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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nixon_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nixon Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CIA_Director" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_Director"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>CIA Director</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_Director-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense_(1973–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Defense_(1973–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Secretary of Defense (1973–1975)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_Defense_(1973–1975)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of Defense (1973–1975) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense_(1973–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nuclear strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War_and_Cyprus_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Kippur_War_and_Cyprus_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Yom Kippur War and Cyprus crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War_and_Cyprus_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indochina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indochina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Indochina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indochina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Defense budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal_as_Secretary_of_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal_as_Secretary_of_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Dismissal as Secretary of Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal_as_Secretary_of_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Energy_(1977–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Energy_(1977–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Secretary of Energy (1977–1979)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_Energy_(1977–1979)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of Energy (1977–1979) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Energy_(1977–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change_memo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_memo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate change memo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_memo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-government_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-government_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-government activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-government_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-government activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-government_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peak_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Peak oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James R. Schlesinger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="جيمس شليسنجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس شليسنجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1" title="جیمز شلسینقر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز شلسینقر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джэймс Шлезінгер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Шлезінгер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesinger" title="James Schlesinger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جیمز شلسینگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز شلسینگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesinger" title="James Schlesinger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_R._%EC%8A%90%EB%A0%88%EC%A7%84%EC%A0%80" title="제임스 R. 슐레진저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 R. 슐레진저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A8%27_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="ג'יימס ר' שלזינגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס ר' שלזינגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Rodney_Schlesinger" title="Iacobus Rodney Schlesinger – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Rodney Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="جيمس شليسنجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس شليسنجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesinger" title="James Schlesinger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BBR%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ジェームズ・R・シュレシンジャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・R・シュレシンジャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rodney_Schlesinger" title="James Rodney Schlesinger – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Rodney Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesinger" title="James Schlesinger – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Шлезингер, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шлезингер, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C._%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เจมส์ อาร์. ชเลซิงเงอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ อาร์. ชเลซิงเงอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джеймс Шлезінгер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Шлезінгер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James R. Schlesinger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%8E%B1%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="詹姆斯·施莱辛格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·施莱辛格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171989#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1929–2014)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James R. Schlesinger</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Schlesinger_official_DoD_photo_BW_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/James_Schlesinger_official_DoD_photo_BW_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-James_Schlesinger_official_DoD_photo_BW_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/James_Schlesinger_official_DoD_photo_BW_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-James_Schlesinger_official_DoD_photo_BW_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/James_Schlesinger_official_DoD_photo_BW_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-James_Schlesinger_official_DoD_photo_BW_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="930" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 9, 1977 – August 23, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Leary" title="John F. O'Leary">John F. O'Leary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Administration" title="Federal Energy Administration">FEA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 2, 1973 – November 19, 1975<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_James_R._Schlesinger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Office_James_R._Schlesinger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 2, 1973 – July 2, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 17, 1971 – January 26, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray">Dixy Lee Ray</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Rodney Schlesinger</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-02-15</span>)</span>February 15, 1929<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 27, 2014<span style="display:none">(2014-03-27)</span> (aged 85)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Ferncliff Cemetery, Springfield, Ohio, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Rachel Line Mellinger</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1954; died 1995)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#233738;"><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Watergate scandal</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WatergateFromAir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/250px-WatergateFromAir.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/375px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/500px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a> in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Nixon White House tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandwedge" title="Operation Sandwedge">Operation Sandwedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gemstone" title="Operation Gemstone">Operation Gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre">Saturday Night Massacre</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process against Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration of Gerald Ford</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">People</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Watergate burglars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Barker" title="Bernard Barker">Bernard Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Gonzalez" title="Virgilio Gonzalez">Virgilio Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Eugenio Martínez">Eugenio Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">James W. McCord Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sturgis" title="Frank Sturgis">Frank Sturgis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">Master list of Nixon's political opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Nixon's Enemies List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Babies" title="Watergate Babies">Watergate Babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Seven" title="Watergate Seven">Watergate Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">CRP</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee for the Re-Election of the President</a> (CRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_LaRue" title="Fred LaRue">Fred LaRue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Stuart_Magruder" title="Jeb Stuart Magruder">Jeb Stuart Magruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mardian" title="Robert Mardian">Robert Mardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Parkinson" title="Kenneth Parkinson">Kenneth Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sloan_Jr." title="Hugh W. Sloan Jr.">Hugh W. Sloan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">White House</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egil_Krogh" title="Egil Krogh">Egil Krogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_C._Strachan" title="Gordon C. Strachan">Gordon C. Strachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Journalists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Sussman" title="Barry Sussman">Barry Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Rosenfeld" title="Harry M. Rosenfeld">Harry M. Rosenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Simons" title="Howard Simons">Howard Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradlee" title="Ben Bradlee">Ben Bradlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Intelligence community</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James R. Schlesinger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Congress</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Peter W. Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">U.S. Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wills_(security_guard)" title="Frank Wills (security guard)">Frank Wills (security guard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Neal" title="James F. Neal">James F. Neal (prosecutor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men" title="All the President's Men"><i>All the President's Men</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days" title="The Final Days"><i>The Final Days</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Ambition_(miniseries)" title="Blind Ambition (miniseries)"><i>Blind Ambition</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt:_The_Man_Who_Brought_Down_the_White_House" title="Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House"><i>Mark Felt: The Man who Brought<br />Down the White House</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slow_Burn_(podcast)" title="Slow Burn (podcast)">Slow Burn</a></i> (2020 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaslit_(TV_series)" title="Gaslit (TV series)">Gaslit</a></i> (2022 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)" title="White House Plumbers (miniseries)">White House Plumbers</a></i> (2023 miniseries)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Watergate" title="Template:Watergate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Watergate" title="Template talk:Watergate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Rodney Schlesinger</b> (February 15, 1929 – March 27, 2014) was an American <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Public servant">public servant</a> who was best known for serving as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> from 1973 to 1975 under Presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. Prior to becoming Secretary of Defense, he served as Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1971 to 1973, and as <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">CIA Director</a> for a few months in 1973. He became America's first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1977, serving until 1979. </p><p>While Secretary of Defense, he opposed amnesty for draft resisters and pressed for development of more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> systems. Additionally, his support for the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a> and the lightweight fighter program (later the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a>) helped ensure that they were carried to completion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Rodney Schlesinger was born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/American_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="American Jew">Jewish</a> parents, Rhea Lillian (née Rogen) and Julius Schlesinger.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian people">Lithuanian</a> emigrant from what was then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and his father's family was from Austria. He converted to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> in his early twenties. Schlesinger was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned a B.A. (1950), M.A. (1952), and Ph.D. (1956) in economics. Between 1955 and 1963 he taught economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> and in 1960 published <i>The Political Economy of National Security.</i> In 1963, he moved to the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, where he worked until 1969, in the later years as director of strategic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon_Administration">Nixon Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nixon Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, Schlesinger joined the Nixon administration as assistant director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Bureau of the Budget</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devoting most of his time to Defense matters. In 1971, President Nixon appointed Schlesinger a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) and designated him as chairman. Serving in this position for about a year and a half, Schlesinger instituted extensive organizational and management changes in an effort to improve the AEC's regulatory performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CIA_Director">CIA Director</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CIA Director"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schlesinger was CIA Director from February 2, 1973, to July 2, 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a>. </p><p>Schlesinger was extremely unpopular with CIA staff, as he reduced CIA staff by 7%, and was considered a Nixon loyalist seeking to make the agency more obedient to Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a CCTV camera installed near his official portrait at the CIA headquarters in Langley, Va., as it was believed that vandalism of the portrait by disgruntled staff was likely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Defense_(1973–1975)"><span id="Secretary_of_Defense_.281973.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Secretary of Defense (1973–1975)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretary of Defense (1973–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schlesinger left the CIA to become Secretary of Defense on July 2, aged 44. As a university professor, researcher at Rand, and government official in three agencies, he had acquired an impressive resume in national security affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_strategy">Nuclear strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nuclear strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SchlesingerNixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SchlesingerNixon.jpg/170px-SchlesingerNixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/SchlesingerNixon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Schlesinger with Richard Nixon in September 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after assuming office, Schlesinger outlined the basic objectives that would guide his administration: maintain a "strong defense establishment"; "assure the military balance so necessary to deterrence and a more enduring peace"; obtain for members of the military "the respect, dignity and support that are their due"; assume "an . . . obligation to use our citizens' resources wisely"; and "become increasingly competitive with potential adversaries.... [W]e must not be forced out of the market on land, at sea, or in the air. <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a> belongs to us, not to our competitors." In particular, Schlesinger saw a need in the post-Vietnam era to restore the morale and prestige of the military services; modernize strategic doctrine and programs; step up research and development; and shore up a DoD budget that had been declining since 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyzing strategy, Schlesinger maintained that the theory and practice of the 1950s and 1960s had been overtaken by events, particularly the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to virtual nuclear parity with the United States and the effect this development had on the concept of deterrence. Schlesinger believed that "deterrence is not a substitute for defense; defense capabilities, representing the potential for effective counteraction, are the essential condition of deterrence." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He had grave doubts about the assured destruction strategy, which relied on massive nuclear attacks against an enemy's urban-industrial areas. Credible strategic nuclear deterrence, the secretary felt, depended on fulfilling several conditions: maintaining essential equivalence with the Soviet Union in force effectiveness; maintaining a highly survivable force that could be withheld or targeted against an enemy's economic base in order to deter coercive or desperation attacks against U.S. population or economic targets; establishing a fast-response force that could act to deter additional enemy attacks; and establishing a range of capabilities sufficient to convince all nations that the United States was equal to its strongest competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To meet these needs, Schlesinger built on existing ideas in developing a flexible response nuclear strategy, which, with the President's approval, he made public by early 1974. The United States, Schlesinger said, needed the ability, in the event of a nuclear attack, to respond so as to "limit the chances of uncontrolled escalation" and "hit meaningful targets" without causing widespread collateral damage. The nation's assured destruction force would be withheld in the hope that the enemy would not attack U.S. cities. In rejecting assured destruction, Schlesinger quoted President Nixon: "Should a President, in the event of a nuclear attack, be left with the single option of ordering the mass destruction of enemy civilians, in the face of the certainty that it would be followed by the mass slaughter of Americans?"<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this approach, Schlesinger moved to a partial <a href="/wiki/Counterforce" title="Counterforce">counterforce</a> policy, emphasizing Soviet military targets such as <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a> missile installations, avoiding initial attacks on population centers, and minimizing unintended collateral damage. He explicitly disavowed any intention to acquire a destabilizing first-strike capability against the USSR. But he wanted "an offensive capability of such size and composition that all will perceive it as in overall balance with the strategic forces of any potential opponent."<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schlesinger devoted much attention to the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>, citing the need to strengthen its conventional capabilities. He rejected the old assumption that NATO did not need a direct counter to Warsaw Pact conventional forces because it could rely on tactical and strategic nuclear weapons, noting that the approximate nuclear parity between the United States and the Soviets in the 1970s made this stand inappropriate. He rejected the argument that NATO could not afford a conventional counterweight to Warsaw Pact forces. In his discussions with NATO leaders, Schlesinger promoted the concept of burden-sharing, stressing the troubles that the United States faced in the mid-1970s because of an unfavorable balance of international payments. He urged qualitative improvements in NATO forces, including equipment standardization, and an increase in defense spending by NATO governments of up to five percent of their gross national product.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Kippur_War_and_Cyprus_crisis">Yom Kippur War and Cyprus crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yom Kippur War and Cyprus crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_and_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_and_Air_Force_Chief_of_Staff_General_David_C._Jones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_and_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_and_Air_Force_Chief_of_Staff_General_David_C._Jones.jpg/247px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_and_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_and_Air_Force_Chief_of_Staff_General_David_C._Jones.jpg/371px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_and_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_and_Air_Force_Chief_of_Staff_General_David_C._Jones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> James Schlesinger with <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown" title="George Scratchley Brown">George S. Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Bill Clements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Air Force Chief of Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/David_C._Jones" title="David C. Jones">David C. Jones</a> at The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> Lawn in January 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p>Schlesinger had an abiding interest in strategic theory, but he also had to deal with a succession of immediate crises that tested his administrative and political skills. In October 1973, three months after he took office, Arab countries launched a surprise attack on Israel and started the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. A few days after the war started, with Israel not faring as well as expected militarily, the Soviets resupplying some Arab countries and the Israeli government having authorized the use and assembly of nuclear weapons,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States began an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel_Grass" title="Operation Nickel Grass">overt operation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> materiel to Israel. As Schlesinger explained, the initial U.S. policy to avoid direct involvement rested on the assumption that Israel would win quickly. But when it became clear that the Israelis faced more formidable military forces than anticipated, and could not meet their own resupply arrangements, the United States took up the burden. According to Henry Kissinger, with the president's authority, the directive was made to resupply Israel with the needed equipment and eliminate State Department delay. "It was alleged that the airlift was deliberately delayed as a maneuver to pressure Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schlesinger rejected charges that the Defense Department delayed the resupply effort to avoid irritating the Arab states and that he had had a serious disagreement over this matter with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>. Eventually the combatants agreed to a cease-fire, but not before the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on the Arab side and the United States declared a higher level worldwide alert of its forces.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another crisis flared in July 1974 within the NATO alliance when Turkish forces, concerned about the long-term lack of safety for the minority Turkish community, invaded <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> after the Cypriot National Guard, supported by the government of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, overthrew President <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Makarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Makarios">Archbishop Makarios</a>. When the fighting stopped, the Turks held the northern portion of country and about 40 percent of the island. Turkey's military action caused controversy in the United States, because of protests and lobbying by supporters of the Greek Cypriot side and, officially, because Turkish forces used some U.S.-supplied military equipment intended solely for NATO purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He felt the Turks had overstepped the bounds of legitimate NATO interests in Cyprus and suggested that the United States might have to reexamine its military aid program to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. During this time, President Gerald R. Ford had succeeded Nixon after his resignation; eventually Ford and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> made it clear with two presidential vetoes that they favored continued military assistance to Turkey as a valued NATO ally, but Congress overrode both vetoes and in December 1974 prohibited such aid, which instituted an arms embargo that lasted five years.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indochina">Indochina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indochina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg/247px-U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg/371px-U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg/494px-U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_James_Schlesinger_with_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> James Schlesinger with <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown" title="George Scratchley Brown">George S. Brown</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>, November 18, 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p>The last phase of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> occurred during Schlesinger's tenure. Although all U.S. combat forces had left <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> in the spring of 1973, the United States continued to maintain a military presence in other areas of Southeast Asia. Some senators criticized Schlesinger and questioned him sharply during his confirmation hearings in June 1973 after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam. However, when the North Vietnamese began their <a href="/wiki/1975_Spring_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Spring Offensive">1975 Spring Offensive</a>, the United States could do little to help the South Vietnamese, who collapsed completely as the North Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">captured Saigon</a> in late April. Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind" title="Operation Frequent Wind">evacuation from Saigon</a> by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one other notable event remained in the Indochina drama. In May 1975 <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> forces boarded and captured the crew of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident">Mayaguez</a></i>, an unarmed U.S.-registered freighter. The United States bombarded military and fuel installations on the Cambodian mainland while Marines landed by helicopter on an offshore island to rescue the crew. The 39 captives were retrieved, but the operation cost the lives of 41 U.S. military personnel. Nevertheless, the majority of the American people seemed to approve of the administration's decisive action.<sup id="cite_ref-schleshistory_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_budget">Defense budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defense budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Schlesinger_giving_a_briefing_on_energy_-_NARA_-_174451.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/James_Schlesinger_giving_a_briefing_on_energy_-_NARA_-_174451.tif/lossy-page1-247px-James_Schlesinger_giving_a_briefing_on_energy_-_NARA_-_174451.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/James_Schlesinger_giving_a_briefing_on_energy_-_NARA_-_174451.tif/lossy-page1-371px-James_Schlesinger_giving_a_briefing_on_energy_-_NARA_-_174451.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/James_Schlesinger_giving_a_briefing_on_energy_-_NARA_-_174451.tif/lossy-page1-494px-James_Schlesinger_giving_a_briefing_on_energy_-_NARA_-_174451.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption>Schlesinger give a briefing to the press.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unsurprisingly, given his determination to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, Schlesinger devoted much time and effort to the Defense budget. Even before becoming secretary, in a speech in San Francisco in September 1972, he warned that it was time "to call a halt to the self-defeating game of cutting defense outlays, this process, that seems to have become addictive, of chopping away year after year." Shortly after he took office, he complained about "the post-war follies" of Defense budget-cutting. Later he outlined the facts about the DoD budget: In real terms it had been reduced by one-third since FY 1968; it was one-eighth below the pre-<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> FY 1964 budget; purchases of equipment, consumables, and R&D were down 45 percent from the wartime peak and about $10 billion in constant dollars below the prewar level; Defense now absorbed about 6 percent of the gross national product, the lowest percentage since before the Korean War; military manpower was at the lowest point since before the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>; and Defense spending amounted to about 17 percent of total national expenditures, the lowest since before the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. Armed with these statistics, and alarmed by continuing Soviet weapon advances, Schlesinger became a vigorous advocate of larger DoD budgets. But he had little success. For FY 1975, Congress provided TOA of $86.1 billion, compared with $81.6 billion in FY 1974; for FY 1976, the amount was $95.6 billion, an increase of 3.4 percent, but in real terms slightly less than it had been in FY 1955. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal_as_Secretary_of_Defense">Dismissal as Secretary of Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dismissal as Secretary of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_with_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_with_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger.jpg/247px-Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_with_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_with_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger.jpg/371px-Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_with_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_with_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger.jpg/494px-Secretary_of_Defense_James_R._Schlesinger_with_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger with President Gerald R. Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger during a briefing at The White House, November 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p>Schlesinger's insistence on higher defense budgets, his disagreements within the administration and with Congress on this issue, and his differences with Secretary of State Kissinger all contributed to his dismissal by President Ford in November 1975. Schlesinger's legacy included the development of the close-air support aircraft the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a> and the lightweight <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> fighter. Kissinger strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> process, while Schlesinger wanted assurances that arms control agreements would not put the United States in a strategic position inferior to the Soviet Union. The secretary's harsh criticism of some congressional leaders dismayed President Ford, who was more willing than Schlesinger to compromise on the Defense budget. On 2 November 1975, the president dismissed Schlesinger and made other personnel changes. Kissinger lost his position as special assistant to the President for national security affairs but remained as Secretary of State. Schlesinger left office on 19 November 1975, explaining his departure in terms of his budgetary differences with the White House. </p><p>The main reason behind Schlesinger's dismissal, though at the time unreported, was his insubordination toward President Ford. During the <a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident"><i>Mayaguez</i> incident</a>, Ford ordered several retaliatory strikes against <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Schlesinger told Ford the first strike was carried out, but Ford later learned that Schlesinger, who disagreed with the order, had none of them carried out. According to <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a>'s 1999 book, <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(Bob_Woodward_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow (Bob Woodward book)">Shadow</a></i>, Ford let the incident go, but when Schlesinger committed further insubordination on other matters, Ford fired him. Woodward observes, "The United States had just lost a war for the first time. That the president and the secretary of defense could not agree on who was in charge was appalling. [This] unpublicized breakdown in the military chain of command was perhaps the most significant scandal of the Ford presidency." Schlesinger had also disobeyed Ford when told to send as many military aircraft as possible to evacuate South Vietnam. Schlesinger disagreed with doing so and did not send the aircraft. Woodward says that an elected president, which Ford was not, would never have tolerated the insubordination. </p><p>In spite of the controversy surrounding both his tenure and dismissal, Schlesinger was by most accounts an able secretary of defense. A serious and perceptive thinker on nuclear strategy, he was determined that the United States not fall seriously behind the Soviet Union in conventional and nuclear forces and devoted himself to modernization of defense policies and programs. He got along well with the military leadership because he proposed to give them more resources, consulted with them regularly, and shared many of their views.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because he was a forthright speaker who could be blunt in his opinions and did not enjoy the personal rapport with legislators that prior Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> had, his relations with Congress were often strained. A majority of its members may have approved Schlesinger's strategic plans, but they kept a tight rein on the money for his programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Energy_(1977–1979)"><span id="Secretary_of_Energy_.281977.E2.80.931979.29"></span>Secretary of Energy (1977–1979)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secretary of Energy (1977–1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SchlesingerEnergySec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SchlesingerEnergySec.jpg/220px-SchlesingerEnergySec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SchlesingerEnergySec.jpg/330px-SchlesingerEnergySec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SchlesingerEnergySec.jpg/440px-SchlesingerEnergySec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Schlesinger while serving as Energy Secretary</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_Energy_James_Schlesinger_-_NARA_-_174156.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_Energy_James_Schlesinger_-_NARA_-_174156.tif/lossy-page1-222px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_Energy_James_Schlesinger_-_NARA_-_174156.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_Energy_James_Schlesinger_-_NARA_-_174156.tif/lossy-page1-333px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_Energy_James_Schlesinger_-_NARA_-_174156.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_Energy_James_Schlesinger_-_NARA_-_174156.tif/lossy-page1-444px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_Energy_James_Schlesinger_-_NARA_-_174156.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a> James Schlesinger with President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> at The <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on March 23, 1977.</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving the Pentagon, Schlesinger wrote and spoke forcefully about national security issues, especially the Soviet threat and the need for the United States to maintain adequate defenses. When <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> became president in January 1977 he appointed Schlesinger, a Republican, as his special adviser on energy<sup id="cite_ref-Degregorio_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degregorio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently as the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Degregorio_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degregorio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in October 1977. According to one account, "Schlesinger impressed candidate Jimmy Carter with his brains, his high-level experience... and with secrets regarding the defense spending vacillations of his old boss, Ford, just in time for the presidential debates."<sup id="cite_ref-Glastris_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glastris-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Energy Secretary, Schlesinger launched the Department's Carbon Dioxide Effects and Assessment Program shortly after the creation of that department in 1977. Secretary Schlesinger also oversaw the integration of the energy powers of more than 50 agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Administration" title="Federal Energy Administration">Federal Energy Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission" title="Federal Power Commission">Federal Power Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Degregorio_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degregorio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1979, Carter replaced him as part of a broader Cabinet shakeup.<sup id="cite_ref-Degregorio_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degregorio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Glastris" title="Paul Glastris">Paul Glastris</a>, "Carter fired Schlesinger in 1979 in part for the same reason Gerald Ford had—he was unbearably arrogant and impatient with lesser minds who disagreed with him, and hence inept at dealing with Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-Glastris_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glastris-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_memo">Climate change memo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate change memo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 7, 1977 Schlesinger read and attached a note to a memo about the catastrophic effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> entitled "Release of Fossil CO2 and the Possibility of a Catastrophic Climate Change", his note read: </p> <blockquote><p>My view is that the policy implications of this issue are still too uncertain to warrant Presidential involvement and policy initiatives. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The note encouraged then President Carter to dismiss the issue, and therefore contributed to the long-held dismissal of climate-related discourse and action within the US government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-government_activities">Post-government activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-government activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SecretarySchlesinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SecretarySchlesinger.jpg/220px-SecretarySchlesinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SecretarySchlesinger.jpg/330px-SecretarySchlesinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SecretarySchlesinger.jpg/440px-SecretarySchlesinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Schlesinger at the Pentagon in 2004, as Chairman of the Independent Panel to Review Department of Defense Detention Operations</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving the Energy Department, Schlesinger resumed his writing and speaking career, including the 1994 lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Family_Lecture_on_International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldo Family Lecture on International Relations">Waldo Family Lecture on International Relations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was employed as a senior adviser to <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers,_Kuhn,_Loeb_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb Inc.">Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb Inc.</a>, of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. He advised Congressman and presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gephardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Gephardt">Richard Gephardt</a> in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glastris_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glastris-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, he was the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_(United_States)" title="National Academy of Public Administration (United States)">National Academy of Public Administration</a> (NAPA). They wrote a report in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council</a> called "The Global Positioning System: Charting the Future" <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report advocated for the opening <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> up to the private sector. </p><p>On February 8, 2002, he appeared at a hearing before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Governmental_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Governmental Affairs Committee">Senate Governmental Affairs Committee</a> in support of the creation of a commission to investigate the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 11, 2002, he was appointed by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Advisory_Council" title="Homeland Security Advisory Council">Homeland Security Advisory Council</a>. He also served as a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>, and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Policy_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Policy Board">Defense Policy Board</a>. </p><p>In 2004, he served as chairman to the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. On January 31, 2006, he was appointed by the Secretary of State to be a member of the Arms Control and Nonproliferation Advisory Board. On May 2, 2006, he was named to be a co-chairman of a Defense Science Board study on DOD Energy Strategy. He was an honorary chairman of <a href="/wiki/OSS_Society" title="OSS Society">The OSS Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg Group</a> attendee in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, NASA Administrator Michael Griffin appointed Schlesinger to be the Chairman of the National Space-based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board. The "PNT Board" is composed of recognized Global Positioning System (GPS) experts from outside the U.S. government that advise the Deputy Secretary level PNT Executive Committee in their oversight management of the GPS constellation and its governmental augmentations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/">[1]</a> </p><p>On June 5, 2008, Defense Secretary Robert Gates appointed Schlesinger to head a task force to ensure the "highest levels" of control over nuclear weapons. The purpose of the review was to prevent a repeat of recent incidents where control was lost over components of nuclear weapons, and even over nuclear weapons themselves. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schlesinger was chairman of the Board of Trustees of <a href="/wiki/MITRE" class="mw-redirect" title="MITRE">The MITRE Corporation</a>, having served on it from 1985 until his death in 2014; on the advisory board of <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i>; a Director of <a href="/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nuclear Fuels Ltd">BNFL, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Energy" title="Peabody Energy">Peabody Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandia Corporation">Sandia Corporation</a>, Seven Seas Petroleum Company, chairman of the executive committee of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">The Nixon Center</a>. He was also on the advisory board of GeoSynFuels, LLC. Schlesinger penned a number of opinion pieces on <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, expressing a strongly skeptical position. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_oil">Peak oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peak oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schlesinger raised awareness of the <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a> issue and supports facing it. In the keynote speech at a 2007 conference hosted by the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas in Cork, Schlesinger said that oil industry executives now privately concede that the world faces an imminent oil production peak.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2010 ASPO-USA keynote speech, Schlesinger observed that the <a href="/wiki/Peak_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak Oil">Peak Oil</a> debate was over.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He warned of political inaction as a major hindrance, like those in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> before the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>. </p><p>On June 5, 2008, U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> announced that he had asked Schlesinger to lead a senior-level task force to recommend improvements in the stewardship and operation of nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles and sensitive components by the US DoD following the <a href="/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident" title="2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident">2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident</a>. Members of the task force came from the Defense Policy Board and the Defense Science Board.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, Schlesinger married Rachel Line Mellinger (1930–1995); they had eight children: Cora (1955), Charles (1956), Ann (1958), William (1959), Emily (1961), Thomas (1964), Clara (1966) and James (1970). </p><p>Though raised in a Jewish household, Schlesinger converted to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rachel Schlesinger was an accomplished violinist and board member of the Arlington Symphony. In the early 1990s, she was a leader in the fundraising effort to create a premier performing arts center on the Virginia side of the Potomac River. She died from cancer before seeing the center's completion. After her death, Dr. Schlesinger donated $1 million to have the center named in his wife's memory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall and Arts Center at <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Community_College" title="Northern Virginia Community College">Northern Virginia Community College</a>, Alexandria Campus opened in September, 2001. It is an up-to-date building that features the Mary Baker Collier Theatre, the Margaret W. and Joseph L. Fisher Art Gallery, the Wachovia Forum and Seminar Room spaces. Clients of the Schlesinger Center include the Alexandria Symphony, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">United States Marine Band</a>, "The President's Own", and the U.S. Marine Chamber Orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Band" title="United States Army Band">United States Army Band</a>, "Pershing's Own", and the U.S. Army Strings, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">United States Navy Band</a>, the New Dominion Chorale, the American Balalaika Symphony, Festivals of Music, various ethnic groups and many others. </p><p>Schlesinger worked consistently with distinction long after his government and academic experiences, serving on numerous governmental advisory boards until only weeks before his death at the age of 85.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Springfield, Ohio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schlesinger, James R. <i>America at Century's End</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06922-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06922-7">0-231-06922-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19268030">19268030</a></li> <li>Schlesinger, James R. <i>American Security and Energy Policy</i>. Manhattan, Kan: Kansas State University, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6699572">6699572</a></li> <li>Schlesinger, James R. <i>Defense Planning and Budgeting: The Issue of Centralized Control</i>. Washington: Industrial College of the Armed Forces, 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3677">3677</a></li> <li>Schlesinger, James R. <i>The Political Economy of National Security; A Study of the Economic Aspects of the Contemporary Power Struggle</i>. New York: Praeger, 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1473931">1473931</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schlesinger is referred to in the book <i>Peril</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Costa_(journalist)" title="Robert Costa (journalist)">Robert Costa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Slate_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concerning actions taken by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Mark Milley</a>, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Trump and Biden. According to the news outlet Slate, in 1974 "Schlesinger told Brown," then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "to call him if he received any unusual orders from Nixon. Brown then told all the four-star officers in charge of the various military commands (including Strategic Air Command, which then had control of nuclear weapons) that they were not to carry out any 'execute orders' from the president unless Brown and Schlesinger first verified the orders."<sup id="cite_ref-Slate_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> recently called these actions "extralegal".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Grassley, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'when President Nixon faced a crisis over impeachment and resignation, Secretary of Defense Schlesinger feared he might order an unprovoked nuclear strike,' he continued. 'So he reportedly took extralegal steps to prevent it.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Both author <a href="/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)" title="Fred Kaplan (journalist)">Fred Kaplan</a> and Grassley distinguish the actions of Schlesinger as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, from the actions of Mark Milley as the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, with Grassley saying: "Pulling a Milley is a very different kettle of fish. A four-star general can't 'pull a Schlesinger'. Schlesinger was at the top of the chain of command, just below the President. He kept the President's constitutional command [sic] authority firmly in civilian hands. Milley allegedly placed military hands—his hands—on controls that belong exclusively to the President." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Office_James_R._Schlesinger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Office_James_R._Schlesinger_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571289/james-r-schlesinger/">"James R. Schlesinger – Richard Nixon / Gerald Ford Administration"</a>. <i>Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense+%E2%80%93+Historical+Office&rft.atitle=James+R.+Schlesinger+%E2%80%93+Richard+Nixon+%2F+Gerald+Ford+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F571289%2Fjames-r-schlesinger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571289/james-r-schlesinger/">"James R. Schlesinger – Richard Nixon / Gerald Ford Administration"</a>. <i>Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office</i>. <q>When Jimmy Carter became president in January 1977 he appointed Schlesinger, a Republican, as his special adviser on energy and subsequently as the first head of the new Department of Energy in October 1977.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense+%E2%80%93+Historical+Office&rft.atitle=James+R.+Schlesinger+%E2%80%93+Richard+Nixon+%2F+Gerald+Ford+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F571289%2Fjames-r-schlesinger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jc9wBsImOIC&pg=PA199">Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency – W. Thomas Smith – Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060527/http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2013/ms013143.pdf">"James R. Schlesinger Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2013/ms013143.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+R.+Schlesinger+Papers+A+Finding+Aid+to+the+Collection+in+the+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frs5.loc.gov%2Fservice%2Fmss%2Feadxmlmss%2Feadpdfmss%2F2013%2Fms013143.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030607070526/http://www.mitre.org/about/bot/schlesinger.html">"MITRE – About Us – Board of Trustees – Dr. James R. Schlesinger"</a>. Archived from the original on June 7, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MITRE+%E2%80%93+About+Us+%E2%80%93+Board+of+Trustees+%E2%80%93+Dr.+James+R.+Schlesinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitre.org%2Fabout%2Fbot%2Fschlesinger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060527/http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2013/ms013143.pdf">"James R. Schlesinger Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2013/ms013143.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+R.+Schlesinger+Papers+A+Finding+Aid+to+the+Collection+in+the+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frs5.loc.gov%2Fservice%2Fmss%2Feadxmlmss%2Feadpdfmss%2F2013%2Fms013143.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2019" class="citation journal cs1">Moran, Christopher (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87325/7/WRAP-Nixon-axe-man-Moran-2017.pdf">"Nixon's Axe Man: CIA Director James R. Schlesinger"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 95–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002187581700086X">10.1017/S002187581700086X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758">0021-8758</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151821517">151821517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Nixon%27s+Axe+Man%3A+CIA+Director+James+R.+Schlesinger&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-121&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151821517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002187581700086X&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F87325%2F7%2FWRAP-Nixon-axe-man-Moran-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schleshistory-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schleshistory_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/ArticleView/tabid/8347/Article/571289/james-r-schlesinger.aspx">"James R. Schlesinger"</a>. Historical Office, Office Of The Secretary Of Defense<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+R.+Schlesinger&rft.pub=Historical+Office%2C+Office+Of+The+Secretary+Of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticleView%2Ftabid%2F8347%2FArticle%2F571289%2Fjames-r-schlesinger.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farr, Warner D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000914203946/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/farr.htm">"The Third Temple's Holy of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons"</a>, Counterproliferation Paper No. 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, <a href="/wiki/Air_War_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Air War College">Air War College</a>, September 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger, Years of Upheaval</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Degregorio-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Degregorio_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Degregorio_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Degregorio_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Degregorio_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegregorio2001" class="citation book cs1">Degregorio, William (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completebookofus00degr_2/page/626"><i>The Complete Book of U. S. Presidents</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Defense+Secretary+James+Schlesinger+dies&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Schogol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarytimes.com%2Farticle%2F20140327%2FNEWS05%2F303270038%2FFormer-Defense-Secretary-James-Schlesinger-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slate-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slate_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slate_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2021" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Fred (15 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/09/milley-woodward-book-trump-nuclear-chain-of-command.html">"New Revelations About Trump's Final Days in Office Raise a Much More Urgent Question"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'pulled a Schlesinger,'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=New+Revelations+About+Trump%27s+Final+Days+in+Office+Raise+a+Much+More+Urgent+Question&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2021%2F09%2Fmilley-woodward-book-trump-nuclear-chain-of-command.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2022" class="citation web cs1">Keene, Houston (15 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/milley-hasnt-responded-banks-grassley-letter-questions-commitment-civilian-control">"Milley still hasn't responded to Banks, Grassley letter with questions on 'commitment to civilian control'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fox News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Milley+still+hasn%27t+responded+to+Banks%2C+Grassley+letter+with+questions+on+%27commitment+to+civilian+control%27&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Houston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fmilley-hasnt-responded-banks-grassley-letter-questions-commitment-civilian-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+R.+Schlesinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Schlesinger&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_R._Schlesinger" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Schlesinger,+James">Annotated Bibliography for James R. Schlesinger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li>Chris Mooney, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Prospect" class="mw-redirect" title="American Prospect">American Prospect</a></i>, August 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050923130933/http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=10155">"Stop Him Before He Writes Again: Will someone please make James Schlesinger disclose his energy-industry ties next time he writes an anti-global warming op-ed?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211095017/http://www.energybulletin.net/34868.html">"We are all peakists now"</a>, a 17 September 2007 interview</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328213352/http://www.mitre.org/about/leadership/trustee/dr-james-r-schlesinger">MITRE Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitre.org/news/press-releases/mitre-mourns-passing-of-dr-james-r-schlesinger">MITRE mourns the death of its chairman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?4949">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22James+R.+Schlesinger%22+&acc=off&wc=on&fc=off&group=none">Works by or about James R. Schlesinger</a> on <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> </b><br />1971–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray">Dixy Lee Ray</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> </b><br />1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> </b><br />1973–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Leary" title="John F. O'Leary">John F. O'Leary</a></div><i><b>as Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Administration" title="Federal Energy Administration">Federal Energy Administration</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a> </b><br />1977–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission_Chairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AEC_Chairs" title="Template:AEC Chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AEC_Chairs" title="Template talk:AEC Chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AEC_Chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AEC Chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission_Chairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Dean_(lawyer)" title="Gordon Dean (lawyer)">Gordon Dean</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Strauss" title="Lewis Strauss">Lewis Strauss</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1961)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray">Dixy Lee Ray</a> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_of_Central_Intelligence_and_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DCIA" title="Template:DCIA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DCIA" title="Template talk:DCIA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DCIA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DCIA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_of_Central_Intelligence_and_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Directors of Central Intelligence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Souers" title="Sidney Souers">Souers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter" title="Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter">Hillenkoetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">McCone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Raborn" title="William Raborn">Raborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">Woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">Tenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">Petraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Haspel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecDef" title="Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecDef" title="Template talk:USSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">R. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Hagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Mattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_energy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_Energy" title="Template:United States Secretaries of Energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_Energy" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of Energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_Energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of Energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_energy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States secretaries of energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Hodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Herrington" title="John S. Herrington">Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary">O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Bodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Moniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Brouillette" title="Dan Brouillette">Brouillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Granholm</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Energy"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Energy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg/50px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template talk:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/100px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/150px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 1.5x, 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Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a> (1969–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Clifford M. Hardin</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Harlow" title="Bryce Harlow">Bryce Harlow</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ford_cabinet" title="Template:Ford cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ford_cabinet" title="Template talk:Ford cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ford_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ford cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1974–1977)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2741" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Edward H. Levi</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_K._Hathaway" title="Stanley K. Hathaway">Stanley K. Hathaway</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Kleppe" title="Thomas S. Kleppe">Thomas S. Kleppe</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Knebel" title="John A. Knebel">John A. Knebel</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Dunlop" title="John Thomas Dunlop">John Thomas Dunlop</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usery_Jr." title="William Usery Jr.">William Usery Jr.</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._David_Mathews" title="F. David Mathews">F. David Mathews</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Anderson Hills</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thaddeus_Coleman_Jr." title="William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.">William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Hartmann" title="Robert T. Hartmann">Robert T. Hartmann</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">John Otho Marsh Jr.</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Buchen" title="Philip W. Buchen">Philip W. Buchen</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carter_cabinet" title="Template:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carter_cabinet" title="Template talk:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carter_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1977–1981)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/100px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/150px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/200px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="4109" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> (1977–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">W. Michael Blumenthal</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Benjamin Civiletti</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Cecil Andrus</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Robert Bergland</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps">Juanita M. Kreps</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Philip Klutznick</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Marshall" title="Ray Marshall">Ray Marshall</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Joseph A. Califano Jr.</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">Moon Landrieu</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Adams" title="Brock Adams">Brock Adams</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt" title="Neil Goldschmidt">Neil Goldschmidt</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan Jr.</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hufstedler" title="Shirley Hufstedler">Shirley Hufstedler</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Bert Lance</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">James T. McIntyre</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Robert S. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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