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Movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neoromanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoromanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Neoromanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoromanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>High modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Electronic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Computer music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Music theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectral_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectral_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Spectral music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectral_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polystylism_(eclecticism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polystylism_(eclecticism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Polystylism (eclecticism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polystylism_(eclecticism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minimalism_and_post-minimalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimalism_and_post-minimalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Minimalism and post-minimalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimalism_and_post-minimalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Historicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_rock_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_rock_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Art rock influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_rock_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Simplicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Simplicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>New Simplicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Simplicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Complexity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Complexity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>New Complexity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_by_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_by_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Developments by medium</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developments_by_medium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developments by medium subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developments_by_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cinema and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chamber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_bands_(wind_ensembles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_bands_(wind_ensembles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Concert bands (wind ensembles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_bands_(wind_ensembles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Contemporary classical music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="موسيقى كلاسيكية معاصرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى كلاسيكية معاصرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_acad%C3%A9mica_contempor%C3%A1nea" title="Música académica contemporánea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música académica contemporánea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_contempor%C3%A0nia" title="Música contemporània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música contemporània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sou%C4%8Dasn%C3%A1_klasick%C3%A1_hudba" title="Současná klasická hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Současná klasická hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtidsmusik" title="Samtidsmusik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samtidsmusik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="موسيقى عصرية ديال لقرن لعشرين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موسيقى عصرية ديال لقرن لعشرين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1sica_contempor%C3%A1nea" title="Música clásica contemporánea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música clásica contemporánea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuntempa_klasika_muziko" title="Nuntempa klasika muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nuntempa klasika muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika_klasiko_garaikide" title="Musika klasiko garaikide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musika klasiko garaikide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="موسیقی کلاسیک معاصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی کلاسیک معاصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_contemporaine" title="Musique contemporaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique contemporaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1sica_contempor%C3%A1nea" title="Música clásica contemporánea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música clásica contemporánea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80_%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%98%EC%8B%9D_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="현대 클래식 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현대 클래식 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_contemporanea" title="Musica contemporanea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica contemporanea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_klasikal_kontemporari" title="Muzik klasikal kontemporari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik klasikal kontemporari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigentijdse_klassieke_muziek" title="Eigentijdse klassieke muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eigentijdse klassieke muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="現代音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現代音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtidsmusikk" title="Samtidsmusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samtidsmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_contempor%C3%A2nea" title="Música contemporânea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música contemporânea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Современная классическая музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Современная классическая музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savremena_klasi%C4%8Dna_muzika" title="Savremena klasična muzika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Savremena klasična muzika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nykymusiikki" title="Nykymusiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nykymusiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сучасна академічна музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сучасна академічна музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%91%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Nhạc đương đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhạc đương đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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0.4em;line-height:1.2em;">Major eras of<br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–1400</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance" title="Medieval music">Transition to Renaissance</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1600</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1750</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Transition to Classical</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1820</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1910</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Transition to Modernism</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contemporary</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  •  <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a><br />  •  <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template talk:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Contemporary classical music</b> is <a href="/wiki/Western_art_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art music">Western art music</a> composed close to the present day. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st century</a>, it commonly referred to the post-1945 <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modern forms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Post-tonal_music_theory" title="Post-tonal music theory">post-tonal</a> music after the death of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, and included <a href="/wiki/Serial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial music">serial music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">minimalist music</a>. Newer forms of music include <a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">spectral music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postminimalism#Music" title="Postminimalism">post-minimalism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a></div> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, composers of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> were experimenting with an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> pitch language, which sometimes yielded <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal</a> pieces. Following World War I, as a backlash against what they saw as the increasingly exaggerated gestures and formlessness of late Romanticism, certain composers adopted a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassic</a> style, which sought to recapture the balanced forms and clearly perceptible thematic processes of earlier styles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>). After World War II, modernist composers sought to achieve greater levels of control in their composition process (e.g., through the use of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a> and later total <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a>). At the same time, conversely, composers also experimented with means of abdicating control, exploring indeterminacy or aleatoric processes in smaller or larger degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993ch._7:_"Order_and_Chaos",_pp._78ff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993ch._7:_"Order_and_Chaos",_pp._78ff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological advances led to the birth of electronic music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning200419ff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning200419ff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimentation with tape loops and repetitive textures contributed to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993325_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993325-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still other composers started exploring the theatrical potential of the musical performance (<a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">mixed media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">fluxus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993289ff_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993289ff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New works of contemporary classical music continue to be created. Each year, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Conservatory_at_Berklee" title="Boston Conservatory at Berklee">Boston Conservatory at Berklee</a> presents 700 performances. New works from contemporary classical music program students comprise roughly 150 of these performances.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–75"><span id="1945.E2.80.9375"></span>1945–75</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1945–75"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To some extent, European and the US traditions diverged after World War II. Among the most influential composers in Europe were <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>. The first and last were both pupils of <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>. An important aesthetic philosophy as well as a group of compositional techniques at this time was <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> (also called "through-ordered music", "'total' music" or "total tone ordering"), which took as its starting point the compositions of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> (and thus was opposed to traditional twelve-tone music), and was also closely related to <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>'s idea of the <i><a href="/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor">modulor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some more traditionally based composers such as <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> maintained a tonal style of composition despite the prominent serialist movement. </p><p>In America, composers like <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Rochberg" title="George Rochberg">George Rochberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a> formed their own ideas. Some of these composers (Cage, Cowell, Glass, Reich) represented a new methodology of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a>, which began to question fundamental notions of music such as <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">notation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>, duration, and repetition, while others (Babbitt, Rochberg, Sessions) fashioned their own extensions of the twelve-tone serialism of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movements">Movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoromanticism">Neoromanticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neoromanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoromanticism_(music)" title="Neoromanticism (music)">Neoromanticism (music)</a></div> <p>The vocabulary of extended tonality, which flourished in the late 19th and very early 20th centuries, continues to be used by contemporary composers. It has never been considered shocking or controversial in the larger musical world—as has been demonstrated statistically for the United States, at least, where "most composers continued working in what has remained throughout this century the mainstream of tonal-oriented composition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1999303,_307–308,_310–11,_314–329_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1999303,_307–308,_310–11,_314–329-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_modernism">High modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: High modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a> is one of the most important post-war movements among the high modernist schools. Serialism, more specifically named "integral" or "compound" serialism, was led by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> in Europe, and by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Martino" title="Donald Martino">Donald Martino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Davidovsky" title="Mario Davidovsky">Mario Davidovsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a> in the United States. Some of their compositions use an ordered set or several such sets, which may be the basis for the whole composition, while others use "unordered" sets. The term is also often used for <a href="/wiki/Dodecaphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecaphony">dodecaphony</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>, which is alternatively regarded as the model for integral serialism. </p><p>Despite its decline in the last third of the 20th century, there remained at the end of the century an active core of composers who continued to advance the ideas and forms of high modernism. Those no longer living include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros" title="Pauline Oliveros">Pauline Oliveros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toru_Takemitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toru Takemitsu">Toru Takemitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Druckman" title="Jacob Druckman">Jacob Druckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Shapey" title="Ralph Shapey">Ralph Shapey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001§9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001§9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franco_Donatoni" title="Franco Donatoni">Franco Donatoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Sciarrino" title="Salvatore Sciarrino">Salvatore Sciarrino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwartz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Salmenhaara" title="Erkki Salmenhaara">Erkki Salmenhaara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Otto_Donner" title="Henrik Otto Donner">Henrik Otto Donner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199218_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199218-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those still living in June 2024 include <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Lindberg_(Finnish_composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Lindberg (Finnish composer)">Magnus Lindberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwartz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wernick" title="Richard Wernick">Richard Wernick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Wilson" title="Richard Edward Wilson">Richard Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_MacMillan" title="James MacMillan">James MacMillan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronic_music">Electronic music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electronic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Computer_music">Computer music</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div> <p>Between 1975 and 1990, a shift in the paradigm of <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> technology had taken place, making electronic music systems affordable and widely accessible. The personal computer had become an essential component of the electronic musician's equipment, superseding <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a> and fulfilling the traditional functions of composition and scoring, synthesis and sound processing, sampling of audio input, and control over external equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008272_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008272-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Not a subtype of "electronic music" anymore; many non-electronic musicians use computers to compose and record music. The field has also massively expanded since 2008. (March 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_theatre">Music theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spectral_music">Spectral music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spectral music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polystylism_(eclecticism)"><span id="Polystylism_.28eclecticism.29"></span>Polystylism (eclecticism)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polystylism (eclecticism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polystylism" title="Polystylism">Polystylism</a></div> <p>Some authors equate polystylism with <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclecticism</a>, while others make a sharp distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-modernism">Post-modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minimalism_and_post-minimalism">Minimalism and post-minimalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minimalism and post-minimalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">Minimalist music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-minimalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-minimalism">Post-minimalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historicism">Historicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Musical_historicism" title="Musical historicism">Musical historicism</a>—the use of historical materials, structures, styles, techniques, media, conceptual content, etc., whether by a single composer or those associated with a particular school, movement, or period—is evident to varying degrees in minimalism, post-minimalism, world-music, and other genres in which tonal traditions have been sustained or have undergone a significant revival in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins1994440–442,_446–448_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins1994440–442,_446–448-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some post-minimalist works employ medieval and other genres associated with early music, such as the "Oi me lasso" and other <a href="/wiki/Laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Laude">laude</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a>. </p><p>The historicist movement is closely related to the emergence of musicology and the <a href="/wiki/Early_music_revival" title="Early music revival">early music revival</a>. A number of historicist composers have been influenced by their intimate familiarity with the instrumental practices of earlier periods (<a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Bouman" title="Hendrik Bouman">Hendrik Bouman</a>, Grant Colburn, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Talbot_(musicologist)" title="Michael Talbot (musicologist)">Michael Talbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Paulo Galvão">Paulo Galvão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Turovsky-Savchuk" title="Roman Turovsky-Savchuk">Roman Turovsky-Savchuk</a>). The musical historicism movement has also been stimulated by the formation of such international organizations as the <a href="/wiki/Delian_Society" title="Delian Society">Delian Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vox_Saeculorum" title="Vox Saeculorum">Vox Saeculorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColburn200736–45,_54–55_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColburn200736–45,_54–55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_rock_influence">Art rock influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Art rock influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some composers have emerged since the 1980s who are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Chatham" title="Rhys Chatham">Rhys Chatham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatham1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatham1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Simplicity">New Simplicity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Simplicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Simplicity" title="New Simplicity">New Simplicity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Complexity">New Complexity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New Complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a> is a current within today's<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> European contemporary avant-garde music scene, named in reaction to the New Simplicity. Amongst the candidates suggested for having coined the term are the composer <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Osborne" title="Nigel Osborne">Nigel Osborne</a>, the Belgian musicologist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Halbreich" title="Harry Halbreich">Harry Halbreich</a>, and the British/Australian musicologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Toop" title="Richard Toop">Richard Toop</a>, who gave currency to the concept of a movement with his article "Four Facets of the New Complexity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToop1988_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToop1988-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though often <a href="/wiki/Atonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonal">atonal</a>, highly abstract, and <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> in sound, the "New Complexity" is most readily characterized by the use of techniques which require complex <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">extended techniques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microtonality" title="Microtonality">microtonality</a>, odd <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tunings</a>, highly disjunct <a href="/wiki/Melodic_motion" title="Melodic motion">melodic contour</a>, innovative <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbres</a>, complex <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyrhythms">polyrhythms</a>, unconventional <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">instrumentations</a>, abrupt changes in loudness and intensity, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diverse group of composers writing in this style includes <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barrett_(composer)" title="Richard Barrett (composer)">Richard Barrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claus-Steffen_Mahnkopf" title="Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf">Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dillon_(composer)" title="James Dillon (composer)">James Dillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Finnissy" title="Michael Finnissy">Michael Finnissy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Erber" title="James Erber">James Erber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Redgate" title="Roger Redgate">Roger Redgate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_by_medium">Developments by medium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Developments by medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Contemporary classical music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notable composers of operas since 1975 include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_der_Aa" title="Michel van der Aa">Michel van der Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Adamo" title="Mark Adamo">Mark Adamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_del_%C3%81guila" title="Miguel del Águila">Miguel del Águila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Adolphe" title="Bruce Adolphe">Bruce Adolphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ashley" title="Robert Ashley">Robert Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lera_Auerbach" title="Lera Auerbach">Lera Auerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Barry_(composer)" title="Gerald Barry (composer)">Gerald Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Benjamin_(composer)" title="Tim Benjamin (composer)">Tim Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berkeley" title="Michael Berkeley">Michael Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bianchi" title="Oscar Bianchi">Oscar Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Braga" title="Antonio Braga">Antonio Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brucci" title="Rudolf Brucci">Rudolf Brucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Carnevale" title="Roberto Carnevale">Roberto Carnevale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cat%C3%A1n" title="Daniel Catán">Daniel Catán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cipullo" title="Tom Cipullo">Tom Cipullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azio_Corghi" title="Azio Corghi">Azio Corghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Daugherty" title="Michael Daugherty">Michael Daugherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Eastman" title="Julius Eastman">Julius Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(composer)" title="John Eaton (composer)">John Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Edelstein" title="Oscar Edelstein">Oscar Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marios_Joannou_Elia" title="Marios Joannou Elia">Marios Joannou Elia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Péter Eötvös">Péter Eötvös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fairouz" title="Mohammed Fairouz">Mohammed Fairouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero" title="Lorenzo Ferrero">Lorenzo Ferrero</a></li> <li>Juan Carlos Figueiras</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Francesconi" title="Luca Francesconi">Luca Francesconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Goldenthal" title="Elliot Goldenthal">Elliot Goldenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Ian_Gordon" title="Ricky Ian Gordon">Ricky Ian Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airat_Ichmouratov" title="Airat Ichmouratov">Airat Ichmouratov</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dae-Ho_Eom" title="Dae-Ho Eom">Dae-Ho Eom</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Hagen" title="Daron Hagen">Daron Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern_Herbolsheimer" title="Bern Herbolsheimer">Bern Herbolsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_H%C3%B6ller" title="York Höller">York Höller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Klebe" title="Giselher Klebe">Giselher Klebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Laitman" title="Lori Laitman">Lori Laitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Laporte" title="André Laporte">André Laporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liza_Lim" title="Liza Lim">Liza Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Little" title="David T. Little">David T. Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Lombardi_(composer)" title="Luca Lombardi (composer)">Luca Lombardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missy_Mazzoli" title="Missy Mazzoli">Missy Mazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Meale" title="Richard Meale">Richard Meale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moran_(composer)" title="Robert Moran (composer)">Robert Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Muhly" title="Nico Muhly">Nico Muhly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Obst_(composer)" title="Michael Obst (composer)">Michael Obst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocy_de_Oliveira" title="Jocy de Oliveira">Jocy de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Paus" title="Marcus Paus">Marcus Paus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Puts" title="Kevin Puts">Kevin Puts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen" title="Aulis Sallinen">Aulis Sallinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Sams" title="Carol Sams">Carol Sams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sawer" title="David Sawer">David Sawer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Siciliano" title="Louis Siciliano">Louis Siciliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somtow_Sucharitkul" class="mw-redirect" title="Somtow Sucharitkul">Somtow Sucharitkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Tal" title="Josef Tal">Josef Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Vagnini" title="Stefano Vagnini">Stefano Vagnini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Vivier" title="Claude Vivier">Claude Vivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Weir" title="Judith Weir">Judith Weir</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_television">Cinema and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cinema and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable composers of post-1945 classical film and television scores include:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Abels" title="Michael Abels">Michael Abels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masamichi_Amano" title="Masamichi Amano">Masamichi Amano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein" title="Elmer Bernstein">Elmer Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Blake" title="Howard Blake">Howard Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Broughton" title="Bruce Broughton">Bruce Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Debney" title="John Debney">John Debney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi" title="Ramin Djawadi">Ramin Djawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Einhorn" title="Richard Einhorn">Richard Einhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Fiedel" title="Brad Fiedel">Brad Fiedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Folk" title="Robert Folk">Robert Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Frankel" title="Benjamin Frankel">Benjamin Frankel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Giacchino" title="Michael Giacchino">Michael Giacchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gold_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Gold (composer)">Ernest Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Goldenthal" title="Elliot Goldenthal">Elliot Goldenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Goldsmith" title="Jerry Goldsmith">Jerry Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Hirano" title="Yoshihisa Hirano">Yoshihisa Hirano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hisaishi" title="Joe Hisaishi">Joe Hisaishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Horner" title="James Horner">James Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Ifukube" title="Akira Ifukube">Akira Ifukube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Ikebe" title="Shin'ichirō Ikebe">Shin'ichirō Ikebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackman" title="Henry Jackman">Henry Jackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jablonsky" title="Steve Jablonsky">Steve Jablonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kamen" title="Michael Kamen">Michael Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar" title="Wojciech Kilar">Wojciech Kilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessio_Miraglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessio Miraglia (page does not exist)">Alessio Miraglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Newman_(composer)" title="David Newman (composer)">David Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Powell_(film_composer)" title="John Powell (film composer)">John Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riopy" title="Riopy">Riopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Rosenman" title="Leonard Rosenman">Leonard Rosenman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Rota" title="Nino Rota">Nino Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Silvestri" title="Alan Silvestri">Alan Silvestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Tōru Takemitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Tiomkin" title="Dimitri Tiomkin">Dimitri Tiomkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tyler" title="Brian Tyler">Brian Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Waxman" title="Franz Waxman">Franz Waxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-zimmer_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmer-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Contemporary classical music originally written for the concert hall can also be heard on the music track of some films, such as Stanley Kubrick's <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968) and <i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_Wide_Shut" title="Eyes Wide Shut">Eyes Wide Shut</a></i> (1999), both of which used concert music by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>, and also in Kubrick's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shining_(film)" title="The Shining (film)">The Shining</a></i> (1980) which used music by both Ligeti and <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Chinoise" title="La Chinoise">La Chinoise</a></i> (1967), <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg" title="Nicolas Roeg">Nicolas Roeg</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Walkabout_(film)" title="Walkabout (film)">Walkabout</a></i> (1971), and the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Quay" title="Brothers Quay">Brothers Quay</a> in <i>In Absentia</i> (2000) used music by <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamber">Chamber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some notable works for chamber orchestra: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_for_Twelve_Instruments" title="Composition for Twelve Instruments">Composition for Twelve Instruments</a> (1948, rev. 1954) – <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_seven_wind_instruments,_timpani,_percussion,_and_string_orchestra" title="Concerto for seven wind instruments, timpani, percussion, and string orchestra">Concerto for seven wind instruments, timpani, percussion, and string orchestra</a> (1949) – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Martin_(composer)" title="Frank Martin (composer)">Frank Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drei_Lieder_(Stockhausen)" title="Drei Lieder (Stockhausen)">Drei Lieder</a> (1950) – <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nummer_2" title="Nummer 2">Nummer 2</a></i> (1951) – <a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oiseaux_exotiques" title="Oiseaux exotiques">Oiseaux exotiques</a></i> (1956) – <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a></li> <li><i>Requiem</i> for strings (1957) – <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Tōru Takemitsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Threnody_to_the_Victims_of_Hiroshima" title="Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima">Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima</a></i> (1960) – <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Concerto_(Carter)" title="Double Concerto (Carter)">Double Concerto</a> for harpsichord and piano with two chamber orchestras (1961) – <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stop_(Stockhausen)" title="Stop (Stockhausen)">Stop</a></i> (1965) – Karlheinz Stockhausen</li> <li>Fantasia for Strings (1966) – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a></li> <li><i>Ojikawa</i> (1968) – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Vivier" title="Claude Vivier">Claude Vivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_(Barraqu%C3%A9)" title="Concerto (Barraqué)">Concerto</a> for clarinet and vibraphone with six instrumental formations (1968) – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9" title="Jean Barraqué">Jean Barraqué</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramifications_(Ligeti)" title="Ramifications (Ligeti)">Ramifications</a></i> (1968–69) – <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compases_para_preguntas_ensimismadas" title="Compases para preguntas ensimismadas">Compases para preguntas ensimismadas</a></i> (1970) – Hans Werner Henze</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recital_I_(for_Cathy)" title="Recital I (for Cathy)">Recital I (for Cathy)</a></i> (1972) – <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trois_airs_pour_un_op%C3%A9ra_imaginaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire">Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire</a></i> (1982) – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Vivier" title="Claude Vivier">Claude Vivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_Concerto_No._2_(Hovhaness)" title="Guitar Concerto No. 2 (Hovhaness)">Guitar Concerto No. 2</a> for guitar and strings (1985) – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a></li> <li><i>Invocation</i> for Oboe and Guitar (1993) – <a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Paraskevas" title="Apostolos Paraskevas">Apostolos Paraskevas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol-Od" title="Kol-Od">Kol-Od</a></i> (1996) – Luciano Berio</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asko_Concerto" title="Asko Concerto">Asko Concerto</a></i> (2000) – Elliott Carter</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_(Carter)" title="Dialogues (Carter)">Dialogues</a></i> for piano and chamber orchestra (2003) – Elliott Carter</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tierkreis_(Stockhausen)" title="Tierkreis (Stockhausen)">Fünf Sternzeichen</a></i> (2004) – Karlheinz Stockhausen</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tierkreis_(Stockhausen)" title="Tierkreis (Stockhausen)">Fünf weitere Sternzeichen</a></i> (2007) – Karlheinz Stockhausen</li> <li><i>Diário das Narrativas Fantásticas</i> (2019) – <a href="/wiki/Caio_Fac%C3%B3" title="Caio Facó">Caio Facó</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_bands_(wind_ensembles)"><span id="Concert_bands_.28wind_ensembles.29"></span>Concert bands (wind ensembles)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Concert bands (wind ensembles)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Contemporary classical music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In recent years, many composers have composed for <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a> (also called wind ensembles). Notable composers include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(composer)" title="James Barnes (composer)">James Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bassett" title="Leslie Bassett">Leslie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bedford" title="David Bedford">David Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodney_Bennett" title="Richard Rodney Bennett">Richard Rodney Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Benson" title="Warren Benson">Warren Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Bryant_(composer)" title="Steven Bryant (composer)">Steven Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bukvich" title="Daniel Bukvich">Daniel Bukvich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Camphouse" title="Mark Camphouse">Mark Camphouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Colgrass" title="Michael Colgrass">Michael Colgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Daugherty" title="Michael Daugherty">Michael Daugherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Del_Tredici" title="David Del Tredici">David Del Tredici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Duffy" title="Thomas C. Duffy">Thomas C. Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ewazen" title="Eric Ewazen">Eric Ewazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Rafael_Forte" title="Aldo Rafael Forte">Aldo Rafael Forte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gandolfi" title="Michael Gandolfi">Michael Gandolfi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossano_Galante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossano Galante (page does not exist)">Rossano Galante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gillingham" title="David Gillingham">David Gillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Giroux" title="Julie Giroux">Julie Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Graham_(composer)" title="Peter Graham (composer)">Peter Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Grantham" title="Donald Grantham">Donald Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gregson" title="Edward Gregson">Edward Gregson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harbison" title="John Harbison">John Harbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hazo" title="Samuel Hazo">Samuel Hazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hesketh" title="Kenneth Hesketh">Kenneth Hesketh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Husa" title="Karel Husa">Karel Husa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhide_Ito" title="Yasuhide Ito">Yasuhide Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Lindroth" title="Scott Lindroth">Scott Lindroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_McAllister" title="Scott McAllister">Scott McAllister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Francis_McBeth" title="W. Francis McBeth">W. Francis McBeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_MacMillan" title="James MacMillan">James MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_McTee" title="Cindy McTee">Cindy McTee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maslanka" title="David Maslanka">David Maslanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Maw" title="Nicholas Maw">Nicholas Maw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mackey_(composer)" title="John Mackey (composer)">John Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Navok" title="Lior Navok">Lior Navok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Nelson_(composer)" title="Ron Nelson (composer)">Ron Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Pann" title="Carter Pann">Carter Pann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti" title="Vincent Persichetti">Vincent Persichetti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_P%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Pütz (page does not exist)">Marco Pütz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_P%C3%BCtz" class="extiw" title="nl:Marco Pütz">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Reed" title="Alfred Reed">Alfred Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Reineke" title="Steven Reineke">Steven Reineke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Rudin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Rudin (page does not exist)">Rolf Rudin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Rudin" class="extiw" title="nl:Rolf Rudin">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_L._Saucedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard L. Saucedo (page does not exist)">Richard L. Saucedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schwantner" title="Joseph Schwantner">Joseph Schwantner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Smith_(musician)" title="Robert W. Smith (musician)">Robert W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sparke" title="Philip Sparke">Philip Sparke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Stamp" title="Jack Stamp">Jack Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Stucky" title="Steven Stucky">Steven Stucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ticheli" title="Frank Ticheli">Frank Ticheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tippett" title="Michael Tippett">Michael Tippett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Van_der_Roost" title="Jan Van der Roost">Jan Van der Roost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Welcher" title="Dan Welcher">Dan Welcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Whitacre" title="Eric Whitacre">Eric Whitacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Wilson" title="Dana Wilson">Dana Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Woolfenden" title="Guy Woolfenden">Guy Woolfenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rochester_Young" title="Charles Rochester Young">Charles Rochester Young</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Contemporary classical music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals" title="List of music festivals">List of music festivals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Contemporary_classical_music_festivals" title="Category:Contemporary classical music festivals">Category:Contemporary classical music festivals</a></div> <p>The following is an incomplete list of contemporary-music festivals: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Musica" title="Ars Musica">Ars Musica</a>, Brussels, Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_on_a_Can" title="Bang on a Can">Bang on a Can Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ears_Festival" title="Big Ears Festival">Big Ears Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">Darmstädter Ferienkurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaueschingen_Festival" title="Donaueschingen Festival">Donaueschingen Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_Atempo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival Atempo (page does not exist)">Festival Atempo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Atempo" class="extiw" title="es:Festival Atempo">es</a>]</span> in Caracas, Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudeamus_Foundation" title="Gaudeamus Foundation">Gaudeamus Foundation</a> Music Week in Amsterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Contemporary_Music_Festival" title="Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival">Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne_Festival" title="Lucerne Festival">Lucerne Festival</a> in Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATA_Festival" title="MATA Festival">MATA Festival</a> in New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Biennale_Zagreb" title="Music Biennale Zagreb">Music Biennale Zagreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musica_(French_music_festival)" title="Musica (French music festival)">Musica (French music festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Music_Gathering" title="New Music Gathering">New Music Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Music" title="November Music">November Music</a> in 's Hertogenbosch (the Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Minds_(organization)" title="Other Minds (organization)">Other Minds</a> in San Francisco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Arts_Contemporary_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Arts Contemporary Music Festival">Peninsula Arts Contemporary Music Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Autumn" title="Warsaw Autumn">Warsaw Autumn</a> in Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Enescu_Festival" title="George Enescu Festival">George Enescu Festival</a> in Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrillo_Festival_of_Contemporary_Music" title="Cabrillo Festival of Contemporary Music">Cabrillo Festival of Contemporary Music</a> in Santa Cruz, California</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_classical_ensembles" title="List of contemporary classical ensembles">List of contemporary classical ensembles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittall2001">Whittall 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993ch._7:_"Order_and_Chaos",_pp._78ff-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993ch._7:_"Order_and_Chaos",_pp._78ff_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzGodfrey1993">Schwartz & Godfrey 1993</a>, ch. 7: "Order and Chaos", pp. 78ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning200419ff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning200419ff_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManning2004">Manning 2004</a>, pp. 19ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993325-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993325_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzGodfrey1993">Schwartz & Godfrey 1993</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993289ff-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzGodfrey1993289ff_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzGodfrey1993">Schwartz & Godfrey 1993</a>, pp. 289ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bostonconservatory.berklee.edu/contemporary-music/mm-contemporary-classical-music-performance">"Master of Music in Contemporary Classical Music Performance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027164002/https://bostonconservatory.berklee.edu/contemporary-music/mm-contemporary-classical-music-performance">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Master+of+Music+in+Contemporary+Classical+Music+Performance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbostonconservatory.berklee.edu%2Fcontemporary-music%2Fmm-contemporary-classical-music-performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandur20015,_10–11_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandur2001">Bandur 2001</a>, pp. 5, 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1999303,_307–308,_310–11,_314–329-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1999303,_307–308,_310–11,_314–329_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraus1999">Straus 1999</a>, pp. 303, 307–308, 310–11, 314–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001§9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2001§9_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBotstein2001">Botstein 2001</a>, §9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwartz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwartz_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwartz_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz1994">Schwartz 1994</a>, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199218-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199218_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1992">Anderson 1992</a>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2001_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2001">Johnson 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008272-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008272_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2008">Holmes 2008</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i>, entry "Polystylistic", quoting Christian & Cornwall's <i>Guide to Russian Literature</i> (1998): "Zhdanov is eclectic; he mixes high poetic, archaic, scientific and everyday realities without imposing any hierarchy. His manner may be called ‘polystylistic’", and entry "Polystylist", quoting <i>Musical America</i>, November 1983: "An eclectic only <i>passively</i> collects material from different sources, but a polystylist puts together what he collects, consciously, in a new way."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins1994440–442,_446–448-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins1994440–442,_446–448_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkins1994">Watkins 1994</a>, pp. 440–442, 446–448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColburn200736–45,_54–55-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColburn200736–45,_54–55_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColburn2007">Colburn 2007</a>, pp. 36–45, 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatham1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatham1994_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChatham1994">Chatham 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToop1988-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToop1988_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToop1988">Toop 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Christopher (January 20, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051676">"New Complexity"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=New+Complexity&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000051676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuss2023" class="citation news cs1">Huss, Christopher (1 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/musique/792113/critique-classique-l-homme-qui-rit-la-poignante-sincerite-d-airat-ichmouratov">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"L'homme qui rit": la poignante sincérité d'Airat Ichmouratov"</a>. www.ledevoir.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601052235/https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/musique/792113/critique-classique-l-homme-qui-rit-la-poignante-sincerite-d-airat-ichmouratov">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22L%27homme+qui+rit%22%3A+la+poignante+sinc%C3%A9rit%C3%A9+d%27Airat+Ichmouratov&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.aulast=Huss&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fculture%2Fmusique%2F792113%2Fcritique-classique-l-homme-qui-rit-la-poignante-sincerite-d-airat-ichmouratov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF장석용2024" class="citation news cs1">장석용 (3 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.g-enews.com/view.php?ud=202401020644438825e8b8a793f7_1&mobile=1">"엄대호의 '영혼의 울림' 통한 예수의 수난과 죽음…탐욕에 빠진 인간에 대한 '구원의 음률'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>g-enews.com</i>. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.g-enews.com/gnpdflist.php?ct=946">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=g-enews.com&rft.atitle=%EC%97%84%EB%8C%80%ED%98%B8%EC%9D%98+%27%EC%98%81%ED%98%BC%EC%9D%98+%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%BC%27+%ED%86%B5%ED%95%9C+%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98+%EC%88%98%EB%82%9C%EA%B3%BC+%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C%E2%80%A6%ED%83%90%EC%9A%95%EC%97%90+%EB%B9%A0%EC%A7%84+%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84%EC%97%90+%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C+%27%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%98+%EC%9D%8C%EB%A5%A0%27&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2024-01-03&rft.au=%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%9D%EC%9A%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.g-enews.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D202401020644438825e8b8a793f7_1%26mobile%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldmark, Daniel. 2019. <i>The Grove Music Guide to American Film Music</i>. Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-063626-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-063626-2">0-19-063626-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craggs, Stewart R. 2020 <i>Soundtracks. International Dictionary of Composers of Music for Film</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36271-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36271-0">978-1-138-36271-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimmer-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zimmer_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangcay2021" class="citation web cs1">Tangcay, Jazz (May 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2021/artisans/news/hans-zimmer-signs-caa-composer-1234980917/">"Oscar Winner Hans Zimmer Signs With CAA"</a>. <i>Variety.com</i>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026192806/https://variety.com/2021/artisans/news/hans-zimmer-signs-caa-composer-1234980917/">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety.com&rft.atitle=Oscar+Winner+Hans+Zimmer+Signs+With+CAA&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Tangcay&rft.aufirst=Jazz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2021%2Fartisans%2Fnews%2Fhans-zimmer-signs-caa-composer-1234980917%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span> Proves notability.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Platt, Russell (August 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/goings-on/clarke-kubrick-and-ligeti-a-tale">"Clarke, Kubrick, and Ligeti: A Tale"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318180249/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/goings-on/clarke-kubrick-and-ligeti-a-tale">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Clarke%2C+Kubrick%2C+and+Ligeti%3A+A+Tale&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fgoings-on%2Fclarke-kubrick-and-ligeti-a-tale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1992" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Martin (June 1992). "A Conversation with Kalevi Aho". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i>. new series (181 (Scandinavian Issue)): 16–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200015138">10.1017/S0040298200015138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=A+Conversation+with+Kalevi+Aho&rft.issue=181+%28Scandinavian+Issue%29&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298200015138&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandur2001" class="citation book cs1">Bandur, Markus (2001). <i>Aesthetics of Total Serialism: Contemporary Research from Music to Architecture</i>. Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7643-6449-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7643-6449-1"><bdi>3-7643-6449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetics+of+Total+Serialism%3A+Contemporary+Research+from+Music+to+Architecture&rft.place=Basel%2C+Boston%2C+Berlin&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-7643-6449-1&rft.aulast=Bandur&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotstein2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Botstein, Leon</a> (2001). "Modernism". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (second ed.). London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernism&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Botstein&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFChatham1994"><a href="/wiki/Rhys_Chatham" title="Rhys Chatham">Chatham, Rhys</a>. 1994. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhyschatham.net/nintiesRCwebsite/Essay_1970-90.html">Composer's Notebook 1990: Toward a Musical Agenda for the Nineties</a>", with "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhyschatham.net/nintiesRCwebsite/Essay_1970-90.html#poss">Postscript, Summer 1994</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708141543/http://www.rhyschatham.net/">Rhys Chatham website</a>. (Accessed 20 January 2010)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColburn2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grant_Colburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grant Colburn (page does not exist)">Colburn, Grant</a> (Summer 2007). "A New Baroque Revival". <i>Early Music America</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 36–45, 54–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music+America&rft.atitle=A+New+Baroque+Revival&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=36-45%2C+54-55&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Colburn&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thomas B. (2008). <i>Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition</i> (3rd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6"><bdi>978-0-415-95781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+Experimental+Music%3A+Pioneers+in+Technology+and+Composition&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95781-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, Stephen (2001). "MacMillan, James (Loy)". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (second ed.). London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MacMillan%2C+James+%28Loy%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2004" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Peter (2004). <i>Electronic and Computer Music</i> (revised and expanded ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514484-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514484-8"><bdi>0-19-514484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+Computer+Music&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.edition=revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-514484-8&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzGodfrey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz" title="Elliott Schwartz">Schwartz, Elliott</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Strong_Godfrey" title="Daniel Strong Godfrey">Godfrey, Daniel</a> (1993). <i>Music Since 1945: Issues, Materials, and Literature</i>. New York; Toronto: Schirmer; Maxwell Macmillan Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-873040-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-873040-2"><bdi>0-02-873040-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Since+1945%3A+Issues%2C+Materials%2C+and+Literature&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Schirmer%3B+Maxwell+Macmillan+Canada&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-02-873040-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Elliott (Summer 1994). "European Journal, 1993". <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music" title="Perspectives of New Music">Perspectives of New Music</a></i>. <b>32</b> (2): 292–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833614">10.2307/833614</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833614">833614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+of+New+Music&rft.atitle=European+Journal%2C+1993&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-299&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F833614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F833614%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus1999" class="citation journal cs1">Straus, Joseph. N. (Autumn 1999). "The Myth of Serial 'Tyranny' in the 1950s and 1960s". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>83</b> (3): 301–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F83.3.301">10.1093/mq/83.3.301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Serial+%27Tyranny%27+in+the+1950s+and+1960s&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-343&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F83.3.301&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Joseph.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToop1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Toop" title="Richard Toop">Toop, Richard</a> (March 1988). "Four Facets of the 'New Complexity'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Contact: A Journal for Contemporary Music</i> (32): 4–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25602%2FGOLD.cj.v0i32.1284">10.25602/GOLD.cj.v0i32.1284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contact%3A+A+Journal+for+Contemporary+Music&rft.atitle=Four+Facets+of+the+%27New+Complexity%27&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=1988-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25602%2FGOLD.cj.v0i32.1284&rft.aulast=Toop&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Watkins" title="Glenn Watkins">Watkins, Glenn</a> (1994). <i>Pyramids at the Louvre: Music, Culture, and Collage from Stravinsky to the Postmodernists</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-74083-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-74083-1"><bdi>0-674-74083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyramids+at+the+Louvre%3A+Music%2C+Culture%2C+and+Collage+from+Stravinsky+to+the+Postmodernists&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-674-74083-1&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittall2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Whittall" title="Arnold Whittall">Whittall, Arnold</a> (2001). "Neo-Classicism". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19723">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neo-Classicism&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19723&rft.aulast=Whittall&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContemporary+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span> (Subscription access)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Cardoso-Firmo, Ana. 2011. "La Cantatrice Chauve de Jean-Philippe Calvin". In <i>Dramaturgies de l'Absurde en France et au Portugal</i>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, pp. 199–203. Paris: Université de Paris 8.</li> <li>Chute, James. 2001. "Torke, Michael." <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Cross, Jonathan. 2001. "Turnage, Mark-Anthony". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Danuser" title="Hermann Danuser">Danuser, Hermann</a>. 1984. <i>Die Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts: mit 108 Notenbeispielen, 130 Abbildungen und 2 Farbtafeln</i>. Neues Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft 7. Laaber: Laaber-Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89007-037-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-89007-037-X">3-89007-037-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Dibelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Dibelius (page does not exist)">Dibelius, Ulrich</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Dibelius" class="extiw" title="de:Ulrich Dibelius">de</a>]</span>. 1998. <i>Moderne Musik Nach 1945</i>. Munich: Piper Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-492-04037-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-492-04037-3">3-492-04037-3</a> (pbk.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Du_Noyer" title="Paul Du Noyer">Du Noyer, Paul</a> (ed.) (2003), "Contemporary" in <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music</i>. London: Flame Tree, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904041-70-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-904041-70-1">1-904041-70-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duckworth_(composer)" title="William Duckworth (composer)">Duckworth, William</a>. 1995. <i>Talking Music: Conversations with John Cage, Philip Glass, Laurie Anderson, and Five Generations of American Experimental Composers</i>. New York: Schirmer Books; London: Prentice-Hall International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-870823-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-870823-7">0-02-870823-7</a> Reprinted 1999, New York: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80893-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80893-5">0-306-80893-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufallo,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dufallo, Richard">Dufallo, Richard</a>. 1989. <i>Trackings: Composers Speak with Richard Dufallo</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505816-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505816-X">0-19-505816-X</a></li> <li>Gagne, Cole. 1990. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nicolevgagne.com/music-books-sonic-transports/">Sonic Transports: New Frontiers in Our Music</a></i>. New York: de Falco Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9625145-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9625145-0-0">0-9625145-0-0</a></li> <li>Gagne, Cole. 1993. <i>Soundpieces 2: Interviews with American Composers</i>. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2710-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2710-7">0-8108-2710-7</a></li> <li>Gagne, Cole and Tracy Caras. 1982. <i>Soundpieces: Interviews with American Composers</i>. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1474-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-1474-9">0-8108-1474-9</a></li> <li>Gagne, Nicole V. 2019. <i>Historical Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Classical Music</i>, second edition. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538122976" title="Special:BookSources/9781538122976">9781538122976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Gann, Kyle</a>. 1997. <i>American Music in the Twentieth Century</i>. New York: Schirmer Books; London: Prentice Hall International. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864655-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864655-X">0-02-864655-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Griffiths, Paul</a>. 1995. <i>Modern Music And After: Directions Since 1945</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816578-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816578-1">0-19-816578-1</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816511-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816511-0">0-19-816511-0</a> (pbk.) Rev. ed. of: <i>Modern Music: The Avant Garde Since 1945</i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Lucier" title="Alvin Lucier"> Lucier, Alvin</a>, ed. 2018. <i>Eight Lectures on Experimental Music</i>. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819577634" title="Special:BookSources/9780819577634">9780819577634</a></li> <li>Morgan, Robert P. 1991. <i>Twentieth-century Music: A History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and America</i>. New York: Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95272-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-95272-X">0-393-95272-X</a></li> <li><i>New Music: Music since 1950</i>. 1978. Vienna: Universal Edition. <i>N.B</i>.: Biography-bibliography dictionary. Without ISBN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyman,_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyman, Michael">Nyman, Michael</a>. 1999. <i>Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond</i>. Second edition. Music in the 20th century. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65297-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65297-9">0-521-65297-9</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65383-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65383-5">0-521-65383-5</a> (pbk.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell,_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell, John">Rockwell, John</a>. 1984. <i>All American Music</i>. New York: Vintage Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72246-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-72246-9">0-394-72246-9</a> (pbk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz" title="Elliott Schwartz">Schwartz, Elliott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barney_Childs" title="Barney Childs">Barney Childs</a> (eds.), with Jim Fox. 1998. <i>Contemporary Composers on Contemporary Music</i>. Expanded edition. New York: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80819-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80819-6">0-306-80819-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Smith_Brindle" title="Reginald Smith Brindle">Smith Brindle, Reginald</a>. 1987. <i>The New Music: The Avant-Garde since 1945</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315471-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315471-4">0-19-315471-4</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315468-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315468-4">0-19-315468-4</a> (pbk.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Whittall" title="Arnold Whittall">Whittall, Arnold</a>. 1999. <i>Musical Composition in the Twentieth Century</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816684-2">0-19-816684-2</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816683-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816683-4">0-19-816683-4</a> (pbk.)</li> <li>Whittall, Arnold. 2003. <i>Exploring Twentieth-Century Music: Tradition and Innovation</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81642-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81642-4">0-521-81642-4</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01668-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01668-1">0-521-01668-1</a> (pbk)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_classical_music&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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text" href="http://www.musiquecontemporaine.fr">Gateway to contemporary music resources in France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612135545/http://musiquecontemporaine.fr/">Archived</a> 2021-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highscorefestival.com/">highSCORE Festival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bachtrack.com/period/contemporary">"Guide to contemporary music"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachtrack" title="Bachtrack">Bachtrack</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music" title="Outline of classical music">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_music" title="Category:Classical music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_music" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/6px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/8px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/11px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" 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