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Kreps</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85._%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="جوانیتا ام. کرپس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوانیتا ام. کرپس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Juanita M. Kreps" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juanita M. Kreps" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juanita M. Kreps" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juanita M. Kreps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BD" title="Խուանիտա Կրեպս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խուանիտա Կրեպս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Juanita M. Kreps" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_Kreps" title="Juanita Kreps – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Juanita Kreps" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A1" title="חואניטה קרפס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חואניטה קרפס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85._%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="چوانيتا ام. كريپس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوانيتا ام. كريپس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_Kreps" title="Juanita Kreps – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juanita Kreps" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81,_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Крепс, Хуанита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крепс, Хуанита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Juanita M. Kreps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Juanita M. Kreps" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF" title="冉尼塔·克雷普斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冉尼塔·克雷普斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183469#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Juanita M. Kreps</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreps-juanita-morris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kreps-juanita-morris.png/220px-Kreps-juanita-morris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kreps-juanita-morris.png/330px-Kreps-juanita-morris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kreps-juanita-morris.png/440px-Kreps-juanita-morris.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">24th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 23, 1977 – October 31, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Philip Klutznick</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Clara Juanita Morris</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1921-01-11</span>)</span>January 11, 1921<br /><a href="/wiki/Lynch,_Kentucky" title="Lynch, Kentucky">Lynch, Kentucky</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 5, 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-07-05)</span> (aged 89)<br /><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Clifton Kreps</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Clara Juanita Morris Kreps</b> (January 11, 1921 – July 5, 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-dukenews.duke.edu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dukenews.duke.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American economist, educator and businesswoman who served as the 24th <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of commerce">United States secretary of commerce</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> from 1977 to 1979. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, Kreps was the first woman to hold that post and the fourth female ever to serve in a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">presidential cabinet</a> (alongside simultaneously appointed HUD Secretary <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kreps was born <b>Clara Juanita Morris</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on January 11, 1921, in <a href="/wiki/Lynch,_Kentucky" title="Lynch, Kentucky">Lynch, Kentucky</a>. She was the daughter of Cenia (née Blair) and Elmer M. Morris.<sup id="cite_ref-dukenews.duke.edu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dukenews.duke.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She graduated from <a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a> in 1942, and earned her master's and Ph.D. in economics at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in 1944 and 1948, respectively. She was inducted into <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>. A specialist in labor demographics, Kreps taught at <a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens College">Queens College</a>, and Duke. She rose through the ranks there to become the university's first female vice president. In 1972 she was the first woman director of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 11, 1944, she married Clifton Holland Kreps Jr., a former professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a>. They had two daughters and one son.<sup id="cite_ref-Juanita_M._Kreps_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juanita_M._Kreps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kreps was awarded the 1976 <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Award" title="North Carolina Award">North Carolina Award</a> for public service and 20 honorary degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She sat on the board of 10 major corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-Juanita_M._Kreps_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juanita_M._Kreps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of Kreps' papers is housed at the Rubenstein Library at the <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political advisor <a href="/wiki/Anne_Wexler" title="Anne Wexler">Anne Wexler</a>, who was serving on the President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s transition team after his victory in the 1976 presidential election, recommended Kreps for a post in the Carter administration. Kreps was appointed to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She resigned on October 31, 1979. She was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Philip_M._Klutznick" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip M. Klutznick">Philip M. Klutznick</a>. </p><p>Kreps died on July 5, 2010, in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>, from complications of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> at the age of 89.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was buried at the Chapel of the Cross Episcopal Churchyard in <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Living in <a href="/wiki/Harlan_County,_Kentucky" title="Harlan County, Kentucky">Harlan County</a>, Kreps was raised in a part of Kentucky known for its coal mining industry.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming from a family of mostly farmers on her mother's side which continued through her mother's adulthood, Kreps' father was initially an accountant for the coal mining business, later he moved up to be the manager of a small, independent coal mine. When Kreps was young her parents divorced. Her father lived close by to lessen the impact of divorced parents. Kreps had five siblings: one older sister and four brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though her mother continued farming through her adulthood, her father sent monthly alimony payments to help Kreps and her siblings survive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around age twelve, Kreps was sent to boarding school at the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Robinson_School" title="Stuart Robinson School">Stuart Robinson School</a> joining the class of 1938. Her education was largely paid for by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church">Presbyterian Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachers at her boarding school came from all over the South and the education she was receiving at the time was highly esteemed. Her high school counselors tried to steer her towards going to <a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a>, which was a free institution, or other Presbyterian colleges like <a href="/wiki/Flora_McDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora McDonald">Flora McDonald</a>. However, Kreps' financial situation restricted her from schools with high tuition and made the cheaper options more viable. </p><p>Kreps attended <a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a> in the late 1930s into the 1940s and Kreps noted that the national atmosphere had changed. Her college days were driven by equality motivated philosophies and the idea that gender and race did not divide anyone intellectually.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Berea,_Kentucky" title="Berea, Kentucky">Berea</a>, Kreps worked as a dishwasher, a college hospital receptionist, a theater department costume designer and finally as an aide to one of the top Economics professors in the department as a paper grader. Through her connections with Rector Hardin, a professor who had received a Ph.D. from Duke himself, Kreps was able to attend graduate school at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. One of her mentors at Duke was Frank Deviyver.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years as student, Kreps helped edit his book and she wrote her dissertation under Deviyver's supervision. Kreps attributed her ability to continue her education with less discrimination during her college years because she was not a man. At the time, men were being drafted for war and women were not, which Kreps noted made it more possible for her to teach almost directly after graduating seeing as no men were around to tell her not to. Teaching at this time, Kreps realized most of her students were women with some men scattered here and there.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First meeting her husband in Atlanta while working with the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1942%E2%80%931945)" title="National War Labor Board (1942–1945)">National War Labor Board</a> in 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she later reconnected with him while he was also doing his Ph.D. at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. That summer, Kreps and her husband worked as wage analysts who were in charge of trying to stop inflation and ensure that wage increases were not increasing too rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marital_teaching_career">Marital teaching career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marital teaching career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the mid-1940s, Kreps and her husband had faced many obstacles in terms of managing to match up with their appointments. Both of them managed to get teaching jobs in Ohio but at two different colleges. Their relationship consisted of seeing each other very sparsely and when Kreps' husband got offered a position in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a> in 1950, Kreps used this time to herself to finish her dissertation.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the two returned to <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> for a few years until her husband was offered a position with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a> in New York in the mid-1950s and at this point in their life is when children became Kreps' main focus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_mother_in_the_1950s">Working mother in the 1950s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Working mother in the 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During her time as a child bearer, Kreps never maintained a full-time position. During the 1950s, Kreps believed it would be too difficult to juggle the responsibilities of motherhood on top of being part of the full-time labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With her time away from full-time appointments, Kreps managed to edit a few books but other than that was very distant from the work force. Kreps' husband eventually left his position in New York to pursue a position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>. Knowing that her family was being moved to Chapel Hill, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> reached out and offered Kreps a job teaching a few classes. As her children got older, Kreps started to take on more and more responsibility as a professor with Duke and gained entry back into the world of full-time appointment. </p><p>As a mother, Kreps was satisfied and grateful for her time away from the workforce. However, as a woman, she did note that her six to eight years away for reproductive leave did stifle her in terms of achievement in comparison to other women around her age. She appreciated the time she got to write while being home for those years.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_Movement_supporter">Feminist Movement supporter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feminist Movement supporter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an early advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a>, Kreps attended events and publicly supported equal opportunity employment on numerous occasions. Through teaching, Kreps was able to try and instill more than just the life of a homemaker and teach all her students that women were entitled to a fulfilling occupation just as much as men were.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kreps' appointment to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> under <a href="/wiki/President_Jimmy_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="President Jimmy Carter">President Jimmy Carter</a> was a historic moment for the movement. People had been publicly questioning how qualified women were to hold cabinet positions and even the president himself was guilty of making assumptions on the topic. Kreps is very well known for her reaction to this assumption where she told the president "You have to look harder for qualified women."<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, Kreps was promoted to dean of the Women's College. In her time working there, she noticed that after a while the college was faced with too much pressure to combine with the rest of the campus and that women were not particularly inclined to enjoy how segregated from the rest of their own campus they were. At first, Kreps was very cautious of the position since she could visibly see how much more progressive women on the campus were becoming.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the college did want a new dean, Kreps was very much aware her administration would be marked by the integration of the Woman's College into the whole of campus and that her position of leadership at the college would be one of short standing. </p><p>Eventually, Kreps resigned from her position as dean in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision came for many reasons, but one specific one that she cited in her resignation letter was that she did not want to interfere with the progress that the school was making in terms of integrating the Woman's College. She knew that by remaining in her position she would be standing in the way of the basic rebuilding of the undergraduate experience and though it may not have been ideal she knew it was a necessary next step. At this point, Kreps knew she had other aspirations and that the change was coming with or without her. Following this resignation, Kreps returned to teaching Economics and was given the position of Vice President of Duke in 1973 until 1977<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just a couple years later. Later she received the <a href="/wiki/James_B._Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Duke">James B. Duke</a> Professorship which Kreps was awarded to her for her years of research, publications and professional experience.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Woman_of_firsts">Woman of firsts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Woman of firsts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to being the first female <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>, Kreps also became the first female director of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Spot_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spot-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She served on various corporate boards: <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/AK_Steel" title="AK Steel">Armco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citicorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Citicorp">Citicorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/JCPenney" title="JCPenney">JCPenney</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Deere" title="John Deere">John Deere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/RJR_Nabisco" title="RJR Nabisco">RJR Nabisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAL_Corporation" title="UAL Corporation">UAL Corporation</a> and Zurn Industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Spot_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spot-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, Kreps became the first woman to win the Director of the Year award for the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Corporate_Directors" title="National Association of Corporate Directors">National Association of Corporate Directors</a> (NACD). Kreps efforts in the boardroom were seen as nothing less than "gold standard". She believed it was the job of those in the boardrooms to raise awareness by what they chose to discuss: "The trouble isn't whether you have the courage to raise the issues. Where you might fall down in your obligation to stockholders is in not knowing enough about what's going on to make an intelligent decision."<sup id="cite_ref-Spot_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spot-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabinet_appointment">Cabinet appointment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cabinet appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before her appointment in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a>, Kreps had never worked in a government position. During her appointment, Kreps faced numerous issues in terms of adjusting to a government level occupation. Kreps faced budgeting issues and struggled to work with other Cabinet members who did not take her seriously since she was a woman. She also had to manage a good relationship with Congress which was nearly all male. Kreps still felt close to Carter regardless and enjoyed a friendly relationship with the president. </p><p>Kreps' time as a cabinet member was considered different not only because she was a woman but also because no economist had ever before held her cabinet position.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the Carter administration, Kreps had started out as a very important contributor to economic policy, and slowly people like the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">OMB</a> director and the chief economist in the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a>, started to push her out of talks. Kreps attributed this to anti-Commerce Department segregation and later on was relieved to find that she disagreed with many of the decisions made by this small group and was thankful for having been overlooked. By the end, the meetings were inclusive and Kreps was offered virtually unlimited access to Carter, which she saw as good consolation for her peers' oversight. </p><p>Kreps worked heavily on trade issues during her appointment. One of her biggest accomplishments as a cabinet member was noted as the trade agreement with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The agreement was a public works program and it was started in her first year on the job.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kreps facilitated a successful bill associated with the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> boycott during her appointment as well. Kreps made it very clear that the U.S. was not particularly savvy in regard to the world economy. To form successful relations with other countries, like <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Kreps believed that the <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> needed to appreciate the other countries for what they were and to stop trying to force free trade on places that have different kinds of governments.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy">Policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kreps wrote a report in 1976 called "Social Security in the Coming Decade: Questions for a Mature System".<sup id="cite_ref-SSA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report examined <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> as a whole and its feasibility. The report began with a quote that Kreps herself agreed with in regard to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> policies: "There is really no way to support retired Americans comfortably and affordably."<sup id="cite_ref-SSA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conclusion of the report found that increased interest in where <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> is going by the general public is what will keep retirement benefits alive. The people must stay invested in knowing where funding for <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> is coming from and staying vigilant of the number of new people reaching retirement eligibility each year to ensure a working system. </p><p>During her time as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>, Kreps brought proposal to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health, Education, and Welfare">Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a> which stated that the age for <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> eligibility must be raised gradually otherwise the benefits will deplete at too quick of a rate.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was immediately followed by a lot of opposition because <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> did not want to have work any longer than they believe was required of them. Her reasoning came from the fact that from her calculations the only way to keep <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> funds at an adequate level, her solution needed to be implemented over a set course of years. Though her vision came a little bit early, eventually the government did exactly what Kreps suggested in order to save the sanctity of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depiction">Cultural depiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural depiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kreps is played by <a href="/wiki/Becky_Ann_Baker" title="Becky Ann Baker">Becky Ann Baker</a> in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Studios">Amazon Studios</a> streaming series <i><a href="/wiki/Hunters_(2020_TV_series)" title="Hunters (2020 TV series)">Hunters</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of female United States Cabinet members">List of female United States Cabinet members</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726223158/http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2010/07/kreps._print.ht">"[UPDATED] Juanita Kreps, former Duke Professor, U.S. Secretary, Dies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2010/07/kreps._print.ht">the original</a> on 2010-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3BUPDATED%26%2393%3B+Juanita+Kreps%2C+former+Duke+Professor%2C+U.S.+Secretary%2C+Dies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukenews.duke.edu%2F2010%2F07%2Fkreps._print.ht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jul-08-la-me-juanita-kreps-20100708-story.html">"Juanita M. Kreps dies at 89; first female secretary of Commerce"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. July 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Juanita+M.+Kreps%2C+Commerce+Secretary%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F08%2Fus%2F08kreps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juanita_M._Kreps-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juanita_M._Kreps_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juanita_M._Kreps_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/374/000061191/">"Juanita M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/krepsjuanitamorris/">the original</a> on 2014-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juanita+Morris+Kreps+Papers%2C+1921-2001+and+undated&rft.pub=Rubenstein+Library%2C+Duke+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.duke.edu%2Frubenstein%2Ffindingaids%2Fkrepsjuanitamorris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/politics/09wexler.html">"Anne Wexler, an Influential Political Operative and Lobbyist, Is Dead at 79"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, August 8, 2009. Accessed August 8, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2010" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D. (7 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/us/08kreps.html?hpw">"Juanita M. Kreps, Commerce Secretary, Dies at 89"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Juanita+M.+Kreps%2C+Commerce+Secretary%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F08%2Fus%2F08kreps.html%3Fhpw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/html_use/C-0011.html">"UNC Interview"</a>. UNC Chapel Hill<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNC+Interview&rft.pub=UNC+Chapel+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fsohp%2Fhtml_use%2FC-0011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juanita-Morris-Kreps">"Juanita Morris Kreps"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Juanita+Morris+Kreps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJuanita-Morris-Kreps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spot-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spot_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spot_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spot_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jameskristie.blogspot.com/2010/07/juanita-kreps-no-napping-for-her.html">"No Napping for Her"</a>. <i>Boards at their Best</i>. 7 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boards+at+their+Best&rft.atitle=No+Napping+for+Her&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjameskristie.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F07%2Fjuanita-kreps-no-napping-for-her.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps1976" class="citation journal cs1">Kreps, Juanita (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v39n3/v39n3p21.pdf">"Social Security in the Coming Decade: Questions for a Mature System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Security Bulletin</i>. <b>39</b> (3). SSA: 21–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1023428">1023428</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Security+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Social+Security+in+the+Coming+Decade%3A+Questions+for+a+Mature+System&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=21-9&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1023428&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Juanita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Fpolicy%2Fdocs%2Fssb%2Fv39n3%2Fv39n3p21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuanita+M.+Kreps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/C-0011/">Oral History Interview with Juanita Kreps</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp">Oral Histories of the American South</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> </b><br />1977–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Philip Klutznick</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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commerce</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor">Secretaries of commerce and labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Nagel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Commerce"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Commerce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretaries of commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Redfield" title="William C. Redfield">Redfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Lamont" title="Robert P. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin" title="Roy D. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Strauss" title="Lewis Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Mueller" title="Frederick H. Mueller">Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Connor" title="John T. Connor">Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trowbridge" title="Alexander Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Smith" title="C. R. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Stans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kreps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Klutznick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_Jr." title="Malcolm Baldrige Jr.">Baldrige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Verity_Jr." title="William Verity Jr.">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mosbacher" title="Robert Mosbacher">Mosbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Franklin" title="Barbara Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Kantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Mineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Gutierrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Raimondo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carter_cabinet" title="Template:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carter_cabinet" title="Template talk:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carter_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1977–1981)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/100px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/150px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/200px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="4109" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> (1977–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">W. Michael Blumenthal</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Benjamin Civiletti</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Cecil Andrus</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Robert Bergland</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juanita M. Kreps</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Philip Klutznick</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Marshall" title="Ray Marshall">Ray Marshall</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Joseph A. Califano Jr.</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">Moon Landrieu</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Adams" title="Brock Adams">Brock Adams</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt" title="Neil Goldschmidt">Neil Goldschmidt</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan Jr.</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hufstedler" title="Shirley Hufstedler">Shirley Hufstedler</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Bert Lance</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">James T. McIntyre</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Robert S. Strauss</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_McHenry" title="Donald McHenry">Donald McHenry</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://www.idref.fr/07106642X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581015">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p090gq">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68h1qt9">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&oldid=1249744567">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juanita_M._Kreps&oldid=1249744567</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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