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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Biography== ===Early life=== Fildes was born in [[Kensington]], [[London]], the son of the artist Sir [[Luke Fildes]] and great grandson of reformist [[Mary Fildes]], Paul attended [[Winchester School]] and then studied surgery at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he obtained an [[Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery|MB BCh]] degree. ===Career=== Fildes served as a [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|lieutenant-commander]] in the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]], stationed at the [[Royal Naval Hospital Haslar]] (1915–19) during the [[First World War]]. In 1919 he was made an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]. After working at the [[London Hospital]] as an assistant bacteriologist, he moved in 1934 to work at the [[Middlesex Hospital]]. He was also elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1934.<ref name="frs"/> In 1940 he helped Donald D. Woods discover how [[sulfonamide (medicine)|sulphonamides]] worked. He was a member of the scientific staff, [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] (1934–49). ===World War II=== Fildes asserted that he assisted with [[Operation Anthropoid]] the assassination of top Nazi [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in Prague by providing the [[Czech people|Czech]] agents of the [[Special Operations Executive]] with modified [[No. 73 Grenade]]s filled with [[botulin toxin]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Harris, Robert |author2=Paxman, Jeremy |title=A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |place=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8129-6653-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812966534/page/90 90–96] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812966534/page/90 }}</ref> The story has been met with scepticism, given the absence of any indication that Heydrich displayed any of the highly distinctive symptoms of [[botulism]].<ref name="Defalque">{{cite journal | url=http://www.anesthesia.wisc.edu/Bulletin/January_2009.pdf | title=The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich | publisher=Anesthesia History Association and Wood-Library Museum of Anesthesiology | date=January 2009 | access-date=29 May 2009 | last=Defalque | first=R. J. | author2=Wright, A. J. | journal=Bulletin of Anesthesia History | volume=27 | issue=1 | location=Pittsburgh PA | pages=1, 4–7 | doi=10.1016/S1522-8649(09)50001-7 | pmid=20506755 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1940 Fildes was put in charge of a newly created department, the Biology Department, Porton (BDP) at [[Porton Down]] to study the defensive implications of a bacterial attack and there built up a team of microbiologists to study the use of biological weapons, including anthrax and botulinum toxin. An early project was the creation of a stockpile of a million anthrax impregnated cattle cakes to be used in a possible retaliatory attack. In 1942 it famously carried out tests of an anthrax bio-weapon developed at Porton Down at [[Gruinard Island]].<ref name="bbc2024">{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Myles |title=Britain's mysterious WW2 'island of death' |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240419-britains-mysterious-ww2-island-of-death? |access-date=29 April 2024 |publisher=BBC Culture |date=22 April 2024}}</ref> He also assisted with the [[anthrax]] strain tests on [[Gruinard Island]], performing necropsies on the bodies of anthrax-exposed sheep, to determine if they had died as a direct result of anthrax poisoning. This work produced the world's first working anthrax bomb in the summer of 1942.<ref>[[Jeanne Guillemin|Guillemin, Jeanne]] (2005), ''Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-Sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism'', ([https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780231129428/page/109  Internet Archive]), Columbia University Press, pp. 50–56, ({{ISBN|0231129424}}).</ref> At the end of the war he returned to university life and handed over control of the department to his deputy [[David Willis Wilson Henderson|David Henderson]], who oversaw the building of a new purpose designed laboratory facility and the creation of the autonomous [[Microbiological Research Department]]. He was knighted in the [[1946 New Year Honours]].<ref>United Kingdom list (1): {{London Gazette |date=28 December 1945 |issue=37407 |pages=2 |nolink=yes}}</ref> ===Later years=== After the war Fildes worked at the [[Sir William Dunn School of Pathology]] in Oxford, headed by Nobel Prize winner Sir [[Howard Florey]], to study on the biochemistry of bacteriophage T1 (and to a lesser extent, T2) multiplication.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/280/49/40385.full|title=Adventures of a Biochemist in Virology|year=2005 |doi=10.1074/JBC.X500005200 |pmid=16326717 |access-date= 18 June 2017|last1=Joklik |first1=Wolfgang Karl |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=280 |issue=49 |pages=40385–40397 |s2cid=17390162 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Fildes received the [[Copley Medal]] in 1963 from the Royal Society. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fildes">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fildes</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Fildes&action=edit&section=1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-xbhcs","wgBackendResponseTime":247,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.064","walltime":"0.085","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 59.967 1 -total"," 99.86% 59.886 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 41.08% 24.635 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 39.16% 23.483 2 Template:Replace"," 37.03% 22.206 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.76% 9.453 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 15.03% 9.010 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.58% 1.546 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.53% 1.516 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.34% 1.401 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.013","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043289,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-xbhcs","timestamp":"20241127160816","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>