR considered the awarding of element 113 to Riken unexpected, citing their own 2003 production of elements 115 and 113, and pointing to the precedents of elements <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">103</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">104</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">105</a> where IUPAC had awarded joint credit to the JINR and LBNL. They stated that they respected IUPAC's decision, but reserved determination of their position for the official publication of the JWP reports.<a href="#cite_note-reaction-94">[82]</a> The full JWP reports were published on 21 January 2016. The JWP recognised the discovery of element 113, assigning priority to Riken. They noted that while the individual decay energies of each nuclide in the decay chain of 278113 were inconsistent, their sum was now confirmed to be consistent, strongly suggesting that the initial and final states in 278113 and its daughter 262Db were the same for all three events. The decay of 262Db to 258Lr and 254Md was previously known, firmly anchoring the decay chain of 278113 to known regions of the chart of nuclides. The JWP considered that the JINR–LLNL collaborations of 2004 and 2007, producing element 113 as the daughter of element 115, did not meet the discovery criteria as they had not convincingly determined the atomic numbers of their nuclides through cross-bombardments, which were considered necessary since their decay chains were not anchored to previously known nuclides. They also considered that the previous JWP's concerns over their chemical identification of the dubnium daughter had not been adequately addressed. The JWP recognised the JINR–LLNL–ORNL–Vanderbilt collaboration of 2010 as having discovered elements 117 and 115, and accepted that element 113 had been produced as their daughter, but did not give this work shared credit.<a href="#cite_note-Karol-79">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morimoto2016-82">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-namingiupac-95">[83]</a> After the publication of the JWP reports, Sergey Dimitriev, the lab director of the Flerov lab at the JINR where the discoveries were made, remarked that he was happy with IUPAC's decision, mentioning the time Riken spent on their experiment and their good relations with Morita, who had learnt the basics of synthesising superheavy elements at the JINR.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-68">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-reaction-94">[82]</a> The sum argument advanced by the JWP in the approval of the discovery of element 113 was later criticised in a May 2016 study from Lund University and the GSI, as it is only valid if no <a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">gamma decay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internal_conversion" title="Internal conversion">internal conversion</a> takes place along the decay chain, which is not likely for odd nuclei, and the uncertainty of the alpha decay energies measured in the 278113 decay chain was not small enough to rule out this possibility. If this is the case, similarity in lifetimes of intermediate daughters becomes a meaningless argument, as different isomers of the same nuclide can have different half-lives: for example, the ground state of 180Ta has a half-life of hours, but an excited state <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum" title="Isotopes of tantalum">180mTa</a> has never been observed to decay. This study found reason to doubt and criticise the IUPAC approval of the discoveries of elements 115 and 117, but the data from Riken for element 113 was found to be congruent, and the data from the JINR team for elements 115 and 113 to probably be so, thus endorsing the IUPAC approval of the discovery of element 113.<a href="#cite_note-96">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> Two members of the JINR team published a journal article rebutting these criticisms against the congruence of their data on elements 113, 115, and 117 in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lead researcher Kosuke Morita and Riken president Hiroshi Matsumoto from Riken showing "Nh" being added to the periodic table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg/220px-Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg/330px-Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg/440px-Kosuke_Morita_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_cropped_Hideto_Enyo_Kosuke_Morita_Koji_Morimoto_and_Hiroshi_Matsumoto_20161201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsuke_Morita" title="Kōsuke Morita">Kōsuke Morita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Matsumoto_(engineer)" title="Hiroshi Matsumoto (engineer)">Hiroshi Matsumoto</a>, celebrating the naming on 1 December 2016.</figcaption></figure> Using <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements</a>, nihonium would be known as eka-thallium. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ununtrium (with the corresponding symbol of Uut),<a href="#cite_note-iupac-99">[87]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">placeholder</a>, until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a name is decided on. The recommendations were widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, but were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it "element 113", with the symbol of E113, (113), or even simply 113.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> Before the JWP recognition of their priority, the Japanese team had unofficially suggested various names: japonium, after their home country;<a href="#cite_note-aaa-100">[88]</a> nishinanium, after Japanese physicist <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Nishina" title="Yoshio Nishina">Yoshio Nishina</a>, the "founding father of modern physics research in Japan";<a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a> and rikenium, after the institute.<a href="#cite_note-aaa-100">[88]</a> After the recognition, the Riken team gathered in February 2016 to decide on a name. Morita expressed his desire for the name to honour the fact that element 113 had been discovered in Japan. Japonium was considered, making the connection to Japan easy to identify for non-Japanese, but it was rejected as <a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a> is considered an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic slur">ethnic slur</a>. The name nihonium was chosen after an hour of deliberation: it comes from <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan#Nihon_and_Nippon" title="Names of Japan">Nihon</a> (日本), one of the two Japanese pronunciations for the name of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a> The discoverers also intended to reference the support of their research by the Japanese people (Riken being almost entirely government-funded),<a href="#cite_note-103">[91]</a> recover lost pride and trust in science among those who were affected by the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-June2016-104">[92]</a> and honour Japanese chemist <a href="/wiki/Masataka_Ogawa" title="Masataka Ogawa">Masataka Ogawa</a>'s 1908 discovery of <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>, which he named "nipponium" with symbol Np after the other Japanese pronunciation of Japan's name.<a href="#cite_note-namingiupac-95">[83]</a> As Ogawa's claim had not been accepted, the name "nipponium" could not be reused for a new element, and its symbol Np had since been used for <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[m]</a> In March 2016, Morita proposed the name "nihonium" to IUPAC, with the symbol Nh.<a href="#cite_note-namingiupac-95">[83]</a> The naming realised what had been a national dream in Japanese science ever since Ogawa's claim.<a href="#cite_note-podcast-88">[76]</a> The former president of IUPAP, <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Jarlskog" title="Cecilia Jarlskog">Cecilia Jarlskog</a>, complained at the Nobel Symposium on Superheavy Elements in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4ckaskog_Castle" title="Bäckaskog Castle">Bäckaskog Castle</a>, Sweden, in June 2016 about the lack of openness involved in the process of approving new elements, and stated that she believed that the JWP's work was flawed and should be redone by a new JWP. A survey of physicists determined that many felt that the Lund–GSI 2016 criticisms of the JWP report were well-founded, but it was also generally thought that the conclusions would hold up if the work was redone. Thus the new president, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_McKellar" title="Bruce McKellar">Bruce McKellar</a>, ruled that the proposed names should be released in a joint IUPAP–IUPAC press release.<a href="#cite_note-McKellar-93">[81]</a> IUPAC and IUPAP publicised the proposal of nihonium that June,<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-June2016-104">[92]</a> and set a five-month term to collect comments, after which the name would be formally established at a conference.<a href="#cite_note-mainichi.jp-108">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-sankei.com-2016-109">[96]</a> The name was officially approved on 28 November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-Nov2016-110">[97]</a> The naming ceremony for the new element was held in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan, on 14 March 2017, with <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>, then the Crown Prince of Japan, in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nihonium" title="Isotopes of nihonium">Isotopes of nihonium</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;max-width:100%; font-size: 85%"> <caption>List of nihonium isotopes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Isotopes_summary" title="Template talk:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Isotope </th> <th colspan="2">Half-life<a href="#cite_note-112">[n]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Decay mode </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery year </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery reaction </th></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <th class="unsortable">ref </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">278Nh </th> <td>2.0 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:left">209Bi(70Zn,n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">282Nh </th> <td>61 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-113">[99]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2006 </td> <td style="text-align:left">237Np(48Ca,3n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">283Nh </th> <td>123 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-113">[99]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:left">287Mc(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">284Nh </th> <td>0.90 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-113">[99]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, EC </td> <td style="text-align:center">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:left">288Mc(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">285Nh </th> <td>2.1 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-113">[99]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">289Mc(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">286Nh </th> <td>9.5 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">290Mc(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">287Nh<a href="#cite_note-nc-114">[o]</a> </th> <td>5.5 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EXON-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:left">287Fl(e−,νe) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">290Nh<a href="#cite_note-nc-114">[o]</a> </th> <td>2 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2016-9">[9]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1998 </td> <td style="text-align:left">290Fl(e−,νe) </td></tr></tbody></table> Nihonium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesised in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Eight different isotopes of nihonium have been reported with atomic masses 278, 282–287, and 290 (287Nh and 290Nh are unconfirmed); they all decay through alpha decay to isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-115">[100]</a> There have been indications that nihonium-284 can also decay by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a>-284, though estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Partial_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial half-life">partial half-life</a> for this branch vary strongly by model.<a href="#cite_note-116">[101]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> branch of nihonium-285 has also been reported.<a href="#cite_note-Mc2022-113">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability_and_half-lives">Stability and half-lives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stability and half-lives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/400px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/600px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg/800px-Island_of_Stability_derived_from_Zagrebaev.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A chart of heavy nuclides with their known and predicted half-lives (known nuclides shown with borders). Nihonium (row 113) is expected to be within the "island of stability" (white circle) and thus its nuclei are slightly more stable than would otherwise be predicted; the known nihonium isotopes are too neutron-poor to be within the island.</figcaption></figure> The stability of nuclei quickly decreases with the increase in atomic number after <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>, element 96, whose half-life is over ten thousand times longer than that of any subsequent element. All isotopes with an atomic number above <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">101</a> undergo radioactive decay with half-lives of less than 30 hours: this is because of the ever-increasing <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb repulsion</a> of protons, so that the <a href="/wiki/Strong_nuclear_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong nuclear force">strong nuclear force</a> cannot hold the nucleus together against <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> for long. Calculations suggest that in the absence of other stabilising factors, elements with more than <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">103 protons</a> should not exist. Researchers in the 1960s suggested that the closed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shells</a> around 114 protons and 184 neutrons should counteract this instability, and create an "<a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a>" containing nuclides with half-lives reaching thousands or millions of years. The existence of the island is still unproven, but the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a> (including nihonium) confirms that the stabilising effect is real, and in general the known superheavy nuclides become longer-lived as they approach the predicted location of the island.<a href="#cite_note-117">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-retro-118">[103]</a> All nihonium isotopes are unstable and radioactive; the heavier nihonium isotopes are more stable than the lighter ones, as they are closer to the centre of the island. The most stable known nihonium isotope, 286Nh, is also the heaviest; it has a half-life of 8 seconds. The isotope 285Nh, as well as the unconfirmed 287Nh and 290Nh, have also been reported to have half-lives of over a second. The isotopes 284Nh and 283Nh have half-lives of 0.90 and 0.12 seconds respectively. The remaining two isotopes have half-lives between 0.1 and 100 milliseconds: 282Nh has a half-life of 61 milliseconds, and 278Nh, the lightest known nihonium isotope, is also the shortest-lived, with a half-life of 2.0 milliseconds. This rapid increase in the half-lives near the closed neutron shell at N = 184 is seen in roentgenium, copernicium, and nihonium (elements 111 through 113), where each extra neutron so far multiplies the half-life by a factor of 5 to 20.<a href="#cite_note-retro-118">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Audi-119">[104]</a> The unknown isotopes in the gap between 278Nh and 282Nh are too heavy to be produced by cold fusion and too light to be produced by hot fusion. The missing 280Nh and 281Nh may be populated as daughters of 284Mc and 285Mc, producible in the 241Am+48Ca reaction, but this has not yet been attempted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20131–15-120">[105]</a> Of particular interest is 281Nh, as it is the expected great-granddaughter of 293<a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium">119</a>, a possible product of the 243Am+54Cr reaction.<a href="#cite_note-jinr2024-121">[106]</a> Production of 282Mc and 283Mc is possible in the 243Am+44Ca reaction (though it has a lower cross-section), and their daughters would be 278Nh (known) and 279Nh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20131–15-120">[105]</a> The heavier isotopes 287Nh through 290Nh might be synthesised using charged-particle evaporation, using the 242Pu+48Ca and 244Pu+48Ca reactions where one proton and some neutrons are evaporated.<a href="#cite_note-Yerevan2023PPT-122">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pxn-123">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predicted_properties">Predicted properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Predicted properties">edit</a>]</div> Very few properties of nihonium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<a href="#cite_note-Og-expensive-124">[109]</a> and the fact it decays very quickly. Properties of nihonium mostly remain unknown and only predictions are available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_and_atomic">Physical and atomic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physical and atomic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg/220px-Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg/330px-Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg/440px-Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_Tl_and_Nh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Atomic energy levels of outermost s, p, and d electrons of thallium and nihonium<a href="#cite_note-Stysziński-125">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> Nihonium is the first member of the 7p series of elements and the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">group 13</a> element on the periodic table, below <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>. All the group 13 elements except boron are metals, and nihonium is expected to follow suit. Nihonium is predicted to show many differences from its lighter homologues. The major reason for this is the <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_interaction" title="Spin–orbit interaction">spin–orbit (SO) interaction</a>, which is especially strong for the <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a>, because their electrons move much faster than in lighter atoms, at velocities close to the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-2010-126">[111]</a>: 63  In relation to nihonium atoms, it lowers the 7s and the 7p electron energy levels (stabilising those electrons), but two of the 7p electron energy levels are stabilised more than the other four.<a href="#cite_note-Faegri-127">[112]</a> The stabilisation of the 7s electrons is called the <a href="/wiki/Inert_pair_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Inert pair effect">inert pair effect</a>, and the separation of the 7p subshell into the more and less stabilised parts is called subshell splitting. Computational chemists see the split as a change of the second, <a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" title="Azimuthal quantum number">azimuthal quantum number</a> l, from 1 to 1/2 and 3/2 for the more and less stabilised parts of the 7p subshell, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-2010-126">[111]</a>: 63  The quantum number corresponds to the letter in the electron orbital name: 0 to s, 1 to p, 2 to d, etc. For theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s2 7p1/21.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> The first ionisation energy of nihonium is expected to be 7.306 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>, the highest among the metals of group 13.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> Similar subshell splitting should exist for the 6d electron levels, with four being 6d3/2 and six being 6d5/2. Both these levels are raised to be close in energy to the 7s ones, high enough to possibly be chemically active. This would allow for the possibility of exotic nihonium compounds without lighter group 13 analogues.<a href="#cite_note-Faegri-127">[112]</a> Periodic trends would predict nihonium to have an atomic radius larger than that of thallium due to it being one <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">period</a> further down the periodic table, but calculations suggest nihonium has an atomic radius of about 170 pm, the same as that of thallium, due to the relativistic stabilisation and contraction of its 7s and 7p1/2 orbitals. Thus, nihonium is expected to be much denser than thallium, with a predicted density of about 16 to 18 g/cm3 compared to thallium's 11.85 g/cm3, since nihonium atoms are heavier than thallium atoms but have the same volume.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stysziński-125">[110]</a> Bulk nihonium is expected to have a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> crystal structure, like thallium.<a href="#cite_note-NhFl-5">[5]</a> The melting and boiling points of nihonium have been predicted to be 430 °C and 1100 °C respectively, exceeding the values for indium and thallium, following periodic trends.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> Nihonium should have a <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> of 20.8 GPa, about half that of thallium (43 GPa).<a href="#cite_note-hcp-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> The chemistry of nihonium is expected to be very different from that of thallium. This difference stems from the spin–orbit splitting of the 7p shell, which results in nihonium being between two relatively inert closed-shell elements (<a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Zaitsevskii-128">[113]</a> Nihonium is expected to be less reactive than thallium, because of the greater stabilisation and resultant chemical inactivity of the 7s subshell in nihonium compared to the 6s subshell in thallium.<a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potential</a> for the Nh+/Nh couple is predicted to be 0.6 V. Nihonium should be a rather <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a> The metallic group 13 elements are typically found in two <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a>: +1 and +3. The former results from the involvement of only the single p electron in bonding, and the latter results in the involvement of all three valence electrons, two in the s-subshell and one in the p-subshell. Going down the group, bond energies decrease and the +3 state becomes less stable, as the energy released in forming two additional bonds and attaining the +3 state is not always enough to outweigh the energy needed to involve the s-electrons. Hence, for aluminium and gallium +3 is the most stable state, but +1 gains importance for indium and by thallium it becomes more stable than the +3 state. Nihonium is expected to continue this trend and have +1 as its most stable oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> The simplest possible nihonium compound is the monohydride, NhH. The bonding is provided by the 7p1/2 electron of nihonium and the 1s electron of hydrogen. The SO interaction causes the <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a> of nihonium monohydride to be reduced by about 1 eV<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> and the nihonium–hydrogen bond length to decrease as the bonding 7p1/2 orbital is relativistically contracted. This is unique among the 7p element monohydrides; all the others have relativistic expansion of the bond length instead of contraction.<a href="#cite_note-hydride-129">[114]</a> Another effect of the SO interaction is that the Nh–H bond is expected to have significant <a href="/wiki/Pi_bond" title="Pi bond">pi bonding</a> character (side-on orbital overlap), unlike the almost pure <a href="/wiki/Sigma_bond" title="Sigma bond">sigma bonding</a> (head-on orbital overlap) in thallium monohydride (TlH).<a href="#cite_note-Seth-130">[115]</a> The analogous monofluoride (Nh<a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a>) should also exist.<a href="#cite_note-Stysziński-125">[110]</a> Nihonium(I) is predicted to be more similar to <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>(I) than thallium(I):<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> the Nh+ ion is expected to more willingly bind <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>, so that NhCl should be quite soluble in excess <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_chloride" title="Thallium(I) chloride">TlCl</a> is not. In contrast to Tl+, which forms the strongly <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> hydroxide (<a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_hydroxide" title="Thallium(I) hydroxide">TlOH</a>) in solution, the Nh+ cation should instead hydrolyse all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Amphoterism" title="Amphoterism">amphoteric</a> oxide Nh2O, which would be soluble in aqueous ammonia and weakly soluble in water.<a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> behaviour of nihonium on <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> surfaces in thermochromatographical experiments is expected to be closer to that of <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> than that of thallium. The destabilisation of the 7p3/2 subshell effectively leads to a valence shell closing at the 7s2 7p2 configuration rather than the expected 7s2 7p6 configuration with its stable octet. As such, nihonium, like astatine, can be considered to be one p-electron short of a closed valence shell. Hence, even though nihonium is in group 13, it has several properties similar to the group 17 elements. (<a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> in group 17 has some group-13-like properties, as it has three valence electrons outside the 7s2 7p2 closed shell.<a href="#cite_note-131">[116]</a>) Nihonium is expected to be able to gain an electron to attain this closed-shell configuration, forming the −1 oxidation state like the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, and astatine). This state should be more stable than it is for thallium as the SO splitting of the 7p subshell is greater than that for the 6p subshell.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-2010-126">[111]</a>: 63  Nihonium should be the most <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> of the metallic group 13 elements,<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> even more electronegative than tennessine, the period 7 congener of the halogens: in the compound NhTs, the negative charge is expected to be on the nihonium atom rather than the tennessine atom.<a href="#cite_note-Stysziński-125">[110]</a> The −1 oxidation should be more stable for nihonium than for tennessine.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[117]</a> The electron affinity of nihonium is calculated to be around 0.68 eV, higher than thallium's at 0.4 eV; tennessine's is expected to be 1.8 eV, the lowest in its group.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> It is theoretically predicted that nihonium should have an <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_sublimation" title="Enthalpy of sublimation">enthalpy of sublimation</a> around 150 kJ/mol and an enthalpy of adsorption on a gold surface around −159 kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-Eichler-133">[118]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:338px;max-width:338px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Trigonal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal model of a trigonal molecule with a central atom (boron) symmetrically bonded to three peripheral (chlorine) atoms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/150px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/225px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/300px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="967" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" title="Boron trichloride">BCl 3</a> has a trigonal structure.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:T-shaped-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal model of a planar molecule with a central atom (iodine) symmetrically bonded to three (chlorine) atoms to form a big right-angled 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/180px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/270px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/360px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="805" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">NhCl 3 is predicted to be T-shaped.</div></div></div></div></div> Significant 6d involvement is expected in the Nh–Au bond, although it is expected to be more unstable than the Tl–Au bond and entirely due to magnetic interactions. This raises the possibility of some <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> character for nihonium.<a href="#cite_note-Zaitsevskii-128">[113]</a> On the basis of the small energy gap between the 6d and 7s electrons, the higher oxidation states +3 and +5 have been suggested for nihonium.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a> Some simple compounds with nihonium in the +3 oxidation state would be the trihydride (NhH3), trifluoride (NhF3), and trichloride (Nh<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>3). These molecules are predicted to be <a href="/wiki/T-shaped_molecular_geometry" title="T-shaped molecular geometry">T-shaped</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_planar_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal planar molecular geometry">trigonal planar</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> analogues are:<a href="#cite_note-136">[p]</a> this is due to the influence of the 6d5/2 electrons on the bonding.<a href="#cite_note-Seth-130">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[q]</a> The heavier nihonium tribromide (Nh<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>3) and triiodide (Nh<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>3) are trigonal planar due to the increased steric repulsion between the peripheral atoms; accordingly, they do not show significant 6d involvement in their bonding, though the large 7s–7p energy gap means that they show reduced sp2 hybridisation compared to their boron analogues.<a href="#cite_note-Seth-130">[115]</a> The bonding in the lighter NhX3 molecules can be considered as that of a linear NhX+ 2 species (similar to <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_fluoride" title="Mercury(II) fluoride">HgF2</a> or AuF− 2) with an additional Nh–X bond involving the 7p orbital of nihonium perpendicular to the other two ligands. These compounds are all expected to be highly unstable towards the loss of an X2 molecule and reduction to nihonium(I):<a href="#cite_note-Seth-130">[115]</a> <dl><dd>NhX3 → NhX + X2</dd></dl> Nihonium thus continues the trend down group 13 of reduced stability of the +3 oxidation state, as all five of these compounds have lower reaction energies than the unknown thallium(III) iodide.<a href="#cite_note-140">[r]</a> The +3 state is stabilised for thallium in anionic complexes such as TlI− 4, and the presence of a possible vacant coordination site on the lighter T-shaped nihonium trihalides is expected to allow a similar stabilisation of NhF− 4 and perhaps NhCl− 4.<a href="#cite_note-Seth-130">[115]</a> The +5 oxidation state is unknown for all lighter group 13 elements: calculations predict that nihonium pentahydride (NhH5) and pentafluoride (NhF5) should have a <a href="/wiki/Square_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Square pyramidal molecular geometry">square pyramidal molecular geometry</a>, but also that both would be highly thermodynamically unstable to loss of an X2 molecule and reduction to nihonium(III). Again, some stabilisation is expected for anionic complexes, such as NhF− 6. The structures of the nihonium trifluoride and pentafluoride molecules are the same as those for <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">chlorine trifluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_pentafluoride" title="Chlorine pentafluoride">pentafluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seth-130">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_chemistry">Experimental chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Experimental chemistry">edit</a>]</div> The isotopes 284Nh, 285Nh, and 286Nh have half-lives long enough for chemical investigation.<a href="#cite_note-Eichler-133">[118]</a> From 2010 to 2012, some preliminary chemical experiments were performed at the JINR to determine the <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatility</a> of nihonium. The isotope 284Nh was investigated, made as the daughter of 288Mc produced in the 243Am+48Ca reaction. The nihonium atoms were synthesised in a recoil chamber and then carried along <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (PTFE) capillaries at 70 °C by a carrier gas to the gold-covered detectors. About ten to twenty atoms of 284Nh were produced, but none of these atoms were registered by the detectors, suggesting either that nihonium was similar in volatility to the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> (and thus diffused away too quickly to be detected) or, more plausibly, that pure nihonium was not very volatile and thus could not efficiently pass through the PTFE capillaries.<a href="#cite_note-Eichler-133">[118]</a> Formation of the hydroxide NhOH should ease the transport, as nihonium hydroxide is expected to be more volatile than elemental nihonium, and this reaction could be facilitated by adding more <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a> into the carrier gas. It seems likely that this formation is not kinetically favoured, so the longer-lived isotopes 285Nh and 286Nh were considered more desirable for future experiments.<a href="#cite_note-Eichler-133">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moody-141">[123]</a> A 2017 experiment at the JINR, producing 284Nh and 285Nh via the 243Am+48Ca reaction as the daughters of 288Mc and 289Mc, avoided this problem by removing the quartz surface, using only PTFE. No nihonium atoms were observed after chemical separation, implying an unexpectedly large retention of nihonium atoms on PTFE surfaces. This experimental result for the interaction limit of nihonium atoms with a PTFE surface (−ΔHPTFE ads(Nh) > 45 kJ/mol) disagrees significantly with previous theory, which expected a lower value of 14.00 kJ/mol. This suggests that the nihonium species involved in the previous experiment was likely not elemental nihonium but rather nihonium hydroxide, and that high-temperature techniques such as vacuum <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a> would be necessary to further probe the behaviour of elemental nihonium.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Aksenov-42">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> saturated with <a href="/wiki/Boron_tribromide" title="Boron tribromide">boron tribromide</a> has been suggested as a carrier gas for experiments on nihonium chemistry; this oxidises nihonium's lighter congener thallium to thallium(III), providing an avenue to investigate the oxidation states of nihonium, similar to earlier experiments done on the bromides of group 5 elements, including the superheavy <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[124]</a> A 2024 experiment at the GSI, producing 284Nh via the 243Am+48Ca reaction as daughter of 288Mc, studied the adsorption of nihonium and moscovium on SiO2 and gold surfaces. The adsorption enthalpy of nihonium on SiO2 was determined experimentally as −ΔHSiO2 ads(Nh) = 58+8 −3 kJ/mol (68% confidence interval). Nihonium was determined to be less reactive with the SiO2 surface than its lighter congener thallium, but more reactive than its closed-shell neighbours copernicium and flerovium. This arises because of the relativistic stabilisation of the 7p1/2 shell.<a href="#cite_note-moscovium-143">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, an element is called <a href="/wiki/Heavy_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy element">heavy</a> if its atomic number is high; <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">103</a> (although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">100</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">112</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Superactinide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superactinide">superactinide</a> series).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common language—isotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> In 2009, a team at the JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric 136Xe + 136Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Picobarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobarn">pb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, 208Pb + 58Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19+19 -11 pb), as estimated by the discoverers.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_84Mu01-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the 28 14Si + 1 0n → 28 13Al + 1 1p reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-26">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000334-29">[25]</a> Such separation can also be aided by a <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">time-of-flight measurement</a> and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000335-30">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example, <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003439-38">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to form one.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-44">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> The first direct measurement of mass of a superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_C&EN-52">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay <a href="/wiki/Momentum#Conservation" title="Momentum">must be preserved</a>, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-40">[34]</a> The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flerov" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgy Flerov">Georgy Flerov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-55">[46]</a> a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_coldfusion77-56">[47]</a> In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-26">[23]</a> They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-55">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_RSC-58">[48]</a> There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, nobelium. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-59">[49]</a> The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-59">[49]</a> JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, joliotium;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201840-60">[50]</a> the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty").<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-61">[51]</a> This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-61">[51]</a> The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_IUPAC97-62">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Transactinide_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactinide element">Transactinide elements</a>, such as nihonium, are produced by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>. These fusion reactions can be divided into "hot" and "cold" fusion, depending on the excitation energy of the compound nucleus produced. "Cold fusion" in the context of superheavy element synthesis is a distinct concept from the idea that nuclear fusion can be achieved under room temperature conditions.<a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> In hot fusion reactions, light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated towards heavy targets (<a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>), creating compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>) that may fission, or alternatively emit several (3 to 5) neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-fusion-65">[54]</a> Cold fusion reactions use heavier projectiles, typically from the <a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">fourth period</a>, and lighter targets, usually <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>. The fused nuclei produced have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that they will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>, they emit only one or two neutrons. Hot fusion produces more neutron-rich products because actinides have the highest neutron-to-proton ratios of any elements, and is currently the only method to produce the superheavy elements from <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> (element 114) onwards.<a href="#cite_note-AM89-66">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Neptunium had been first reported at Riken by Nishina and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenjiro_Kimura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenjiro Kimura (page does not exist)">Kenjiro Kimura</a> in 1940, who did not get naming rights because they could not chemically separate and identify their discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Ikeda-105">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enyo-106">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Different sources give different values for half-lives; the most recently published values are listed. </li> <li id="cite_note-nc-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nc_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nc_114-1">b</a> This isotope is unconfirmed </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Among the stable group 13 elements, only boron forms monomeric halides at standard conditions; those of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium form ionic lattice structures or (in a few cases) dimerise.<a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Downs1993-135">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The opposite effect is expected for the superheavy member of group 17, tennessine, due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7p1/2 orbital: thus <a href="/wiki/Iodine_trifluoride" title="Iodine trifluoride">IF3</a> is T-shaped, but TsF3 is expected to be trigonal planar.<a href="#cite_note-trifluoride-137">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The compound with stoichiometry <a href="/wiki/Thallium_triiodide" title="Thallium triiodide">TlI3</a> is a thallium(I) compound involving the <a href="/wiki/Triiodide" title="Triiodide">triiodide</a> anion, I− 3.<a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Haire-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-18">s</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Darleane C.; 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 128–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0103-5"><bdi>978-0-7514-0103-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Aluminium%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium+and+Thallium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1993-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0103-5&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-04Kn758yIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trifluoride-137"><a href="#cite_ref-trifluoride_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaeHanLee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bae, Ch.; Han, Y.-K.; Lee, Yo. S. (18 January 2003). "Spin−Orbit and Relativistic Effects on Structures and Stabilities of Group 17 Fluorides EF3 (E = I, At, and Element 117): Relativity Induced Stability for the D3h Structure of (117)F3". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 107 (6): 852–858. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JPCA..107..852B">2003JPCA..107..852B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp026531m">10.1021/jp026531m</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Spin%E2%88%92Orbit+and+Relativistic+Effects+on+Structures+and+Stabilities+of+Group+17+Fluorides+EF%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28E+%3D+I%2C+At%2C+and+Element+117%29%3A+Relativity+Induced+Stability+for+the+D%3Csub%3E3h%3C%2Fsub%3E+Structure+of+%28117%29F%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E852-%3C%2Fspan%3E858&rft.date=2003-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp026531m&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JPCA..107..852B&rft.aulast=Bae&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rft.au=Han%2C+Y.-K.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yo.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTebbeGeorgy1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tebbe, K.-F.; Georgy, U. (December 1986). "Die Kristallstrukturen von Rubidiumtriiodid und Thalliumtriiodid". Acta Crystallographica C. 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Yu.; Folden III, C. M. (2015). "Resin Ion Exchange and Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Indium and Thallium from Chloride Media". Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange. 33 (6): 607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07366299.2015.1080529">10.1080/07366299.2015.1080529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94078206">94078206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solvent+Extraction+and+Ion+Exchange&rft.atitle=Resin+Ion+Exchange+and+Liquid-Liquid+Extraction+of+Indium+and+Thallium+from+Chloride+Media&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=607&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07366299.2015.1080529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94078206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tereshatov&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft.au=Boltoeva%2C+M.+Yu.&rft.au=Folden+III%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moscovium-143"><a href="#cite_ref-moscovium_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYakushevKhuyagbaatarDüllmannBlock2024" class="citation journal cs1">Yakushev, A.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; Block, M.; Cantemir, R. A.; Cox, D. M.; Dietzel, D.; Giacoppo, F.; Hrabar, Y.; Iliaš, M.; Jäger, E.; Krier, J.; Krupp, D.; Kurz, N.; Lens, L.; Löchner, S.; Mokry, Ch.; Mošať, P.; Pershina, V.; Raeder, S.; Rudolph, D.; Runke, J.; Sarmiento, L. G.; Schausten, B.; Scherer, U.; Thörle-Pospiesch, P.; Trautmann, N.; Wegrzecki, M.; Wieczorek, P. (23 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464923">"Manifestation of relativistic effects in the chemical properties of nihonium and moscovium revealed by gas chromatography studies"</a>. Frontiers in Chemistry. 12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024FrCh...1274820Y">2024FrCh...1274820Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffchem.2024.1474820">10.3389/fchem.2024.1474820</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464923">11464923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39391836">39391836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Manifestation+of+relativistic+effects+in+the+chemical+properties+of+nihonium+and+moscovium+revealed+by+gas+chromatography+studies&rft.volume=12&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11464923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39391836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffchem.2024.1474820&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024FrCh...1274820Y&rft.aulast=Yakushev&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Khuyagbaatar%2C+J.&rft.au=D%C3%BCllmann%2C+Ch.+E.&rft.au=Block%2C+M.&rft.au=Cantemir%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Cox%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Dietzel%2C+D.&rft.au=Giacoppo%2C+F.&rft.au=Hrabar%2C+Y.&rft.au=Ilia%C5%A1%2C+M.&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+E.&rft.au=Krier%2C+J.&rft.au=Krupp%2C+D.&rft.au=Kurz%2C+N.&rft.au=Lens%2C+L.&rft.au=L%C3%B6chner%2C+S.&rft.au=Mokry%2C+Ch.&rft.au=Mo%C5%A1a%C5%A5%2C+P.&rft.au=Pershina%2C+V.&rft.au=Raeder%2C+S.&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+D.&rft.au=Runke%2C+J.&rft.au=Sarmiento%2C+L.+G.&rft.au=Schausten%2C+B.&rft.au=Scherer%2C+U.&rft.au=Th%C3%B6rle-Pospiesch%2C+P.&rft.au=Trautmann%2C+N.&rft.au=Wegrzecki%2C+M.&rft.au=Wieczorek%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11464923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAudi_et_al.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; et al. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties". Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChPhC..41c0001A">2017ChPhC..41c0001A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001">10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2016+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ChPhC..41c0001A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kondev%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeiser2003" class="citation book cs1">Beiser, A. (2003). Concepts of modern physics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244848-1"><bdi>978-0-07-244848-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48965418">48965418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+modern+physics&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48965418&rft.isbn=978-0-07-244848-1&rft.aulast=Beiser&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Hoffman, D. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Ghiorso, A.</a>; Seaborg, G. T. (2000). The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78-326244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78-326244-1"><bdi>978-1-78-326244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transuranium+People%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-78-326244-1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKragh2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Kragh" title="Helge Kragh">Kragh, H.</a> (2018). From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8"><bdi>978-3-319-75813-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Transuranic+to+Superheavy+Elements%3A+A+Story+of+Dispute+and+Creation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75813-8&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZagrebaevKarpovGreiner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). "Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics:_Conference_Series" title="Journal of Physics: Conference Series">Journal of Physics: Conference Series</a>. 420 (1): 012001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5700">1207.5700</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.420a2001Z">2013JPhCS.420a2001Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001">10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-6588">1742-6588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55434734">55434734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Future+of+superheavy+element+research%3A+Which+nuclei+could+be+synthesized+within+the+next+few+years%3F&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012001&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55434734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JPhCS.420a2001Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1207.5700&rft.issn=1742-6588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001&rft.aulast=Zagrebaev&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Karpov%2C+A.&rft.au=Greiner%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANihonium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihonium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050623012629/http://www-cms.llnl.gov/e113_115/images.html">Discovery of Elements 113 and 115</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/superheavy-elements/">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/nihonium/">WebElements.com: Nihonium</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-559d757df5-dmvkb","wgBackendResponseTime":307,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.981","walltime":"3.536","ppvisitednodes":{"value":57706,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":945939,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":71379,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":569104,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3144.698 1 -total"," 43.82% 1377.890 3 Template:Infobox"," 32.20% 1012.533 1 Template:Infobox_nihonium"," 32.13% 1010.534 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 28.45% 894.692 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.10% 632.071 64 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.94% 469.786 146 Template:Trim"," 13.97% 439.163 1 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