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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology_and_Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mariology and Christology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology_and_Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogmatic_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogmatic_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dogmatic teachings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dogmatic_teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Immaculate Conception of Mary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Perpetual virginity of Mary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Marian_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Marian_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other Marian doctrines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_Marian_doctrines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other Marian doctrines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_Marian_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Queen_of_Heaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_of_Heaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Queen of Heaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_of_Heaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary_as_Mother_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary_as_Mother_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mary as Mother of the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary_as_Mother_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediatrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediatrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mediatrix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediatrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Encyclicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marian_devotions_from_sacred_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marian_devotions_from_sacred_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Marian devotions from sacred tradition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marian_devotions_from_sacred_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaculate_Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Immaculate Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immaculate_Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centers_for_Mariological_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centers_for_Mariological_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Centers for Mariological studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centers_for_Mariological_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Mariology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariologia_cat%C3%B2lica" title="Mariologia catòlica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mariologia catòlica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolick%C3%A1_mariologie" title="Katolická mariologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katolická mariologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmas_y_doctrinas_marianas_de_la_Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Dogmas y doctrinas marianas de la Iglesia católica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dogmas y doctrinas marianas de la Iglesia católica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romkatolika_Mariologio" title="Romkatolika Mariologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romkatolika Mariologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariologi_Katolik" title="Mariologi Katolik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mariologi Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariolojia_ya_Kikatoliki" title="Mariolojia ya Kikatoliki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mariolojia ya Kikatoliki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolikus_mariol%C3%B3gia" title="Katolikus mariológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katolikus mariológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmas_e_doutrinas_marianas_da_Igreja_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Dogmas e doutrinas marianas da Igreja Católica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dogmas e doutrinas marianas da Igreja Católica" data-language-autonym="Português" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of Mary in Catholic theology</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefan_Lochner_Madonna_im_Rosenhag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stefan_Lochner_Madonna_im_Rosenhag.jpg/220px-Stefan_Lochner_Madonna_im_Rosenhag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stefan_Lochner_Madonna_im_Rosenhag.jpg/330px-Stefan_Lochner_Madonna_im_Rosenhag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stefan_Lochner_Madonna_im_Rosenhag.jpg/440px-Stefan_Lochner_Madonna_im_Rosenhag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>The Blessed Virgin Mary is depicted in a rose-garden with angels playing music. Roses are a symbol of Mary.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mariology</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immaculate Conception"><img alt="Immaculate Conception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/150px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/225px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/300px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Aranjuez_Immaculate_Conception" title="Aranjuez Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1675</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecrations and entrustments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos"><i>Theotokos</i> (Mother of God)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Our Lady, Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Holy_Virgin_Mary,_Queen_of_Poland" title="The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland">Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_Peccatorum" title="Refugium Peccatorum"><i>Refugium Peccatorum</i> (Refuge of Sinners)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Untier of Knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymns">hymns</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flos_Carmeli" title="Flos Carmeli">Flos Carmeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_of_Gold" title="Hail Mary of Gold">Hail Mary of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_prayer" title="Immaculata prayer">Immaculata prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Mary, Mother of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Marian_hymns" title="Template:Marian hymns"><b>Marian hymns</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Devotional practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin" title="Seven Joys of the Virgin">Seven Joys of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows#Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Movements and societies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of Marian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mary" title="Company of Mary">Company of Mary (Montfort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Marianists (Society of Mary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Marist Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">World Apostolate of Fátima</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">(Blue Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariological_Society_of_America" title="Mariological Society of America">Mariological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Rosary_Makers" title="Our Lady's Rosary Makers">Our Lady's Rosary Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Movement_of_Priests" title="Marian Movement of Priests">Marian Movement of Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Family_Apostolate" title="Fatima Family Apostolate">Fatima Family Apostolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">Apparitions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dd><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions#Approved,_with_widespread_liturgical_veneration_endorsed_by_the_Holy_See" title="List of Marian apparitions">Approved, with widespread liturgical<br />veneration endorsed by the Holy See</a>:</small></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Three Secrets of Fátima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Walsingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Mary" title="Dowry of Mary">Dowry of Mary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Key Marian feast days</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mother of God</a> (1 January)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (2 February)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a> (25 March)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> (15 August)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity</a> (8 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Name_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Holy Name</a> (12 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a> (21 November)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (8 December)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> <p><br /> Schools </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><br /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Deism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Pandeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Monasticism</a></li></ul> <p>Relations with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Protestant_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="Catholic Church and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">in the United States</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_roles_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church">Sex and gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Links and 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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Catholic Mariology</b> is the systematic study of the person of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a>, and of her place in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Salvation" title="Economy of Salvation">Economy of Salvation</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a>. According to the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> taught by the Catholic Church, Mary was <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">conceived and born without sin</a>, hence she is seen as having a singular dignity above the saints, receiving a higher level of veneration than all <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angelic</a> spirits and blessed souls in heaven. Catholic Mariology thus studies not only her life but also the veneration of her in daily life, prayer, <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">hymns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Marian art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_music" title="Catholic Marian music">music</a>, and architecture in modern and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Christianity">ancient Christianity</a> throughout the ages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bulman179_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulman179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four Marian dogmas of <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual virginity">perpetual virginity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> form the basis of Mariology. However, a number of other Catholic doctrines about the Virgin Mary have been developed by reference to <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">sacred scripture</a>, theological reasoning and church tradition. The development of Mariology is ongoing and since the beginnings it has continued to be shaped by theological analyses, <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">writings of saints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal statements</a>, e.g. while two of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogma" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic dogma">dogmas</a> are ancient, the other two were defined in the 19th and 20th centuries; and papal teachings on Mary have continued to appear in recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BWell319_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWell319-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parallel to the traditional views, since the late 19th century, as Marian devotion became more pronounced in the Catholic Church, a number of other perspectives have been presented as a challenge to Catholic Mariology. Other Christian views see Catholic Mariology as unbiblical and a denial of the uniqueness of Christ as redeemer and mediator,<sup id="cite_ref-edwards438_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards438-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern psychological interpretations see Mary as similar to mythical goddesses ranging from <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guan Yin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JillLevine_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JillLevine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vitz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Christians in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_sacramental_movement" title="Independent sacramental movement">Independent Sacramental Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> continue to revere Mary as the greatest <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_of_Mary_and_her_place_in_the_Catholic_Church">Study of Mary and her place in the Catholic Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Study of Mary and her place in the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context_and_components">Context and components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context and components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of Mary and her place in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has been undertaken from a number of perspectives and within a number of contexts, and in his address to the 2012 Mariological congress, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> stated that this study must be "understood and deeply examined from different and complementary viewpoints".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict also emphasized that the study of Mary cannot be performed in isolation from other disciplines and that Mariology is inherently related to the study of Christ and of the church, and expresses the inner coherence of these disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200530_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200530-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Benedict XVI has stated that Marian studies have three separate characteristics: first personalizing the church so it is not seen just as a structure but as a person, secondly the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnational</a> aspect and the relation to God, and third Marian piety which involves the heart and the emotional component.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200534–35_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200534–35-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary's position in the church can be compared to the aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Petrine_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine office">Petrine office</a> in a dual sense.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective on the duality of the roles of Mary and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> highlights the subjective holiness of the heart and the holiness of the structure of the church. In this duality, the Petrine office logically examines the <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charisms</a> for their theological soundness, while the Marian dual provides a balance in the spiritual and emotional sense via the service of love that the office can never encompass. Mariology and the doctrine of office are thus not "side chapels" in Catholic teachings, but are central and integrating elements of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005173–174_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005173–174-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As referenced in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>'s 1943 the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i>, her fiat gave consent for a spiritual marriage between the Son of God and human nature, thus giving humanity the means to salvation. Mary's rights (wedding feast at Cana), and Mary's love (fiat) are essential to salvation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximalism_and_minimalism">Maximalism and minimalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maximalism and minimalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mariology is a field in which deeply felt pious beliefs of the faithful and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> may conflict with theological and critical historical reviews of beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflict was recognized as early as the year 1300 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_of_Ware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William of Ware (page does not exist)">William of Ware</a> who described the tendency of some believers to attribute almost everything to Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventura</a> warned against Marian maximalism: "One has to be careful as to not to minimize the honour of our Lord, Jesus Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both minimalist and maximalist have always seen in Mary a sign of the Catholic Church and viewed her as a model for all Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, "the most Marian pope in Church history",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warned against both exuberant exaggerations and timid minimalism in the presentation of Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic constitution">dogmatic constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i> was specifically written in 1964 to avoid both Marian maximalism and minimalism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lumen_gentium_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumen_gentium-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> was also careful to avoid both maximalism and minimalism in his Mariology and avoided taking personal positions on issues which were subject to theological debate.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mariology_and_Christology">Mariology and Christology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mariology and Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deesis_Mosaic_at_Chora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Deesis_Mosaic_at_Chora.jpg/300px-Deesis_Mosaic_at_Chora.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Deesis_Mosaic_at_Chora.jpg/450px-Deesis_Mosaic_at_Chora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Deesis_Mosaic_at_Chora.jpg/600px-Deesis_Mosaic_at_Chora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Christ and Mary, mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, 12–14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Mariology is related to <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> (the study of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>) and in the Catholic theological and papal writings has been viewed as interwoven with the mystery of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-MariologyChrist_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MariologyChrist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> discussed the "precise place of Mary" in the plan of salvation in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i> and stated: "Following the line of the Second Vatican Council, I wish to emphasize the special presence of the Mother of God in the mystery of Christ and his Church. For this is a fundamental dimension emerging from the Mariology of the Council".<sup id="cite_ref-Redemp51_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redemp51-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic theologians have also explored the necessary connection of Mariology with Christology.<sup id="cite_ref-MariologyChrist_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MariologyChrist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>: "Mariology is always christocentric". <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Benedict XVI characterized the relationship by stating that "Christology and Mariology are inseparably interwoven" from their very beginnings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200551–52_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200551–52-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, Mariology underscores the nexus of the mysteries of Christology and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>, and reflects they are intrinsically interwoven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200529_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200529-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Christians and <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">numerous saints</a> focused on this connection<sup id="cite_ref-Mangan520_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangan520-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">popes highlighted</a> the inner link between Marian doctrines and a fuller understanding of Christological themes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the Catholic perspective that the Church lives in its relation to Christ, being the Body of Christ, it also has a relation to his mother, whose study is the subject of Catholic Mariology.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_diem_illum" title="Ad diem illum">Ad diem illum</a></i> stated: "there is no more direct road than by Mary for uniting all mankind in Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Catholic theology the study of Mary, while contributing to the study of Christ, is also a separate discipline in its own right, with an understanding of the figure of Mary contributing to a fuller understanding of who Christ is and what he did.<sup id="cite_ref-Haffner17_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haffner17-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Catholic_Education" title="Congregation for Catholic Education">Congregation for Catholic Education</a> has characterized the situation as follows: "The history of theology shows that an understanding of the mystery of the Virgin contributes to a more profound understanding of the mystery of Christ, of the Church and of the vocation of man."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to this, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a> stated that the promotion of a fuller knowledge of the Virgin Mary is the "constant work of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-Burkexviia_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkexviia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History of Catholic Mariology</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_SantaMariaAntiqua01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rome_SantaMariaAntiqua01.jpg/150px-Rome_SantaMariaAntiqua01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rome_SantaMariaAntiqua01.jpg/225px-Rome_SantaMariaAntiqua01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rome_SantaMariaAntiqua01.jpg/300px-Rome_SantaMariaAntiqua01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Antiqua" title="Santa Maria Antiqua">Santa Maria Antiqua</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum Romanum</a>, 5th century, seat of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">Pope John VII</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Par_31_madonna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Par_31_madonna.jpg/220px-Par_31_madonna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Par_31_madonna.jpg/330px-Par_31_madonna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Par_31_madonna.jpg/440px-Par_31_madonna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Early Christians focused their piety at first more upon the martyrs; but following that, they saw in Mary a bridge between the old and the new.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest recorded prayer to Mary, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></i>, is dated to around the year 250.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Egypt the veneration of Mary had started in the 3rd century and the term <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> was used by <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period witnessed a dramatic growth in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Marian art">Marian art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masterpieces by <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> were produced in this period. In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> confirmed the Catholic tradition of paintings and artworks in churches, resulting in a great development of Marian art and Mariology during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Period">Baroque Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulman179_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulman179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, the Catholic Church defended its Mariology against <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> views. With the victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a> accredited to her, it "signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baroque literature on Mary experienced unforeseen growth. More than 500 pages of Mariological writings were published during the 17th century alone.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popes have fostered the veneration of the Blessed Virgin through the promotion of Marian devotions, <a href="/wiki/Feast_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast days">feast days</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a>, initiatives, the acceptance and support of Marian congregations, and, the formal recognition of Marian <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">apparitions</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima</a>. Popes <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement X">Clement X</a> both promulgated the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>, a concept which was embraced by Pope John Paul II in the 20th century as the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two Marian dogmas of <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> were established by popes in the 19th and 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Dogma_of_the_Assumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogma of the Assumption">Dogma of the Assumption</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> declared Mary to be the <i>Mother of the Church</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_534_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer_534-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2002 <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic Letter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> emphasized <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>'s approach of viewing the study of Mary as a path to gaining a better understanding of the mystery of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-RosVirgMarie_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RosVirgMarie-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with the emphasis of the bishops at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in not having a separate decree on Mary but rather describing her place in salvation history in <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i>, the Constitution on the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dogmatic_teachings">Dogmatic teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dogmatic teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogma" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic dogma">Catholic dogma</a></div> <p>Marian <a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogma" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic dogma">Catholic dogmas</a> present church teachings about Mary and her relation to Jesus Christ, held by the church to be <a href="/wiki/Infallible_dogma" class="mw-redirect" title="Infallible dogma">infallible</a>, and reflect the role of Mary in the economy of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark5_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burkexvii_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkexvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>De Fide Definita</i> or <i>De Fide Credenda</i> doctrines have the highest degree of dogmatic certainty. These doctrines come in several forms, namely the sacred scriptures and apostolic tradition<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and teachings which have been specifically defined as revealed by an extraordinary definition by a pope or ecumenical council (extraordinary universal <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a>), or those teachings infallibly taught to be revealed by the ordinary universal Magisterium. As in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>, these doctrines were held by the church prior to the date of official definition, but open for discussion. From the date of definition, they must be accepted by all members of the Catholic Church as contained specifically in the Deposit of Faith and owed supernatural faith in itself (<i>de fide credenda</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mark5_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burkexvii_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkexvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four Marian dogmas specifically defined by the Magisterium among a large number of other dogmas and doctrines about the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Catholic)">Virgin Mary</a> – for example, the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Annunciation of Mary">Annunciation of Mary</a> is dogma because it is in the scriptures, but it has not been formally defined by the Magisterium. These four Marian dogmas include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>First magisterial definition </th> <th>Substance of the dogma </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431)</td> <td>Mother of God, not that the nature of the Word or his divinity received the beginning of its existence from the holy Virgin, but that, since the holy body, animated by a rational soul, which the Word of God united to himself according to the hypostasis, was born from her, the Word is said to be born according to the flesh. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual virginity">Perpetual virginity</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> (553) and Lateran Synod (649)</td> <td>'Perpetual virginity of Mary', means that Mary was a virgin before, during and after giving birth. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> (1854)</td> <td>Mary, at her conception, was preserved immaculate from <a href="/wiki/Original_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Sin">Original Sin</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption into heaven</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (1950)</td> <td>Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother_of_God"><span class="anchor" id="Mother_of_God_(Catholic)"></span> Mother of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mother of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/200px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/300px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/400px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption><i>Virgin and Child with angels and Sts. George and Theodore</i> from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, c. 600</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary's motherhood of God (<i><a href="/wiki/Deipara" class="mw-redirect" title="Deipara">Deipara</a></i> in Latin) is a dogma of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008167–168_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauke2008167–168-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Mother of God" appears within the oldest known prayer to Mary, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></i>, which dates to around 250 AD: "Under thy protection we seek refuge, Holy Mother of God". This was the first specifically Marian doctrine to be formally defined by the church, formally affirmed at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Ecumenical Council">Third Ecumenical Council</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in 431. This refuted the objection raised by <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scriptural basis for the dogma is found in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#1:14" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 1:14</a> which states "And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us" and in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#4:4" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 4:4</a> which states "God sent forth his Son, born of a woman, born under the law".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170–171_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170–171-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+1%3A35&version=NABRE">Luke 1:35</a> further affirms divine maternity by stating: "The holy Spirit will come upon you. ... Therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic constitution">dogmatic constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> affirmed Mary as the Mother of God. "The Virgin Mary, who at the message of the angel received the Word of God in her heart and in her body and gave Life to the world, is acknowledged and honored as being truly the Mother of God and Mother of the Redeemer."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This dogma is inherently related to the <a href="/wiki/Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a> which relates the divine and human natures of Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008167–168_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauke2008167–168-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> teaches that "Mary is truly 'Mother of God' since she is the mother of the eternal Son of God made man, who is God himself."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Catholic teaching, sourced in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+1&version=NABRE">John 1:1-14</a>, Mary did not create the divine person of Jesus, who existed with the Father from all eternity.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assumption_of_Mary">Assumption of Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assumption of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge,_Le_Brun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg/300px-L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg/450px-L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg/600px-L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption><i>The Assumption of Mary</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>This dogma states that Mary was assumed into heaven with body and soul. The Catechism (item 966) states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Immaculate Virgin, preserved free from all stain of original sin, when the course of her earthly life was finished, was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen over all things.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> discussed the Assumption in <i><a href="/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Deiparae Virginis Mariae">Deiparae Virginis Mariae</a></i> (1946) and declared it a dogma in <i><a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></i> (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-IntroM72_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroM72-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> was only recently defined as <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, accounts of the bodily assumption of Mary into heaven have circulated since at least the 5th century, and by the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Crete" title="Andrew of Crete">Andrew of Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> had declared belief in it.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroM75_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroM75-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (12:1) has been interpreted as referring to it; with her coronation implying her previous bodily assumption to heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroM72_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroM72-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before declaring the Assumption a dogma in <i>Munificentissimus Deus</i> in 1950, in the encyclical <i>Deiparae Virginis Mariae</i> (1946) Pope Pius XII obtained the opinion of Catholic bishops, and based on their overwhelming support (1210 among the 1232 bishops) proceeded with the dogmatic definition.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroM72_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroM72-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus of Magisterial teaching and liturgy affirms that Mary suffered death before her assumption, but this is not always accepted as settled doctrine. What is most clear is that her body was not left on earth to corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When responding to Pope Pius XII following the circulation of <i>Deiparae Virginis Mariae</i>, a large number of Catholic bishops pointed to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Genesis#3:15" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis">3:15</a>) as a scriptural basis.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroM75_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroM75-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Munificentissimus Deus</i> (item 39) Pius XII referred to the "struggle against the infernal foe" as in Genesis 3:15 and to "complete victory over the sin and death" as in the <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of Paul">Letters of Paul</a> as a scriptural basis for the dogmatic definition, Mary being assumed into heaven also seems to verify <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#15:54" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 15:54</a>: "Then shall come to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory".<sup id="cite_ref-IntroM75_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroM75-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary">Immaculate Conception of Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Immaculate Conception of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg/200px-Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg/300px-Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg/400px-Lusenberg-Immaculata-1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption><i>Altar of the Immaculata</i> by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Moroder-Lusenberg" title="Josef Moroder-Lusenberg">Joseph Lusenberg</a>, 1876. Saint Antony's Church, <a href="/wiki/Urtij%C3%ABi" title="Urtijëi">Urtijëi</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p>This dogma states that <i>Mary was conceived without original sin</i>. This means that from the first moment of her existence she was preserved by God from the lack of <a href="/wiki/Sanctifying_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctifying grace">sanctifying grace</a>, and that she was instead filled with <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkM64_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkM64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dogma of the Immaculate Conception is distinct from and should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a>; for this dogma refers to the conception of Mary by her mother, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>, and not the conception of Jesus. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">feast of the Immaculate Conception</a>, celebrated on December 8, was established in 1476 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic definition">dogmatic definition</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in his constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deus" title="Ineffabilis Deus">Ineffabilis Deus</a></i>, on December 8, 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkM64_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkM64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feh215_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feh215-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dogma states that Mary possessed sanctifying grace from the first instant of her existence and by a special and unique gift of God was free from the lack of grace caused by the <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> from the beginning of human history.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i> (item 10) <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> reaffirmed the concept by stating: "Who will dare to doubt that she, who was purer than the angels and at all times pure, was at any moment, even for the briefest instant, not free from every stain of sin?"<sup id="cite_ref-Fulgens_Corona_1953_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulgens_Corona_1953-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ineffabilis Deus</i> (as well as Pope Pius XII's <i><a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></i> on the Assumption) also teaches the <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> of Mary, in that she was preserved from sin due to the role reserved for her in the economy of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Feh215_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feh215-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This predetermination of Mary's role in salvation was referred to in <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i> (item 61) which stated that she was "Predestined from eternity by that decree of divine providence which determined the incarnation of the Word to be the Mother of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Feh215_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feh215-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lumen_gentium_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumen_gentium-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition in <i>Ineffabilis Deus</i> confirms the uniqueness of the Immaculate Conception as a gift from God to Mary, that Jesus might receive his body from one unstained by sin.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkM64_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkM64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary">Perpetual virginity of Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Perpetual virginity of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity of Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_de_Matteis_-_The_Annunciation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paolo_de_Matteis_-_The_Annunciation.jpg/300px-Paolo_de_Matteis_-_The_Annunciation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paolo_de_Matteis_-_The_Annunciation.jpg/450px-Paolo_de_Matteis_-_The_Annunciation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Paolo_de_Matteis_-_The_Annunciation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annunciation">The Annunciation</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_de_Matteis" title="Paolo de Matteis">Paolo de Matteis</a>, 1712</figcaption></figure> <p>This dogma states that <i>Mary was a virgin before, during and after giving birth</i> (<a href="/wiki/De_fide" class="mw-redirect" title="De fide">de fide</a>). This oldest Marian doctrine, (also held by <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and many other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>) affirms <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary's</a> "real and perpetual <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, by the teaching of this <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, the faithful believe that Mary was ever-Virgin (Greek <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀειπάρθενος</span></span></i>) for the whole of her life, making Jesus her only biological son, whose <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">conception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth</a> are held to be miraculous.<sup id="cite_ref-Miravalle56_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miravalle56-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REBrown273_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REBrown273-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine of perpetual virginity is distinct from the dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> of Mary, which relates to the conception of the Virgin Mary herself without any stain (<i>macula</i> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Virginity before birth</b> </p><p>This means that <i>Mary conceived by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></i> without participation of any man (de fide). The Greek term <i><a href="/wiki/Aeiparthenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeiparthenos">Aeiparthenos</a></i> (i.e. "Ever Virgin") is attested to from the early 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (item 499) includes the term Aeiparthenos and referring to the dogmatic constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i> (item 57) states: "Christ's birth did not diminish his mother's virginal integrity but sanctified it."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cath499_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath499-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Virginity during birth</b> </p><p>This means that <i>Mary gave birth without losing her corporal virginity</i> (de fide) and her corporal integrity was not affected by giving birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath499_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath499-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church does not teach how this occurred physically, but insists that virginity during child birth is different from virginity of conception.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath499_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath499-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Virginity after birth</b> </p><p>This means that <i>Mary remained a virgin after giving birth</i> (de fide).<sup id="cite_ref-Cath499_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath499-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief of the church was questioned in its early years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott249_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott249-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scriptures say little about this, mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">brothers of Jesus</a>, but never "sons of Mary", suggesting to the patristic writers a broader family relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath499_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath499-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ott249_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott249-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Marian_doctrines">Other Marian doctrines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other Marian doctrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from the four Marian dogmas listed above, the Catholic Church holds a number of other doctrines about the Virgin Mary which have been developed by references to Sacred Scripture, theological reasoning and church tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroM11_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroM11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_of_Heaven">Queen of Heaven</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Queen of Heaven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg/300px-Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Statue (detail) of the Assumption of Mary in <a href="/wiki/Attard" title="Attard">Attard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The doctrine that the Virgin Mary has been crowned <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> goes back to certain early patristic writers of the church such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Nazianzen">Gregory Nazianzen</a>'s "the Mother of the King of the universe", and the "Virgin Mother who brought forth the King of the whole world",<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>'s the Mother marvels "that she has brought forth God as man, and even as Supreme King."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem's</a>, "Let Heaven sustain me in its embrace, because I am honored above it. For heaven was not Thy mother, but Thou hast made it Thy throne. How much more honorable and venerable than the throne of a king is her mother."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church often sees Mary as queen in heaven, bearing a crown of twelve stars in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many popes have given tribute to Mary in this regard, for example: Mary is the Queen of Heaven and Earth, (Pius IX), Queen and Ruler of the Universe (Leo XIII) and Queen of the World (Pius XII)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theological and logical foundation of these titles rests in the dogma of Mary as the Mother of God. As mother of God, she participates in his salvation plan. The Catholic faith teaches that Mary, the Virgin Mother of God, reigns with a mother's solicitude over the entire world, just as she is crowned in heavenly blessedness with the glory of a Queen, as Pius XII wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Ad_Caeli_reginam_39_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ad_Caeli_reginam_39-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Certainly, in the full and strict meaning of the term, only Jesus Christ, the God-Man, is King; but Mary, too, as Mother of the divine Christ, as His associate in the redemption, in his struggle with His enemies and His final victory over them, has a share, though in a limited and analogous way, in His royal dignity. For from her union with Christ she attains a radiant eminence transcending that of any other creature; from her union with Christ she receives the royal right to dispose of the treasures of the Divine Redeemer's Kingdom; from her union with Christ finally is derived the inexhaustible efficacy of her maternal intercession before the Son and His Father.<sup id="cite_ref-Ad_Caeli_reginam_39_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ad_Caeli_reginam_39-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary_as_Mother_of_the_Church">Mary as Mother of the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mary as Mother of the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barocci_-_Madonna_del_Popolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barocci_-_Madonna_del_Popolo.jpg/300px-Barocci_-_Madonna_del_Popolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barocci_-_Madonna_del_Popolo.jpg/450px-Barocci_-_Madonna_del_Popolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barocci_-_Madonna_del_Popolo.jpg/600px-Barocci_-_Madonna_del_Popolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federico_Barocci" title="Federico Barocci">Federico Barocci</a>, <i>Madonna del Popolo</i> (Madonna of the people) 1579</figcaption></figure> <p>The title <i>Mother of the Church</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>Mater Ecclesiae</i>) was officially given to the Virgin Mary during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InterCom_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterCom-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title goes back to <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a> in the 4th century, but this use was not known until its 1944 rediscovery by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rahner" title="Hugo Rahner">Hugo Rahner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InterCom_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterCom-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRahner_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRahner-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rahner's Mariology, following Ambrose, saw Mary in her role within the church, his interpretation being based solely on Ambrose and the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">early Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HRahner_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRahner-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> states that the Virgin Mary is mother of the church and of all its members, namely all Christians:<sup id="cite_ref-Cat963_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cat963-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Virgin Mary ... is acknowledged and honoured as being truly the Mother of God and of the redeemer. ... since she has by her charity joined in bringing about the birth of believers in the Church, who are members of its head. ... Mary, Mother of Christ, Mother of the Church.</p></blockquote> <p>Pope Paul VI's <i>Credo of the People of God</i> states:<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200558–59_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200558–59-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Mother of the Church, carries on in heaven her maternal role with regard to the members of Christ, cooperating in the birth and development of divine life in the souls of the redeemed.</p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i> Pope John Paul II referred to <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a>'s "Credo of the People of God" as a reaffirmation of the statement that Mary is the "mother of the entire Christian people, both faithful and pastors" and wrote that the Credo "restated this truth in an even more forceful way":<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Benedict XVI also referred to the <i>Credo</i> of Paul VI and stated that it sums up all of the scriptural texts that relate to the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200558–59_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200558–59-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his homily on 2015 New Year's Day, Pope Francis said that Jesus and his mother Mary are "inseparable", just like Jesus and the church. Mary is "the Mother of the Church, and through the Church, the mother of all men and women, and of every people".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mediatrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_lorenzetti,_compianto_(dettaglio)_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_(1310-1329).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/300px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/450px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Lorenzetti" title="Pietro Lorenzetti">Pietro Lorenzetti</a>, 1310</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></div> <p>In Catholic teachings, Jesus Christ is the only mediator between God and man.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He alone reconciled through his death on the Cross creator and creation. But this does not exclude a secondary mediating role for Mary, preparatory, supportive; in the view of several prominent, but not all, Catholics. The teaching that Mary intercedes for all believers and especially those who request her intercession through prayer has been held in the church since early times; for example, by Ephraim, the Syrian: "after the mediator a mediatrix for the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mediation is something that can be said of all the heavenly <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, but Mary is seen as having the greatest power of mediation. The earliest surviving recorded prayer to Mary is the <i><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></i>, written in Greek. </p><p>Mary has increasingly been seen as a principal dispenser of God's graces and Advocate for the people of God and is mentioned as such in several official church documents. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> used the title in <i><a href="/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deus" title="Ineffabilis Deus">Ineffabilis Deus</a></i>. In the first of his so-called "Rosary encyclicals", <i><a href="/wiki/Supremi_apostolatus_officio" title="Supremi apostolatus officio">Supremi apostolatus officio</a></i> (1883), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> calls Our Lady "the guardian of our peace and the dispensatrix of heavenly graces". The following year, 1884, his encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Superiore_anno" title="Superiore anno">Superiore anno</a></i> speaks of the prayers presented to God "through her whom He has chosen to be the dispenser of all heavenly graces". <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> employed this title in <i>Ad diem illum</i> in 1904, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> introduced it into the Marian liturgy when he created the Marian feast of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mediatrix_of_all_Graces" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, Mediatrix of all Graces">Mary, Mediatrix of all Graces</a> in 1921, In his 1954 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_caeli_reginam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad caeli reginam">Ad caeli reginam</a></i>, Pope Pius XII calls Mary the Mediatrix of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lay movement called <i>Vox Populi Mariae Mediatrici</i> promotes the doctrine of Mary as <a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Co-Redemptrix</a>, Mediatrix and Advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-Redemptrix refers to the participation of Mary in the salvation process. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, the Church Father (died 200), referred to Mary as "causa salutis" [cause of our salvation] given her "fiat".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a way of speaking which has been considered since the 15th century,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but "Pope Francis appeared to flatly reject proposals in some theological circles to add 'co-redemptrix' to the list of titles of the Virgin Mary, saying the mother of Jesus never took anything that belonged to her son, and calling the invention of new titles and dogmas 'foolishness'."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decree <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> cautioned about using the title of "Mediatrix", saying that: "this, however, is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariological</a> Congress held in <a href="/wiki/Czestochowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Czestochowa">Czestochowa</a>, Poland, in August 1996 determined that it was not opportune to use this title of Mary for, as pointed out at Vatican II, it has its limits and can be misunderstood.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encyclicals">Encyclicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Encyclicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></div> <p>Popes have been important in shaping both the theological and the devotional aspects of the Catholic perspective on the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologically, popes have highlighted the inner link between the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclicals">encyclicals</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis">Mystici corporis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_diem_illum" title="Ad diem illum">Ad diem illum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Fulgens_Corona_1953_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulgens_Corona_1953-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marian_devotions_from_sacred_tradition">Marian devotions from sacred tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marian devotions from sacred tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consecration_to_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosary_and_scapular" title="Rosary and scapular">Rosary and scapular</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pe%C3%B1afrancia_Original_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pe%C3%B1afrancia_Original_Image.jpg/220px-Pe%C3%B1afrancia_Original_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pe%C3%B1afrancia_Original_Image.jpg/330px-Pe%C3%B1afrancia_Original_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Pe%C3%B1afrancia_Original_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pe%C3%B1afrancia" title="Our Lady of Peñafrancia">Our Lady of Peñafrancia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga City</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:001_Rosary_procession_Malaga,_Spain_-_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/001_Rosary_procession_Malaga%2C_Spain_-_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario.jpg/220px-001_Rosary_procession_Malaga%2C_Spain_-_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/001_Rosary_procession_Malaga%2C_Spain_-_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario.jpg/330px-001_Rosary_procession_Malaga%2C_Spain_-_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/001_Rosary_procession_Malaga%2C_Spain_-_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario.jpg/440px-001_Rosary_procession_Malaga%2C_Spain_-_Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Night Rosary procession in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Marian devotions are highly prominent within the Catholic tradition and a wide variety of devotions ranging from <a href="/wiki/Consecration_to_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a>, to the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapulars</a>, to <a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saturdays">First Saturdays</a>, to multi-day prayers such as <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a>& <a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">Novenas</a> are practiced by Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_Ball_page_341_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann_Ball_page_341-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ball168_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball168-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miravalle13_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miravalle13-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burke667_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke667-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of Marian devotions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> via lay organizations, has also influenced popular interest in Mariology.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke12_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke12-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marian devotions generally begin at the level of <a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">popular piety</a>, often in connection with the religious experiences and visions of simple and modest individuals (in some cases children), and the recounting of their experiences in time creates strong emotions among numerous Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologians have at times cited in support of their Mariology the constant <i><a href="/wiki/Sensus_fidelium" title="Sensus fidelium">sensus fidelium</a></i>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a> valued texts and traditions of the Church Fathers as expressions of the <i>sensus fidelium</i> of the past and attributed great weight to the argument that "the greater part of the faithful have always had recourse to the intercession of the divine mother for all the graces which they desire".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking of the witness of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in attributing certain titles to Mary, in <i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>If the popular praises of the Blessed Virgin Mary be given the careful consideration they deserve, who will dare to doubt that she, who was purer than the angels and at all times pure, was at any moment, even for the briefest instant, not free from every stain of sin?<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Marian dogmas of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> were defined in part on the basis of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sensus_fidei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensus fidei">sensus fidei</a></i>, "the supernatural appreciation of faith on the part of the whole people, when, from the bishops to the last of the faithful, they manifest a universal consent in matters of faith and morals".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the dogmas of Immaculate Conception and Assumption, the two popes concerned consulted the Catholic bishops worldwide about the faith of the community before proceeding to define the dogma.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referring to these dogmas, in 2010 Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> called the People of God the "teacher that goes first" and stated: </p> <blockquote> <p>Faith both in the Immaculate Conception and in the bodily Assumption of the Virgin was already present in the People of God, while theology had not yet found the key to interpreting it in the totality of the doctrine of the faith. The People of God therefore precede theologians and this is all thanks to that supernatural <i>sensus fidei</i>, namely, that capacity infused by the Holy Spirit that qualifies us to embrace the reality of the faith with humility of heart and mind. In this sense, the People of God is the "teacher that goes first" and must then be more deeply examined and intellectually accepted by theology.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Marian devotions have been encouraged by popes, and in <i><a href="/wiki/Marialis_cultus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marialis cultus">Marialis cultus</a></i> Pope <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a> stated: "From the moment when we were called to the See of Peter, we have constantly striven to enhance devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></i>, Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> stated: "Among all devotions that which most consecrates and conforms a soul to our Lord is devotion to Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devotion to the Virgin Mary does not, however, amount to worship – which is reserved for God; Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. In 787 the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> affirmed a three-level hierarchy of <i><a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperdulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperdulia">hyperdulia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dulia_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulia (Latin)">dulia</a></i> that applies to God, the Virgin Mary and then to the other <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miravalle92_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miravalle92-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marian_processions">Marian processions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marian processions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Grand_Marian_Procession,_Downtown_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2012_Grand_Marian_Procession%2C_Downtown_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-2012_Grand_Marian_Procession%2C_Downtown_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2012_Grand_Marian_Procession%2C_Downtown_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-2012_Grand_Marian_Procession%2C_Downtown_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2012_Grand_Marian_Procession%2C_Downtown_Los_Angeles.jpg/440px-2012_Grand_Marian_Procession%2C_Downtown_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>The annual Grand Marian Procession through Downtown Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, a Marian procession took place annually for roughly the first 100 years following the founding of the city. In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions, in September 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a> inaugurated an annual "Grand Marian Procession" in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown Los Angeles</a>' historic core. <sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This yearly procession, intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles, begins outside of the parish of <a href="/wiki/La_Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_Reina_de_los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles">La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles</a> which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Plaza Historic District">Los Angeles Plaza Historic District</a>, better known as "La Placita". By way of city streets, the procession eventually terminates at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Angels" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels</a> where a public Rosary and Mass in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> are offered. <sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent years have seen the involvement and participation of numerous chivalric, fraternal, and religious orders, parishes, lay groups, political figures, as well as other religious and civic organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differing_perspectives">Differing perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Differing perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the centuries, Catholics have viewed the Virgin Mary from a number of perspectives, at times derived from specific Marian attributes ranging from queenship to humility and at other times based on cultural preferences of events taking place at specific points in history.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel with the traditional approaches to Mariology, opposing views based on progressive interpretations have been presented by feminists, psychologists and liberal Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tavard_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tavard-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_views">Traditional views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Traditional views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPIIGuadalupeDF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/JPIIGuadalupeDF.JPG/200px-JPIIGuadalupeDF.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/JPIIGuadalupeDF.JPG/300px-JPIIGuadalupeDF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/JPIIGuadalupeDF.JPG/400px-JPIIGuadalupeDF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> with <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_C%C3%A1rdenas_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Francisco Cárdenas Martínez">Pacho Cárdenas</a>, made entirely with keys donated by Mexicans to symbolize that they had given him the keys to their hearts<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional views on Mary have emphasized the Marian dogmas and doctrines, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">devotions</a> and venerations. Yet these views have changed and been transformed over time. </p><p>An example of the changing perspectives on the Virgin Mary based on specific spiritual views, and its adoption within a culture a world away, is the transformation of the image of Mary from a <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Heavenly Queen</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_humility" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of humility">mother of humility</a>, and the construction of views to accommodate both perspectives. While depictions of the Virgin Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a> by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veneziano" title="Paolo Veneziano">Paolo Veneziano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Rimini" title="Giuliano da Rimini">Giuliano da Rimini</a> were common in the early part of the 14th century, they did not fit with the virtue of <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a> which was a key tenet of the spirituality of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>. The concept of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_humility" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of humility">Virgin of humility</a> was developed in the 14th century in order to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Francis">Franciscan</a> piety, by depicting the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a> sitting on the ground, rather than on a throne. It offered a view of the Virgin Mary (often barefoot) as a mother nursing a child, rather than a Queen in a coronation scene.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Franciscans began to preach in China, the notion of the <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_humility" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of humility">Virgin of humility</a></i> resonated well with the Chinese, partly due to the cultural acceptance of humility as a virtue in China, and partly due to its similarity to the motherly, merciful figure of <a href="/wiki/Kuanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuanyin">Kuanyin</a>, which was much admired in south China.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the middle of the 15th century, a dual view had emerged in Europe, as represented by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_di_Bartolo" title="Domenico di Bartolo">Domenico di Bartolo</a>'s 1433 <a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_humility" title="Madonna of humility">Madonna of humility</a> which expressed the symbolic duality of her nature: an earthly barefoot woman, as well as a heavenly queen. Despite her low, sitting position, the depiction of stars, and the gems, as well as a halo, signify the regal status of the Virgin, as she is being attended to while she holds the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Child Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a>'s account of the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a> to him in 1531 on <a href="/wiki/Tepeyac_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepeyac Hill">Tepeyac Hill</a> in Mexico provides another example of the cultural adaptation of the view of the Virgin Mary. Juan Diego did not describe the Virgin Mary as either European or Middle Eastern, but as a tanned <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> princess who spoke in his local <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> language, and not in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. The image of the Virgin of Guadalupe that is highly venerated in Mexico has the appearance of an Indigenous Central American, rather than a European woman, and the clothing of the Virgin of Guadalupe has been identified as that of an Aztec princess. The Virgin of Guadalupe was a turning point in the conversion of Latin America to Catholicism, and is the primary view of Mary among millions of Catholics in Mexico in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Somervill_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somervill-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope John Paul II reinforced the localization of this view by permitting local Aztec dances during the ceremony in which he declared Juan Diego a saint, spoke in Nahuatl as part of the ceremony, called Juan Diego "the talking eagle", and asked him to show "the way that leads to the <i>Dark Virgin</i> of Tepeyac".<sup id="cite_ref-Somervill_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somervill-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The view of the Virgin Mary as a "miracle worker" has existed for centuries and is still held by many Catholics in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legends of the miracles of the <i>Maddona of <a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> go back to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legends of miracles performed by the image of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a> also go back for centuries, and it continues to be venerated today as the Patron of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year, millions of Catholic pilgrims visit the Basilica at <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a> in search of miraculous cures.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although millions of Catholics hope for miracles on their pilgrimages, the Vatican has generally been reluctant to approve of modern miracles, unless they have been subject to extensive analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_perspectives">Liberal perspectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Liberal perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of the 19th century, a number of progressive and liberal perspectives of Mariology have been presented, ranging from feminist criticisms to interpretations based on modern psychology and liberal Catholic viewpoints. These views are generally critical of the Catholic approach to Mariology as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Church, which has even more Marian emphasis within its official liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tavard_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tavard-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some feminists contend that, as with other women saints such as <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, the image of Mary is a construct of the patriarchal mind. They argue that Marian dogmas and doctrines and the typical forms of Marian devotion reinforce patriarchy by offering women temporary comfort from the ongoing oppression inflicted on them by male dominated churches and societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Tavard_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tavard-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the feminist view, old gender stereotypes persist within traditional Marian teachings and theological doctrines. To that end books on feminist Mariology have been published to present opposing interpretations and perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-JillLevine_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JillLevine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychological analysis of Marian teachings dates back to <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, who used the title of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> in his 1911 paper <i>Great is Diana of the Ephesians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vitz_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, on the other hand, viewed the Virgin Mary as a spiritual and more loving goddess version of <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of other psychological interpretations have been presented through the years, ranging from the study of the similarities of the Virgin Mary and the <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Buddhist goddess Tara</a>, or the humble and loving figure presented by the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Kwan Yin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> many Christians have opposed Marian venerations, and that trend has continued into the 21st century among progressive and liberal Christians, who see the high level of attention paid to the Virgin Mary both as being without sufficient grounding in <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a> and as distracting from the worship that is due to <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards438_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards438-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups of liberal Catholics view the traditional image of the Virgin Mary as presented by the Catholic Church as an obstacle towards realization of the goal of womanhood, and as a symbol of the systemic patriarchal oppression of women within the church. Moreover, some liberal Catholics view the cultivation of the traditional image of Mary as a method of manipulation of Catholics at large by the church hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other liberal Christians argue that the modern concepts of equal opportunity for men and women does not resonate well with the humble image of Mary, obediently and subserviently kneeling before Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Catholic_differences_from_Latin_Church">Eastern Catholic differences from Latin Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eastern Catholic differences from Latin Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a>, part of the Catholic Church like those in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, sometimes differ in Marian theology from Latin Catholics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assumption_of_Mary_2">Assumption of Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Assumption of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional Eastern expression of this doctrine is the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> which emphasizes her falling asleep to be later assumed into heaven. The differences in these observances is for some Eastern Catholics superficial.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Latin Catholics in general disagree with this eastern understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, in the <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> tradition, followed by <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</a>, the Dormition and the Assumption of St Mary are observed at different times of year.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immaculate_Conception">Immaculate Conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Immaculate Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> is a teaching of Eastern origin but expressed in the terminology of the Western Church.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western concept of the Virgin Mary being free from original sin as defined by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> is not accepted in the East. However, Eastern Catholics recognized from ancient times that Mary was preserved by God from the contagion of original sin. Eastern Catholics – while not observing the holy day as it appears on the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1969" title="General Roman Calendar of 1969">General Roman Calendar</a> – affirm it and sometimes dedicate churches to the Virgin Mary under this title.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centers_for_Mariological_studies">Centers for Mariological studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Centers for Mariological studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formal study of Mariology within the circles associated with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> took a major step forward between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Year">Holy Year</a> 1950 and 1958 based on the actions of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, who authorized institutions for increased academic research into the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/BVM(RC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BVM(RC)">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>. </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pami.info/pamiindex.php?lg=en">Pontifical Marian International Academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729230906/http://pami.info/pamiindex.php?lg=en">Archived</a> 2014-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The PAMI is an international pontifical organization connecting all Promoters of Mariology, Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants and Muslim. John XXIII with the Apostolic Letter <i>Maiora in Dies</i> defined the purpose of the PAMI: to promote and animate studies of Mariology through International Mariological Marian Congresses and other academic meetings and to see to the publication of their studies. The PAMI has the task of coordinating the other Marian Academies and Societies that exist all over the world and to exercise vigilance against any Marian excess or minimalism. For this reason the Pope determined that in the academy there be a Council that assures the organization of Congresses and the coordination of the Mariological Societies, Promoters and Teachers of Mariology.</li> <li><i>Academia Mariana Salesiana</i> – He allowed the foundation of the Academia Mariana Salesiana, which is a part of a papal university. The academy supports Salesian studies to further the veneration of the Blessed Virgin in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/John_Bosco" title="John Bosco">John Bosco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_534_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_534-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Centro Mariano Montfortano</i> – Also in 1950, the Centro Mariano Montfortano was moved from <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> to Rome. The Centro promulgates the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>, who was earlier canonized by Pius XII. It publishes the monthly <i>Madre e Regina</i>, which promulgates the Marian orientation of Montfort.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marianum.it/Scelte.htm">Marianum</a> was created in 1950 and entrusted to the Order of Servites. It is authorized to grant all academic degrees, including a doctorate in theology. Since 1976, every two years the <a href="/wiki/Marianum" title="Marianum">Marianum</a> organizes international conferences to find modern formulations which approximate the mystery of Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Collegamento Mariano Nazionale</i> (1958) – the last Marian initiative of Pope Pius XII. It coordinates activities of Marian centres in Italy, and organizes Marian pilgrimages and Marian study weeks for priests. In addition it started Marian youth gatherings and publishes the journal <i>Madonna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_534_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_534-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Of these organizations, the Marianum Pontifical Theological Faculty is the most active Marilogical centre in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Pontifical Catholic Faculty was founded by Father <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini" title="Gabriel Roschini">Gabriel Roschini</a> (who directed it for several years) under the direction of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> in 1950. At the Marianum, one can get a master's degree in Mariology (2-year academic program) and one can also get a doctorate in Mariology. This Mariological facility has a library with more than 85,000 volumes on Mariology and a number of magazines and journals of theological and Mariological concern. <i>Marianum</i> is also the name of the prestigious journal of Marian theology, founded by Father <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini" title="Gabriel Roschini">Roschini</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535_173-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a> in Ohio formed the International Marian Research Institute in affiliation with the Marianum to offer a doctorate in sacred theology (S.T.D.) and a licentiate in sacred theology (S.T.L.).<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican Marian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Roman_Catholic_International_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission">Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Holy Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_dogmas#List_of_Marian_dogmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian dogmas">Marian dogmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant views of Mary">Protestant views of Mary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3">978-0-19-280290-3</a> (2005) defines Mariology as "the systematic study of the person of the Blessed Virgin Mary and of her place in the economy of the Incarnation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-669-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-669-9">978-0-87973-669-9</a> page 649) defines Mariology as "The study of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Christian theology, especially in the Catholic Church"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931709-75-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931709-75-0">978-1-931709-75-0</a> page 917 defines Mariology as "Branch of theology that focuses on the Blessed Virgin. It examines her life, virtues, and important role in the economy of salvation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i> by Wendy Doniger, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2">0-87779-044-2</a> page 696</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Symbolic Scores: Studies in the Music of the Renaissance</i> by Willem Elders 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09970-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09970-0">90-04-09970-0</a> page 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Maiden and Mother: Prayers, Hymns, Devotions, and Songs to the Beloved Virgin Mary Throughout the Year</i> by Margaret M. Miles 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-305-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-305-7">0-86012-305-7</a> page vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulman179-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulman179_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulman179_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>From Trent to Vatican Two</i> by Raymond F. Bulman, Frederick J. Parrella 2006 Oxford UP <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517807-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517807-6">0-19-517807-6</a> pages 179-180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary in the New Testament</i> by Raymond E. Brown 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9">0-8091-2168-9</a> page 28, "in the course of centuries, Mariology has had an enormous development"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Gambro in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a>, 2008 edited by M. Miravalle, pages 142-145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BWell319-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BWell319_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trent Pomplun in <i>The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism</i> by James Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt and Trent Pomplun (Dec 21, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4443-3732-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4443-3732-7">1-4443-3732-7</a> pages 319-320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards438-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwards438_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards438_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christianity: The First Two Thousand Years</i> by David Lawrence Edwards 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-70127-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-70127-0">0-304-70127-0</a> pages 438-439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JillLevine-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JillLevine_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JillLevine_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Feminist Companion to Mariology</i> by <a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a>, Maria Mayo Robbins 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6661-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6661-3">0-8264-6661-3</a> page 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitz-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vitz_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vitz_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sigmund Freud's Christian Unconscious</i> by Paul C. Vitz 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0690-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0690-2">0-8028-0690-2</a> page 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeming-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion: L - Z</i> by David Adams Leeming 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-71801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-71801-X">0-387-71801-X</a> page 900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vatican website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2012/september/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20120908_23congr-mariologico_en.html">Benedict XVI Address to the 23 Mariological Congress, September 8, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200530-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200530_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005">Benedict XVI, Walker & Von Balthasar 2005</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200534–35-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200534–35_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005">Benedict XVI, Walker & Von Balthasar 2005</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Avery Cardinal Dulles, SJ: A Model Theologian</i>, by Patrick W. Carey (September 1, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-0571-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-0571-3">0-8091-0571-3</a> page 553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005173–174-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005173–174_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005">Benedict XVI, Walker & Von Balthasar 2005</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schmaus" title="Michael Schmaus">Michael Schmaus</a> in the <i>Encyclopedia of Theology: a Concise Sacramentum Mundi</i> edited by Karl Rahner (31 Dec 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> pages 900-904</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Balic, "The Marian rules of Dun Scotus", <i>Euntes Docete</i>, 9, 1956, 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonaventura, <i>Opera VI</i>, 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism</i> by James Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt and Trent Pomplun (December 21, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4443-3732-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4443-3732-7">1-4443-3732-7</a> page 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bäumer, <i>Kirchenlexikon</i>, Pius XII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican.va-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vatican.va_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vatican.va_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam.html">"Ad Caeli Reginam (October 11, 1954) | PIUS XII"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Ad+Caeli+Reginam+%28October+11%2C+1954%29+%7C+PIUS+XII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Sri "Advocate and Queen" in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i>, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a> pages 498-499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contemporary Catholic Theology</i> by Liam Gearon and Michael A. Hayes (Mar 1, 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1172-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1172-X">0-8264-1172-X</a> page 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumen_gentium-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lumen_gentium_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumen_gentium_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Lumen gentium"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Lumen+gentium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church and Society: The Laurence J. McGinley Lectures</i> by <a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Avery Dulles</a> (March 14, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-2862-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8232-2862-2">0-8232-2862-2</a> page 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MariologyChrist-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MariologyChrist_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MariologyChrist_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>: "Mariology is always christocentric", in Michael Testa, Mary: <i>The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman 2001</i>; "Mariology Is Christology", in Vittorio Messori, <i>The Mary Hypothesis</i>, Rome: 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redemp51-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redemp51_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i>, by Pope John Paul II, items 1, 48 and 51 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html">Text at the Vatican web site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary: The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman</i> (Philip Boyce, ed.) Gracewing Publishing, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852445297" title="Special:BookSources/9780852445297">9780852445297</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messori, Vittorio. "Mariology Is Christology", <i>The Mary Hypothesis</i>, Rome: 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200551–52-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200551–52_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005">Benedict XVI, Walker & Von Balthasar 2005</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200529-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200529_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005">Benedict XVI, Walker & Von Balthasar 2005</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mangan520-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mangan520_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Msgr. Charles Mangan in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a>, 2008 edited by M. Miravalle, pages 520-529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Pius XII, <i>Mystici corporis</i>, also John Paul II in <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i>: The Second Vatican Council, by presenting Mary in the mystery of Christ, also finds the path to a deeper understanding of the mystery of the Church. Mary, as the Mother of Christ, is in a particular way united with the Church, "which the Lord established as his own body."11 "one cannot think of the reality of the Incarnation without referring to Mary, the Mother of the Incarnate Word." <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i> item 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If we look at the Church, we have to consider the miraculous deeds which God performed with his mother." (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, Vatican II, November 21, 1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_diem_illum" title="Ad diem illum">Ad diem illum</a></i>, section 5, 1904</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haffner17-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haffner17_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Haffner, 2004 <i>The Mystery of Mary</i> Gracewing Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0">0-85244-650-0</a> page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Virgin Mary in Intellectual and Spiritual Formation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Catholic_Education" title="Congregation for Catholic Education">Congregation for Catholic Education</a> Rome, March 25, 1988, item 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkexviia-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burkexviia_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a>, in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i> 2008 edited by M. Miravalle, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a> pages xvii-xx "<i>The Virgin Mary in Intellectual and Spiritual Formation</i>, issued during the heart of the Marian Year, on the first anniversary of the publication of Redemptoris Mater, reminds us that the promotion of the fuller knowledge of and more fervent devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary is the constant work of the Church."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schmaus" title="Michael Schmaus">Michael Schmaus</a>, <i>Katholische Dogmatik: Mariologie</i>, 1955, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewes-Green2007" class="citation book cs1">Matthewes-Green, Frederica (2007). <i>The Lost Gospel of Mary: The Mother of Jesus in Three Ancient Texts</i>. Brewster MA: Paraclete Press. pp. 85–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-536-5"><bdi>978-1-55725-536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel+of+Mary%3A+The+Mother+of+Jesus+in+Three+Ancient+Texts&rft.place=Brewster+MA&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=Paraclete+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55725-536-5&rft.aulast=Matthewes-Green&rft.aufirst=Frederica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benz, Ernst <i>The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life</i> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-202-36298-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-202-36298-1">0-202-36298-1</a> page 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Renaissance Art: A Very Short Introduction</i> by Geraldine A. Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280354-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280354-9">0-19-280354-9</a> pages 103-104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Stegmüller, Barock, in <i>Marienkunde</i>, 1967 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Roskovany, <i>conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculrorum demonstrate III</i>, Budapest: 1873</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Cardinal_Scheffczyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Cardinal Scheffczyk">Leo Cardinal Scheffczyk</a>, Vaticanum II, in <i>Marienlexikon</i>, 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy, John <i>Mary's Immaculate Heart</i> 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-3409-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-3409-8">1-4067-3409-8</a> page 37 and pages 59–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/september/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19860922_simposio-maria-gesu_en.html">"Pope John Paul II 1986 Speech at the Vatican Website"</a>. Vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+1986+Speech+at+the+Vatican+Website&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fspeeches%2F1986%2Fseptember%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_19860922_simposio-maria-gesu_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Calkins, <i>The Alliance of the Two Hearts and Consecration</i>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Immaculatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Immaculatae">Miles Immaculatae</a> XXXI (July/December 1995) 389–407. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.christendom-awake.org/pages/calkins/2hearts&consec.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bäumer_534-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_534_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bäumer 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RosVirgMarie-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RosVirgMarie_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II" class="citation web cs1">Pope John Paul II. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en.html">"Apostolic Letter of the Supreme Pontiff on the Most Holy Rosary"</a>. <i>Rosarium Virginis Mariae</i>. Vatican<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 Oct</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rosarium+Virginis+Mariae&rft.atitle=Apostolic+Letter+of+the+Supreme+Pontiff+on+the+Most+Holy+Rosary&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_letters%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/spirituality/pencil-preaching/mother-mary">"Mother Mary"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>. 2019-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Mother+Mary&rft.date=2019-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fspirituality%2Fpencil-preaching%2Fmother-mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark5-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark5_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark5_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Miravalle, 1993, <i>Introduction to Mary</i>, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a>, pages 5-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkexvii-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkexvii_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkexvii_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a>, in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i> 2008 edited by M. Miravalle, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a> pages xvii-xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a2.htm#88">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The Transmission of Divine Revelation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+The+Transmission+of+Divine+Revelation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp1s1c2a2.htm%2388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauke2008167–168-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008167–168_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008167–168_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauke2008">Hauke 2008</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/maryc1.htm">"Saunders, William. "Mary, Mother of God", <i>The Arlington Catholic Herald</i>, December 22, 1994"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saunders%2C+William.+%22Mary%2C+Mother+of+God%22%2C+The+Arlington+Catholic+Herald%2C+December+22%2C+1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Ffaith%2Fteachings%2Fmaryc1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170–171-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170–171_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauke2008">Hauke 2008</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauke2008170_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauke2008">Hauke 2008</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Lumen gentium, 53"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Lumen+gentium%2C+53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/what-we-believe/catechism/catechism-of-the-catholic-church/epub/index.cfm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church"</a>. <i>usccb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usccb.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbeliefs-and-teachings%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fcatechism%2Fcatechism-of-the-catholic-church%2Fepub%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p6.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - Mary - Mother of Christ, Mother of the Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+Mary+-+Mother+of+Christ%2C+Mother+of+the+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp123a9p6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntroM72-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntroM72_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntroM72_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntroM72_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Introduction to Mary</i> by Mark Miravalle (1993) Queenship Pub. Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> pages 72-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Catholicism</i> by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 207 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X">0-8160-5455-X</a> page 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apostolic Constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html">item 44 at the Vatican web site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntroM75-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntroM75_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntroM75_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntroM75_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Introduction to Mary</i> by Mark Miravalle (1993) Queenship Pub. Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> pages 75-78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i> by J. Gordon Melton <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59884-205-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59884-205-6">1-59884-205-6</a> page 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Deiparae Virginis Mariae">Deiparae Virginis Mariae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_01051946_deiparae-virginis-mariae_en.html">at the Vatican web site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2013" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Taylor (2013-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taylormarshall.com/2013/08/did-the-virgin-mary-die.html">"Did the Virgin Mary Die? The Answer May Surprise You"</a>. <i>Taylor Marshall</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taylor+Marshall&rft.atitle=Did+the+Virgin+Mary+Die%3F+The+Answer+May+Surprise+You&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaylormarshall.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fdid-the-virgin-mary-die.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themostholyrosary.com/the-glories-of-mary.pdf">St. Alphonsus Ligouri. <i>The Glories of Mary</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Haffner in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a>, 2008 edited by M. Miravalle, pages 328-350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apostolic Constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html">item 39at the Vatican web site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkM64-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkM64_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkM64_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkM64_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Miravalle, 1993, <i>Introduction to Mary</i>, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> pages 64 and 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feh215-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feh215_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feh215_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feh215_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. Peter Fehlner, "The Predestination of the Virgin Mother and Her Immaculate Conception" in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i>, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a> pages 215-217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Creeds of Christendom</i> by Philip Schaff 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-115-46834-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-115-46834-0">1-115-46834-0</a> page 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mark Miravalle, 1993, Introduction to Mary</i>, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> page 64-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulgens_Corona_1953-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulgens_Corona_1953_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulgens_Corona_1953_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_08091953_fulgens-corona.html">"Fulgens Corona (September 8, 1953) | PIUS XII"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Fulgens+Corona+%28September+8%2C+1953%29+%7C+PIUS+XII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_08091953_fulgens-corona.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> §499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miravalle56-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miravalle56_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Miravalle, 1993, <i>Introduction to Mary</i>, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a>, pages 56-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REBrown273-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-REBrown273_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary in the New Testament</i> edited by Raymond Edward Brown 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9">0-8091-2168-9</a> page 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Church in the Middle Ages</i> by F. Donald Logan, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13289-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13289-4">0-415-13289-4</a>, p150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Joseph, Mary, Jesus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Deiss" title="Lucien Deiss">Lucien Deiss</a>, Madeleine Beaumont 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-2255-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-2255-0">0-8146-2255-0</a> page 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> by the Vatican, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-324-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-324-3">0-86012-324-3</a> page 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cath499-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cath499_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath499_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath499_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath499_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath499_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p122a3p2.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - "Conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+%22Conceived+by+the+power+of+the+Holy+Spirit+and+born+of+the+Virgin+Mary%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp122a3p2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Lumen gentium"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Lumen+gentium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ott249-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ott249_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott249_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. by Tertullian, Eunomius, Helvisius, Bonosus of Sardica; see Ludwig Ott, <i>Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89555-009-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89555-009-1">0-89555-009-1</a> page 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J D Aldama, <i>La vergenidad in partu en la exegesis patristica</i>, Salamanca, 1962, page 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntroM11-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IntroM11_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Introduction to Mary</i> by Mark Miravalle (1993) Queenship Pub. Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> pages 10-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Gregorius Naz., Poemata dogmatica, XVIII, v. 58; PG XXXVII, 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prudentius, Dittochaeum, XXVII: PL LX, 102 A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Ephraem, Hymni de B. Maria, ed. Th. J. Lamy, t. II, Mechliniae, 1886, hymn. XIX, p. 624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12, verses 1-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in:enyclical Ad caeli reginam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ad_Caeli_reginam_39-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ad_Caeli_reginam_39_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ad_Caeli_reginam_39_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ad Caeli reginam 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InterCom-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InterCom_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InterCom_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International Theological Commission, Vol II: 1986-2007</i> edited by Michael Sharkey and Thomas Weinandy (Aug 21, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58617-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58617-226-3">1-58617-226-3</a> page 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRahner-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRahner_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRahner_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rahner" title="Hugo Rahner">Hugo Rahner</a>, "Mater Ecclesia - Lobpreis der Kirche aus dem ersten Jahrtausend", Einsiedeln/Köln 1944</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cat963-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cat963_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary, Mother of Christ, Mother of the Church". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p6.htm">Catechism item 963 at the Vatican web site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Credo-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Paul II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html">Redemptoris Mater</a>, no. 47, citing Pope Paul VI, Solemn Profession of Faith (30 June 1968), 15: <a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a> 60 (1968) 438f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200558–59-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200558–59_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar200558–59_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005">Benedict XVI, Walker & Von Balthasar 2005</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/31200/without-the-church-jesus-is-at-the-mercy-of-our-imagination-pope-says">"Without the Church, Jesus 'is at the mercy of our imagination,' Pope says"</a>. <i>Catholic News Agency</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Without+the+Church%2C+Jesus+%27is+at+the+mercy+of+our+imagination%2C%27+Pope+says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F31200%2Fwithout-the-church-jesus-is-at-the-mercy-of-our-imagination-pope-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Tim, 2,5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oratio IV ad Deiparem</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ad Caeli Reginam, 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923212056/http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/MEDIATRI.HTM">"Voice of the People for Mary Mediatrix"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/MEDIATRI.HTM">the original</a> on 2008-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voice+of+the+People+for+Mary+Mediatrix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FMARY%2FMEDIATRI.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Moynihan, <i>Is the Time Ripe for a 5th Marian Dogma?</i> <a href="/wiki/Zenit_News_Agency" title="Zenit News Agency">Zenit</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-28508?l=english">March 1, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503145320/http://www.zenit.org/article-28508?l=english">Archived</a> May 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928031618/http://www.zenit.org/article-5650?l=english">"Why It's Not the Right Time for a Dogma on Mary as Co-redemptrix"</a>. <i>ZENIT - The World Seen From Rome</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-5650?l=english">the original</a> on 2008-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZENIT+-+The+World+Seen+From+Rome&rft.atitle=Why+It%27s+Not+the+Right+Time+for+a+Dogma+on+Mary+as+Co-redemptrix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Farticle-5650%3Fl%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ott 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/">"Pope calls idea of declaring Mary co-redemptrix 'foolishness'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>cruxnow.com</i>. 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cruxnow.com&rft.atitle=Pope+calls+idea+of+declaring+Mary+co-redemptrix+%27foolishness%27&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fvatican%2F2019%2F12%2Fpope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Lumen gentium, 62"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Spiritual Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary" in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i>, 2008 edited by M. Miravalle, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a> pages 530-541</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html">"Mystici Corporis Christi (June 29, 1943) | PIUS XII"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Mystici+Corporis+Christi+%28June+29%2C+1943%29+%7C+PIUS+XII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html">"Redemptoris Mater (25 March 1987) | John Paul II"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Redemptoris+Mater+%2825+March+1987%29+%7C+John+Paul+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_02021904_ad-diem-illum-laetissimum.html">"Ad Diem Illum Laetissimum (February 2, 1904) | PIUS X"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Ad+Diem+Illum+Laetissimum+%28February+2%2C+1904%29+%7C+PIUS+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-x%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-x_enc_02021904_ad-diem-illum-laetissimum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ann_Ball_page_341-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ann_Ball_page_341_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> page 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball168-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ball168_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Ball, 2003 <i>Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> page 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miravalle13-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miravalle13_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miravalle, Mark <i>Introduction to Mary</i> 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a>, pages 13-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke667-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burke667_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. Etienne Richter "Marian Devotion, the Rosary and the Scapular" in <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i> 2008 edited by M. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Marialis+Cultus+%28February+2%2C+1974%29+%26%23124%3B+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fen%2Fapost_exhortations%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_exh_19740202_marialis-cultus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae.html">"404 Resource at /content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae.html not found"</a>. 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href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trigilio, John and Brighenti, Kenneth <i>The Catholicism Answer Book</i> 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4022-0806-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4022-0806-5">1-4022-0806-5</a> page 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"2011 Dellinger, Robert. "'Grand Procession' revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion", <i>The Tidings</i>, 6 September 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%222011+Dellinger%2C+Robert.+%22%27Grand+Procession%27+revives+founding+of+L.A.+Marian+devotion%22%2C+The+Tidings%2C+6+September+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thequeenofangels.com%2Fwp-content%2Fmedia%2Ftidings-online20110906.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110902.pdf">"Rees, Brenda. "Sept. 3: A day for a spiritual procession and walking history", <i>The Tidings</i>, September 2, 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rees%2C+Brenda.+%22Sept.+3%3A+A+day+for+a+spiritual+procession+and+walking+history%22%2C+The+Tidings%2C+September+2%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thequeenofangels.com%2Fwp-content%2Fmedia%2Ftidings-online20110902.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary</i> by George Henry Tavard 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5914-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5914-4">0-8146-5914-4</a> pages vii–viii and 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catholic Beliefs and Traditions: Ancient and Ever New</i> by John F. O'Grady 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4047-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4047-0">0-8091-4047-0</a> page 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snodgrass-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature</i> by Mary Ellen Snodgrass 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6040-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6040-1">0-8160-6040-1</a> page 547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tavard-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tavard_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tavard_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tavard_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary</i> by George Henry Tavard 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5914-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5914-4">0-8146-5914-4</a> page 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Next Pope</i> Anura Guruge 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-35372-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-615-35372-X">0-615-35372-X</a> page 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art</i> by James Hall 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-433317-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-433317-5">0-06-433317-5</a> page 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iconography of Christian Art</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schiller" title="Gertrud Schiller">Gertrud Schiller</a>, 1971 <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0023VMZMA">B0023VMZMA</a> page 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Renaissance Art: A Topical Dictionary</i> by Irene Earls 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0">0-313-24658-0</a> page 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauren Arnold, 1999 <i>Princely Gifts & Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China</i> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9670628-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9670628-0-2">0-9670628-0-2</a> page 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauren Arnold in <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The great encounter of China and the West</i> by David E. 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Swinton Blandpages 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7308-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7308-1">1-4191-7308-1</a> pages 4–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Piety and charity in late medieval Florence</i> by John Henderson 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32688-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-32688-8">0-226-32688-8</a> page 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilgrimage to Images in the Fifteenth Century</i> by Robert Maniura 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-055-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-055-8">1-84383-055-8</a> page 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Maximilian Kolbe: Saint of Auschwitz</i> by Elaine Murray Stone 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-6637-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-6637-2">0-8091-6637-2</a> pages 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lourdes: A History of Its Apparitions and Cures</i> by Georges Bertrin 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-8123-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-8123-7">1-4179-8123-7</a> page 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3</i> by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6">90-04-12654-6</a> page 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Biega1995" class="citation magazine cs1">van Biega, David (April 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217110307/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982807,00.html">"Modern Miracles Have Strict Rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982807,00.html">the original</a> on February 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Modern+Miracles+Have+Strict+Rules&rft.date=1995-04-10&rft.aulast=van+Biega&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C982807%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary is for Everyone</i> by William McLoughlin, Jill Pinnock 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-429-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-429-X">0-85244-429-X</a> page 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carl Jung</i> by Claire Dunne 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6307-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6307-X">0-8264-6307-X</a> page 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Progressive Christianity</i> by William A. Vrooman 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-9829-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-9829-6">1-4179-9829-6</a> page 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hail Mary?: The Struggle for Ultimate Womanhood in Catholicism</i> by Maurice Hamington 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91304-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-91304-7">0-415-91304-7</a>, pages 2 and 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blessed One: Protestant Perspectives On Mary</i> by <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Roberts_Gaventa" title="Beverly Roberts Gaventa">Beverly Roberts Gaventa</a>, Cynthia L. Rigby 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22438-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22438-5">0-664-22438-5</a> page 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.east2west.org/doctrine.htm#dormition">"From East to West"</a>. <i>east2west.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=east2west.org&rft.atitle=From+East+to+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.east2west.org%2Fdoctrine.htm%23dormition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ecclesiasticus II: Orthodox Icons, Saints, Feasts and Prayer</i> by George Dion Dragas 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9745618-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9745618-0-0">0-9745618-0-0</a> page 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suscopts.org/messages/lectures/marilecture3.pdf">"Lecture III: St. Mary's Dormition & Assumption"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+III%3A+St.+Mary%E2%80%99s+Dormition+%26+Assumption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suscopts.org%2Fmessages%2Flectures%2Fmarilecture3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.east2west.org/doctrine.htm#IC">"From East to West"</a>. <i>east2west.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=east2west.org&rft.atitle=From+East+to+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.east2west.org%2Fdoctrine.htm%23IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assumptioncatholicchurch.net/">"Ukrainian Catholic Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Perth Amboy, NJ"</a>. <i>assumptioncatholicchurch.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assumptioncatholicchurch.net&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Catholic+Church+of+the+Assumption+of+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary+-+Perth+Amboy%2C+NJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assumptioncatholicchurch.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_534-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_534_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_534_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bäumer, Marienlexikon, 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer,_Marienlexikon,_535_173-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bäumer, Marienlexikon, 535</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marianum.it/">"Pontificia Facoltà Teologica "Marianum" - Roma"</a>. <i>www.marianum.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marianum.it&rft.atitle=Pontificia+Facolt%C3%A0+Teologica+%22Marianum%22+-+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marianum.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">at Viale 30 Aprile- 6, 00153, Rome</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012031018/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/">"The Mary Page"</a>. <i>udayton.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/">the original</a> on 2011-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=udayton.edu&rft.atitle=The+Mary+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampus.udayton.edu%2Fmary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_XVIWalkerVon_Balthasar2005" class="citation book cs1">Benedict XVI; Walker, Adrian; Von Balthasar, Hans Urs (October 1, 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mary_bene_2005_000_8093923"><i>Mary: The Church at the Source</i></a></span>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58617-018-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58617-018-X"><bdi>1-58617-018-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%3A+The+Church+at+the+Source&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.isbn=1-58617-018-X&rft.au=Benedict+XVI&rft.au=Walker%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Von+Balthasar%2C+Hans+Urs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmary_bene_2005_000_8093923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauke2008" class="citation book cs1">Hauke, Manfred (2008). "The Mother of God". <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i>. Queenship Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4"><bdi>978-1-57918-355-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mother+of+God&rft.btitle=Mariology%3A+A+Guide+for+Priests%2C+Deacons%2C+Seminarians%2C+and+Consecrated+Persons&rft.pub=Queenship+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57918-355-4&rft.aulast=Hauke&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a> <i>True Devotion to Mary</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59330-470-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59330-470-6">1-59330-470-6</a>, also available as online text <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211223420/http://www.catholictreasury.info/TrueDevotion/Default.htm">[2]</a></li> <li>Luigi Gambero, 1999, <i>Mary and the Fathers of the Church</i>, Ignatius Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-686-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-686-6">0-89870-686-6</a></li> <li>Michael Schmaus, <i>Mariologie</i>, Katholische Dogmatik, München Vol V, 1955</li> <li>K Algermissen, Boes, Egelhard, Feckes, Michael Schmaus, <i>Lexikon der Marienkunde</i>, Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 1967</li> <li>Remigius Bäumer, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Scheffczyk" title="Leo Scheffczyk">Leo Scheffczyk</a> (Hrsg.) <i>Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe</i>, Institutum Marianum Regensburg, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88096-891-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88096-891-8">3-88096-891-8</a> (cit. Bäumer)</li> <li>Stefano De Fiores, (Marianum) <i>Maria, sintesi di valori. Storia culturale di mariologia</i>. Cinisello Balsamo 2005;</li> <li>Stefano de Fiores, (Marianum), <i>Maria. Nuovissimo dizionario</i>. 2 Vols. Bologna 2006;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology Society of America">Mariology Society of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mariologicalsociety.com">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a>, referenced as AAS by year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, Apostolic Constitution <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi09id.htm">Apostolic Constitution <i><b>Ineffabilis Deus</b></i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html">Apostolic Constitution <i><b>Munificentissimus Deus</b></i> on the Vatican Website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, apostolic letters and addresses <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en.html">Apostolic Letter <i><b>Rosarium Virginis Mariae</b></i> on the Vatican Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202070615/http://www.catholicregister.org/content/view/1402/857/">Pope John Paul II on Saint Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2000/oct-dec/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20001031_forum-mariologia_en.html">Pope John Paul II, <i><b>Address to the Mariology Forum</b></i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Burke, Raymond L.</a>; et al. (2008). <i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i>. Goleta, California: Queenship Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4"><bdi>978-1-57918-355-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225875371">225875371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariology%3A+A+Guide+for+Priests%2C+Deacons%2C+Seminarians%2C+and+Consecrated+Persons&rft.place=Goleta%2C+California&rft.pub=Queenship+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225875371&rft.isbn=978-1-57918-355-4&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffner2004" class="citation book cs1">Haffner, Paul (2004). <i>The Mystery of Mary</i>. Hillenbrand Books studies series. Leominster, Herefordshire: Gracewing Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0"><bdi>0-85244-650-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58964281">58964281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Mary&rft.place=Leominster%2C+Herefordshire&rft.series=Hillenbrand+Books+studies+series&rft.pub=Gracewing+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58964281&rft.isbn=0-85244-650-0&rft.aulast=Haffner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiravalle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Miravalle" title="Mark Miravalle">Miravalle, Mark I.</a> (1993). <i>Introduction to Mary: The Heart of Marian Doctrine and Devotion</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Queenship Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7"><bdi>978-1-882972-06-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28849399">28849399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mary%3A+The+Heart+of+Marian+Doctrine+and+Devotion&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Queenship+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28849399&rft.isbn=978-1-882972-06-7&rft.aulast=Miravalle&rft.aufirst=Mark+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohle1948" class="citation book cs1">Pohle, Joseph (1948) [1914]. Preuss, Arthur (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mariologydogmati00pohluoft"><i>Mariology; A Dogmatic Treatise on the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of God</i></a>. St. Louis, Mo: Herder Book. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1453529">1453529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariology%3B+A+Dogmatic+Treatise+on+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary%2C+Mother+of+God&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Mo&rft.pub=Herder+Book&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1453529&rft.aulast=Pohle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmariologydogmati00pohluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroedelSchroedel,_John2006" class="citation book cs1">Schroedel, Jenny; Schroedel, John (2006). <i>The Everything Mary Book</i>. Everything profiles series. Avon, Mass: Adams Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59337-713-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59337-713-4"><bdi>1-59337-713-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70167611">70167611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Mary+Book&rft.place=Avon%2C+Mass&rft.series=Everything+profiles+series&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70167611&rft.isbn=1-59337-713-4&rft.aulast=Schroedel&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft.au=Schroedel%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Mary" title="Template talk:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore 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