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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hermeticism" title="Category:Hermeticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermes Trismegistus"><img alt="Hermes Trismegistus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/110px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/165px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/220px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="407" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><b><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetic writings</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_(astrological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis (astrological)">Liber Hermetis (astrological)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Hermes_Trismegistus_to_Asclepius" title="Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius"><i>Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Corpus Hermeticum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poimandres" title="Poimandres">Poimandres</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_(treatise)" title="Asclepius (treatise)"><i>Asclepius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth" title="The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth"><i>Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Thanksgiving" title="Prayer of Thanksgiving">Prayer of Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_kosmou" class="mw-redirect" title="Kore kosmou"><i>Korē kosmou</i></a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyranides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_stellis_beibeniis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber de stellis beibeniis"><i>The Book of the Secrets of the Stars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>The Secret of Creation</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Istamakhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Istamakhis"><i>Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia">Liber Hermetis de alchemia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ancient and medieval</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(may be legendary)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Aḥmad al-Būnī</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Early modern</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Lazzarelli" title="Lodovico Lazzarelli">Lodovico Lazzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rosenkreuz" title="Christian Rosenkreuz">Christian Rosenkreuz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(legendary, see <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern offshoots</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_above,_so_below" title="As above, so below">As above, so below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Philosophica_Hermetica" title="Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica">Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kybalion" title="The Kybalion">The Kybalion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetism_and_other_religions" title="Hermetism and other religions">Hermetism and other religions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hermeticism" title="Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hermeticism" title="Template talk:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Cyranides</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κυρανίδες</span>; also <i><b>Kyranides</b></i> or <i><b>Kiranides</b></i>) is a compilation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> works on <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">medicine</a> first put together in the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> translations also exist. It has been described as a "<a href="/wiki/Farrago_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Farrago (disambiguation)">farrago</a>" and a <i>texte vivant</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> owing to the complexities of its <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism#Process" title="Textual criticism">transmission</a>: it has been abridged, rearranged, and supplemented. The resulting compilation covers the magical properties and practical uses of gemstones, plants, and animals, and is a virtual encyclopedia of <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also contains material pertinent to the history of western <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> studies, particularly in illuminating meanings of words and <a href="/wiki/Magico-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Magico-religious">magico-religious</a> practices.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a medical text, the <i>Cyranides</i> was held in relatively low esteem even in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> because of its use of <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> language and reliance on <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">lore</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic">Hippocratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galenic</a> medical theory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemica" title="Pseudodoxia Epidemica">Pseudodoxia Epidemica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> described the <i>Cyranides</i> as "a collection out of <a href="/wiki/Harpocration" title="Harpocration">Harpocration</a> the Greek and sundry <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">Arabick writers</a> delivering not only the Naturall but Magicall propriety of things."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <i>Cyranides</i> was considered "dangerous and disreputable" in the Middle Ages, it was translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Pascalis_Romanus" title="Pascalis Romanus">Pascalis Romanus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clergyman</a> with medical expertise who was the Latin interpreter for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>. The 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">cleric</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chloros" title="Demetrios Chloros">Demetrios Chloros</a> was put on trial because he transcribed magical texts, including what was referred to as the <i>Coeranis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_and_structure">Form and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyranides&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Form and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodl_Arab.d.221_roll332_frame11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bodl_Arab.d.221_roll332_frame11.jpg/220px-Bodl_Arab.d.221_roll332_frame11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bodl_Arab.d.221_roll332_frame11.jpg/330px-Bodl_Arab.d.221_roll332_frame11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bodl_Arab.d.221_roll332_frame11.jpg/440px-Bodl_Arab.d.221_roll332_frame11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>14th-century Arabic manuscript of the <i>Cyranides</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The original 4th-century <i>Cyranides</i> comprised three books, to which a <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redactor</a> added a fourth. The original first book of the <i>Cyranides</i>, the <i>Kyranis</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κυρανίς</span></span>), was the second component of a two-part work, the first part of which was the <i>Archaikê</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρχαϊκἠ</span></span>). Books 2–4 are a <a href="/wiki/Bestiary" title="Bestiary">bestiary</a>. The <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Editions">edition of Kaimakis (see below)</a> contains a fifth and sixth book which were not transmitted under the name <i>Cyranides</i> but which were included with the work in a limited number of manuscripts. A medieval <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Arabic</a> translation of the first book exists, and portions of it are "reflected" in the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> work <i>Le livre des secrez de nature</i> (<i>The Book of Nature's Secrets</i>). </p><p>The <i>Cyranides</i> begins by instructing the reader to keep its contents secret, and with a fictional narrative of how the work was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one 15th-century manuscript, the author of the work is said to be Kyranos (Κοίρανος), king of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_remedies_and_spells">Sample remedies and spells</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyranides&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sample remedies and spells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Cyranides</i> devotes a chapter to the healing powers of the water snake; its <a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">bezoar</a> is used to cure <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">dropsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">gall</a> is recommended for healing white spots in the eye; fish liver is supposed to cure blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a "large and pleasurable" <a href="/wiki/Erection#Penile_erection" title="Erection">erection</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Arugula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arugula">arugula</a>, spices, and honey is recommended, as is carrying the tail of a lizard or the right <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fumigation or wearing of <a href="/wiki/Bear#Culture" title="Bear">bear</a> hair turns away evil spirits and fever.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel Ogden, a specialist in magic and the supernatural in antiquity, has gathered several references from the <i>Cyranides</i> on the use of gemstones and amulets.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection offers spells to avert the child-harming demon <a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a>, who was blamed for <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>, and says that <a href="/wiki/Aetites" title="Aetites">aetite</a> can be worn as an amulet against miscarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magico-religious_tradition">Magico-religious tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyranides&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Magico-religious tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympidorus</a> provides a summary of a passage from the work, not part of the abridged version now extant, that has <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> as well as alchemical implications: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg/220px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg/330px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg/440px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="3953" /></a><figcaption>The mole: once a man, and cursed for revealing the secrets of the sun, according to the <i><b>Cyranides</b></i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Again in <i>Kyranis</i> <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes</a>, speaking riddlingly of the egg, said that it is properly the substance of gold-<a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> and the moon. For the egg challenges the golden-haired cosmos: the <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cockerel</a>, Hermes says, was once a man, cursed by the sun. This he says in the book called <i>Ancient</i> (<i>archaike</i>). In it he also makes mention of the <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">mole</a>, saying that it too was once a man. It was cursed by god for revealing the secrets of the sun. And the sun made it blind and if it happens to be observed by the sun, the earth does not receive it till evening. He says '<the sun made it blind> as it knew as well what was the shape of the sun.' He exiled it in the <i>melanitis</i> land [black earth?],<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a law-breaker and divulger of his secret to the human race.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the extant version, the <i>Cyranides</i> contains a description of the <i>heliodromus</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a>-like bird from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> which, upon hatching, flies to the rising sun and then goes west when the sun passes the <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a>. It lives only a year, and, according to some interpretations of an unreliable text, leaves behind an <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyranides&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDelatte1942" class="citation book cs1">Delatte, Louis (1942). <i>Textes latins et vieux français relatifs aux Cyranides</i>. Paris: Droz. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/901714095">901714095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textes+latins+et+vieux+fran%C3%A7ais+relatifs+aux+Cyranides&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Droz&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F901714095&rft.aulast=Delatte&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyranides" class="Z3988"></span> The Latin translation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaimakis1976" class="citation book cs1">Kaimakis, Dimitris (1976). <i>Die Kyraniden</i>. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783445013347" title="Special:BookSources/9783445013347"><bdi>9783445013347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kyraniden&rft.place=Meisenheim+am+Glan&rft.pub=Hain&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9783445013347&rft.aulast=Kaimakis&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyranides" class="Z3988"></span> (NB: Kaimakis did not consult the Latin text while making this edition).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuelle1898" class="citation book cs1">Ruelle, M. Ch.-Ém. (1898). <i>Les lapidaires de l'antiquité et du moyen-âge 2. Les lapidaires grecs, Tome 2, Fascicule 1</i>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+lapidaires+de+l%27antiquit%C3%A9+et+du+moyen-%C3%A2ge+2.+Les+lapidaires+grecs%2C+Tome+2%2C+Fascicule+1&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Ruelle&rft.aufirst=M.+Ch.-%C3%89m.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyranides" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> Partial Greek text.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToral-Niehoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (2004). <i>Kitab Giranis. Die arabische Übersetzung der ersten Kyranis des Hermes Trismegistos und die griechischen Parallelen</i>. München: Herbert Utz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8316-0413-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8316-0413-4"><bdi>3-8316-0413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+Giranis.+Die+arabische+%C3%9Cbersetzung+der+ersten+Kyranis+des+Hermes+Trismegistos+und+die+griechischen+Parallelen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Herbert+Utz&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-8316-0413-4&rft.aulast=Toral-Niehoff&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyranides" class="Z3988"></span> Arabic translation and partial Greek text; Greek text contains many typographical errors.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllmann2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ullmann, Manfred (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learningroads.cfs.unipi.it/sga-10-2020/">"Die arabischen Fragmente der Bücher II bis IV der Kyraniden"</a>. <i>Studia graeco-arabica</i>. <b>10</b>: 49–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+graeco-arabica&rft.atitle=Die+arabischen+Fragmente+der+B%C3%BCcher+II+bis+IV+der+Kyraniden&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=49-58&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ullmann&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearningroads.cfs.unipi.it%2Fsga-10-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyranides" class="Z3988"></span> (Arabic translation of fragments from books 2–4 of the <i>Cyranides</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaegeman1987" class="citation book cs1">Waegeman, Maryse (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17009220"><i>Amulet and Alphabet: Magical Amulets in the First Book of </i>Cyranides<i><span></span></i></a>. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-70265-80-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-70265-80-X"><bdi>90-70265-80-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17009220">17009220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amulet+and+Alphabet%3A+Magical+Amulets+in+the+First+Book+of+Cyranides&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=J.+C.+Gieben&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17009220&rft.isbn=90-70265-80-X&rft.aulast=Waegeman&rft.aufirst=Maryse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F17009220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyranides" class="Z3988"></span> English translation and commentary on select passages from Book 1.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyranides&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bain, David. "Μελανῖτις γῆ in the <i>Cyranides</i> and Related Texts: New Evidence for the Origins and Etymology of Alchemy." In <i>Magic in the Biblical World: From the <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_Rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron's Rod">Rod of Aaron</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Ring of Solomon</a></i>. T&T Clark International, 2003, pp. 191–218. Limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCNplxqmQpEC&dq=cyranides&pg=PA195">online.</a></li> <li>Bain, David. "περιγίνεσθαι as a Medical Term and a Conjecture in the <i>Cyranides</i>." In <i>Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy-Fifth Birthday</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, pp. 281–286. Limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVpdaXDgvq4C&dq=cyranides&pg=PR3">online.</a></li> <li>Faraone, Christopher A. <i>Ancient Greek Love Magic</i>. Harvard University Press, 2001. Limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq-Yg6B51NsC&q=cyranides">online.</a></li> <li>Mavroudi, Maria. "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium: Considerations for Future Research." University of California, Berkeley. Full text <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/cmrs/medstudies_readings/mar2_mavroudi.pdf">downloadable.</a> Also published in <i>The Occult Sciences in Byzantium</i> (La Pomme d'or, 2006), limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=muGVUiKEYccC&q=intitle:occult+intitle:sciences+intitle:in+intitle:byzantium">online.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyranides&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bain, "περιγίνεσθαι as a Medical Term and a Conjecture in the <i>Cyranides</i>," in <i>Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy-Fifth Birthday</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 283 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVpdaXDgvq4C&dq=cyranides&pg=PA281">online.</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Faraone" title="Christopher A. Faraone">Christopher A. Faraone</a>, <i>Ancient Greek Love Magic</i> p. 121, dates the work to the 1st century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, "living text"; that is, an "open" document or text undergoing continuing revision by multiple hands and existing in no one authoritative form; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faraone, <i>Ancient Greek Love Magic</i>, pp. 11 and 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ in the <i>Cyranides</i> and Related Texts: New Evidence for the Origins and Etymology of Alchemy," in <i>Magic in the Biblical World: From the <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_Rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron's Rod">Rod of Aaron</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Ring of Solomon</a></i> (T&T Clark International, 2003), pp. 209–210, especially note 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey B. Gibson, <i>Temptations of Jesus in Early Christianity</i> (Continuum International Publishing, 2004), p. 246 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd6YCDdfSCcC&dq=cyranides&pg=PA246">online</a>; used as a source by James A. Kelhoffer, <i>The Diet of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>: "Locusts and Wild Honey" in Synoptic and Patristic Interpretation</i> (Mohr Siebeck, 2005), <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Mavroudi, "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium: Considerations for Future Research," University of California, Berkeley, p. 84, full text <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/cmrs/medstudies_readings/mar2_mavroudi.pdf">downloadable.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As cited by Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ," p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ," p. 208, note 61; Mavroudi, "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium," p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ," pp. 195 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCNplxqmQpEC&dq=cyranides&pg=PA195">online</a>, 203 and 209; "περιγίνεσθαι as a Medical Term," p. 283; "Some Textual and Lexical Notes on <i>Cyranides</i> 'Books Five and Six'," <i><a href="/wiki/Classica_et_Mediaevalia" title="Classica et Mediaevalia">Classica et Mediaevalia</a></i> 47 (1996), pp. 151–168 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOT0qTRW0gQC&dq=cyranides&pg=PA151">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mavroudi, "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium," p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bain, "περιγίνεσθαι as a Medical Term," p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen" title="Erich S. Gruen">Erich S. Gruen</a>, <i>Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans</i> (Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 319 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1IR4WtFjGUC&dq=cyranides&pg=PA319">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faraone, <i>Ancient Greek Love Magic</i>, p. 21, note 93. The possession of a molar by a skink seems not to be questioned; one wonders whether the translation is accurate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mavroudi, "Occult Science and Society in Byzantium," p. 84, note 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Ogden, <i> Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook</i> (Oxford University Press, 2002), <i>passim</i>, limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3QRxWQQtcC&q=cyranides">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Iles Johnston, <i>Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece</i> (University of California Press, 1999), pp. 166–167 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbihKIJw_OUC&dq=cyranides&pg=PA166">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the Latin translation and a poor text of the Greek, <a href="/wiki/E.H.F._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H.F. Meyer">E.H.F. Meyer</a> thought that μελανῖτις γῆ referred to southern <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>; others have thought <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> is now the standard view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bain, "Μελανῖτις γῆ," p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roel_van_den_Broek" title="Roel van den Broek">R. van den Broek</a>, <i>The Myth of the Phoenix According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions</i> (Brill, N.D.), pp. 286–287 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&dq=cyranides&pg=PA286">online.</a>. On the sex of the phoenix, see F. Lecocq, «‘Le sexe incertain du phénix’: de la zoologie à la théologie», <i>Le phénix et son autre: poétique d'un mythe des origines au XVIe s.</i>, ed. L. Gosserez, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013, p. 177-199, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-2735-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-2735-5">978-2-7535-2735-5</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_(general)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alchemy" title="Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alchemy" title="Template talk:Alchemy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_(general)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy (general)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemists" title="List of alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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