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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Second Temple Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Initial spread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Jerusalem church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gentile_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gentile_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Gentile Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gentile_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_century_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_century_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 1st century persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_century_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early centers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_centers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early centers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Eastern Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Jerusalem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antioch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antioch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Antioch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antioch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Alexandria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Asia Minor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caesarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caesarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Caesarea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caesarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.7 Damascus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.8 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.9 Thrace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.10 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Western Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carthage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carthage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Carthage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carthage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Southern Gaul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquileia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquileia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Aquileia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquileia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Milan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syracuse_and_Calabria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syracuse_and_Calabria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Syracuse and Calabria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syracuse_and_Calabria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Salona </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.9 Seville </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.10 Roman Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Outside the Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia_and_the_Parthian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia_and_the_Parthian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Mesopotamia and the Parthian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia_and_the_Parthian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Persia and Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Arabian Peninsula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Nubia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Early Christianity</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مسيحية مبكرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيحية مبكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk%C9%99n_xristianl%C4%B1q" title="Erkən xristianlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erkən xristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="আদি খ্রিস্টধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদি খ্রিস্টধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ранняе хрысціянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ранняе хрысціянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ранно християнство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ранно християнство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_primitiva" title="Església primitiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església primitiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%C3%A9_k%C5%99es%C5%A5anstv%C3%AD" title="Rané křesťanství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rané křesťanství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Fore" title="Yr Eglwys Fore – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Fore" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alte_Kirche" title="Alte Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alte Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρωτοχριστιανική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοχριστιανική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_primitivo" title="Cristianismo primitivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo primitivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apero_de_kristanismo" title="Apero de kristanismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apero de kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87" title="مسیحیت اولیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت اولیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisme_primitif" title="Christianisme primitif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christianisme primitif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B8%B0_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90" title="초기 기독교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초기 기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B2_%D6%84%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վաղ քրիստոնեություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաղ քրիստոնեություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano_kr%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo" title="Rano kršćanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rano kršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frua_Kristanismo" title="Frua Kristanismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frua Kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_perdana" title="Gereja perdana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja perdana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origini_del_cristianesimo" title="Origini del cristianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Origini del cristianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="נצרות קדומה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות קדומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukristo_katika_karne_za_kwanza" title="Ukristo katika karne za kwanza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukristo katika karne za kwanza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_antiqua" title="Ecclesia antiqua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankstyvoji_krik%C5%A1%C4%8Dionyb%C4%97" title="Ankstyvoji krikščionybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ankstyvoji krikščionybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kereszt%C3%A9ny_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Ókeresztény egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókeresztény egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рано христијанство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рано христијанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_perdana" title="Gereja perdana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja perdana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroege_christendom" title="Vroege christendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vroege christendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrogge_Kristendom" title="Vrogge Kristendom – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vrogge Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="初代教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="初代教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidlig_kristendom" title="Tidlig kristendom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidlig kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldkyrkja" title="Oldkyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oldkyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ابتدائی مسیحیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابتدائی مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwotne_chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwo" title="Pierwotne chrześcijaństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwotne chrześcijaństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_primitivo" title="Cristianismo primitivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristianismo primitivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Раннее христианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раннее христианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisht%C3%ABrimi_i_hersh%C3%ABm" title="Krishtërimi i hershëm – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krishtërimi i hershëm" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Early Christianity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%C3%A9_kres%C5%A5anstvo" title="Rané kresťanstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rané kresťanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="بەرەبەیانی مەسیحییەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرەبەیانی مەسیحییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рано хришћанство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рано хришћанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano_kr%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo" title="Rano kršćanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rano kršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhaiskristillisyys" title="Varhaiskristillisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varhaiskristillisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidig_kristendom" title="Tidig kristendom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidig kristendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li 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Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Раннє християнство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ابتدائی مسیحیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابتدائی مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%B4_gi%C3%A1o_s%C6%A1_khai" title="Kitô giáo sơ khai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kitô giáo sơ khai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">historical era</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian religion</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325. <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Christianity spread</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and beyond. Originally, this progression was closely connected to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">already established Jewish centers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>. The first followers of Christianity were <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> who had <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">converted</a> to the faith, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanese Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Early Christianity contains the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> and is followed by, and substantially overlaps with, the <a href="/wiki/Patristic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic era">Patristic era</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a> claim to have been founded by one or more of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, who are said to have <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">dispersed from Jerusalem</a> sometime after the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>, c. 26–33, perhaps following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>. Early Christians gathered in small private homes,<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> known as <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house churches</a>, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a "<a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a>"—the Greek noun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:εκκλησια">ἐκκλησία</a> (ekklesia) literally means "assembly", "gathering", or "congregation"<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> but is translated as "<a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a>" in most <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the Bible">English translations of the New Testament</a>. Many early Christians were merchants and others who had practical reasons for traveling to <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and other regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> Over 40 such communities were established by the year 100,<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> many in <a href="#Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, also known as Asia Minor, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a>. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">first century</a>, Christianity had already spread to <a href="#Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="#Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="#Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="#Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="#Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="#Damascus">Syria</a>, serving as foundations for the expansive <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread of Christianity</a>, eventually throughout the world. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Temple_Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Temple Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Model of the Second Temple in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Christianity originated as a minor sect within <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201314-8">[8]</a> a form of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> named after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 516 BC after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> permitted <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to return to their homeland of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, there was no longer a native Jewish monarchy. Instead, political power devolved to the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">high priest</a>, who served as an intermediary between the Jewish people and the empire. This arrangement continued after the region was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (356–323 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999121-9">[9]</a> After Alexander's death, the region was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 301 – c. 200 BC) and then the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 – c. 142 BC). The anti-Jewish policies of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 175 – 164 BC) sparked the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> in 167 BC, which culminated in the establishment of an independent Judea under the <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmoneans</a>, who ruled as kings and high priests. This independence would last until 63 BC when Judea became a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201257–59-10">[10]</a> The central tenets of Second Temple Judaism revolved around <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and the belief that <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews were a chosen people</a>. As part of their <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">covenant</a> with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>, Jews were obligated to obey the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. In return, they were given the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">land of Israel</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, where God dwelled in the Temple. <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a> had a major influence on Second Temple Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202058–60-11">[11]</a> Alexander's conquests initiated the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> underwent <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> (the spread of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek culture">Greek culture</a>). Judaism was thereafter both culturally and politically part of the Hellenistic world; however, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> was stronger among <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora Jews">diaspora Jews</a> than among those living in the land of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202013_&_16-12">[12]</a> Diaspora Jews spoke <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Alexandria">Jews of Alexandria</a> produced a Greek translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>. The Septuagint was the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> used by early Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201066–69-13">[13]</a> Diaspora Jews continued to make <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">pilgrimage to the Temple</a>, but they started forming local religious institutions called <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> as early as the 3rd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202046–47-14">[14]</a> The Maccabean Revolt caused Judaism to divide into competing sects with different theological and political goals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202051-15">[15]</a> each adopting different stances towards Hellenization. The main sects were the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201072-16">[16]</a> The Sadducees were mainly Jerusalem aristocrats intent on maintaining control over Jewish politics and religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202049-17">[17]</a> Sadducee religion was focused on the Temple and its rituals. The Pharisees emphasized personal piety and interpreted the Torah in ways that provided religious guidance for daily life. Unlike Sadducees, the Pharisees believed in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> and an afterlife. The Essenes rejected Temple worship, which they believed was defiled by wicked priests. They were part of a broader <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> movement in Judaism, which believed the <a href="/wiki/End_times" class="mw-redirect" title="End times">end times</a> were at hand when God would restore Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198733–37-18">[18]</a> Roman rule exacerbated these religious tensions and led the radical <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a> to separate from the Pharisees. The territories of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> were frequently troubled by insurrection and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_messiah_claimants" title="List of Jewish messiah claimants">messianic claimants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202049_&_51–52-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: meshiach) means "anointed" and is used in the Old Testament to designate <a href="/wiki/Jewish_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish kings">Jewish kings</a> and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">prophets</a> whose status was symbolized by being anointed with <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing oil</a>. The term is most associated with King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, to whom God promised an eternal kingdom (<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_7#Oracles_on_the_House_for_God_and_House_of_David_(7:1–17)" title="2 Samuel 7">2 Samuel 7:11–17</a>). After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destruction of David's kingdom</a> and lineage, this promise was reaffirmed by the prophets <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, who foresaw a future king from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_David" class="mw-redirect" title="House of David">House of David</a> who would establish and reign over an idealized kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999119–121-20">[20]</a> In the Second Temple period, there was no consensus on who the messiah would be or what he would do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201262–64-21">[21]</a> Most commonly, he was imagined to be an end times son of David going about the business of "executing judgment, defeating the enemies of God, reigning over a restored Israel, [and] establishing unending peace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999124-22">[22]</a> Yet, there were other kinds of messianic figures proposed as well—the perfect priest or the celestial <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a> who brings about the resurrection of the dead and the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">final judgment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201263-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198738-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesus">Jesus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jesus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/220px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/330px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/440px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Land in the 1st century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div> Christianity centers on the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, who lived <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 BC – c. AD 33. Jesus left no writings of his own, and most information about him comes from early Christian writings that now form part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The earliest of these are the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, letters written to various Christian congregations by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> in the 50s AD. The four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 80 – c. AD 90), <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 70), <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 80 – c. AD 90), and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> (written at the end of the 1st century) are <a href="/wiki/Ancient_biography" title="Ancient biography">ancient biographies</a> of Jesus' life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201242_&_48-25">[25]</a> Jesus grew up in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, a city in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and began his ministry when he was around 30 years old. Jesus' message centered on the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a>, and he urged his followers to <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">repent</a> in preparation for the kingdom's coming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201278,_88–89_&_95-26">[26]</a> His ethical teaching is summarized in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a> to love God and to "love your neighbor as yourself" (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">Matthew 22</a>:37–39).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilken201210-27">[27]</a> Jesus chose <a href="/wiki/Twelve_disciples" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve disciples">twelve disciples</a> who represented the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve tribes of Israel">twelve tribes of Israel</a> (ten of which were <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">"lost"</a> by this time) to symbolize the full restoration of Israel that would be accomplished through him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201296-28">[28]</a> The gospel accounts provide insight into what early Christians believed about Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20136-29">[29]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">the Christ</a> or "Anointed One" (Greek: Christos), Jesus is identified as the fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">messianic prophecies</a> in the Hebrew scriptures. Through the accounts of his miraculous <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a>, the gospels present Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201080–81-30">[30]</a> The gospels describe the <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles of Jesus</a> which served to authenticate his message and reveal a foretaste of the coming kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2012109-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_026.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fra_Angelico_026.jpg/220px-Fra_Angelico_026.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fra_Angelico_026.jpg/330px-Fra_Angelico_026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fra_Angelico_026.jpg/440px-Fra_Angelico_026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2892" /></a><figcaption>Christ with the Two Thieves by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1437 – c. 1446</figcaption></figure> After three years of ministry, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus was crucified</a> as a messianic pretender and insurgent. Paul, writing around 20 years after Jesus' death, provides the earliest account of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15:3%E2%80%937" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15:3–7">1 Corinthians 15:3–8</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilken201216-32">[32]</a> The gospel accounts provide narratives of the resurrection, ultimately leading to the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascension of Jesus</a> into <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>. Jesus' victory over death became the central belief of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201091–95-33">[33]</a> For his followers, Jesus inaugurated a <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> between God and his people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199313-34">[34]</a> The Pauline epistles teach that Jesus makes <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> possible. Through <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a>, believers experience <a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">union with Jesus</a> and both share in <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">his suffering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">hope</a> of his resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20137-35">[35]</a> While they do not provide new information, non-Christian sources do confirm certain information found in the gospels. The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> referenced Jesus in his <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a> written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 95. The paragraph, known as the <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Testimonium Flavianum</a>, provides a brief summary of Jesus' life, but the original text has been altered by <a href="/wiki/Christian_interpolation" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201238_&_40–41-36">[36]</a> The first Roman author to reference Jesus is <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 56 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 120), who wrote that Christians "took their name from Christus who was executed in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">procurator</a> Pontius Pilate" <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" />(see <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus on Jesus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_century">1st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Christianity in the 1st century</a></div> The decades after the crucifixion of Jesus are known as the Apostolic Age because the Disciples (also known as <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>) were still alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310-38">[38]</a> Important Christian sources for this period are the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201312-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_spread">Initial spread</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial spread">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNM21-Pauls3rdJourney.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CNM21-Pauls3rdJourney.gif/220px-CNM21-Pauls3rdJourney.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CNM21-Pauls3rdJourney.gif/330px-CNM21-Pauls3rdJourney.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CNM21-Pauls3rdJourney.gif/440px-CNM21-Pauls3rdJourney.gif 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Map of Paul's 3rd missionary journey</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulspillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paulspillar.jpg/100px-Paulspillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paulspillar.jpg/150px-Paulspillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paulspillar.jpg/200px-Paulspillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>St Paul's Pillar in <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread of Christianity</a></div> After the death of Jesus, his followers established Christian groups in cities, such as Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310-38">[38]</a> The movement quickly spread to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> and one of the most important cities in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199315–16-40">[40]</a> Early Christians referred to themselves as brethren, <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, but it was in Antioch, according to <a href="/wiki/Acts_11" title="Acts 11">Acts 11</a>:26, that they were first called Christians (Greek: Christianoi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20132-41">[41]</a> According to the New Testament, Paul the apostle established Christian communities throughout the Mediterranean world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310-38">[38]</a> He is known to have also spent some time in Arabia. After preaching in Syria, he turned his attention to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Asia-Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Minor">Asia Minor</a>. By the early 50s, he had moved on to Europe where he stopped in <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a> and then traveled to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Macedonia">Roman Macedonia</a>. He then moved into mainland Greece, spending time in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>. While in Corinth, Paul wrote his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, indicating that there were already Christian groups in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">Rome</a>. Some of these groups had been started by Paul's missionary associates <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epenetus_of_Carthage" title="Epenetus of Carthage">Epainetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2006109,_112,_114–115_&_117-42">[42]</a> Social and professional networks played an important part in spreading the religion as members invited interested outsiders to secret Christian assemblies (Greek: ekklēsia) that met in private homes (see <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house church</a>). Commerce and trade also played a role in Christianity's spread as Christian merchants traveled for business. Christianity appealed to marginalized groups (women, slaves) with its message that "in Christ there is neither Jew nor Greek, neither male nor female, neither slave nor free" (<a href="/wiki/Galatians_3:28" title="Galatians 3:28">Galatians 3:28</a>). Christians also provided social services to the poor, sick, and widows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20137–9-43">[43]</a> Women actively contributed to the Christian faith as disciples, missionaries, and more due to the large acceptance early Christianity offered. Historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_Hopkins" title="Keith Hopkins">Keith Hopkins</a> estimated that by AD 100 there were around 7,000 Christians (about 0.01 percent of the Roman Empire's population of 60 million).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1998195-44">[44]</a> Separate Christian groups maintained contact with each other through letters, visits from <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">itinerant preachers</a>, and the sharing of common texts, some of which were later collected in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem_church">Jerusalem church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jerusalem church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>, claimed to be the location of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bargil_Pixner" title="Bargil Pixner">Bargil Pixner</a><a href="#cite_note-Pixner-45">[45]</a> claims the original <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Zion,_Jerusalem" title="Church of Zion, Jerusalem">Church of the Apostles</a> is located under the current structure.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem in Christianity</a></div> Jerusalem was the first center of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-46">[46]</a> The apostles lived and taught there for some time after Pentecost.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> According to Acts, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_of_Jerusalem" title="Early Church of Jerusalem">early church</a> was led by the Apostles, foremost among them <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>. When Peter left Jerusalem after <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa I</a> tried to kill him, <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a> appears as the leader of the Jerusalem church.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150–215 AD) called him <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Bishop of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> Peter, John and James were collectively recognized as the three <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">pillars of the church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galatians_2:9" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 2:9">Galatians 2:9</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2006103-48">[48]</a> At this early date, Christianity was still a Jewish sect. Christians in Jerusalem kept the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Jewish Sabbath</a> and continued to worship at the Temple. In commemoration of Jesus' resurrection, they gathered on Sunday for a <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a> meal. Initially, Christians kept the Jewish custom of fasting on Mondays and Thursdays. Later, the Christian fast days shifted to Wednesdays and Fridays (see <a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">Friday fast</a>) in remembrance of <a href="/wiki/Bargain_of_Judas" title="Bargain of Judas">Judas' betrayal</a> and the crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201027-49">[49]</a> James was killed on the order of the high priest in AD 62. He was succeeded as leader of the Jerusalem church by <a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon</a>, another relative of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201028–29-50">[50]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a> (AD 66–73), Jerusalem and the Temple were destroyed after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">brutal siege</a> in AD 70.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> Prophecies of the Second Temple's destruction are found in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic gospels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harris-51">[51]</a> specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>. According to a tradition recorded by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, the Jerusalem church <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">fled to Pella</a> at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish Revolt">First Jewish Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Houwelingen_2003-53">[53]</a> The church had returned to Jerusalem by AD 135, but the disruptions severely weakened the Jerusalem church's influence over the wider <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201028–29-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gentile_Christians">Gentile Christians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gentile Christians">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo-Fern%C3%A1dnez_Navarrete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo-Fern%C3%A1dnez_Navarrete.jpg/220px-San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo-Fern%C3%A1dnez_Navarrete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo-Fern%C3%A1dnez_Navarrete.jpg/330px-San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo-Fern%C3%A1dnez_Navarrete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo-Fern%C3%A1dnez_Navarrete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Saint Peter and Saint Paul (1570s) by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Navarrete" title="Juan Fernández Navarrete">Juan Fernádnez Navarrete</a></figcaption></figure> Jerusalem was the first center of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-46">[46]</a> The apostles lived and taught there for some time after <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just, brother of Jesus</a> was leader of the early Christian community in Jerusalem, and his other <a href="/wiki/Desposyni" class="mw-redirect" title="Desposyni">kinsmen</a> likely held leadership positions in the surrounding area after the destruction of the city until its rebuilding as <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130 AD, when all Jews were banished from Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> The first Gentiles to become Christians were <a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a>, people who believed in the truth of Judaism but had not become <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">proselytes</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius the Centurion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201033-54">[54]</a> As Gentiles joined the young Christian movement, the question of whether they should <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">convert to Judaism</a> and observe the Torah (such as <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">food laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">male circumcision</a>, and Sabbath observance) gave rise to various answers. Some Christians demanded full observance of the Torah and required Gentile converts to become Jews. Others, such as Paul, believed that the Torah was no longer binding because of Jesus' death and resurrection. In the middle were Christians who believed Gentiles should follow some of the Torah but not all of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200688-55">[55]</a> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 48–50 AD, <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> went to Jerusalem to meet with the three <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Pillars of the Church</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> James the Just, Peter, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a> Later called the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christians</a>, this meeting (among other things) confirmed the legitimacy of the evangelizing mission of Barnabas and Paul to the <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a>. It also confirmed that Gentile converts were not obligated to follow the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a> especially the practice of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">male circumcision</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a> which was condemned as execrable and repulsive in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and was especially adversed in <a href="/wiki/Classical_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical civilization">Classical civilization</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, who valued the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> positively.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The resulting Apostolic Decree in <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a> is theorized to parallel the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">seven Noahide laws</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> However, modern scholars dispute the connection between Acts 15 and the seven Noahide laws.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-68">[68]</a> In roughly the same time period, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinic Jewish legal authorities</a> made their <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcision requirement for Jewish boys</a> even stricter.<a href="#cite_note-peri'ah,_Shab._xxx._6-70">[70]</a> The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcision</a>, as the author of Acts relates, but other important matters arose as well, as the Apostolic Decree indicates.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a> The dispute was between those, such as the followers of the "Pillars of the Church", led by <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a>, who believed, following his interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>, that the church must observe the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism,<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity#endnote_1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles",<a href="#cite_note-Black-Smith_2019-71">[71]</a> who believed there was no such necessity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The main concern for the Apostle Paul, which he subsequently expressed in greater detail with <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">his letters</a> directed to the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early Christian communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, was the inclusion of Gentiles into God's <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>, sending the message that <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith in Christ">faith in Christ</a> is sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> (See also: <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a>). The Council of Jerusalem did not end the dispute, however.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a> There are indications that James still believed the Torah was binding on Jewish Christians. Galatians 2:11-14 describe "people from James" causing Peter and other Jewish Christians in Antioch to break table fellowship with Gentiles.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> (See also: <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a>). Joel Marcus, professor of Christian origins, suggests that Peter's position may have lain somewhere between James and Paul, but that he probably leaned more toward James.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200691–92-79">[79]</a> This is the start of a split between <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Gentile (or Pauline) Christianity</a>. While Jewish Christianity would remain important through the next few centuries, it would ultimately be pushed to the margins as Gentile Christianity became dominant. Jewish Christianity was also opposed by early <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, the successor to the Pharisees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200699–102-80">[80]</a> When Peter left Jerusalem after <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa I</a> tried to kill him, James appears as the principal authority of the early Christian church.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150–215 AD) called him <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Bishop of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd-century</a> church historian, <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a>, wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> martyred him in 62 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> In 66 AD, the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish Revolt">Jews revolted against Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> After a brutal siege, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Jerusalem fell in 70 AD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> The city, including the Jewish Temple, was destroyed and the population was mostly killed or removed.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> According to a tradition recorded by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, the Jerusalem church <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">fled to Pella</a> at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish Revolt">First Jewish Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Houwelingen_2003-53">[53]</a> According to Epiphanius of Salamis,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a> survived at least to <a href="/wiki/Hadrian#Second_Roman-Jewish_War" title="Hadrian">Hadrian's visit in 130 AD</a>. A scattered population survived.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Sanhedrin relocated to Jamnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Prophecies of the Second Temple's destruction are found in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harris-51">[51]</a> specifically in Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1st_century_persecution">1st century persecution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1st century persecution">edit</a>]</div> Romans had a negative perception of early Christians. The Roman historian Tacitus wrote that Christians were despised for their "abominations" and "hatred of humankind".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The belief that Christians hated humankind could refer to their refusal to participate in social activities connected to pagan worship—these included most social activities such as the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">theater</a>, the army, sports, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>. They also refused to <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">worship the Roman emperor</a>, like Jews. Nonetheless, Romans were more lenient to Jews compared to Gentile Christians. Some anti-Christian Romans further distinguished between Jews and Christians by claiming that Christianity was "apostasy" from Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>, for example, considered Jewish Christians to be hypocrites for claiming that they embraced their Jewish heritage.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> persecuted Christians in Rome, whom he blamed for starting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire</a> of AD 64. It is possible that Peter and Paul were in Rome and were <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyred</a> at this time. Nero was deposed in AD 68, and the persecution of Christians ceased. Under the emperors <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69–79) and <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 79–81), Christians were largely ignored by the Roman government. The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 81–96) authorized a new persecution against the Christians. It was at this time that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> was written by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201044–48-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_centers">Early centers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early centers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Roman_Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jerusalem">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">Early bishops of Jerusalem</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgotha_cross-section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/250px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/375px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/500px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> based on a German documentary. The church is claimed to be at the site of Calvary and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 2nd century, Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> rebuilt Jerusalem as a <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Pagan</a> city and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> erecting statues of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Capitolinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Capitolinus">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">himself</a> on the site of the former Jewish Temple, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. In the years AD 132–136, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba led an unsuccessful revolt</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah_claimant" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah claimant">Jewish Messiah claimant</a>, but Christians refused to acknowledge him as such. When Bar Kokhba was defeated, Hadrian barred Jews from the city, except for the day of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, thus the <a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">subsequent Jerusalem bishops</a> were Gentiles ("uncircumcised") for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">general significance of Jerusalem to Christians</a> entered a period of decline during the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, Jerusalem Christians escaped to <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>), at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in AD 66.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem#Bishops_of_Aelia_Capitolina" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Jerusalem's bishops</a> became <a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">suffragans</a> (subordinates) of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan bishop</a> in nearby <a href="#Caesarea">Caesarea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Interest in Jerusalem resumed with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> of the Roman Empress <a href="/wiki/Helena_(Empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (Empress)">Helena</a> to the Holy Land (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 326–328 AD). According to the church historian <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Helena (with the assistance of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem">Macarius of Jerusalem</a>) claimed to have found the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">cross of Christ</a>, after removing a Temple to <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> (attributed to Hadrian) that had been built over the site. Jerusalem had received special recognition in Canon VII of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 AD.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The traditional founding date for the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre">Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre</a> (which guards the <a href="/wiki/Holy_places#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">Christian Holy places</a> in the Holy Land) is 313, which corresponds with the date of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> promulgated by the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, which legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. Jerusalem was later named as one of the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a>, but this was never accepted by the <a href="#Rome">Church of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> (See also: <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism#Prospects_for_reconciliation" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism#Prospects for reconciliation</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antioch">Antioch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antioch">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG/200px-Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG/300px-Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG/400px-Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Peter">Church of St Peter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>, Turkey, said to be the spot where Saint Peter first preached the <a href="/wiki/Good_news_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good news (Christianity)">Gospel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antioch#Roman_period" title="Antioch">Roman Antioch</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">School of Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>, Turkey) was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Roman province of Syria</a> and a center of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Greek culture in the Eastern Mediterranean</a>, as well as a key locus of trade that made it the third-most important city of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>, it is said that it was at Antioch where followers of Jesus were first called Christians;<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> it was also the location of the <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a>, described in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a>. It was the site of an early church traditionally said to be founded by Peter; later traditions also attributed the role of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antioch">Bishop of Antioch</a> as first being held by Peter.<a href="#cite_note-parvis-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> may have been written there. The church father <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> was its third bishop. The School of Antioch, founded in 270, was one of two major centers of early church learning. The <a href="/wiki/Curetonian_Gospels" title="Curetonian Gospels">Curetonian Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Sinaiticus" title="Syriac Sinaiticus">Syriac Sinaiticus</a> are two early (pre-<a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>) New Testament text types associated with <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>. It was one of the three whose bishops were recognized at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325) as exercising jurisdiction over the adjoining territories.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alexandria">Alexandria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alexandria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_school" title="Alexandrian school">Alexandrian school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">Catechetical School of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Alexandria">Bishop of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)#Christian_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt (Roman province) § Christian Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile delta">Nile delta</a>, was established by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Its famous libraries were a center of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> learning. The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of the Old Testament began there and the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">Alexandrian text-type</a> is recognized by scholars as one of the earliest New Testament types. It had a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">significant Jewish population</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> is probably its most known author.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It produced superior scripture and notable church fathers, such as Clement, Origen, and Athanasius;<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] also noteworthy were the nearby <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a>. By the end of the era, Alexandria, Rome, and Antioch were accorded authority over nearby <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a>. The Council of Nicaea in canon VI affirmed Alexandria's traditional authority over Egypt, Libya, and <a href="#Cyrene">Pentapolis (North Africa)</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Diocese_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a>) and probably granted Alexandria the right to declare a universal date for the observance of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">Easter controversy</a>). Some postulate, however, that Alexandria was not only a center of Christianity, but was also a center for Christian-based <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> sects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_Minor">Asia Minor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia Minor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_churches_of_asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/200px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/300px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/400px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Map of Western Anatolia showing the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Churches_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Churches of Asia">Seven Churches of Asia</a>" and the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christianity in Turkey</a></div> The tradition of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> was strong in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (the near-east, part of modern Turkey, the western part was called the <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Roman province of Asia</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">authorship of the Johannine works</a> traditionally and plausibly occurred in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, c. 90–110, although some scholars argue for an origin in <a href="#Damascus">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> This includes the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, although modern Bible scholars believe that it to be authored by a different John, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a> (a Greek island about 30 miles off the Anatolian coast), that mentions <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a>. According to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul was from <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a> (in south-central Anatolia) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus#Conversion_and_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">his missionary journeys</a> were primarily in Anatolia. The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:1–2&version=nrsv">1:1–2</a>) is addressed to Anatolian regions. On the southeast shore of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Pontus</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Greek_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colony">Greek colony</a> mentioned three times in the New Testament. Inhabitants of Pontus were some of the first converts to Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny the Younger on Christ">Pliny, governor in 110</a>, in his letters, addressed Christians in Pontus. Of the extant <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch#Letters" title="Ignatius of Antioch">letters of Ignatius of Antioch considered authentic</a>, five of seven are to Anatolian cities, the sixth is to <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> was home to Polycarp, the bishop who reportedly knew the Apostle John personally, and probably also to his student <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a> is also believed to have been a student of John the Apostle. In the 2nd century, Anatolia was home to <a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a> who recorded an early <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_Biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian Biblical canon">Christian Biblical canon</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> in 286. The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Ancyra" title="Synod of Ancyra">Synod of Ancyra</a> was held in 314. In 325 the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Constantine</a> convoked the first Christian <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> and in 330 moved the capital of the reunified empire to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> (also an early Christian center and just across the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> from Anatolia, later called <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>), referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, which lasted till 1453.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">First seven Ecumenical Councils</a> were held either in Western Anatolia or across the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> in Constantinople. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caesarea">Caesarea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Caesarea">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/250px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/500px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Roman aqueduct</a> in Caesarea Maritima</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima#Early_Christian_centre" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima § Early Christian centre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Caesarea">Bishop of Caesarea</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, on the seacoast just northwest of Jerusalem, at first Caesarea Maritima, then after 133 Caesarea Palaestina, was built by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, c. 25–13 BC, and was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Iudaea Province</a> (6–132) and later Palaestina Prima. It was there that Peter baptized the <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">centurion Cornelius</a>, considered the first gentile convert. Paul sought refuge there, once staying at the house of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip the Evangelist</a>, and later being imprisoned there for two years (estimated to be 57–59). The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> (7.46) state that the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Caesarea">Bishop of Caesarea</a> was <a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus the Publican</a>. After Hadrian's siege of Jerusalem (c. 133), Caesarea became the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan see">metropolitan see</a> with the bishop of Jerusalem as one of its <a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">"suffragans"</a> (subordinates).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (d. 254) compiled his <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a> there and it held a <a href="/wiki/Theological_Library_of_Caesarea_Maritima" title="Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima">famous library and theological school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea" title="Pamphilus of Caesarea">St. Pamphilus</a> (d. 309) was a noted scholar-priest. <a href="/wiki/St._Gregory_the_Wonder-Worker" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gregory the Wonder-Worker">St. Gregory the Wonder-Worker</a> (d. 270), <a href="/wiki/St._Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Basil the Great">St. Basil the Great</a> (d. 379), and <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a> (d. 420) visited and studied at the library which was later destroyed, probably by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persians</a> in 614 or the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> around 637.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The first major church historian, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, was a bishop, c. 314–339. <a href="/wiki/Fenton_John_Anthony_Hort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenton John Anthony Hort">F. J. A. Hort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> have argued that the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> originated in Caesarea. The <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_text-type" title="Caesarean text-type">Caesarean text-type</a> is recognized by many textual scholars as one of the earliest New Testament types. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Church of Cyprus</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> was the capital of the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> during the Roman years and seat of a Roman commander. In 45 AD, the apostles Paul and <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a>, who according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:36&version=nrsv">Acts 4:36</a> was "a native of Cyprus", came to Cyprus and reached Paphos preaching the message of Jesus, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:4–13&version=nrsv">Acts 13:4–13</a>. According to Acts, the apostles were persecuted by the Romans but eventually succeeded in convincing the Roman commander <a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Sergius Paulus</a> to renounce his old religion in favour of Christianity. Barnabas is traditionally identified as the founder of the Cypriot Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Damascus">Damascus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Damascus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/200px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/300px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/400px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul" title="Chapel of Saint Paul">Chapel of Saint Paul</a>, said to be <a href="/wiki/Bab_Kisan" title="Bab Kisan">Bab Kisan</a> where St. Paul escaped from <a href="/wiki/Damascus#The_walls_and_gates_of_Damascus" title="Damascus">Old Damascus</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christianity in Syria</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and claims to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. According to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul was converted on the <a href="/wiki/Road_to_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Road to Damascus">Road to Damascus</a>. In the three accounts (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:1–20&version=nrsv">Acts 9:1–20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:1–22&version=nrsv">22:1–22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2026:1–24&version=nrsv">26:1–24</a>), he is described as being led by those he was traveling with, blinded by the light, to Damascus where his sight was restored by a disciple called <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias</a> (who is thought to have been the first bishop of Damascus)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] then he was <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a>, the major northern Greek city where it is believed Christianity was founded by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, thus an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a>, and the surrounding regions of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, which also extend into the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, were early centers of Christianity. Of note are <a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul's Epistles">Paul's Epistles</a> to the Thessalonians and to <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, which is often considered the first contact of Christianity with Europe.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Apostolic Father <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a> <a href="/wiki/Polycarp%27s_letter_to_the_Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycarp's letter to the Philippians">wrote a letter to the Philippians</a>, c. 125. <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> was a city in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a>, today a ruin on the northern part of the western Greek coast. In the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a>, Paul said he intended to go there.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> It is possible that there were some Christians in its population. According to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (c. 185–254) stayed there for some time<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth#Biblical_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Ancient Corinth</a>, today a ruin near modern <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> in southern Greece, was an early center of Christianity. According to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Apostles">Acts of Apostles</a>, Paul stayed eighteen months in Corinth to preach.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He initially stayed with <a href="/wiki/Aquila_and_Priscilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquila and Priscilla">Aquila and Priscilla</a>, and was later joined by <a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a>. After he left Corinth, <a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollo</a> was sent from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> by Priscilla to replace him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Paul returned to Corinth at least once.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He wrote the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> from Ephesus approximately in 54-55 which focused on sexual immorality, divorces, lawsuits, and resurrections.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> was written around 56 as a fourth letter discussing his proposed plans for the future, instructions, unity, and his defense of apostolic authority.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The earliest evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">primacy of the Roman Church</a> can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a> written to the Corinthian church, dated around 96.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The bishops in Corinth include Apollo, <a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the capital and largest city in Greece, was visited by Paul. He probably traveled by sea, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, the harbor of Athens, coming from <a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Berœa of Macedonia</a> around the year 53.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Acts_17" title="Acts 17">Acts 17</a>, when he arrived at Athens, he immediately sent for Silas and Timotheos who had stayed behind in Berœa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While waiting for them, Paul explored Athens and visited the synagogue, as there was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">local Jewish community</a>. A Christian community was quickly established in Athens, although it may not have been large initially.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A common tradition identifies the <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Areopagite</a> as the first bishop of the Christian community in Athens, while another tradition mentions <a href="/wiki/Hierotheos_the_Thesmothete" title="Hierotheos the Thesmothete">Hierotheos the Thesmothete</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The succeeding bishops were not all of Athenian descent: Narkissos was believed to have come from Palestine, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a> from Malta.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus</a> is known for an apology addressed to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> during his visit to Athens, contributing to early Christian literature.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristeides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a> also wrote apologies during this time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the second century, Athens likely had a significant Christian community, as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hygeinos</a>, bishop of Rome, write a letter to the community in Athens in the year 139.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a> on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> was allied with Rome and was thus made capital of Roman <a href="/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Creta et Cyrenaica">Creta et Cyrenaica</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/St._Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Titus">St. Titus</a> is believed to have been the first bishop. The city was sacked by the pirate <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hafs (pirate)">Abu Hafs</a> in 828.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thrace">Thrace</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Thrace">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> preached in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a> coast. According to <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew the Apostle</a> preached in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast and along the lower course of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a>. The spread of Christianity among the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> and the emergence of centers of Christianity like <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Plovdiv" title="History of Plovdiv">Philippopolis</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>) and Durostorum (present day <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>) was likely to have begun with these early <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic missions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Athanasius" title="Monastery of Saint Athanasius">first Christian monastery</a> in Europe was founded in Thrace in 344 by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Athanasius">Saint Athanasius</a> near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chirpan" title="Chirpan">Chirpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Serdica" title="Council of Serdica">Council of Serdica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity in Libya</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> and the surrounding region of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica#Christianity" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> or the North African "<a href="/wiki/Pentapolis_(North_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentapolis (North Africa)">Pentapolis</a>", south of the Mediterranean from Greece, the northeastern part of modern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, was a Greek colony in North Africa later converted to a Roman province. In addition to Greeks and Romans, there was also a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">significant Jewish population</a>, at least up to the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> (115–117). According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:21&version=nrsv">Mark 15:21</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> carried Jesus' cross. Cyrenians are also mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:10&version=nrsv">Acts 2:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%206:9&version=nrsv">6:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:20&version=nrsv">11:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:1&version=nrsv">13:1</a>. According to Byzantine legend, the first bishop was <a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a>, mentioned in Acts 13:1.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Roman_Empire">Western Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Western Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rome">Rome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg/250px-PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg/330px-PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg/500px-PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5897" data-file-height="3931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">burial site of St. Peter</a>, seen from the <a href="/wiki/River_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tiber">River Tiber</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselyte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></div> Exactly when Christians first appeared in Rome is difficult to determine. The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> claims that the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> couple <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a> had recently come from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth#Biblical_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> when, in about the year 50, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> reached the latter city,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> indicating that belief in Jesus in Rome had preceded Paul. Historians consistently consider Peter and Paul to have been <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> in Rome under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> in 64, after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> which, according to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">blamed on the Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford:Rome-120">[120]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">second century</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a>, reflecting the ancient view that the church could not be fully present anywhere without a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, recorded that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a> as bishop.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> However, Irenaeus does not say that either Peter or Paul was "bishop" of the Church in Rome and several historians have questioned whether Peter spent much time in Rome before his martyrdom. While the church in Rome was already flourishing when Paul wrote his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a> to them from Corinth (c. 58)<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> he attests to a large Christian community already there<a href="#cite_note-Oxford:Rome-120">[120]</a> and greets some fifty people in Rome by name,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> but not Peter, <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">whom he knew</a>. There is also no mention of Peter in Rome later during Paul's two-year stay there in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028&version=nrsv">Acts 28</a>, about 60–62. Most likely he did not spend any major time at Rome before 58 when Paul wrote to the Romans, and so it may have been only in the 60s and relatively shortly before his martyrdom that Peter came to the capital.<a href="#cite_note-BrownMeier-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann" title="Oscar Cullmann">Oscar Cullmann</a> sharply rejected the claim that Peter <a href="/wiki/Historical_development_of_the_doctrine_of_Papal_Primacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical development of the doctrine of Papal Primacy">began the papal succession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Time-126">[126]</a> and concludes that while Peter was the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of Simon Peter">original head of the apostles</a>, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession.<a href="#cite_note-Time-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cullman-127">[127]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apsis_mosaic,_Santa_Pudenziana,_Rome_W2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W2.JPG/200px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W2.JPG/300px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W2.JPG/400px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="2301" /></a><figcaption>A scene showing <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a> in the church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">Santa Pudenziana</a> in Rome, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 410 AD</figcaption></figure> The original seat of Roman imperial power soon became a center of church authority, grew in power decade by decade, and was recognized during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Ecumenical Councils">Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>, when the seat of government had been transferred to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, as the "head" of the church.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Rome and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, which by tradition held authority over sees outside their own <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> were not yet referred to as <a href="/wiki/Patriarchates" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchates">patriarchates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The earliest Bishops of Rome were all Greek-speaking, the most notable of them being: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a> (c. 88–97), author of an <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">Epistle to the Church in Corinth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Pope Telesphorus</a> (c. 126–136), probably the only martyr among them; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pope Pius I</a> (c. 141–154), said by the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> to have been the brother of the author of the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Pope Anicetus</a> (c. 155–160), who received Saint <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a> and discussed with him the <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">dating of Easter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford:Rome-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor I</a> (189–198) was the first ecclesiastical writer known to have written in Latin; however, his only extant works are his encyclicals, which would naturally have been issued in Latin and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Greek New Testament texts were translated into Latin early on, well before <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, and are classified as the <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_text-type" title="Western text-type">Western text-type</a>. During the 2nd century, Christians and semi-Christians of diverse views congregated in Rome, notably <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinius">Valentinius</a>, and in the following century there were schisms connected with <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Novatian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford:Rome-120">[120]</a> The Roman church survived various persecutions. Among the prominent Christians executed as a result of their refusal to perform acts of worship to the Roman gods as ordered by emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> in 258 were <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The last and most severe of the imperial persecutions was that <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">under Diocletian in 303</a>; they ended in Rome, and the West in general, with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> in 306. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carthage">Carthage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Carthage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Carthage">Church of Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Carthage">Bishop of Carthage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Councils of Carthage</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg/200px-Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg/300px-Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg/400px-Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Early Christian quarter in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">ancient Carthage</a></figcaption></figure> Carthage, in the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province of Africa</a>, south of the Mediterranean from Rome, gave the early church the Latin fathers <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> (c. 120 – c. 220) and Cyprian<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> (d. 258). Carthage fell to Islam in 698. The Church of Carthage thus was to the <a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a> what the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Church of Rome</a> was to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Catholic Church in Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The archdiocese used the <a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Western_liturgical_rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Western liturgical rites">Western liturgical rites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>, possibly a local use of the primitive <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>. Famous figures include <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Saint_Perpetua,_Saint_Felicitas,_and_their_Companions" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions">Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions</a> (died c. 203), Tertullian (c. 155–240), Cyprian (c. 200–258), <a href="/wiki/Caecilianus" title="Caecilianus">Caecilianus</a> (floruit 311), <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_of_Carthage" title="Aurelius of Carthage">Saint Aurelius</a> (died 429), and <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_of_Carthage" title="Eugenius of Carthage">Eugenius of Carthage</a> (died 505). Tertullian and Cyprian are considered <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers#Latin_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Latin Church Fathers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. Tertullian, a theologian of part <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> descent, was instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinitarian theology</a>, and was the first to apply <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> extensively in his theological writings. As such, Tertullian has been called "the father of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christianity">Latin Christianity</a>"<a href="#cite_note-p1013-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and "the founder of Western theology".<a href="#cite_note-gonzales-138">[138]</a> Carthage remained an important center of Christianity until 698, hosting several <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">councils of Carthage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Gaul">Southern Gaul</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Southern Gaul">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiteatre_Trois_Gaules_Lyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Amphiteatre_Trois_Gaules_Lyon.jpg/200px-Amphiteatre_Trois_Gaules_Lyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Amphiteatre_Trois_Gaules_Lyon.jpg/300px-Amphiteatre_Trois_Gaules_Lyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Amphiteatre_Trois_Gaules_Lyon.jpg/400px-Amphiteatre_Trois_Gaules_Lyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Trois-Gaules" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphithéâtre des Trois-Gaules">Amphithéâtre des Trois-Gaules</a>, in Lyon. The pole in the arena is a memorial to the people killed during the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_in_Lyon" title="Persecution in Lyon">persecution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gaul" title="Christianity in Gaul">Christianity in Gaul</a></div> The Mediterranean coast of France and the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone valley">Rhone valley</a>, then part of Roman <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>, were early centers of Christianity. Major Christian communities were found in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> (the oldest city in France). The <a href="/wiki/Persecution_in_Lyon" title="Persecution in Lyon">Persecution in Lyon</a> occurred in 177. The Apostolic Father <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> of <a href="#Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lyon">Bishop of Lyon</a> near the end of the 2nd century and he claimed <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pothinus" title="Saint Pothinus">Saint Pothinus</a> was his predecessor. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (314)">Council of Arles in 314</a> is considered a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite#Ephesine_theory" title="Gallican Rite">Ephesine theory attributes the Gallican Rite to Lyon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquileia">Aquileia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aquileia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Aquileia">Bishop of Aquileia</a></div> The ancient Roman city of <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, today one of the main archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, was an early center of Christianity said to be founded by <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a> before his mission to Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/Hermagoras_of_Aquileia" title="Hermagoras of Aquileia">Hermagoras of Aquileia</a> is believed to be its first bishop. The <a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a> is associated with Aquileia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milan">Milan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Milan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Milan">Bishop of Milan</a></div> It is believed that the Church of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in northwest Italy was founded by the apostle <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> in the 1st century. <a href="/wiki/Gervasius_and_Protasius" title="Gervasius and Protasius">Gervasius and Protasius</a> and others were martyred there. It has long maintained its own rite known as the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (born c. 330) who was bishop in 374–397 and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. Duchesne argues that the <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite#Ambrosian_theory" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite originated in Milan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syracuse_and_Calabria">Syracuse and Calabria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Syracuse and Calabria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Early_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Early Christianity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Early+Christianity%22">"Early Christianity"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Early+Christianity%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Early+Christianity%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Early+Christianity%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Early+Christianity%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Early+Christianity%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Syracuse">Bishop of Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Reggio_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Reggio Calabria">Bishop of Reggio Calabria</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> was founded by Greek colonists in 734 or 733 BC, part of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. Syracuse is one of the first Christian communities established by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, preceded only by Antioch. Paul also preached in Syracuse. Historical evidence from the middle of the third century, during the time of <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, suggests that Christianity was thriving in Syracuse, and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a> provides clear indications of Christian activity in the second century as well. Across the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> on the mainland was also probably an early center of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malta">Malta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malta" title="Christianity in Malta">Christianity in Malta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selmunett_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Selmunett_Island.jpg/220px-Selmunett_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Selmunett_Island.jpg/330px-Selmunett_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Selmunett_Island.jpg/440px-Selmunett_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Island" title="St Paul's Island">St Paul's Islands</a> near <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Bay" title="St. Paul's Bay">St. Paul's Bay</a>, traditionally identified as the place where St Paul was shipwrecked</figcaption></figure> According to Acts, Paul was shipwrecked and ministered on an island which some scholars have identified as <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (an island just south of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>) for three months during which time he is said to have been bitten by a poisonous viper and survived (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2027:39–42&version=nrsv">Acts 27:39–42</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:1–11&version=nrsv">Acts 28:1–11</a>), an event usually dated c. AD 60. Paul had been allowed passage from <a href="#Caesarea">Caesarea Maritima</a> to Rome by <a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Porcius Festus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Iudaea Province</a>, to stand trial before the Emperor. Many traditions are associated with this episode, and <a href="/wiki/Rabat,_Malta#Catacombs" title="Rabat, Malta">catacombs in Rabat</a> testify to an Early Christian community on the islands. According to tradition, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a>, the Roman Governor of Malta at the time of Saint Paul's shipwreck, became the first Bishop of Malta following his conversion to Christianity. After ruling the Maltese Church for thirty-one years, Publius was transferred to the See of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 90 AD, where he was martyred in 125 AD. There is scant information about the continuity of Christianity in Malta in subsequent years, although tradition has it that there was a continuous line of bishops from the days of St. Paul to the time of Emperor Constantine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salona">Salona</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Salona">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Religion in Croatia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Dalmatia">Roman province of Dalmatia</a> on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, was an early center of Christianity and today is a ruin in modern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Titus_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus (biblical)">Titus</a>, a disciple of Paul, preached there. Some Christians suffered <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Salona emerged as a center for the spread of Christianity, with <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a> establishing the See of <a href="/wiki/Syrmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrmium">Syrmium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Mitrovica</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, followed by those in <a href="/wiki/Siscia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siscia">Siscia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mursia" title="Mursia">Mursia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> left deep marks in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quirinus_of_Sescia" title="Quirinus of Sescia">Quirinus</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Siscia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siscia">Siscia</a>, died a martyr in A.D. 303.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seville">Seville</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Seville">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Seville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Seville">Bishop of Seville</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a> or the Roman province of southern Spain. The origin of the diocese of Seville can be traced back to Apostolic times, or at least to the first century AD.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Gerontius, the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hispalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispalis">Hispalis</a> (Seville), likely appointed a pastor for Seville.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A bishop of Seville named Sabinus participated in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Illiberis" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Illiberis">Council of Illiberis</a> in 287.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was the bishop when <a href="/wiki/Justa_and_Rufina" title="Justa and Rufina">Justa and Rufina</a> were martyred in 303 for refusing to worship the idol Salambo.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Prior to Sabinus, Marcellus is listed as a bishop of Seville in an ancient catalogue of prelates preserved in the "Codex Emilianensis".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313, Evodius became the bishop of Seville and undertook the task of rebuilding the churches that had been damaged.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is believed that he may have constructed the church of San Vicente, which could have been the first <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Seville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Seville">cathedral of Seville</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Early Christianity also spread from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> south across the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> into Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>, of note is <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Tangier" title="Marcellus of Tangier">Marcellus of Tangier</a> who was martyred in 298.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Britain">Roman Britain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Roman Britain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England#Roman_and_Sub-Roman_Christianity_in_the_British_Isles" title="History of the Church of England">History of the Church of England § Roman and Sub-Roman Christianity in the British Isles</a></div> Christianity reached <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> by the third century of the Christian era, the first recorded martyrs in Britain being <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">St. Alban</a> of <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (284–305). <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a> dated the faith's arrival to the latter part of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, although stories connecting it with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea#Britain" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fagan_(saint)" title="Fagan (saint)">Fagan</a> are now generally considered <a href="/wiki/Pious_forgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pious forgeries">pious forgeries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Restitutus" title="Restitutus">Restitutus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>, is recorded as attending the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (314)">314 Council of Arles</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of York">Bishop of York</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> intensified and evolved into <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Romans left Britain</a> c. 410. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_Roman_Empire">Outside the Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Outside the Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eastern Christianity in Asia">History of Eastern Christianity in Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></div> Christianity also spread beyond the Roman Empire during the early Christian period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenia">Armenia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Armenia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/220px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/330px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/440px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a>, regarded the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_church_buildings" title="List of oldest church buildings">oldest cathedral in the world</a></figcaption></figure> It is accepted that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> became the first polity to adopt Christianity as its state religion. Although it has long been claimed that Armenia was the first Christian kingdom, according to some scholars this has relied on a source by Agathangelos titled "The History of the Armenians", which has recently been redated, casting some doubt.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Christianity became the official religion of the Kingdom of Armenia in 301,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] when it was still illegal in the Roman Empire. According to church tradition,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a> of the late third – early fourth centuries after the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a>. The church traces its origins to the missions of <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew the Apostle</a> and Thaddeus (<a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude the Apostle</a>) in the 1st century. Tiridates III was the first Christian king in Armenia from 298 to 330.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia">Georgia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Georgia">edit</a>]</div> According to Orthodox tradition, Christianity was first preached in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> by the Apostles <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a> in the 1st century. It became the state religion of <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberia">Iberia</a>) in 319. The conversion of Kartli to Christianity is credited to a Greek lady called <a href="/wiki/St._Nino" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nino">St. Nino</a> of Cappadocia. The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>, originally part of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a>, gained its autocephaly and developed its doctrinal specificity progressively between the 5th and 10th centuries. <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">The Bible</a> was also translated into Georgian in the 5th century, as the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian alphabet</a> was developed for that purpose. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GondopharesShinObv.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GondopharesShinObv.JPG/220px-GondopharesShinObv.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GondopharesShinObv.JPG/330px-GondopharesShinObv.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GondopharesShinObv.JPG/440px-GondopharesShinObv.JPG 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>According to tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a> king Gondophares was proselytized by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(apostle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas (apostle)">St Thomas</a>, who continued on to southern India, and possibly as far as Malaysia or China.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Eusebius' record</a>, the apostles <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> were assigned to <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (modern Iran) and India.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> By the time of the establishment of the Second Persian Empire (AD 226), there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India, Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (region)">Baluchistan</a> (including parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), with laymen and clergy alike engaging in missionary activity.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a> An early third-century Syriac work known as the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a><a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a> connects the apostle's Indian ministry with two kings, one in the north and the other in the south. According to the Acts, Thomas was at first reluctant to accept this mission, but the Lord appeared to him in a night vision and compelled him to accompany an Indian merchant, Abbanes (or Habban), to his native place in northwest India. There, Thomas found himself in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a> King, Gondophares. The Apostle's ministry resulted in many conversions throughout the kingdom, including the king and his brother.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a> Thomas thereafter went south to <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and baptized the natives, whose descendants form the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Malabar_Nasrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Malabar Nasrani">Syrian Malabar Nasranis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365-146">[146]</a> Piecing together the various traditions, the story suggests that Thomas left northwest India when invasion threatened, and traveled by vessel to the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> along the southwestern coast of the Indian continent, possibly visiting southeast <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> en route, and landing at the former flourishing port of <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> on an island near <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> in 52. From there he preached the gospel throughout the Malabar Coast. The various churches he founded were located mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Periyar_River" title="Periyar River">Periyar River</a> and its tributaries and along the coast. He preached to all classes of people and had about 170 converts, including members of the four principal castes. Later, stone crosses were erected at the places where churches were founded, and they became pilgrimage centres. In accordance with apostolic custom, Thomas ordained teachers and leaders or elders, who were reported to be the earliest ministry of the Malabar church. Thomas next proceeded overland to the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> in southeastern India, and ministered in what is now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (earlier Madras), where a local king and many people were converted. One tradition related that he went from there to China via <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in Malaysia, and after spending some time there, returned to the Chennai area.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Apparently his renewed ministry outraged the <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, who were fearful lest Christianity undermine their social caste system. So according to the Syriac version of the Acts of Thomas, Mazdai, the local king at <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>, after questioning the Apostle condemned him to death about the year AD 72. Anxious to avoid popular excitement, the King ordered Thomas conducted to a nearby mountain, where, after being allowed to pray, he was then stoned and stabbed to death with a lance wielded by an angry Brahmin.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesopotamia_and_the_Parthian_Empire">Mesopotamia and the Parthian Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia and the Parthian Empire">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>, which was held by Rome from 116 to 118 and 212 to 214, but was mostly a client kingdom associated either with Rome or <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, was an important Christian city. Shortly after 201 or even earlier, its royal house became Christian.<a href="#cite_note-vonHarnack-148">[148]</a> Edessa (now <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a>) in northwestern Mesopotamia was from apostolic times the principal center of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>-speaking Christianity. it was the capital of an independent kingdom from 132 BC to AD 216, when it became tributary to Rome. Celebrated as an important centre of Greco-Syrian culture, Edessa was also noted for its Jewish community, with <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">proselytes</a> in the royal family. Strategically located on the main trade routes of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, it was easily accessible from <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, where the mission to the Gentiles was inaugurated. When early Christians were scattered abroad because of persecution, some found refuge at Edessa. Thus the Edessan church traced its origin to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (which may account for its rapid growth), and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> even became the state religion for a time. The Church of the East had its inception at a very early date in the buffer zone between the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and Roman Empires in Upper Mesopotamia, known as the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>. The vicissitudes of its later growth were rooted in its minority status in a situation of international tension. The rulers of the Parthian Empire (250 BC – AD 226) were on the whole tolerant in spirit, and with the older faiths of Babylonia and Assyria in a state of decay, the time was ripe for a new and vital faith. The rulers of the Second Persian empire (226–640) also followed a policy of religious toleration to begin with, though later they gave Christians the same status as a subject race. However, these rulers also encouraged the revival of the ancient Persian dualistic faith of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and established it as the state religion, with the result that the Christians were increasingly subjected to repressive measures. Nevertheless, it was not until Christianity became the state religion in the West (380) that enmity toward Rome was focused on the Eastern Christians. After the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, the caliphate tolerated other faiths but forbade proselytism and subjected Christians to heavy taxation. The missionary <a href="/wiki/Addai" class="mw-redirect" title="Addai">Addai</a> evangelized <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) about the middle of the 2nd century. An ancient legend recorded by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (AD 260–340) and also found in the Doctrine of Addai (c. AD 400) (from information in the royal archives of Edessa) describes how King <a href="/wiki/Abgar_V_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abgar V of Edessa">Abgar V of Edessa</a> communicated to Jesus, requesting he come and heal him, to which appeal he received a reply. It is said that after the resurrection, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a> sent Addai (or Thaddaeus), to the king, with the result that the city was won to the Christian faith. In this mission he was accompanied by a disciple, Mari, and the two are regarded as co-founders of the church, according to the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari" title="Liturgy of Addai and Mari">Liturgy of Addai and Mari</a> (c. AD 200), which is still the normal liturgy of the Assyrian church. The <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a> further states that Thomas was regarded as an apostle of the church in Edessa.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a> Addai, who became the first bishop of Edessa, was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mar_Aggai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Aggai">Aggai</a>, then by <a href="/wiki/Palut" class="mw-redirect" title="Palut">Palut</a>, who was ordained about 200 by <a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Antioch" title="Serapion of Antioch">Serapion of Antioch</a>. Thence came to us in the 2nd century the famous <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>, or Syriac translation of the Old Testament; also <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>, which was compiled about 172 and in common use until St. <a href="/wiki/Rabbula" title="Rabbula">Rabbula</a>, Bishop of Edessa (412–435), forbade its use. This arrangement of the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> as a continuous narrative, whose original language may have been Syriac, Greek, or even Latin, circulated widely in Syriac-speaking Churches.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> A Christian council was held at Edessa as early as 197.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 201 the city was devastated by a great flood, and the Christian church was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 232, the Syriac Acts were written supposedly on the event of the relics of the Apostle Thomas being handed to the church in Edessa. Under Roman domination many martyrs suffered at Edessa: Sts. <a href="/wiki/Scharb%C3%AEl" class="mw-redirect" title="Scharbîl">Scharbîl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barsamya" class="mw-redirect" title="Barsamya">Barsamya</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a>; Sts. Gûrja, Schâmôna, Habib, and others under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. In the meanwhile Christian priests from Edessa had evangelized Eastern Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, and established the first churches in the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sasanians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Atillâtiâ, Bishop of Edessa, assisted at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persia_and_Central_Asia">Persia and Central Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Persia and Central Asia">edit</a>]</div> By the latter half of the 2nd century, Christianity had spread east throughout <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a>, Persia, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>. The twenty bishops and many presbyters were more of the order of itinerant missionaries, passing from place to place as Paul did and supplying their needs with such occupations as merchant or craftsman. By AD 280 the metropolis of Seleucia assumed the title of "Catholicos" and in AD 424 a council of the church at Seleucia elected the first patriarch to have jurisdiction over the whole church of the East. The seat of the Patriarchate was fixed at <a href="/wiki/Seleucia-Ctesiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>, since this was an important point on the east–west trade routes which extended to India and China, Java and Japan. Thus the shift of ecclesiastical authority was away from Edessa, which in AD 216 had become tributary to Rome. the establishment of an independent patriarchate with nine subordinate metropoli contributed to a more favourable attitude by the Persian government, which no longer had to fear an ecclesiastical alliance with the common enemy, Rome. By the time that Edessa was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian Empire</a> in 258, the city of <a href="/wiki/Arbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbil">Arbela</a>, situated on the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, had taken on more and more the role that Edessa had played in the early years, as a centre from which Christianity spread to the rest of the Persian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-CofE-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a>, writing about 196, speaks of Christians throughout <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>)<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and, according to <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (c. 160–230), there were already a number of bishoprics within the Persian Empire by 220.<a href="#cite_note-CofE-153">[153]</a> By 315, the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> had assumed the title "<a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a>".<a href="#cite_note-CofE-153">[153]</a> By this time, neither Edessa nor Arbela was the centre of the Church of the East anymore; ecclesiastical authority had moved east to the heart of the Persian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-CofE-153">[153]</a> The twin cities of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, well-situated on the main trade routes between East and West, became, in the words of John Stewart, "a magnificent centre for the missionary church that was entering on its great task of carrying the gospel to the far east".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, he was not initially hostile to his Christian subjects, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Shemon_Bar_Sabbae" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemon Bar Sabbae">Shemon Bar Sabbae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, however, the conversion of Constantine the Great to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> caused Shapur to start distrusting his Christian subjects. He started seeing them as agents of a foreign enemy. The wars between the Sasanian and Roman empires turned Shapur's mistrust into hostility. After the death of Constantine, Shapur II, who had been preparing for a war against the Romans for several years, imposed a double tax on his Christian subjects to finance the conflict. Shemon, however, refused to pay the double tax. Shapur started pressuring Shemon and his clergy to convert to Zoroastrianism, which they refused to do. It was during this period the 'cycle of the martyrs' began during which 'many thousands of Christians' were put to death. During the following years, Shemon's successors, <a href="/wiki/Shahdost" title="Shahdost">Shahdost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barba%27shmin" title="Barba'shmin">Barba'shmin</a>, were also martyred. A near-contemporary 5th-century Christian work, the Ecclesiastical History of <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>, contains considerable detail on the Persian Christians martyred under Shapur II. Sozomen estimates the total number of Christians killed as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The number of men and women whose names have been ascertained, and who were martyred at this period, has been computed to be upwards of sixteen thousand, while the multitude of martyrs whose names are unknown was so great that the Persians, the Syrians, and the inhabitants of Edessa, have failed in all their efforts to compute the number.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sozomen, in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arxpub.com/evolpub/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE12">Ecclesiastical History, Book II, Chapter XIV</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabian_Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Arabian Peninsula">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a></div> To understand the penetration of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eastern_Arabia" title="Christianity in Eastern Arabia">Arabian Peninsula</a> by the Christian gospel, it is helpful to distinguish between the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> nomads of the interior, who were chiefly herdsmen and unreceptive to foreign control, and the inhabitants of the settled communities of the coastal areas and oases, who were either middlemen traders or farmers and were receptive to influences from abroad. Christianity apparently gained its strongest foothold in the ancient center of Semitic civilization in South-west Arabia or <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (sometimes known as Seba or <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>, whose queen visited <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>). Because of geographic proximity, acculturation with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> was always strong, and the royal family traces its ancestry to this queen. The presence of Arabians at Pentecost and Paul's three-year sojourn in Arabia suggest a very early gospel witness. A 4th-century church history, states that the apostle <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a> preached in Arabia and that <a href="/wiki/Himyarites" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarites">Himyarites</a> were among his converts. The Al-<a href="/wiki/Jubail_Church" title="Jubail Church">Jubail Church</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> was built in the 4th century. Arabia's close relations with Ethiopia give significance to the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">the treasurer</a> to the queen of Ethiopia, not to mention the tradition that the Apostle Matthew was assigned to this land.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> says that "one <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaneous</a> (c. A.D. 190) was sent from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> as a missionary to the nations of the East", including southwest Arabia, on his way to India.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nubia">Nubia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Nubia">edit</a>]</div> Christianity arrived early in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">a treasury official</a> of "Candace, queen of the Ethiopians" returning from a trip to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip the Evangelist</a>: <dl><dd>Then the Angel of the Lord said to Philip, Start out and go south to the road that leads down from Jerusalem to Gaza, which is desert. And he arose and went: And behold, a <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">man of Ethiopia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> of great authority under Candace, Queen of E-thi-o'pi-ans, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem to worship.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></dd></dl> Ethiopia at that time meant any upper Nile region. <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Candace</a> was the title and perhaps, name for the <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kushite</a> queens. In the fourth century, bishop <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> consecrated Marcus as bishop of <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a> before his death in 373, showing that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> had permanently penetrated the region. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a> records that a <a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">Monophysite</a> priest named Julian converted the king and his nobles of Nobatia around 545 and another kingdom of Alodia converted around 569. By the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a> expanded becoming the dominant power in the region so strong enough to halt the southern expansion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> had taken Egypt. After several failed invasions the new rulers agreed to a treaty with Dongola allowing for peaceful coexistence and trade. This treaty held for six hundred years allowing Arab traders introducing Islam to Nubia and it gradually supplanted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The last recorded bishop was <a href="/wiki/Timothy_of_Faras" title="Timothy of Faras">Timothy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim" title="Qasr Ibrim">Qasr Ibrim</a> in 1372. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_early_Christianity" title="Baptism in early Christianity">Baptism in early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Christianity in the ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">Christianity in the 4th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split of Christianity and Judaism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhalaf2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Khalaf, Salim G. (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calameo.com/read/000722691b095d50095ce">"Jesus Visits Phoenicea"</a>. Touristica International. No. 49. pp. 22–35. Retrieved May 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Touristica+International&rft.atitle=Jesus+Visits+Phoenicea&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2013-03&rft.aulast=Khalaf&rft.aufirst=Salim+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calameo.com%2Fread%2F000722691b095d50095ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a> Paul, for example, greets a house church in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%2016:5">Romans 16:5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)kklhsi/a">ἐκκλησία</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauer_lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer lexicon">Bauer lexicon</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVidmar2005">Vidmar 2005</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHitchcockEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; Esposito, John L. (2004). Geography of Religion: Where God Lives, where Pilgrims Walk. National Geographic Society. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-7313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-7313-4"><bdi>978-0-7922-7313-4</bdi></a>. <q>By the year 100, more than 40 Christian communities existed in cities around the Mediterranean, including two in North Africa, at Alexandria and Cyrene, and several in Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Religion%3A+Where+God+Lives%2C+where+Pilgrims+Walk&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-7313-4&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Susan+Tyler&rft.au=Esposito%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas S. (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50584-0"><bdi>978-0-385-50584-0</bdi></a>. <q>The story of how this tiny community of believers spread to many cities of the Roman Empire within less than a century is indeed a remarkable chapter in the history of humanity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50584-0&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201314-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201314_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2013">McGrath 2013</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999121-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999121_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFredriksen1999">Fredriksen 1999</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201257–59-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201257–59_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, pp. 57–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202058–60-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle202058–60_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnelle2020">Schnelle 2020</a>, pp. 58–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202013_&_16-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle202013_&_16_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnelle2020">Schnelle 2020</a>, pp. 13 & 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201066–69-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201066–69_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2010">MacCulloch 2010</a>, p. 66–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202046–47-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle202046–47_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnelle2020">Schnelle 2020</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202051-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle202051_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnelle2020">Schnelle 2020</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201072-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201072_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2010">MacCulloch 2010</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202049-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle202049_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnelle2020">Schnelle 2020</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198733–37-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198733–37_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález1987">González 1987</a>, pp. 33–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle202049_&_51–52-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle202049_&_51–52_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnelle2020">Schnelle 2020</a>, pp. 49 & 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999119–121-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999119–121_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFredriksen1999">Fredriksen 1999</a>, pp. 119–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201262–64-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201262–64_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, pp. 62–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999124-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999124_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFredriksen1999">Fredriksen 1999</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201263-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201263_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198738-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198738_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález1987">González 1987</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201242_&_48-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201242_&_48_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, pp. 42 & 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201278,_88–89_&_95-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201278,_88–89_&_95_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, pp. 78, 88–89 & 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilken201210-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilken201210_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilken2012">Wilken 2012</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201296-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201296_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20136-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20136_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2013">McGrath 2013</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201080–81-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201080–81_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2010">MacCulloch 2010</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2012109-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2012109_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilken201216-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilken201216_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilken2012">Wilken 2012</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201091–95-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201091–95_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2010">MacCulloch 2010</a>, pp. 91–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199313-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick199313_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1993">Chadwick 1993</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20137-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20137_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2013">McGrath 2013</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201238_&_40–41-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201238_&_40–41_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, pp. 38 & 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a> 15.44.3 quoted in <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond (2012</a>, p. 38). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201310_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2013">McGrath 2013</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201312-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201312_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2013">McGrath 2013</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199315–16-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick199315–16_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1993">Chadwick 1993</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20132-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20132_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2013">McGrath 2013</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2006109,_112,_114–115_&_117-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2006109,_112,_114–115_&_117_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2006">Mitchell 2006</a>, pp. 109, 112, 114–115 & 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20137–9-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20137–9_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2013">McGrath 2013</a>, pp. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1998195-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1998195_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins1998">Hopkins 1998</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pixner-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Pixner_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPixner1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Pixner, Bargil (May–June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centuryone.org/apostles.html">"The Church of the Apostles found on Mount Zion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>. Vol. 16, no. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309011150/http://www.centuryone.org/apostles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018 – via CenturyOne Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+Apostles+found+on+Mount+Zion&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1990-05%2F1990-06&rft.aulast=Pixner&rft.aufirst=Bargil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centuryone.org%2Fapostles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_46-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA19">A Concise History of the Catholic Church</a> (Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50584-0"><bdi>978-0-385-50584-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50584-0&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDISK1e7JXA8C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_47-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA862">"James, St."</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James%2C+St.&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=862&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2006103-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2006103_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2006">Mitchell 2006</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201027-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201027_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González 2010</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201028–29-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201028–29_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201028–29_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González 2010</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_51-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_52-1">b</a> Eusebius, Church History 3, 5, 3; Epiphanius, Panarion 29,7,7–8; 30, 2, 7; On Weights and Measures 15. On the flight to Pella see: Jonathan Bourgel, "'The Jewish Christians' Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice", in: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffé</a> (ed), Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity, (Leyden: Brill, 2010), pp. 107–138 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/4909339/THE_JEWISH_CHRISTIANS_MOVE_FROM_JERUSALEM_AS_A_PRAGMATIC_CHOICE">https://www.academia.edu/4909339/THE_JEWISH_CHRISTIANS_MOVE_FROM_JERUSALEM_AS_A_PRAGMATIC_CHOICE</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Houwelingen_2003-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houwelingen_2003_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houwelingen_2003_53-1">b</a> P. H. R. van Houwelingen, "Fleeing forward: The departure of Christians from Jerusalem to Pella", Westminster Theological Journal 65 (2003), 181–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201033-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201033_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González 2010</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200688-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200688_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus2006">Marcus 2006</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm">St. James the Less</a> Catholic Encyclopedia: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... 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(July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/">"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urology_(journal)" title="Urology (journal)">Urology</a>. 16 (1). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 121–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4">10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6994325">6994325</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Celsus%27+Decircumcision+Operation%3A+Medical+and+Historical+Implications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6994325&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jody+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Frubin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchultheissTrussStiefJonas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/schultheiss/">"Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plastic_and_Reconstructive_Surgery" title="Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery">Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</a>. 101 (7). <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>: 1990–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-199806000-00037">10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9623850">9623850</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Uncircumcision%3A+A+Historical+Review+of+Preputial+Restoration&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1990-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-199806000-00037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9623850&rft.aulast=Schultheiss&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Truss%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Stief%2C+Christian+G.&rft.au=Jonas%2C+Udo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Fschultheiss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9"><bdi>978-0-300-19051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+The+First+Generation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19051-9&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW9yDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohlerHirschJacobsFriedenwald" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, Joseph</a>; Friedenwald, Aaron; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Broydé, Isaac</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision#anchor4">"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2020. <q>Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a> ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Epiphanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus Epiphanes">Antiochus Epiphanes</a> prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Circumcision%3A+In+Apocryphal+and+Rabbinical+Literature&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Friedenwald%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4391-circumcision%23anchor4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeusner,_Jacob1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1993). Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies. Scholars Press. p. 149. <q>Circumcised <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>, along with any others who revealed the glans penis, were the butt of ribald <a href="/wiki/Roman_jokes" title="Roman jokes">humor</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek art</a> portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a>, that was aimed at elongation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Ancient+Judaism%2C+New+Series%3A+Religious+and+Theological+Studies&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVana2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">"Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël"</a> [The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel]. Pardés: Études et culture juives (in French). 52 (2). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Éditions in Press: 211–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">10.3917/parde.052.0211</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2271-1880">2271-1880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2"><bdi>978-2-84835-260-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0295-5652">0295-5652</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pard%C3%A9s%3A+%C3%89tudes+et+culture+juives&rft.atitle=Les+lois+noa%E1%BA%96ides%3A+Une+mini-Torah+pr%C3%A9-sina%C3%AFtique+pour+l%27humanit%C3%A9+et+pour+Isra%C3%ABl&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211&rft.issn=0295-5652&rft.eissn=2271-1880&rft.isbn=978-2-84835-260-2&rft.aulast=Vana&rft.aufirst=Liliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fparde.052.0211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah". <a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a>. 102 (1). <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>: 72–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-0907">0035-0907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44076024">44076024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Biblique&rft.atitle=The+Noachide+Commandments+and+New+Testament+Ethics%3A+with+Special+Reference+to+Acts+15+and+Pauline+Halakhah&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44076024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-0907&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph A.</a> (1998). The Acts of the Apostles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries</a>. Vol. 31. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. Chapter V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13982-2"><bdi>978-0-300-13982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Commentaries&rft.pages=Chapter+V&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13982-2&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-68">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-peri'ah,_Shab._xxx._6-70"><a href="#cite_ref-peri'ah,_Shab._xxx._6_70-0">^</a> "peri'ah", (Shab. xxx. 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-Smith_2019-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black-Smith_2019_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black-Smith_2019_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black-Smith_2019_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black-Smith_2019_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackSmithSpivey2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles"</a>. Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. pp. 187–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17">10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6"><bdi>978-1-5064-5711-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082543536">1082543536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242771713">242771713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%3A+Apostle+to+the+Gentiles&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082543536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242771713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-5711-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MSHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klutz_2002-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlutz2002" class="citation book cs1">Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"</a>. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 178–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19934-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19934-4"><bdi>978-1-032-19934-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Christian+Origins+and+Development+%E2%80%93+Paul+and+the+Development+of+Gentile+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-032-19934-4&rft.aulast=Klutz&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seifrid_1992-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeifrid1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Seifrid" title="Mark A. Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C&pg=PA210">"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"</a>. Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum, Supplements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 210–211, 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09521-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09521-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09521-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Justification+by+Faith%27+and+The+Disposition+of+Paul%27s+Argument&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%2C+Supplements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E211%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09521-2&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black-Smith_2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seifrid_1992-73">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black-Smith_2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seifrid_1992-73">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_1993-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (Autumn 1993). <a href="/wiki/Adele_Reinhartz" title="Adele Reinhartz">Reinhartz, Adele</a> (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a>. 112 (3). <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>: 459–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267745">10.2307/3267745</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267745">3267745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Echoes+of+Intra-Jewish+Polemic+in+Paul%27s+Letter+to+the+Galatians&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267745&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiessen_2014-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum</a>. 56 (4). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 373–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341488">10.1163/15685365-12341488</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5365">1568-5365</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24735868">24735868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+Argument+against+Gentile+Circumcision+in+Romans+2%3A17-29&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24735868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.eissn=1568-5365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685365-12341488&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black-Smith_2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_2014-77">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200691–92-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200691–92_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus2006">Marcus 2006</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200699–102-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200699–102_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus2006">Marcus 2006</a>, pp. 99–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099)</a>: "Epiphanius (d. 403) says that when the Emperor Hadrian came to Jerusalem in 130 he found the Temple and the whole city destroyed save for a few houses, among them the one where the Apostles had received the Holy Ghost. This house, says Epiphanius, is "in that part of Sion which was spared when the city was destroyed" – therefore in the "upper part ("De mens. et pond.", cap. xiv). From the time of Cyril of Jerusalem, who speaks of "the upper Church of the Apostles, where the Holy Ghost came down upon them" (Catech., ii, 6; P.G., XXXIII), there are abundant witnesses of the place. A great basilica was built over the spot in the fourth century; the crusaders built another church when the older one had been destroyed by Hakim in 1010. It is the famous Coenaculum or Cenacle – now a Moslem shrine – near the Gate of David, and supposed to be David's tomb (Nebi Daud)."; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/epiphanius_weights_03_text.htm#C13">Epiphanius' Weights and Measures at tertullian.org</a>.14: "For this Hadrian..." </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=711&letter=A&search=Academy%20of%20Jabneh">Jewish Encyclopedia: Academies in Palestine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a> 15.44 quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González (2010</a>, p. 45). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Kessler2010" class="citation book cs1">Edward Kessler (18 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA45">An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48730-6"><bdi>978-1-139-48730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Jewish-Christian+Relations&rft.pages=45-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48730-6&rft.au=Edward+Kessler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87Woe7kkPM4C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201044–48-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201044–48_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González 2010</a>, pp. 44–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> It was still known as Aelia at the time of the First Council of Nicaea, which marks the end of the Early Christianity period (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.x.html">Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.ix.v.html">Eusebius' History of the Church Book IV, chapter V</a>, verses 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Koch, Glenn A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18366162M/Encyclopedia_of_early_Christianity">"Jewish Christianity"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Fergusson, Everett</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of early Christianity (first ed.). New York & London: Garland Publishing. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5745-9"><bdi>978-0-8240-5745-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20055584">20055584</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18366162M">18366162M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Christianity&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+early+Christianity&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pages=490&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20055584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18366162M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5745-9&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Glenn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18366162M%2FEncyclopedia_of_early_Christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (AD. 71–1099)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.iv.xvii.html">Socrates' Church History at CCEL.org: Book I, Chapter XVII: The Emperor's Mother Helena having come to Jerusalem, searches for and finds the Cross of Christ, and builds a Church.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.x.html">Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: First Nicaea: Canon VII</a>: "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia</a> [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honoured, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honour."; "It is very hard to determine just what was the "precedence" granted to the Bishop of Aelia, nor is it clear which is the metropolis referred to in the last clause. Most writers, including Hefele, Balsamon, Aristenus and Beveridge consider it to be <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Cæsarea</a>; while Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> that is referred to." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487431/Quinisext-Council">Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> were not represented at the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">council</a>. <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian</a>, however, wanted the Pope as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern bishops</a> to sign the canons. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church". </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xiv.iii.xxxvii.html">Quinisext Canon 36 from Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils at ccel.org</a>: "we decree that the see of Constantinople shall have equal privileges with the see of Old Rome, and shall be highly regarded in ecclesiastical matters as that is, and shall be second after it. After Constantinople shall be ranked the See of Alexandria, then that of Antioch, and afterwards the See of Jerusalem." </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Antioch </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:26&version=nrsv">Acts 11:26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-parvis-96"><a href="#cite_ref-parvis_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParvis2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Parvis" title="Paul Parvis">Parvis, Paul</a> (2015). "When Did Peter Become Bishop of Antioch?". In <a href="/wiki/Helen_Bond" title="Helen Bond">Bond, Helen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry</a> (eds.). Peter in Early Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 263–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7171-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-7171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+Did+Peter+Become+Bishop+of+Antioch%3F&rft.btitle=Peter+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7171-8&rft.aulast=Parvis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-97"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_97-0">^</a> "Their jurisdiction extended over the adjoining territories ... The earliest bishops exercising such powers... were those of Rome (over the whole or part of Italy), Alexandria (over Egypt and Libya), and Antioch (over large parts of Asia Minor). These three were recognized by the Council of Nicaea (325)." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article patriarch (ecclesiastical) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1171&letter=A&search=Alexandria">Jewish Encyclopedia: Alexandria, Egypt – Ancient</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Catholic Encyclopedia <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01299d.htm">Alexandria</a>: "An important seaport of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. It was founded by Alexander the Great to replace the small borough called Racondah or Rakhotis, 331 B.C. The Ptolemies, Alexander's successors on the throne of Egypt, soon made it the intellectual and commercial metropolis of the world. Cæsar who visited it 46 B.C. left it to Queen Cleopatra, but when Octavius went there in 30 B.C. he transformed the Egyptian kingdom into a Roman province. Alexandria continued prosperous under the Roman rule but declined a little under that of Constantinople. ... Christianity was brought to Alexandria by the Evangelist <a href="/wiki/St._Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mark">St. Mark</a>. It was made illustrious by a lineage of learned doctors such as Pantænus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen; it has been governed by a series of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Alexandria">great bishops</a> amongst whom Athanasius and Cyril must be mentioned." </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.x.vi.html">Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church, volume 3, section 79: "The Time of the Easter Festival"</a>: "...this was the second main object of the first ecumenical council in 325. The result of the transactions on this point, the particulars of which are not known to us, does not appear in the canons (probably out of consideration for the numerous Quartodecimanians), but is doubtless preserved in the two circular letters of the council itself and the emperor Constantine. [Socrates: Hist. Eccl. i. 9; Theodoret: H. E. i. 10; Eusebius: Vita Const ii. 17.]" </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0/page/334">Introduction to the New Testament</a>. New York: Anchor Bible. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0/page/334">334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2"><bdi>978-0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Anchor+Bible&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0%2Fpage%2F334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01782a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Asia Minor</a>: Spread of Christianity in Asia Minor: "Asia Minor was certainly the first part of the Roman world to accept as a whole the principles and the spirit of the Christian religion, and it was not unnatural that the warmth of its conviction should eventually fire the neighbouring Armenia and make it, early in the fourth century, the first of the ancient states formally to accept the religion of Christ (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., IX, viii, 2)." </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099)</a>: "As the rank of the various sees among themselves was gradually arranged according to the divisions of the empire, Caesarea became the metropolitan see; the Bishop of Ælia [Jerusalem as renamed by Hadrian] was merely one of its suffragans. The bishops from the siege under Hadrian (135) to Constantine (312) were:". </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Caesarea Palaestinae</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02300a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Barnabas</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12007b.htm">Philippi</a>: Catholic Encyclopedia "Philippi was the first European town in which St. Paul preached the Faith. He arrived there with Silas, Timothy, and Luke about the end of 52 A.D., on the occasion of his second Apostolic voyage." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Titus%203:12&version=nrsv">Titus 3:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Eusebius, <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a> VI.16 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freeman_(historian)" title="Charles Freeman (historian)">Freeman, Charles</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_in-6VLgRoC">A New History of Early Christianity</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8"><bdi>978-0-300-12581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12581-8&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_in-6VLgRoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/intros/corinthi.cfm">"Introduction to the Epistles to the Corinthians - Study Resources"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved 2024-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Epistles+to+the+Corinthians+-+Study+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fstudy%2Fintros%2Fcorinthi.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/intros/corinthi.cfm">"Introduction to the Epistles to the Corinthians - Study Resources"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved 2024-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Epistles+to+the+Corinthians+-+Study+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fstudy%2Fintros%2Fcorinthi.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04363b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Corinth</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxhistory.info/orthodox-churches/bulgarian-orthodoxy/early-christianity-in-bulgarian-lands/#_ftn12">"Early Christianity in Bulgarian Lands – Project HOP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Christianity+in+Bulgarian+Lands+%E2%80%93+Project+HOP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxhistory.info%2Forthodox-churches%2Fbulgarian-orthodoxy%2Fearly-christianity-in-bulgarian-lands%2F%23_ftn12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnr.bg/radiobulgaria/post/100844993/chirpanskiat-manastir-svatanasii-nai-starata-obitel-v-evropa">"The Saint Athanasius Monastery of Chirpan, the oldest cloister in Europe"</a> (in Bulgarian). Bulgarian National Radio. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Saint+Athanasius+Monastery+of+Chirpan%2C+the+oldest+cloister+in+Europe&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Radio&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Fradiobulgaria%2Fpost%2F100844993%2Fchirpanskiat-manastir-svatanasii-nai-starata-obitel-v-evropa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:1–2&version=nrsv">Acts 18:1–2</a>; The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3">978-0-19-280290-3</a>), article Priscilla, St </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC_self-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_116-0">^</a> "Paul, St" Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Pennington, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/en/basilica/tomba.htm">St-Paul-Outside-the-Walls homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720031958/https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/en/basilica/tomba.htm">Archived</a> July 20, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Historians debate whether or not the Roman government distinguished between Christians and Jews prior to Nerva's modification of the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a> in 96. From then on, practising Jews paid the tax, Christians did not. Wylen, Stephen M., The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, Paulist Press (1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0">978-0-8091-3610-0</a>, pp 190–192.; Dunn, James D.G., Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, 70 to 135, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4498-9">978-0-8028-4498-9</a>, pp. 33–34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, The Romans: From Village to Empire, Oxford University Press (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511875-9">978-0-19-511875-9</a>, p. 426.; </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford:Rome-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford:Rome_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford:Rome_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford:Rome_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford:Rome_120-3">d</a> The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3">978-0-19-280290-3</a>), article Rome (early Christian) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.iv.html">Irenaeus Against Heresies 3.3</a>.2: the "...Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. ...The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate." </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.iv.html">"Irenaeus Against Heresies 3.3.2"</a>. <q>...[the] Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. ...The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irenaeus+Against+Heresies+3.3.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.ix.iv.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Franzen 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016&version=nrsv">Romans 16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownMeier-125"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownMeier_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownMeier1983" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E.; Meier, John P. (1983). Antioch and Rome: New Testament Cradles of Christianity. Paulist Press. <q>As for Peter, we have no knowledge at all of when he came to Rome and what he did there before he was martyred. Certainly he was not the original missionary who brought Christianity to Rome (and therefore not the founder of the church of Rome in that sense). There is no serious proof that he was the bishop (or local ecclesiastical officer) of the Roman church—a claim not made till the third century. Most likely he did not spend any major time at Rome before 58 when Paul wrote to the Romans, and so it may have been only in the 60s and relatively shortly before his martyrdom that Peter came to the capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antioch+and+Rome%3A+New+Testament+Cradles+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft.au=Meier%2C+John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_126-1">b</a> "In the life of Peter there is no starting point for a chain of succession to the leadership of the church at large." While Cullman believed the Matthew 16:18 text is entirely valid and is in no way spurious, he says it cannot be used as "warrant of the papal succession."— "Religion: Peter & the Rock." Time, December 7, 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622111607/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890753-1,00.html">Time.com</a> Accessed October 8, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullman-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Cullman_127-0">^</a> Cullman, Oscar "In the New Testament [Jerusalem] is the only church of which we hear that Peter stood at its head. Of other episcopates of Peter we know nothing certain. Concerning Antioch, indeed ... there is a tradition, first appearing in the course of the second century, according to which Peter was its bishop. The assertion that he was Bishop of Rome we first find at a much later time. From the second half of the second century we do possess texts that mention the apostolic foundation of Rome, and at this time, which is indeed rather late, this foundation is traced back to Peter and Paul, an assertion that cannot be supported historically. Even here, however, nothing is said as yet of an episcopal office of Peter." </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xvi.ii.html">Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: The Seventh</a>: Letter to Pope Hadrian: "Therefore, O most holy Head (Caput)", "And after this, may there be no further schism and separation in the one holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, of which Christ our true God is the Head."; Pope Hadrian's letter: "the holy Catholic and Apostolic Roman Church your spiritual mother ... the head of all Churches"; Canon IV: "For Peter the supreme head (ἡ κερυφαία ἀκρότης) of the Apostles"; Letter to the Emperor and Empress: "Christ our God (who is the head of the Church)". </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum01.htm">First Council of Nicaea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915191439/http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum01.htm">Archived</a> 2008-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, canon VI </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> "Patriarch (ecclesiastical). A title dating from the 6th cent., for the bishops of the five chief sees of Christendom ... Their jurisdiction extended over the adjoining territories ... The earliest bishops exercising such powers, though not so named, were those of Rome (over the whole or part of Italy, Alexandria (over Egypt and Libya), and Antioch (over large parts of Asia Minor))" [Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Patriarch (ecclesiastical)]. "Nobody can maintain that the bishops of Antioch and Alexandria were called patriarchs then, or that the jurisdiction they had then was co-extensive with what they had afterward, when they were so called" (ffoulkes, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.viii.html">Volume XIV</a> of Philip Schaff's The Seven Ecumenical Councils). </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article "Victor I, St" </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCandida_Moss2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Candida_Moss" title="Candida Moss">Candida Moss</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Persecution" title="The Myth of Persecution">The Myth of Persecution</a>. HarperCollins. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-210452-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-210452-6"><bdi>978-0-06-210452-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Persecution&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-06-210452-6&rft.au=Candida+Moss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> "Tertullian." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> "Cyprian, St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlummer1887" class="citation book cs1">Plummer, Alfred (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchearlyfath03plumgoog">The Church of the Early Fathers: External History</a>. Longmans, Green and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchearlyfath03plumgoog/page/n133">109</a>. <q>church of africa carthage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Early+Fathers%3A+External+History&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchearlyfath03plumgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1013-136"><a href="#cite_ref-p1013_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenham1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Benham_(priest)" title="William Benham (priest)">Benham, William</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofreli00benhuoft">The Dictionary of Religion</a>. Cassell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofreli00benhuoft/page/n1024">1013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Religion&rft.pages=1013&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Benham&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofreli00benhuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEkonomou2007" class="citation book cs1">Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IaO-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752</a>. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IaO-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3386-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-3386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes%3A+Eastern+Influences+on+Rome+and+the+Papacy+from+Gregory+the+Great+to+Zacharias%2C+A.D.+590-752&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3386-6&rft.aulast=Ekonomou&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIaO-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gonzales-138"><a href="#cite_ref-gonzales_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzáles,_Justo_L.2010" class="citation book cs1">Gonzáles, Justo L. (2010). "The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation". The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 91–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Church+to+the+Dawn+of+the+Reformation&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1les%2C+Justo+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12717a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Reggio di Calabria</a>: "Through a misinterpretation of Acts 27:13, St. Paul was said to have preached the Gospel there, and to have consecrated his companion, St. Stephen, bishop; it is probable, however, that it was evangelized at an early period. The first bishop known is <a href="/wiki/Marcus_of_Calabria" title="Marcus of Calabria">Mark, legate of Pope Sylvester</a> at the Council of Nicaea (325)." </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-140"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPortellaWoldegaber2012" class="citation book cs1">Portella, Mario Alexis; Woldegaber, O. Cist Abba Abraham Buruk (2012). Pringle, Brendan (ed.). Abyssinian Christianity: The First Christian Nation. Pismo Beach, California: BP Editing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-65297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-65297-9"><bdi>978-0-615-65297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abyssinian+Christianity%3A+The+First+Christian+Nation&rft.place=Pismo+Beach%2C+California&rft.pub=BP+Editing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-615-65297-9&rft.aulast=Portella&rft.aufirst=Mario+Alexis&rft.au=Woldegaber%2C+O.+Cist+Abba+Abraham+Buruk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803043926/http://www.armenianhistory.info/christianity.htm">"Armenian History, Chapter III"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianhistory.info/christianity.htm">the original</a> on 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2010-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+History%2C+Chapter+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianhistory.info%2Fchristianity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Armenian-Apostolic-Church/9514">"Britannica Academic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britannica+Academic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.eb.com%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2FArmenian-Apostolic-Church%2F9514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewson1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hewson, Robert H. (1975). ""The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition". History in Africa. 2: 91–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3171466">10.2307/3171466</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171466">3171466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=%22The+Primary+History+of+Armenia%22%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Validity+of+an+Immemorially+Transmitted+Historical+Tradition&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3171466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hewson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFM-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_144-7">h</a> A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp. 18–71; M. R. James, Apocryphal New Testament, pp. 364–436; A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp. 1–17, 213–97; Eusebius, History, chapter 4:30; <a href="/wiki/J._N._Farquhar" title="J. N. Farquhar">J. N. Farquhar</a>, The Apostle Thomas in North India, chapter 4:30; V. A. Smith, Early History of India, p. 235; L. W. Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, pp. 49–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/">"Thomas the Apostole"</a>. stthoma.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stthoma.com/">the original</a> on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stthoma.com&rft.atitle=Thomas+the+Apostole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stthoma.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-James,_M._R._1966_pp._365_146-1">b</a> James, M. R. (1966) "The Acts of Thomas" in The Apocryphal New Testament, pp. 365−77; 434−38. Oxford. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Breviary of the Mar Thoma Church in Malabar </li> <li id="cite_note-vonHarnack-148"><a href="#cite_ref-vonHarnack_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Harnack1905" class="citation book cs1">von Harnack, Adolph (1905). The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Williams & Norgate. p. 293. <q>there is no doubt that even before 190 A.D. Christianity had spread vigorously within Edessa and its surroundings and that (shortly after 201 or even earlier?) the royal house joined the church</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Christianity+in+the+First+Three+Centuries&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Norgate&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=von+Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Diatessaron </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiastica</a>, V, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Chronicon Edessenum, ad. an. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v5f5/v5f5a018.html">Christianity</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Encyclopædia Iranica </li> <li id="cite_note-CofE-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CofE_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CofE_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CofE_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CofE_153-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickens" class="citation web cs1">Dickens, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425153323/http://oxuscom.com/Church_of_the_East.pdf">"The Church of the East"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxuscom.com/Church_of_the_East.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2010-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxuscom.com%2FChurch_of_the_East.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickens1999" class="citation web cs1">Dickens, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425153323/http://oxuscom.com/Church_of_the_East.pdf">"The Church Of The East"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxuscom.com/Church_of_the_East.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 2023-04-25. <q>We are Christians by the one name of the Messiah. As regards our customs our brethren abstain from everything that is contrary to their profession.... Parthian Christians do not take two wives.... Our Bactrian sisters do not practice promiscuity with strangers. Persians do not take their daughters to wife. Medes do not desert their dying relations or bury them alive. Christians in Edessa do not kill their wives or sisters who commit fornication but keep them apart and commit them to the judgement of God. Christians in Hatra do not stone thieves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Church+Of+The+East&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxuscom.com%2FChurch_of_the_East.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> John Stewart, Nestorian Missionary Enterprise (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1928) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSozomen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen, Hermias</a> (2018). Walford, Edward (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE12">The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen</a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935228-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935228-15-8"><bdi>978-1-935228-15-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+Sozomen&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-935228-15-8&rft.aulast=Sozomen&rft.aufirst=Hermias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evolpub.com%2FCRE%2FCREseries.html%23CRE12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:26–27&version=nrsv">Acts 8:26–27</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVidmar2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Vidmar" title="John Vidmar">Vidmar, John</a> (2005). The Catholic Church Through the Ages: A History (Illustrated, annotated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4234-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-4234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+Through+the+Ages%3A+A+History&rft.edition=Illustrated%2C+annotated&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4234-7&rft.aulast=Vidmar&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBond2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Bond" title="Helen Bond">Bond, Helen K.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcr1S1d09UC">The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-12510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-12510-1"><bdi>978-0-567-12510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-567-12510-1&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Helen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXcr1S1d09UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychurch0000chad_l1o5">The Early Church</a>. The Penguin History of the Church. Vol. 1 (revised ed.). Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023199-1"><bdi>978-0-14-023199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church&rft.series=The+Penguin+History+of+the+Church&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-023199-1&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlychurch0000chad_l1o5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D.G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D.G. Dunn">Dunn, James D.G</a>. Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, AD 70 to 135. pp 33–34. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4498-9">978-0-8028-4498-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethk00paul_0">Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76746-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76746-6"><bdi>978-0-679-76746-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%2C+King+of+the+Jews%3A+A+Jewish+Life+and+the+Emergence+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76746-6&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusofnazarethk00paul_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freeman_(historian)" title="Charles Freeman (historian)">Freeman, Charles</a> (2011). A New History of Early Christianity. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17083-2"><bdi>978-0-300-17083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17083-2&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Justo_L._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Justo L. González">González, Justo L.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMlwT9_KRz4C">A History of Christian Thought</a>. Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon (revised ed.). Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-17182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-17182-8"><bdi>978-0-687-17182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Thought&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-687-17182-8&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMlwT9_KRz4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Justo_L._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Justo L. González">González, Justo L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQW0ACdLn6kC">The Story of Christianity</a>. Vol. 1 The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation (revised and updated ed.). HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185588-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185588-7"><bdi>978-0-06-185588-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.edition=revised+and+updated&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-185588-7&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQW0ACdLn6kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hopkins" title="Keith Hopkins">Hopkins, Keith</a> (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 6 (2). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 185–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.1998.0035">10.1353/earl.1998.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3184">1086-3184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170769034">170769034</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/9960">9960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Christian+Number+and+Its+Implications&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170769034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.1998.0035&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlutz2000" class="citation book cs1">Klutz, Todd (2000). "Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity". In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Esler" title="Philip Esler">Esler, Philip F.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ">The Early Christian World</a>. Routledge Worlds. Routledge. pp. 178–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19934-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19934-4"><bdi>978-1-032-19934-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+and+the+Development+of+Gentile+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-032-19934-4&rft.aulast=Klutz&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC">Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3"><bdi>978-1-101-18999-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-101-18999-3&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7x4m20TRYzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marcus, Joel (2006). "Jewish Christianity". In <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell" title="Margaret M. Mitchell">Mitchell, Margaret M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frances_Young" title="Frances Young">Young, Frances M.</a> (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399">10.1017/CHOL9780521812399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05483-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05483-6"><bdi>978-1-139-05483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05483-6&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">McGrath, Alister</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIFfXCyAYmoC">Christian History: An Introduction</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-33780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-33780-6"><bdi>978-1-118-33780-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+History%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-33780-6&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIFfXCyAYmoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell" title="Margaret M. Mitchell">Mitchell, Margaret M.</a> (2006). "Gentile Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; <a href="/wiki/Frances_Young" title="Frances Young">Young, Frances M.</a> (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399">10.1017/CHOL9780521812399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05483-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05483-6"><bdi>978-1-139-05483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gentile+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05483-6&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchnelle2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Udo_Schnelle" title="Udo Schnelle">Schnelle, Udo</a> (2020). The First One Hundred Years of Christianity: An Introduction to Its History, Literature, and Development. Translated by Thompson, James W. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-2242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-2242-5"><bdi>978-1-4934-2242-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+One+Hundred+Years+of+Christianity%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Development&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-2242-5&rft.aulast=Schnelle&rft.aufirst=Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeifrid1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Seifrid" title="Mark A. Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C">Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum, Supplements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09521-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09521-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09521-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%2C+Supplements&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09521-2&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilken2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oONijpixvLUC">The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoONijpixvLUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan. The Christian Tradition: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). University of Chicago Press (1975). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65371-6">978-0-226-65371-6</a>.</li> <li>Stark, Rodney.The Rise of Christianity. HarperCollins Pbk. Ed edition 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-067701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-067701-5">978-0-06-067701-5</a></li> <li>Taylor, Joan E. Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins. Oxford University Press (1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5">978-0-19-814785-5</a>.</li> <li>Thiede, Carsten Peter. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity. Palgrabe Macmillan (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6143-3">978-1-4039-6143-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Christianity&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Christianity</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://early.xpian.info/">Early Christian Sources</a> English translations of the surviving writings of the early Christians.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901043856/http://www.earlychristians.org/">Early Christians</a> (archived 1 September 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/">PBS Frontline: The First Christians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josemariaescriva.info/index.php?id_cat=1574&id_scat=1572">First Christians and Rome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107002316/http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/oldest-church.asp">Cave in Jordan Said to Have Been Used by Early Christians</a> Biblical Archaeology Review (archived 7 January 2010)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/17px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/26px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/33px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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\u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.7"],["type","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.1"],["[others]","200","15.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-54c7cf74fd-v5kbx","timestamp":"20250316143059","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Early Christianity","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_Christianity","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51644","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51644","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-01-08T13:57:31Z","dateModified":"2025-03-15T05:16:01Z","headline":"period of church history beginning with the ministry of Jesus (c. 27-30) and ending with the First Council of Nicaea (325)"}</script> </body> </html>