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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Viking Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intermixing_with_the_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermixing_with_the_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Intermixing with the Slavs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermixing_with_the_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Motives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jomsborg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jomsborg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Jomsborg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jomsborg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Viking_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Viking_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 End of the Viking Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Viking_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_nation-states_and_monetary_economies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_nation-states_and_monetary_economies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Emergence of nation-states and monetary economies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_nation-states_and_monetary_economies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_into_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_into_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Assimilation into Christendom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_into_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Literature and language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Runestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Runestones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runic_alphabet_usage_in_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runic_alphabet_usage_in_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Runic alphabet usage in modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runic_alphabet_usage_in_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Burial sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Social structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Status of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming_and_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming_and_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Farming and cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming_and_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Games and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Cultural assimilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Weapons and warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Trade </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trade subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Goods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Medieval perceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-medieval_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-medieval_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Post-medieval perceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-medieval_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_20th-century_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_20th-century_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 In 20th-century politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_20th-century_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 In modern popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Experimental archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Common misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horned_helmets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horned_helmets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Horned helmets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horned_helmets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Barbarity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_skulls_as_drinking_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_skulls_as_drinking_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Use of skulls as drinking vessels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_skulls_as_drinking_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genetic legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vikings</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" > 145 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikings" title="Wikings – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinger" title="Wikinger – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wikinger" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ቫይኪንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቫይኪንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABcingas" title="Wīcingas – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wīcingas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%86%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Авикингцәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Авикингцәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AC" title="فايكنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فايكنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingo" title="Vikingo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vikingo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9B" title="ভাইকিংছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাইকিংছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquingu" title="Viquingu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Viquingu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingoku%C3%A9ra" title="Vikingokuéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vikingokuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinql%C9%99r" title="Vikinqlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikinqlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B1" title="وایکینقلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وایکینقلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ভাইকিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাইকিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-l%C3%A2ng" title="Viking-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Viking-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Викингтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Викингтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Вікінгі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікінгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Вікінгі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікінгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Викинги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Викинги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinzi" title="Vikinzi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vikinzi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinged" title="Vikinged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vikinged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Викингүүд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Викингүүд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Викингсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Викингсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingov%C3%A9" title="Vikingové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vikingové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llychlynwyr" title="Llychlynwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llychlynwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinger" title="Vikinger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vikinger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viki%C5%8B%C5%8Bat" title="Vikiŋŋat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vikiŋŋat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinger" title="Wikinger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikinger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikingid" title="Viikingid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viikingid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Βίκινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίκινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingo" title="Vikingo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vikingo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingoj" title="Vikingoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikingoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikingo" title="Bikingo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bikingo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="وایکینگ‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وایکینگ‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADkingur" title="Víkingur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Víkingur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wytsingen" title="Wytsingen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wytsingen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichincs" title="Vichincs – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vichincs" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochlannaigh" title="Lochlannaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lochlannaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_Loghlynee" title="Ny Loghlynee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny Loghlynee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Lochlannaich" title="Na Lochlannaich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Lochlannaich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquingo" title="Viquingo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viquingo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-ng%C3%ACn" title="Viking-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Viking-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%B9" title="바이킹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이킹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վիկինգներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկինգներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="वाइकिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाइकिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinzi" title="Vikinzi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vikinzi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingo" title="Vikingo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vikingo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Викингтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Викингтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADkingar" title="Víkingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víkingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichinghi" title="Vichinghi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vichinghi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ויקינגים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקינגים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Викингле – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Викингле" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვიკინგები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკინგები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Викингтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Викингтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankrydoryon_Vor" title="Ankrydoryon Vor – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ankrydoryon Vor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavikingi" title="Wavikingi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wavikingi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AEk%C3%AEng" title="Vîkîng – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîkîng" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Викингдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Викингдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Викингвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Викингвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viccingi" title="Viccingi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Viccingi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingi" title="Vikingi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vikingi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingai" title="Vikingai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikingai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichinghi" title="Vichinghi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vichinghi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinge" title="Vikinge – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vikinge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicing" title="Vicing – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vicing" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingek" title="Vikingek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vikingek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Викинзи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Викинзи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingy_(vahoaka)" title="Vikingy (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vikingy (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈക്കിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈക്കിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingi" title="Vikingi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Vikingi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="व्हायकिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हायकिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ვიკინგეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიკინგეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ڤايكينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤايكينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وایکینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وایکینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikings" title="Bikings – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bikings" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%87%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Викингчүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Викингчүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဗိုက်ကင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗိုက်ကင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingen" title="Vikingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vikingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="भाइकिङ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाइकिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ヴァイキング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァイキング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Викингаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Викингаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinger" title="Wikinger – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wikinger" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingar" title="Vikingar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vikingar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinglar" title="Vikinglar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikinglar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਵਾਈਕਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਈਕਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وائی کنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائی کنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B2_(%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="وايکينګز (وايکينګيان) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وايکينګز (وايکينګيان)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinger" title="Wikinger – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wikinger" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikingowie" title="Wikingowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikingowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingler" title="Vikingler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vikingler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingi" title="Vikingi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vikingi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Вікінґове – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вікінґове" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Викинги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Викинги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichingos" title="Vichingos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vichingos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking%C3%ABt" title="Vikingët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vikingët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichinghi" title="Vichinghi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vichinghi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="වයිකිංවරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වයිකිංවරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vikings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingovia" title="Vikingovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vikingovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingi" title="Vikingi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vikingi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڤایکینگەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایکینگەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Викинзи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Викинзи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinzi" title="Vikinzi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vikinzi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikingit" title="Viikingit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viikingit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Viking" title="Mga Viking – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Viking" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="வைக்கிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வைக்கிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Викинглар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Викинглар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ชาวไวกิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวไวกิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Викингҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Викингҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingler" title="Vikingler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikingler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikingler" title="Wikingler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wikingler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Вікінги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікінги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وائکنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائکنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunz_Veizging" title="Vunz Veizging – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vunz Veizging" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichinghi" title="Vichinghi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vichinghi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingad" title="Vikingad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vikingad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Viking" title="Người Viking – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Viking" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikingiq" title="Viikingiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Viikingiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Viking" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="维京人 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the North Germanic ethnic group from which most Vikings originated, see <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vikings_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Vikings (disambiguation)">Vikings (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_attack_on_Gu%C3%A9rande,_from_a_Saint-Aubin_MS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Viking_attack_on_Gu%C3%A9rande%2C_from_a_Saint-Aubin_MS.jpg/300px-Viking_attack_on_Gu%C3%A9rande%2C_from_a_Saint-Aubin_MS.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Viking_attack_on_Gu%C3%A9rande%2C_from_a_Saint-Aubin_MS.jpg/450px-Viking_attack_on_Gu%C3%A9rande%2C_from_a_Saint-Aubin_MS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Viking_attack_on_Gu%C3%A9rande%2C_from_a_Saint-Aubin_MS.jpg/600px-Viking_attack_on_Gu%C3%A9rande%2C_from_a_Saint-Aubin_MS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tj%C3%A4ngvide_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_crop.jpg/220px-Tj%C3%A4ngvide_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_crop.jpg/330px-Tj%C3%A4ngvide_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_crop.jpg/440px-Tj%C3%A4ngvide_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> depiction from the <a href="/wiki/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_image_stone" title="Tjängvide image stone">Tjängvide image stone</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nordisk1-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavia" title="Category:Scandinavia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/375px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/500px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">History by country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> Chronological history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Denmark–Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defence_union" title="Scandinavian defence union">Defence Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Faroe_Islands" title="Portal:Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavia" title="Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavia" title="Template talk:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Vikings were seafaring people originally from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Definition_Scholarly-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Definition_Tertiary-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Definition_Dictionary-6">[6]</a> who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Viking-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB_Denmark-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roesdahl,_pp._9–22-9">[9]</a> They also voyaged as far as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>). In their countries of origin, and some of the countries they raided and settled in, this period is popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, and the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole. The Vikings had a profound impact on the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">history of Scandinavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a>, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the <a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland#Norse_settlement" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">Normandy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic coast</a>, as well as along the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade routes</a> across modern-day Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> where they were also known as <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islanders" title="Faroe Islanders">Faroese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the Byzantine emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Vikings also voyaged to <a href="/wiki/Caspian_expeditions_of_the_Rus%27" title="Caspian expeditions of the Rus'">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">settling in Newfoundland</a> (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic<a href="#cite_note-Margaryan2-16">[16]</a> and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The Vikings spoke <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and made inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>. For most of the period, they followed the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a>, but later <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">became Christians</a>. The Vikings had their own <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">art</a>, and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> that emerges from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as <a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">noble savages</a> began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-langer-18">[18]</a> Perceived views of the Vikings as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers owe much to conflicting varieties of the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. These representations are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore <a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet" title="Horned helmet">horned helmets</a>, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sm_10,_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sm_10%2C_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6.JPG/220px-Sm_10%2C_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sm_10%2C_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6.JPG/330px-Sm_10%2C_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sm_10%2C_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6.JPG/440px-Sm_10%2C_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones#Sm_10" title="Viking runestones">Runestone raised in memory of Gunnarr by Tóki the Viking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> The etymology of the word Viking has been much debated by academics, with many origin theories being proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJesch20154–5-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001460-461-21">[21]</a> One theory suggests that the word's origin is from the Old English wicing 'settlement' and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> wizing, attested almost 300 years prior.<a href="#cite_note-Brink2008-22">[22]</a> Another less popular theory is that víking came from the feminine vík 'creek', 'inlet', 'small bay'.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Another etymology that gained support in the early 21st century derives Viking from the same root as Old Norse vika 'sea mile', originally referring to the distance between two shifts of rowers, ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *wîkan 'to recede'.<a href="#cite_note-Eldar_Heide_2008_23–28-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mees2012-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heide2005-27">[27]</a> This is found in the early Nordic verb *wikan 'to turn', similar to Old Icelandic víkja 'to move, to turn', with "well-attested nautical usages", according to Bernard Mees.<a href="#cite_note-Mees2012-26">[26]</a> This theory is better attested linguistically, and the term most likely predates the use of the sail by the Germanic peoples of northwestern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Heide2005-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mees2012-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boutkan-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammars_(I).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hammars_%28I%29.JPG/220px-Hammars_%28I%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hammars_%28I%29.JPG/330px-Hammars_%28I%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hammars_%28I%29.JPG/440px-Hammars_%28I%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stora_Hammars_stones" title="Stora Hammars stones">Stora Hammars I</a> <a href="/wiki/Picture_stone" title="Picture stone">image stone</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">saga of Hildr</a>, under what may be the rite of <a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">blood eagle</a>, and on the bottom a Viking ship</figcaption></figure> In the Middle Ages, viking came to refer to Scandinavian pirates or raiders.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hødnebø1987-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The earliest reference to wicing in English sources is from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal-Erfurt_glossary" title="Épinal-Erfurt glossary">Épinal-Erfurt glossary</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700), about 93 years before the first known attack by Viking raiders in England. The glossary lists the Latin translation for wicing as piraticum 'pirate'.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, the word wicing appears in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> poem <a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a>, probably from the 9th century. The word was not regarded as a reference to nationality, with other terms such as Northmen and Dene 'Danes' being used for that. In <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a>'s Latin work The Life of King Alfred, the Danes are referred to as pagani 'pagans'; historian <a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Janet Nelson</a> states that pagani became "the Vikings" in standard translations of this work, even though there is "clear evidence" that it was used as a synonym, while <a href="/wiki/Eric_Christiansen" title="Eric Christiansen">Eric Christiansen</a> avers that it is a mistranslation made at the insistence of the publisher.<a href="#cite_note-Frantzen2012-34">[34]</a> The word wicing does not occur in any preserved <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> texts. The word Viking was introduced into Modern English during the 18th-century Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised heroic overtones of "barbarian warrior" or <a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">noble savage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2005-35">[35]</a> During the 20th century, the meaning of the term was expanded to refer not only to seaborne raiders from Scandinavia and other places settled by them (like <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>), but also any member of the culture that produced the raiders during the period from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries, or more loosely from about 700 to as late as about 1100. As an adjective, the word is used to refer to ideas, phenomena, or artefacts connected with those people and their cultural life, producing expressions like Viking age, Viking culture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship and so on. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Scandinavian prehistory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_Axe_culture" title="Battle Axe culture">Battle Axe culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_Age">Viking Age</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miscellany_on_the_Life_of_St._Edmund_-_MS_M.736_fol._9v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Miscellany_on_the_Life_of_St._Edmund_-_MS_M.736_fol._9v.jpg/260px-Miscellany_on_the_Life_of_St._Edmund_-_MS_M.736_fol._9v.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Miscellany_on_the_Life_of_St._Edmund_-_MS_M.736_fol._9v.jpg/390px-Miscellany_on_the_Life_of_St._Edmund_-_MS_M.736_fol._9v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Miscellany_on_the_Life_of_St._Edmund_-_MS_M.736_fol._9v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Sea-faring <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> depicted invading England. <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a> illustration from the 12th-century Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund (<a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Pierpont Morgan Library</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Viking Age in Scandinavian history is taken to have been the period from the earliest recorded raids by Norsemen in 793 until the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> in 1066.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Vikings used the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> for sea routes to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> were descendants of those Vikings who had been given <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> overlordship of areas in northern France, namely the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>, in the 10th century. In that respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe. Likewise, King <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, had Danish ancestors. Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> claiming the English throne in 1013 until 1014 and his son <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a> being king of England between 1016 and 1035.<a href="#cite_note-Lund-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawson-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Badsey_et_al.-41">[41]</a> Geographically, the Viking Age covered Scandinavian lands (modern <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and Sweden), as well as territories under <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">North Germanic</a> dominance, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> parts of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Viking navigators opened the road to new lands to the north, west and east, resulting in the foundation of independent settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and Faroe Islands; Iceland; <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>;<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, a short-lived settlement in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, circa 1000.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Greenland settlement was established around 980, during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a>, and its demise by the mid-15th century may have been partly due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Viking <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a> took control of territories in <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic</a>-dominated areas of Eastern Europe; they annexed <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> in 882 to serve as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> As early as 839, when Swedish emissaries are first known to have visited <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, Scandinavians served as mercenaries in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In the late 10th century, a new unit of the imperial bodyguard formed. Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians, it was known as the <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> Guard. The word Varangian may have originated in Old Norse, but in Slavic and Greek it could refer either to Scandinavians or Franks. In these years, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a> men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law, the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen" title="Västgötalagen">Västgötalagen</a>, from <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a> declared no-one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire—to stop the emigration,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians:<a href="#cite_note-Pritsak386-50">[50]</a> Kievan Rus' <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 980–1060 and London 1018–1066 (the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingali%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Þingalið">Þingalið</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Pritsak386-50">[50]</a> There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Islamic Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Norse regularly plied the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> with their trade goods: furs, tusks, seal fat for boat sealant, and <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>. Important trading ports during the period include <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaupang" title="Kaupang">Kaupang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorvik">Jorvik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, and Kiev. Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for trade, raids, colonisation, and conquest. In this period, voyaging from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden the Norsemen settled in the present-day <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Greenland">Norse Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse colonization of the Americas">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a>, England, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, Russia and Turkey, as well as initiating the consolidation that resulted in the formation of the present-day Scandinavian countries. In the Viking Age, the present day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark did not exist, but the peoples who lived in what is now those countries were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language, although somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known for only the later part of the Viking Age. After the end of the Viking Age, the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand-in-hand with their <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a>. Thus, the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intermixing_with_the_Slavs">Intermixing with the Slavs</h4></div> Slavic and Viking tribes were "closely linked, fighting one another, intermixing and trading".<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Nottingham-55">[55]</a> In the Middle Ages, goods were transferred from Slavic areas to Scandinavia, and Denmark could be considered "a melting pot of Slavic and Scandinavian elements".<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-53">[53]</a> Leszek Gardeła, of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literatures at the University of Bonn, posits that the presence of Slavs in Scandinavia is "more significant than previously thought",<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-53">[53]</a> while Mats Roslund states that "the Slavs and their interaction with Scandinavia have not been adequately investigated".<a href="#cite_note-Roslund2007-56">[56]</a> A 10th-century grave of a warrior-woman in Denmark was long thought to belong to a Viking. However, new analyses suggest that the woman may have been a Slav from present-day Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-53">[53]</a> The first king of the Swedes, <a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric</a>, was married to <a href="/wiki/Gunhild_of_Wenden" title="Gunhild of Wenden">Gunhild</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Piast" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Piast">House of Piast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olaf_Britannica-57">[57]</a> Likewise, his son, <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof</a>, fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Edla" title="Edla">Edla</a>, a Slavic woman, and took her as his <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frilla" class="extiw" title="sv:Frilla">frilla</a> (concubine).<a href="#cite_note-Lindqvist-58">[58]</a> They had a son and a daughter: <a href="/wiki/Emund_the_Old" title="Emund the Old">Emund the Old</a>, King of Sweden, and <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Olofsdotter_of_Sweden" title="Astrid Olofsdotter of Sweden">Astrid</a>, Queen of Norway. <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>, King of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cnut_Britannica-59">[59]</a> possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikings-Voyages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/220px-Vikings-Voyages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/330px-Vikings-Voyages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/440px-Vikings-Voyages.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Viking expeditions (blue line): depicting the immense breadth of their voyages through most of Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Northern Africa, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the Arctic, and North America. <a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a>, depicted as a "Viking territory in 911", was not part of the lands granted by the king of the Franks to <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a> in 911, but <a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Roerich,_Guests_from_Overseas_(corrected_colour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas_%28corrected_colour%29.jpg/250px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas_%28corrected_colour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas_%28corrected_colour%29.jpg/375px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas_%28corrected_colour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas_%28corrected_colour%29.jpg/500px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas_%28corrected_colour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Guests from Overseas (1901) by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>, depicting a <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> raid</figcaption></figure> Colonisation of Iceland by Norwegian Vikings began in the 9th century. The first source mentioning Iceland and Greenland is a papal letter from 1053. Twenty years later, they appear in the Gesta of <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>. It was not until after 1130, when the islands had become Christianised, that accounts of the history of the islands were written from the point of view of the inhabitants in sagas and chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The Vikings explored the northern islands and coasts of the North Atlantic, ventured south to North Africa, east to Kievan Rus (now – Ukraine, Belarus), <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> They raided and pillaged, traded, acted as mercenaries and settled colonies over a wide area.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Early Vikings probably returned home after their raids. Later in their history, they began to settle in other lands.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Vikings under <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ericson" class="mw-redirect" title="Leif Ericson">Leif Erikson</a>, heir to <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a>, reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, Newfoundland, Canada. This expansion occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Viking expansion into continental Europe was limited. Their realm was bordered by powerful tribes to the south. Early on, it was the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> who occupied <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Old Saxony</a>, located in what is now Northern Germany. The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> constructed the huge defence fortification of <a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haywood2006-65">[65]</a> The Vikings witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, in the thirty-year <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Wars" title="Saxon Wars">Saxon Wars</a> of 772–804. The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. Fear of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke,<a href="#cite_note-Haywood2006-65">[65]</a> and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until 1864.<a href="#cite_note-Kold2014-66">[66]</a> The southern coast of the Baltic Sea was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>, a federation of Slavic tribes loyal to the Carolingians and later the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish empire">Frankish empire</a>. The Vikings—led by <a href="/wiki/King_Gudfred" class="mw-redirect" title="King Gudfred">King Gudfred</a>—destroyed the Obotrite city of <a href="/wiki/Reric" title="Reric">Reric</a> on the southern Baltic coast in 808 AD and transferred the merchants and traders to Hedeby.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This secured Viking supremacy in the Baltic Sea, which continued throughout the Viking Age. Because of the expansion of the Vikings across Europe, a comparison of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and archeology undertaken by scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> suggested that the term "Viking" may have evolved to become "a job description, not a matter of heredity", at least in some Viking bands.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motives">Motives</h4></div> The motives driving the Viking expansion are a topic of much debate. The concept that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands was expressed in the 11th century by historian <a href="/wiki/Dudo_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Dudo of Saint-Quentin">Dudo of Saint-Quentin</a> in his semi-imaginary History of The Normans.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt2009-69">[69]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2016-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> As observed by Adam of Bremen, rich and powerful Viking men tended to have many wives and concubines;<a href="#cite_note-RaffieldPriceCollard2017a-72">[72]</a> and these <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a> relationships may have led to a shortage of women available to the Viking male. Consequently, the average Viking man may have felt compelled to seek wealth and power to have the means to acquire suitable women.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett2008-73">[73]</a> Several centuries after Dudo's observations, scholars revived this idea, and over time it became a cliché among scholars of the Viking Age.<a href="#cite_note-RaffieldPriceCollard2017-74">[74]</a> Viking men would often buy or capture women and make them into their wives or concubines;<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> such polygynous marriages increase <a href="/wiki/Male-male_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-male competition">male-male competition</a> in society because they create a pool of unmarried men who are willing to engage in risky status-elevating and sex-seeking behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a> states that in 821 the Vikings plundered an Irish village and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".<a href="#cite_note-DolfiniCrellin2018-79">[79]</a> One common theory posits that Charlemagne "used force and terror to Christianise all pagans", leading to baptism, conversion or execution, and as a result, Vikings and other pagans resisted and wanted revenge.<a href="#cite_note-Simek2004-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-annals_R.20-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> states that "it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne".<a href="#cite_note-Simek2004-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The ascendance of Christianity in Scandinavia led to serious conflict, dividing Norway for almost a century. However, this time period did not commence until the 10th century. Norway was never subject to aggression by Charlemagne and the period of strife was due to successive Norwegian kings embracing Christianity after encountering it overseas.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_towns_of_Scandinavia_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viking_towns_of_Scandinavia_2.jpg/220px-Viking_towns_of_Scandinavia_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viking_towns_of_Scandinavia_2.jpg/330px-Viking_towns_of_Scandinavia_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viking_towns_of_Scandinavia_2.jpg/440px-Viking_towns_of_Scandinavia_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>Viking-era towns of Scandinavia</figcaption></figure> Another explanation is that the Vikings exploited a moment of weakness in the surrounding regions. Contrary to Simek's assertion, Viking raids occurred sporadically long before the reign of Charlemagne; but exploded in frequency and size after his death, when his empire fragmented into multiple much weaker entities.<a href="#cite_note-Viking_expeditions_and_raids-87">[87]</a> England suffered from internal divisions and was a relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted. The decline in the profitability of old <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> could also have played a role. Trade between Western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> fell in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The expansion of Islam in the 7th century had also affected trade with Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Raids in Europe, including raids and settlements from Scandinavia, were not unprecedented and had occurred long before the Vikings arrived. The <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> invaded the British Isles three centuries earlier, from <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Migrations">Age of Migrations</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> settled there. The <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> did the same, embarking from mainland Europe. The Viking raids were, however, the first to be documented by eyewitnesses, and they were much larger in scale and frequency than in previous times.<a href="#cite_note-Viking_expeditions_and_raids-87">[87]</a> Vikings themselves were expanding; although their motives are unclear, historians believe that scarce resources or a lack of mating opportunities were a factor.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The slave trade was an important part of the Viking economy, with most slaves destined to Scandinavia although many others were shipped east where they could be sold for large profits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–118-91">[91]</a> The "Highway of Slaves" was a term for a route that the Vikings found to have a direct pathway from Scandinavia to Constantinople and Baghdad while traveling on the Baltic Sea. With the advancements of their ships during the 9th century, the Vikings were able to sail to Kievan Rus and some northern parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Curmsun_Disc_-_Obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Curmsun_Disc_-_Obverse.png/220px-The_Curmsun_Disc_-_Obverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Curmsun_Disc_-_Obverse.png/330px-The_Curmsun_Disc_-_Obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Curmsun_Disc_-_Obverse.png/440px-The_Curmsun_Disc_-_Obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curmsun_Disc" title="Curmsun Disc">Curmsun Disc</a> – obverse, Jomsborg, 980s</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a> was a semi-legendary Viking stronghold at the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> (medieval <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wendland</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>), that existed between the 960s and 1043. Its inhabitants were known as <a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a>. Jomsborg's exact location, or its existence, has not yet been established, though it is often maintained that Jomsborg was somewhere on the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> estuary.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Viking_Age">End of the Viking Age</h3></div> While the Vikings were active beyond their Scandinavian homelands, Scandinavia was itself experiencing new influences and undergoing a variety of cultural changes.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_nation-states_and_monetary_economies">Emergence of nation-states and monetary economies</h4></div> By the late 11th century, royal dynasties were legitimised by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (which had had little influence in Scandinavia 300 years earlier) which were asserting their power with increasing authority and ambition, with the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden taking shape. Towns appeared that functioned as secular and ecclesiastical administrative centres and market sites, and monetary economies began to emerge based on English and German models.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> By this time the influx of Islamic silver from the East had been absent for more than a century, and the flow of English silver had come to an end in the mid-11th century.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilation_into_Christendom">Assimilation into Christendom</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianity had taken root</a> in Denmark and Norway with the establishment of dioceses in the 11th century, and the new religion was beginning to organise and assert itself more effectively in Sweden. Foreign churchmen and native elites were energetic in furthering the interests of Christianity, which was now no longer operating only on a missionary footing, and old ideologies and lifestyles were transforming. By 1103, the first archbishopric was founded in Scandinavia, at <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, Scania, then part of Denmark. The assimilation of the nascent Scandinavian kingdoms into the cultural mainstream of European <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> altered the aspirations of Scandinavian rulers and of Scandinavians able to travel overseas, and changed their relations with their neighbours. One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been slave-taking from other European peoples. The medieval Church held that Christians should not own fellow Christians as slaves, so <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> diminished as a practice throughout northern Europe. This took much of the economic incentive out of raiding, though sporadic slaving activity continued into the 11th century. Scandinavian predation in Christian lands around the North and Irish Seas diminished markedly. The kings of Norway continued to assert power in parts of northern Britain and Ireland, and raids continued into the 12th century, but the military ambitions of Scandinavian rulers were now directed toward new paths. In 1107, <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I of Norway">Sigurd I of Norway</a> sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>; the kings of Denmark and Sweden participated actively in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Crusades">Baltic Crusades</a> of the 12th and 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> A variety of sources illuminate the culture, activities, and beliefs of the Vikings. Although they were generally a non-literate culture that produced no literary legacy, they had an alphabet and described themselves and their world on <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a>. Most contemporary literary and written sources on the Vikings come from other cultures that were in contact with them.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Since the mid-20th century, archaeological findings have built a more complete and balanced picture of the lives of the Vikings.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The archaeological record is particularly rich and varied, providing knowledge of their rural and urban settlement, crafts and production, ships and military equipment, trading networks, as well as their pagan and Christian religious artefacts and practices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_language">Literature and language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lbs_fragm_82,_0001v_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg/220px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg/330px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg/440px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="3187" /></a><figcaption>One of the few surviving manuscript leaves from the <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimskringla Saga">Heimskringla Sagas</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> c. 1230. The leaf tells of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">King Ólafur</a>.</figcaption></figure> The most important primary sources on the Vikings are contemporary texts from Scandinavia and regions where the Vikings were active.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> letters was introduced to Scandinavia with Christianity, so there are few native documentary sources from Scandinavia before the late 11th and early 12th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The Scandinavians did write inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>, but these were usually very short and formulaic. Most contemporary documentary sources consist of texts written in Christian and Islamic communities outside Scandinavia, often by authors who had been negatively affected by Viking activity. Later writings on the Vikings and the Viking Age can also be important for understanding them and their culture, although they need to be treated cautiously. After the consolidation of the church and the assimilation of Scandinavia and its colonies into mainstream medieval <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> in the 11th and 12th centuries, native written sources began to appear in Latin and Old Norse. In the Viking colony of Iceland, extraordinary vernacular literature blossomed in the 12th through 14th centuries, and many traditions connected with the Viking Age were written down for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Icelandic sagas</a>. A literal interpretation of these medieval prose narratives about the Vikings and the Scandinavian past is doubtful, but many specific elements remain worthy of consideration, such as the great quantity of <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poetry attributed to <a href="/wiki/Poet_laureate" title="Poet laureate">court poets</a> of the 10th and 11th centuries, the exposed family trees, the self-images, and the ethical values that are contained in these literary writings. Indirectly, the Vikings have also left a window open onto their language, culture and activities, through many Old Norse place names and words found in their former sphere of influence. Some of these place names and words are still in direct use today, almost unchanged, and shed light on where they settled and what specific places meant to them. Examples include place names like <a href="/wiki/Egilsay" title="Egilsay">Egilsay</a> (from Eigils ey meaning Eigil's Island), <a href="/wiki/Ormskirk" title="Ormskirk">Ormskirk</a> (from Ormr kirkja meaning Orms Church or Church of the Worm), <a href="/wiki/Meols" title="Meols">Meols</a> (from merl meaning Sand Dunes), <a href="/wiki/Snaefell" title="Snaefell">Snaefell</a> (Snow Fell), <a href="/wiki/Ravenscar,_North_Yorkshire" title="Ravenscar, North Yorkshire">Ravenscar</a> (Ravens Rock), <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> (Land of Wine or Land of <a href="/wiki/Winberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Winberry">Winberry</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kaupanger" title="Kaupanger">Kaupanger</a> (Market Harbour), <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a> (Thor's Harbour), and the religious centre of <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a>, meaning a place where <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> was worshipped. Viking influence is also evident in concepts like the present-day parliamentary body of the <a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a> on the Isle of Man. Many common words in everyday English language stem from the Old Norse of the Vikings and give an opportunity to understand their interactions with the people and cultures of the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> of Shetland and Orkney, Old Norse completely replaced the local languages and over time evolved into the now extinct <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn language</a>. Some modern words and names only emerge and contribute to our understanding after a more intense research of linguistic sources from medieval or later records, such as <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> (Horse Bay), <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sven" title="Sven">Sveinn</a>'s Isle) or some of the place names in Normandy like <a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tocqueville (disambiguation)">Tocqueville</a> (Toki's farm).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Linguistic and etymological studies continue to provide a vital source of information on the Viking culture, their social structure and history and how they interacted with the people and cultures they met, traded, attacked or lived with in overseas settlements.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A lot of Old Norse connections are evident in the modern-day languages of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Old Norse did not exert any great influence on the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> in the Viking settlements of Eastern Europe. It has been speculated that the reason for this was the great differences between the two languages, combined with the Rus Vikings' more peaceful businesses in these areas, and the fact that they were outnumbered. The Norse named some of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper Rapids">rapids</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper</a>, but this can hardly be seen from modern names.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Runestones">Runestones</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestone</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:U_240,_Lingsberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lingberg Runestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/U_240%2C_Lingsberg.JPG/193px-U_240%2C_Lingsberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="193" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/U_240%2C_Lingsberg.JPG/290px-U_240%2C_Lingsberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/U_240%2C_Lingsberg.JPG/386px-U_240%2C_Lingsberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingsberg Runestone">Lingsberg Runestone</a> in Sweden</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jellingsten_stor_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jelling Stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jellingsten_stor_2.jpg/191px-Jellingsten_stor_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jellingsten_stor_2.jpg/287px-Jellingsten_stor_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jellingsten_stor_2.jpg/382px-Jellingsten_stor_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5136" data-file-height="6894" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Runic inscriptions of the larger of the <a href="/wiki/Jelling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelling Stones">Jelling Stones</a> in Denmark</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two types of Norse runestones from the Viking Age</div></div></div></div> The Norse of the Viking Age could read and write and used a non-standardised alphabet, called runor, built upon sound values. While there are few remains of runic writing on paper from the Viking era, thousands of stones with runic inscriptions have been found where Vikings lived. They are usually in memory of the dead, though not necessarily placed at graves. The use of runor survived into the 15th century, used in parallel with the Latin alphabet. The runestones are unevenly distributed in Scandinavia: Denmark has 250 runestones, Norway has 50 while Iceland has none.<a href="#cite_note-forskning.no-110">[110]</a> Sweden has as many as between 1,700<a href="#cite_note-forskning.no-110">[110]</a> and 2,500<a href="#cite_note-Zilmer38-111">[111]</a> depending on the definition. The Swedish district of <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a> has the highest concentration with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone, whereas <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a> is second with 391.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The majority of runic inscriptions from the Viking period are found in Sweden. Many runestones in Scandinavia record the names of participants in Viking expeditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kjula_Runestone#Sö_106" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjula Runestone">Kjula runestone</a> that tells of extensive warfare in Western Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Turinge_Runestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Turinge Runestone">Turinge Runestone</a>, which tells of a war band in Eastern Europe. Other runestones mention men who died on Viking expeditions. Among them are the <a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a> (Swedish: Englandsstenarna), which is a group of about 30 runestones in Sweden which refer to Viking Age voyages to England. They constitute one of the largest groups of runestones that mention voyages to other countries, and they are comparable in number only to the approximately 30 <a href="/wiki/Greece_Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece Runestones">Greece Runestones</a><a href="#cite_note-Jansson34-113">[113]</a> and the 26 <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvar Runestones">Ingvar Runestones</a>, the latter referring to a Viking expedition to the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> They were engraved in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pireuslejonet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pireuslejonet.jpg/220px-Pireuslejonet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Pireuslejonet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Lion" title="Piraeus Lion">Piraeus Lion</a> drawing of curved <a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">lindworm</a>. The runes on the lion tell of Viking warriors, most likely <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>, mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jelling_stones" title="Jelling stones">Jelling stones</a> date from between 960 and 985. The older, smaller stone was raised by King <a href="/wiki/Gorm_the_Old" title="Gorm the Old">Gorm the Old</a>, the last pagan king of Denmark, as a memorial honouring <a href="/wiki/Thyra" title="Thyra">Queen Thyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The larger stone was raised by his son, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a>, to celebrate the conquest of Denmark and Norway and the conversion of the Danes to Christianity. It has three sides: one with an animal image; one with an image of the crucified Jesus Christ; and a third bearing the following inscription: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">King Haraldr ordered this monument made in memory of Gormr, his father, and in memory of Thyrvé, his mother; that Haraldr who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></blockquote> Runestones attest to voyages to locations such as <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Greece (how the Vikings referred to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> territories generally),<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khwaresm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaresm">Khwaresm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Italy (as Langobardland),<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Serkland</a> (i.e. the Muslim world),<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> England<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> (including London<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>), and various places in Eastern Europe. Viking Age inscriptions have also been discovered on the <a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones" title="Manx runestones">Manx runestones</a> on the Isle of Man. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Runic_alphabet_usage_in_modern_times">Runic alphabet usage in modern times</h4></div> The last known people to use the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic alphabet</a> were an isolated group of people known as the <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalians</a>, that lived in the locality of <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a> in the Swedish province of <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>. They spoke the language of <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a>, the language unique to <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a>. The Elfdalian language differentiates itself from the other Scandinavian languages as it evolved much closer to Old Norse. The people of <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a> stopped using runes as late as the 1920s. Usage of runes therefore survived longer in <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a> than anywhere else in the world.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The last known record of the <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> Runes is from 1929; they are a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a>, runic inscriptions that were also found in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>. Traditionally regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> dialect,<a href="#cite_note-Stickel2010-128">[128]</a> but by several criteria closer related to West Scandinavian dialects,<a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-129">[129]</a> Elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aftonbladet2007-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Although there is no mutual intelligibility, due to schools and public administration in Älvdalen being conducted in Swedish, native speakers are bilingual and speak Swedish at a native level. Residents in the area who speak only Swedish as their sole native language, neither speaking nor understanding Elfdalian, are also common. <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a> can be said to have had its own alphabet during the 17th and 18th century. Today there are about 2,000–3,000 native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_sites">Burial sites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala_-_line_of_tumuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Burial mounds at Gamle Uppsala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gamla_Uppsala_-_line_of_tumuli.jpg/256px-Gamla_Uppsala_-_line_of_tumuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gamla_Uppsala_-_line_of_tumuli.jpg/384px-Gamla_Uppsala_-_line_of_tumuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gamla_Uppsala_-_line_of_tumuli.jpg/512px-Gamla_Uppsala_-_line_of_tumuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Burial mounds (<a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lindholm_hoeje(D%C3%A4nemark).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lindholm Høje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lindholm_hoeje%28D%C3%A4nemark%29.jpg/128px-Lindholm_hoeje%28D%C3%A4nemark%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lindholm_hoeje%28D%C3%A4nemark%29.jpg/192px-Lindholm_hoeje%28D%C3%A4nemark%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lindholm_hoeje%28D%C3%A4nemark%29.jpg/256px-Lindholm_hoeje%28D%C3%A4nemark%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Funerary stone settings (<a href="/wiki/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je" title="Lindholm Høje">Lindholm Høje</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of Viking burial mounds and stone set graves, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a></div></div></div></div> There are numerous burial sites associated with Vikings throughout Europe and their sphere of influence—in Scandinavia, the British Isles, Ireland, Greenland, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Germany, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Russia, etc. The burial practices of the Vikings were quite varied, from dug graves in the ground, to <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>, sometimes including so-called <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burials</a>. According to written sources, most of the funerals took place at sea. Funerals involved either burial or cremation, depending on local customs. In the area that is now Sweden, cremations were predominant; in Denmark burial was more common; and in Norway both were common.<a href="#cite_note-Jasmine-133">[133]</a> Viking barrows are one of the primary sources of evidence for circumstances in the Viking Age.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The items buried with the dead give some indication as to what was considered important to possess in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> It is unknown what mortuary services were given to dead children by the Vikings.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Some of the most important burial sites for understanding the Vikings include: <ul><li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_Ship" title="Oseberg Ship">Oseberg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gokstad_Mound" title="Gokstad Mound">Gokstad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Borre_mound_cemetery" title="Borre mound cemetery">Borrehaugene</a>.</li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Gettlinge" title="Gettlinge">Gettlinge</a> gravfält; the cemeteries of <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, a World Heritage Site;<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valsg%C3%A4rde" title="Valsgärde">Valsgärde</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>; Hulterstad gravfält, near <a href="/wiki/Alby,_%C3%96land" title="Alby, Öland">Alby</a>; Hulterstad, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>.</li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Jelling" title="Jelling">Jelling</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je" title="Lindholm Høje">Lindholm Høje</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ladby_ship" title="Ladby ship">Ladby ship</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mammen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammen">Mammen</a> chamber tomb and hoard.</li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Salme_ships" title="Salme ships">Salme ships</a> – The largest and earliest Viking ship burial ground ever uncovered.</li> <li>Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Port_an_Eilean_Mh%C3%B2ir_ship_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Port an Eilean Mhòir ship burial">Port an Eilean Mhòir ship burial</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scar_boat_burial" title="Scar boat burial">Scar boat burial</a>, Orkney.</li> <li>Faroe Islands: <a href="/wiki/Hov,_Faroe_Islands" title="Hov, Faroe Islands">Hov</a>.</li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Mosfellsb%C3%A6r" title="Mosfellsbær">Mosfellsbær</a> in <a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a>;<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> the boat burial in <a href="/wiki/Vatnsdalur" title="Vatnsdalur">Vatnsdalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austur-H%C3%BAnavatnss%C3%BDsla" class="mw-redirect" title="Austur-Húnavatnssýsla">Austur-Húnavatnssýsla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jasmine-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Greenland: <a href="/wiki/Brattahl%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Brattahlíð">Brattahlíð</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a>.</li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobiņa</a>.</li> <li>Ukraine: the <a href="/wiki/Black_Grave" title="Black Grave">Black Grave</a>.</li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships">Ships</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:350px;max-width:350px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:464px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhibition_in_Viking_Ship_Museum,_Oslo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Exhibition_in_Viking_Ship_Museum%2C_Oslo_01.jpg/348px-Exhibition_in_Viking_Ship_Museum%2C_Oslo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="348" height="464" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Exhibition_in_Viking_Ship_Museum%2C_Oslo_01.jpg/522px-Exhibition_in_Viking_Ship_Museum%2C_Oslo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Exhibition_in_Viking_Ship_Museum%2C_Oslo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prow" class="mw-redirect" title="Prow">Prow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg ship">Oseberg ship</a>, at Oslo <a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> There have been several archaeological finds of Viking ships of all sizes, providing knowledge of the craftsmanship that went into building them. There were many types of Viking ships, built for various uses; the best-known type is probably the <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Longships were intended for warfare and exploration, designed for speed and agility, and were equipped with oars to complement the sail, making navigation possible independently of the wind. The longship had a long, narrow hull and shallow draught to facilitate landings and troop deployments in shallow water. Longships were used extensively by the <a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">Leidang</a>, the Scandinavian defence fleets. The longship allowed the Norse to go Viking, which might explain why this type of ship has become almost synonymous with the concept of Vikings.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The Vikings built many unique types of watercraft, often used for more peaceful tasks. The <a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">knarr</a> was a dedicated merchant vessel designed to carry cargo in bulk. It had a broader hull, a deeper draught, and a small number of oars (used primarily to manoeuvre in harbours and similar situations). One Viking innovation was the '<a href="/wiki/Beitass" title="Beitass">beitass</a>', a spar mounted to the sail that allowed their ships to sail effectively against the wind.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> It was common for seafaring Viking ships to tow or carry a smaller boat to transfer crew and cargo from the ship to shore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:VIKING_LONGSHIP_%22SEA_STALLION%22_ARRIVES_IN_DUBLIN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sea Stallion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/VIKING_LONGSHIP_%22SEA_STALLION%22_ARRIVES_IN_DUBLIN.jpg/172px-VIKING_LONGSHIP_%22SEA_STALLION%22_ARRIVES_IN_DUBLIN.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/VIKING_LONGSHIP_%22SEA_STALLION%22_ARRIVES_IN_DUBLIN.jpg/258px-VIKING_LONGSHIP_%22SEA_STALLION%22_ARRIVES_IN_DUBLIN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/VIKING_LONGSHIP_%22SEA_STALLION%22_ARRIVES_IN_DUBLIN.jpg/344px-VIKING_LONGSHIP_%22SEA_STALLION%22_ARRIVES_IN_DUBLIN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1090" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sea_Stallion_(longship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Stallion (longship)">A reconstructed longship</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Modell_Knorr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Knarr Haithabu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Modell_Knorr.jpg/212px-Modell_Knorr.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Modell_Knorr.jpg/318px-Modell_Knorr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Modell_Knorr.jpg/424px-Modell_Knorr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A model of the knarr ship type</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two typical viking ships</div></div></div></div> Ships were an integral part of Viking culture. They facilitated everyday transportation across seas and waterways, exploration of new lands, raids, conquests, and trade with neighbouring cultures. They also held a major religious importance. People with high status were sometimes buried in a ship along with animal sacrifices, weapons, provisions and other items, as evidenced by the buried vessels at <a href="/wiki/Gokstad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokstad">Gokstad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oseberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg">Oseberg</a> in Norway<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and the excavated ship burial at <a href="/wiki/Ladby_ship" title="Ladby ship">Ladby</a> in Denmark. Ship burials were also practised by Vikings overseas, as evidenced by the excavations of the <a href="/wiki/Salme_ships" title="Salme ships">Salme ships</a> on the Estonian island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Well-preserved remains of five Viking ships were excavated from <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Fjord" title="Roskilde Fjord">Roskilde Fjord</a> in the late 1960s, representing both the longship and the knarr. The ships were scuttled there in the 11th century to block a navigation channel and thus protect <a href="/wiki/Roskilde" title="Roskilde">Roskilde</a>, then the Danish capital, from a seaborne assault. The remains of these ships are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_in_Roskilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde">Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde</a>. In 2019, archaeologists uncovered two Viking boat graves in Gamla Uppsala. They also discovered that one of the boats still holds the remains of a man, a dog, and a horse, along with other items.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> This has shed light on the death rituals of Viking communities in the region. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chieftains_house_(reconstruction)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chieftains_house_%28reconstruction%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Chieftains_house_%28reconstruction%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chieftains_house_%28reconstruction%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Chieftains_house_%28reconstruction%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chieftains_house_%28reconstruction%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Chieftains_house_%28reconstruction%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A large reconstructed chieftains <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lofotr_Viking_Museum" title="Lofotr Viking Museum">Lofotr Viking Museum</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busdorf_-_Haithabu_-_Wikinger-H%C3%A4user_05_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Busdorf_-_Haithabu_-_Wikinger-H%C3%A4user_05_ies.jpg/220px-Busdorf_-_Haithabu_-_Wikinger-H%C3%A4user_05_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Busdorf_-_Haithabu_-_Wikinger-H%C3%A4user_05_ies.jpg/330px-Busdorf_-_Haithabu_-_Wikinger-H%C3%A4user_05_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Busdorf_-_Haithabu_-_Wikinger-H%C3%A4user_05_ies.jpg/440px-Busdorf_-_Haithabu_-_Wikinger-H%C3%A4user_05_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed town houses from <a href="/wiki/Haithabu" class="mw-redirect" title="Haithabu">Haithabu</a> (now in Germany)</figcaption></figure> Viking society was divided into the three socio-economic classes: <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralls</a>, karls and <a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">jarls</a>. This is described vividly in the <a href="/wiki/Eddic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddic poem">Eddic poem</a> of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADgs%C3%BEula" title="Rígsþula">Rígsþula</a>, which also explains that it was the god <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADg_(Norse_god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ríg (Norse god)">Ríg</a>—father of mankind also known as <a href="/wiki/Heimdallr" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallr">Heimdallr</a>—who created the three classes. Archaeology has confirmed this social structure.<a href="#cite_note-Roesdahl_38-150">[150]</a> <ul><li>The lowest ranking class were thralls, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> for slaves, who comprised as much as a quarter of the population.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Slavery was vital to Viking society – for everyday chores and large-scale construction, and also for trading and for the economy. Thralls were servants and workers on the farms and in larger households of the karls and jarls, and they were used for constructing fortifications, ramps, canals, mounds, roads and similar projects built by hard labour. According to the Rígsþula, thralls were despised and looked down upon.<a href="#cite_note-Karras2017-152">[152]</a> New thralls were supplied by either the sons and daughters of thralls, or were captured abroad by the Vikings on their raids in Europe. The thralls were brought back to Scandinavia by boat, used on location or in newer settlements to build needed structures, or sold, often to the Arabs in exchange for silver <a href="/wiki/Dirhams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirhams">dirhams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–121-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter199591-154">[154]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Free peasants (karlar). They owned farms, land and cattle, and engaged in chores like ploughing the fields, milking the cows, and building houses and wagons, but used thralls to make ends meet. Other names for karls were bonde or simply free men. Similar classes were <a href="/wiki/Churl" title="Churl">churl</a>s and <a href="/wiki/Housecarl" title="Housecarl">huskarls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–121-153">[153]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> (jarlar). They were wealthy and owned large estates with huge longhouses, horses and many thralls. The thralls did most of the daily chores, while the jarls carried out administration, politics, hunting, and sports – they also visited other jarls or went abroad on expeditions. When a jarl died and was buried, his household thralls were sometimes <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sacrifice in Germanic paganism">sacrificially killed</a> and buried next to him, as many excavations have revealed.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li></ul> In daily life, there were many intermediate positions in the overall social structure and it appears that there was some social mobility between them. These details are unclear, but titles and positions like hauldr, thegn, and landmand, show mobility between the karls and the jarls. Other social structures included the communities of félag in both the civil and the military spheres, to which its members (called félagi) were obliged. A félag could be centred around certain trades, a common ownership of a sea vessel or a military obligation under a specific leader. Members of the latter were referred to as drenge, one of the words for warrior. There were also official communities within towns and villages, the overall defence, religion, the legal system and the <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Things</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_of_women">Status of women</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg/220px-Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg/330px-Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg/440px-Eir%C3%ADkssta%C3%B0ir_-_Wikingerschmuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>Typical jewellery worn by women of the karls and jarls: ornamented silver brooches, coloured glass-beads and amulets</figcaption></figure> Like elsewhere in medieval Europe, most women in Viking society were subordinate to their husbands and fathers and had little political power.<a href="#cite_note-Magnúsdóttir-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women_Denmark_Museum-157">[157]</a> However, written sources portray free Viking women as having independence and rights. Viking women generally appear to have had more freedom than women elsewhere,<a href="#cite_note-Women_Denmark_Museum-157">[157]</a> as illustrated in the Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1g%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Grágás">Grágás</a> and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Frostating" title="Frostating">Frostating</a> laws and <a href="/wiki/Gulating" title="Gulating">Gulating</a> laws.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-158">[158]</a> Most free Viking women were housewives, and a woman's standing in society was linked to that of her husband.<a href="#cite_note-Women_Denmark_Museum-157">[157]</a> Marriage gave a woman a degree of economic security and social standing encapsulated in the title húsfreyja (lady of the house). Norse laws assert the housewife's authority over the 'indoor household'. She had the important roles of managing the farm's resources, conducting business, as well as child-rearing, although some of this would be shared with her husband.<a href="#cite_note-Friðriksdóttir-159">[159]</a> After the age of 20, an unmarried woman, referred to as maer and mey, reached legal majority and had the right to decide her place of residence and was regarded as her own person before the law.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-158">[158]</a> An exception to her independence was the right to choose a husband, as marriages were normally arranged by the family.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The groom would pay a <a href="/wiki/Bride-price" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-price">bride-price</a> (mundr) to the bride's family, and the bride brought assets into the marriage, as a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friðriksdóttir-159">[159]</a> A married woman could divorce her husband and remarry.<a href="#cite_note-Women_Denmark_Museum-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a> was also part of Viking society, whereby a woman could live with a man and have children with him without marrying; such a woman was called a frilla.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-161">[161]</a> Usually she would be the mistress of a wealthy and powerful man who also had a wife.<a href="#cite_note-Magnúsdóttir-156">[156]</a> The wife had authority over the mistresses if they lived in her household.<a href="#cite_note-Women_Denmark_Museum-157">[157]</a> Through her relationship to a man of higher social standing, a concubine and her family could advance socially; although her position was less secure than that of a wife.<a href="#cite_note-Magnúsdóttir-156">[156]</a> There was little distinction made between children born inside or outside marriage: both had the right to inherit property from their parents, and there were no "legitimate" or "illegitimate" children.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-161">[161]</a> However, children born in wedlock had more inheritance rights than those born out of wedlock.<a href="#cite_note-Friðriksdóttir-159">[159]</a> A woman had the right to inherit part of her husband's property upon his death,<a href="#cite_note-Friðriksdóttir-159">[159]</a> and widows enjoyed the same independent status as unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-161">[161]</a> The paternal aunt, paternal niece and paternal granddaughter, referred to as odalkvinna, all had the right to inherit property from a deceased man.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-158">[158]</a> A woman with no husband, sons or male relatives could inherit not only property but also the position as head of the family when her father or brother died. Such a woman was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Baugrygr" title="Baugrygr">Baugrygr</a>, and she exercised all the rights afforded to the head of a family <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>, until she married, by which her rights were transferred to her new husband.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-158">[158]</a> Women had religious authority and were active as priestesses (gydja) and oracles (sejdkvinna).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-162">[162]</a> They were active within art as poets (<a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalder</a>)<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-162">[162]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rune_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune master">rune masters</a>, and as merchants and medicine women.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-162">[162]</a> There may also have been female entrepreneurs, who worked in <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-Women_Denmark_Museum-157">[157]</a> Women may also have been active within military offices: the tales about <a href="/wiki/Shieldmaiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Shieldmaiden">shieldmaidens</a> are unconfirmed, but some archaeological finds such as the <a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a> may indicate that at least some women in military authority existed.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> These liberties of the Viking women gradually disappeared after the introduction of Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> and from the late 13th century, they are no longer mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-158">[158]</a> Examination of Viking Age burials suggests that women lived longer, and nearly all well past the age of 35, as compared to earlier times. Female graves from before the Viking Age in Scandinavia hold a proportionally large number of remains from women aged 20 to 35, presumably due to complications of childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Examination of skeletal remains also allows the relative health and nutritional status of boys and girls in the past to be reconstructed, using <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometric</a> techniques. Burials from Scandinavia and other European countries suggest that, in comparison with other societies at the time, female equality was remarkably high in rural Scandinavia. Females in the rural periphery of Nordic countries during the Viking period and the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> had relatively high status, resulting in substantial nutritional and health resources being allocated to girls, enabling them to grow stronger and healthier.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance">Appearance</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikings_costumes_woman_man_Arkeologisk_museum_Stavanger,_Norway_2015-05-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vikings_costumes_woman_man_Arkeologisk_museum_Stavanger%2C_Norway_2015-05-27.jpg/220px-Vikings_costumes_woman_man_Arkeologisk_museum_Stavanger%2C_Norway_2015-05-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vikings_costumes_woman_man_Arkeologisk_museum_Stavanger%2C_Norway_2015-05-27.jpg/330px-Vikings_costumes_woman_man_Arkeologisk_museum_Stavanger%2C_Norway_2015-05-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vikings_costumes_woman_man_Arkeologisk_museum_Stavanger%2C_Norway_2015-05-27.jpg/440px-Vikings_costumes_woman_man_Arkeologisk_museum_Stavanger%2C_Norway_2015-05-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed Vikings costume on display at Archaeological Museum in Stavanger, Norway</figcaption></figure> Scandinavian Vikings were similar in appearance to modern <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Scandinavians</a>: "their skin was fair and the hair color varied between blond, dark and reddish". Genetic studies suggest that people were mostly blond in what is now eastern Sweden, while red hair was mostly found in western Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-Hjardar_appearance-167">[167]</a> Most Viking men had shoulder-length hair and beards, and slaves (thralls) were usually the only men with short hair.<a href="#cite_note-Sherrow-168">[168]</a> The length varied according to personal preference and occupation. Men involved in warfare, for example, may have had slightly shorter hair and beards for practical reasons. Men in some regions bleached their hair a <a href="/wiki/Saffron_(color)" title="Saffron (color)">golden saffron</a> colour.<a href="#cite_note-Sherrow-168">[168]</a> Females also had long hair, with girls often wearing it loose or braided, and married women often wearing it in a bun.<a href="#cite_note-Sherrow-168">[168]</a> The average height is estimated to have been 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) for men and 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) for women.<a href="#cite_note-Hjardar_appearance-167">[167]</a> The three classes were easily recognisable by their appearance. Men and women of the Jarls were well groomed with neat hairstyles and expressed their wealth and status by wearing expensive clothes (often silk) and well-crafted jewellery like <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooches</a>, belt buckles, necklaces and arm rings. Almost all of the jewellery was crafted in specific designs unique to the Norse (see <a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a>). Finger rings were seldom used and earrings were not used at all, as they were seen as a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic</a> phenomenon. Most karls expressed similar tastes and hygiene, but in a more relaxed and inexpensive way.<a href="#cite_note-Roesdahl_38-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Archaeological finds from Scandinavia and Viking settlements in the British Isles support the idea of the well-groomed and hygienic Viking. Burial with grave goods was a common practice in the Scandinavian world, through the Viking Age and well past the Christianisation of the Norse peoples.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Within these burial sites and homesteads, combs, often made from antler, are a common find.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-IA-172">[172]</a> The manufacturing of such antler combs was common, as at the Viking settlement at Dublin hundreds of examples of combs from the tenth-century have survived, suggesting that grooming was a common practice. The manufacture of such combs was also widespread throughout the Viking world, as examples of similar combs have been found at Viking settlements in Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> England,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The combs share a common visual appearance as well, with the extant examples often decorated with linear, interlacing, and geometric motifs, or other forms of ornamentation depending on the comb's period and type, but stylistically similar to Viking Age art.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> All levels of Viking age society appear to have groomed their hair, as hair combs have been found in common graves as well as in aristocratic ones.<a href="#cite_note-Arcini2018-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Farming_and_cuisine">Farming and cuisine</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> tell about the diet and cuisine of the Vikings,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> but first-hand evidence, like <a href="/wiki/Cesspit" title="Cesspit">cesspits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">kitchen middens</a> and garbage dumps have proved to be of great value and importance. Undigested remains of plants from cesspits at <a href="/wiki/Coppergate" title="Coppergate">Coppergate</a> in York have provided much information in this respect. Overall, archaeo-botanical investigations have been undertaken increasingly in recent decades, as a collaboration between archaeologists and palaeoethno-botanists. This new approach sheds light on the agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> practices of the Vikings and their cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-Horticulture-179">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rundbottnat_k%C3%A4rl_av_t%C3%A4ljsten,_delvis_rekonstruerat,_vikingatid_(sq).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rundbottnat_k%C3%A4rl_av_t%C3%A4ljsten%2C_delvis_rekonstruerat%2C_vikingatid_%28sq%29.jpg/220px-Rundbottnat_k%C3%A4rl_av_t%C3%A4ljsten%2C_delvis_rekonstruerat%2C_vikingatid_%28sq%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rundbottnat_k%C3%A4rl_av_t%C3%A4ljsten%2C_delvis_rekonstruerat%2C_vikingatid_%28sq%29.jpg/330px-Rundbottnat_k%C3%A4rl_av_t%C3%A4ljsten%2C_delvis_rekonstruerat%2C_vikingatid_%28sq%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rundbottnat_k%C3%A4rl_av_t%C3%A4ljsten%2C_delvis_rekonstruerat%2C_vikingatid_%28sq%29.jpg/440px-Rundbottnat_k%C3%A4rl_av_t%C3%A4ljsten%2C_delvis_rekonstruerat%2C_vikingatid_%28sq%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Pot of soapstone, partly reconstructed, Viking Age (From <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, Sweden)</figcaption></figure> The combined information from various sources suggests a diverse cuisine and ingredients. Meat products of all kinds, such as <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">cured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">smoked</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>-preserved meat,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> sausages, and boiled or fried fresh meat cuts, were prepared and consumed.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> There were plenty of seafood, bread, porridges, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, berries and nuts. Alcoholic drinks like <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B3rr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjórr (page does not exist)">bjórr</a> (a strong fruit wine) and, for the rich, imported <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, were served.<a href="#cite_note-Roesdahl_54-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Certain livestock were typical and unique to the Vikings, including the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_horse" title="Icelandic horse">Icelandic horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cattle" title="Icelandic cattle">Icelandic cattle</a>, a plethora of sheep breeds,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Danish_hen" title="Danish hen">Danish hen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danish_landrace_goose" title="Danish landrace goose">Danish goose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The Vikings in York mostly ate beef, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">mutton</a>, and pork with small amounts of horse meat. Most of the beef and horse leg bones were found split lengthways, to extract the marrow. The mutton and swine were cut into leg and shoulder joints and chops. The frequent remains of pig skull and foot bones found on house floors indicate that <a href="/wiki/Brawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brawn">brawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_trotters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig's trotters">trotters</a> were also popular. Hens were kept for both their meat and eggs, and the bones of game birds such as <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_plover" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden plover">golden plover</a>, wild ducks, and geese have also been found.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Seafood was important, in some places even more so than meat. <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> were hunted for food in Norway and the northwestern parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> were hunted nearly everywhere. <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> were eaten in large quantities and <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> were popular fish. In the southern regions, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> was also important.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Milk and <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> were popular, both as cooking ingredients and drinks, but were not always available, even at farms.<a href="#cite_note-Viking_Feast-191">[191]</a> Milk came from cows, goats and sheep, with priorities varying from location to location,<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> and fermented milk products like <a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">skyr</a> or <a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">surmjölk</a> were produced as well as butter and cheese.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Food was often salted and enhanced with spices, some of which were imported like <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, while others were cultivated in herb gardens or harvested in the wild. Home grown spices included <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a> as evidenced from the Oseberg ship burial<a href="#cite_note-Roesdahl_54-182">[182]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">wild celery</a>, as found in <a href="/wiki/Cesspit" title="Cesspit">cesspits</a> at Coppergate in York. <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">juniper berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet gale">sweet gale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarrow">yarrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue">rue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peppercress" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercress">peppercress</a> were also used and cultivated in herb gardens.<a href="#cite_note-Horticulture-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seastallion-194">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamps_515-517_everyday_life_in_the_viking_age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Faroe_stamps_515-517_everyday_life_in_the_viking_age.jpg/220px-Faroe_stamps_515-517_everyday_life_in_the_viking_age.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Faroe_stamps_515-517_everyday_life_in_the_viking_age.jpg/330px-Faroe_stamps_515-517_everyday_life_in_the_viking_age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Faroe_stamps_515-517_everyday_life_in_the_viking_age.jpg/440px-Faroe_stamps_515-517_everyday_life_in_the_viking_age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Everyday life in the Viking Age</figcaption></figure> Vikings collected and ate fruits, berries and nuts. Apple (wild <a href="/wiki/Crab_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab apple">crab apples</a>), plums and cherries were part of the diet,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-195">[195]</a> as were <a href="/wiki/Rose_hips" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose hips">rose hips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">wild strawberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberry">elderberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan" title="Rowan">rowan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_hawthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Common hawthorn">hawthorn</a> and various wild berries, specific to the locations.<a href="#cite_note-Seastallion-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnuts</a> were an important part of the diet in general and large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">walnut</a> shells have been found in cities like Hedeby. The shells were used for dyeing, and it is assumed that the nuts were consumed.<a href="#cite_note-Horticulture-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viking_Feast-191">[191]</a> The invention and introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Mouldboard_plough" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouldboard plough">mouldboard plough</a> revolutionised agriculture in Scandinavia in the early Viking Age and made it possible to farm even poor soils. In <a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a>, grains of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> dated to the 8th century have been found and examined, and are believed to have been cultivated locally.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Grains and flour were used for making porridges, some cooked with milk, some cooked with fruit and sweetened with honey, and also various forms of bread. Remains of bread from primarily Birka in Sweden were made of barley and wheat. It is unclear if the Norse leavened their breads, but their ovens and baking utensils suggest that they did.<a href="#cite_note-RibeBread-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> was a very important crop for the Vikings: it was used for oil extraction, food consumption, and most importantly, the production of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. More than 40% of all known textile recoveries from the Viking Age can be traced as linen. This suggests a much higher actual percentage, as linen is poorly preserved compared to wool, for example.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The quality of food for common people was not always particularly high. The research at Coppergate shows that the Vikings in York made bread from wholemeal flour—probably both wheat and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>—but with the seeds of cornfield weeds included. Corncockle (<a href="/wiki/Agrostemma" title="Agrostemma">Agrostemma</a>), would have made the bread dark-coloured, but the seeds are poisonous, and people who ate the bread might have become ill. Seeds of carrots, <a href="/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brassicas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassicas">brassicas</a> were also discovered, but they were poor specimens and tend to come from white carrots and bitter tasting cabbages.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-195">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rotary_quern" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary quern">rotary querns</a> often used in the Viking Age left tiny stone fragments (often from <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> rock) in the flour, which when eaten wore down the teeth. The effects of this can be seen on skeletal remains from that period.<a href="#cite_note-RibeBread-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4></div> Sports were widely practised and encouraged by the Vikings.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-199">[199]</a> Sports that involved weapons training and developing combat skills were popular. These included spear and stone throwing, building and testing physical strength through <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Glima" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima">glima</a>), <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">fist fighting</a>, and stone lifting.<a href="#cite_note-MallonWidlund2002-200">[200]</a> In areas with mountains, <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountain climbing</a> was practised as a sport. Agility and balance were built and tested by running and jumping for sport, and there is mention of a sport that involved jumping from oar to oar on the outside of a ship's railing as it was being rowed.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a> was a popular sport<a href="#cite_note-Christiansen2008-202">[202]</a> – <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> describes three types: diving, long-distance swimming, and a contest in which two swimmers try to dunk one another. Children often participated in some of the sport disciplines,<a href="#cite_note-Pörtner1975-203">[203]</a> and women have also been mentioned as swimmers, although it is unclear if they took part in competitions. King <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a> was acclaimed for his skill in both mountain climbing and oar-jumping, and reputedly excelled in the art of <a href="/wiki/Knife_juggling" title="Knife juggling">knife juggling</a> as well. <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a> were the principal winter sports, and also provided transport on snow and ice for adults.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-199">[199]</a> Horse fighting was practised for sport, although the rules are unclear. It appears to have involved two stallions pitted against each other, within smell and sight of fenced-off mares. Whatever the rules were, the fights often resulted in the death of one of the stallions. Icelandic sources often mention <a href="/wiki/Knattleikr" title="Knattleikr">knattleik</a>, a ball game similar to <a href="/wiki/Hockey" title="Hockey">hockey</a>, played with a bat and a small hard ball, usually on a smooth surface of ice. Popular with both adults and children, it was a rugged game that often led to injuries. Knattleik appears to have been played only in Iceland, where it attracted many spectators, as did horse fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-199">[199]</a> Hunting was practiced as a sport only in Denmark, where it was not an essential food source. Deer and <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a> were hunted for meat, along with partridges and sea birds, while foxes were hunted to stop their killing of farm animals and for their furs. Spears, bows, and later crossbows, were the weapons used; stalking was the most common method, although game was also chased with dogs. Numerous kinds of snares and traps were used as well.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Games_and_entertainment">Games and entertainment</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMSLewisChessmen6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/NMSLewisChessmen6.jpg/220px-NMSLewisChessmen6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/NMSLewisChessmen6.jpg/330px-NMSLewisChessmen6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/NMSLewisChessmen6.jpg/440px-NMSLewisChessmen6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Rook, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a>, at the National Museum of Scotland</figcaption></figure> Archaeological finds and written sources indicate that the Vikings participated in social gatherings and festivities.<a href="#cite_note-NatMus-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-SportsGames-205">[205]</a> Board games and dice games were a popular pastime. Game boards were made of ornately carved wood, with gaming pieces fashioned mostly from wood, bone, or stone. Pieces were also made of glass, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, and antler, along with materials such as <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> tusk and ivory from foreign sources. The Vikings played several types of tafl games; <a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">hnefatafl</a>, nitavl (<a href="/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris" title="Nine men's morris">nine men's morris</a>) and the less common <a href="/wiki/Tafl_games" title="Tafl games">kvatrutafl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-199">[199]</a> Hnefatafl was probably the oldest type of board game played in medieval Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-199">[199]</a> The archaeological record indicates that hnefatafl was popular by the early medieval period, with the Vikings introducing it to England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Lapidge2005-206">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ockelbo_Runestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockelbo Runestone">Ockelbo Runestone</a> shows two men possibly playing hnefatafl,<a href="#cite_note-Schulte2017-207">[207]</a> and one saga suggests that dice games involved gambling.<a href="#cite_note-NatMus-204">[204]</a> Beer and mead were served on festive occasions, where music was played, <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">poetry</a> was recited, and stories were told.<a href="#cite_note-NatMus-204">[204]</a> Music was considered an art form and musical skill was viewed as suitable for a cultivated man. The Vikings are known to have played instruments including harps, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyres</a> and fiddles.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_assimilation">Cultural assimilation</h3></div> Elements of a Scandinavian identity and practices were maintained in settler societies, but they could be quite distinct as the groups assimilated into neighbouring societies. Assimilation to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> for example was rapid.<a href="#cite_note-:2-208">[208]</a> Links to a Viking identity remained longer in the remote islands of Iceland and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_warfare">Weapons and warfare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_swords.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Viking_swords.jpg/220px-Viking_swords.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Viking_swords.jpg/330px-Viking_swords.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Viking_swords.jpg/440px-Viking_swords.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Viking swords</a></div></figcaption></figure> Knowledge about the arms and armour of the Viking age is based on archaeological finds, pictorial representation, and to some extent on the accounts in the <a href="/wiki/Norse_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse sagas">Norse sagas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse law">Norse laws</a> recorded in the 13th century. According to custom, all free Norse men were required to own weapons and were permitted to carry them at all times. These arms indicated a Viking's social status: a wealthy Viking had a complete ensemble of a <a href="/wiki/Viking_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking helmet">helmet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">mail</a> shirt, and sword. However, swords were rarely used in battle; they were probably not sturdy enough for combat and most likely only used as symbolic or decorative items.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> A typical bóndi (freeman) was more likely to fight with a <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> and shield, and most also carried a <a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">seax</a> as a utility knife and side-arm. Bows were used in the opening stages of land battles and at sea, but they tended to be considered less "honourable" than melee weapons. Vikings were relatively unusual for the time in their use of axes as a main battle weapon. The <a href="/wiki/Housecarls" class="mw-redirect" title="Housecarls">Húscarls</a>, the elite guard of King <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (and later of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">King Harold II</a>) were armed with two-handed axes that could split shields or metal helmets with ease. The warfare and violence of the Vikings were often motivated and fuelled by their beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">Norse religion</a>, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, the gods of war and death.<a href="#cite_note-Grimbly2013-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenSiegmund2003-212">[212]</a> Violence was common in Viking Age Norway. An examination of Norwegian human remains from the Viking Age found that 72% of the examined males and 42% of the examined females had suffered weapon-related injuries. Violence was less common in Viking Age Denmark, where society was more centralized and complex than the clan-based Norwegian society.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The Viking warrior is often associated with violent fits of rage and frenzied fighting in modern popular culture, as reflected in meanings attached to the words berserkergang and <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">berserker</a> that would not have been the meanings understood by medieval Norse society.<a href="#cite_note-Dale2021-214">[214]</a> Such a fighting style may have been deployed intentionally by <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">shock troops</a>, and it has been proposed that the berserk-state may have been induced by consuming large amounts of alcohol,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> or through ingestion of materials with <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> properties, such as the solanaceous plant <a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a>, as speculated by Karsten Fatur<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> or by consumption of the <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic">hallucinogenic</a> mushroom <a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a>, as first hypothesised by the Swedish theologian Samuel Ødman in 1784 and later by the botanist F.C. Schübeler in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The Norwegian battlefield archaeologist Are Skarstein Kolberg asserts that "...Ödman's hypothesis is not supported by the saga literature or by the archaeological record",<a href="#cite_note-Kolberg2018-218">[218]</a> and according to Roderick Dale, there is no evidence for it from the Viking Age or from Old Norse literature.<a href="#cite_note-Dale2021-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Trade during the Viking Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_and_scales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Box_and_scales.jpg/220px-Box_and_scales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Box_and_scales.jpg/330px-Box_and_scales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Box_and_scales.jpg/440px-Box_and_scales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1691" /></a><figcaption>The scales and weights of a Viking trader, used for measuring silver and sometimes gold (From the <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna_box" title="Sigtuna box">Sigtuna box found in Sweden</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Vikings established and engaged in extensive trading networks throughout the known world and had a profound influence on the economic development of Europe and Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-BBCMoney-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Other than in such trading centres as <a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> in Denmark, Scandinavia was unfamiliar with the use of coinage. Therefore, its economy was based on <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>; that is, the purity and weight of precious metals used in exchange. <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> was the precious metal most commonly used, although <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> was also used. Traders carried small portable scales, enabling them to measure weight precisely, which allowed an accurate medium of exchange, even lacking a regular coinage.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goods">Goods</h3></div> Organised trade covered everything from ordinary items in bulk to exotic luxury products. The Viking ship designs, like that of the knarr, were an important factor in their success as merchants.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Imported goods from other cultures included:<a href="#cite_note-Teachers-223">[223]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a> were obtained from Chinese and Persian traders, who met with the Viking traders in Russia. Vikings used homegrown spices and herbs like <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> but imported <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> was much prized by the Norse. The imported glass was often made into beads for decoration and these have been found in the thousands. <a href="/wiki/%C3%85hus" title="Åhus">Åhus</a> in Scania and the old market town of Ribe were major centres of glass bead production.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> was a very important commodity obtained from <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and China. It was valued by many European cultures of the time, and the Vikings used it to indicate status such as wealth and nobility. Many of the archaeological finds in Scandinavia include silk.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> was imported from France and Germany as a drink of the wealthy, augmenting the regular <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>.</li></ul> To counter these valuable imports, the Vikings exported a large variety of goods. These goods included:<a href="#cite_note-Teachers-223">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._V._Ivanov._Trade_negotiations_in_the_country_of_Eastern_Slavs._Pictures_of_Russian_history._(1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/S._V._Ivanov._Trade_negotiations_in_the_country_of_Eastern_Slavs._Pictures_of_Russian_history._%281909%29.jpg/220px-S._V._Ivanov._Trade_negotiations_in_the_country_of_Eastern_Slavs._Pictures_of_Russian_history._%281909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/S._V._Ivanov._Trade_negotiations_in_the_country_of_Eastern_Slavs._Pictures_of_Russian_history._%281909%29.jpg/330px-S._V._Ivanov._Trade_negotiations_in_the_country_of_Eastern_Slavs._Pictures_of_Russian_history._%281909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/S._V._Ivanov._Trade_negotiations_in_the_country_of_Eastern_Slavs._Pictures_of_Russian_history._%281909%29.jpg/440px-S._V._Ivanov._Trade_negotiations_in_the_country_of_Eastern_Slavs._Pictures_of_Russian_history._%281909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Rus' trading slaves with the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torshammare_av_b%C3%A4rnsten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Torshammare_av_b%C3%A4rnsten.jpg/220px-Torshammare_av_b%C3%A4rnsten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Torshammare_av_b%C3%A4rnsten.jpg/330px-Torshammare_av_b%C3%A4rnsten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Torshammare_av_b%C3%A4rnsten.jpg/440px-Torshammare_av_b%C3%A4rnsten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a>, hammer of Thor, made of <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> (Found in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a>—the fossilised resin of the pine tree—was frequently found on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coastline. It was worked into beads and ornamental objects, before being traded. (See also the <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>).</li> <li>Fur was also exported as it provided warmth. This included the furs of <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">pine martens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>.</li> <li>Cloth and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. The Vikings were skilled spinners and weavers and exported woollen cloth of a high quality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a> was collected and exported. The Norwegian west coast supplied eiderdowns and sometimes feathers were bought from the <a href="/wiki/Samis" class="mw-redirect" title="Samis">Samis</a>. Down was used for bedding and quilted clothing. <a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a> on the steep slopes and cliffs was dangerous work and was often lethal.<a href="#cite_note-Lise-231">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">Slaves</a>. The Muslim writer <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a> described how the Viking Rus' had "no cultivated fields and lived by pillaging alone". They were ruthless in their enslaving of many people. Most of the slaves were taken to Scandinavia, but others were sold in the markets of <a href="/wiki/Atil" title="Atil">Atil</a> that fed the demand in many cities of Asia and North Africa. The surge in the slave trade of the 9th century is reflected in the amount of coins minted in Central Asia, that have been unearthed in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–118-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalf1997295–335-232">[232]</a></li></ul> Other exports included weapons, <a href="/wiki/Walrus_ivory" title="Walrus ivory">walrus ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>. As one of the more exotic exports, <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">hunting birds</a> were sometimes provided from Norway to the European aristocracy, from the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-Lise-231">[231]</a> Many of these goods were also traded within the Viking world itself, as well as goods such as <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">whetstone</a>. Soapstone was traded with the Norse on <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, who used it for pottery. Whetstones were traded and used for sharpening weapons, tools and knives.<a href="#cite_note-Teachers-223">[223]</a> There are indications from Ribe and surrounding areas, that the extensive medieval trade with oxen and cattle from Jutland (see <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6rvejen" title="Hærvejen">Ox Road</a>), reach as far back as c. 720 AD. This trade satisfied the Vikings' need for leather and meat to some extent, and perhaps hides for <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> production on the European mainland. Wool was also very important as a domestic product for the Vikings, to produce warm clothing for the cold Scandinavian and Nordic climate, and for sails. Sails for Viking ships required large amounts of wool, as evidenced by experimental archaeology. There are archaeological signs of organised textile productions in Scandinavia, reaching as far back as the early <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Iron Age">Iron Ages</a>. Artisans and craftsmen in the larger towns were supplied with <a href="/wiki/Antlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Antlers">antlers</a> from organised hunting with large-scale reindeer traps in the far north. They were used as raw material for making everyday utensils like combs.<a href="#cite_note-Lise-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_perceptions">Medieval perceptions</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCge,_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/250px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/375px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/500px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Exploration and expansion routes of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></figcaption></figure> In England the Viking Age began dramatically on 8 June 793 when Norsemen destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>. The devastation of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>'s Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe to the Viking presence. "Never before has such an atrocity been seen", declared the Northumbrian scholar <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin of York">Alcuin of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Medieval Christians in Europe were totally unprepared for the Viking incursions and could find no explanation for their arrival and the accompanying suffering they experienced at their hands save the "Wrath of God".<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> More than any other single event, the attack on Lindisfarne demonised perception of the Vikings for the next twelve centuries. Not until the 1890s did scholars outside Scandinavia begin to seriously reassess the achievements of the Vikings, recognising their artistry, technological skills, and seamanship.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norse_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Mythology">Norse Mythology</a>, sagas, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">literature</a> tell of Scandinavian culture and religion through tales of heroic and mythological heroes. Early transmission of this information was primarily oral, and later texts relied on the writings and transcriptions of Christian scholars, including the <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> Snorri Sturluson and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6mundur_fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sæmundur fróði">Sæmundur fróði</a>. Many of these sagas were written in Iceland, and most of them, even if they had no Icelandic provenance, were preserved there after the Middle Ages due to the continued interest of Icelanders in Norse literature and legal codes. The 200-year Viking influence on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">European history</a> is filled with tales of plunder and colonisation, and the majority of these chronicles came from western European witnesses and their descendants. Less common, although equally relevant, are references to Vikings in chronicles that originated in the east, including the <a href="/wiki/Nestor_the_Chronicler" title="Nestor the Chronicler">Nestor</a> chronicles, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod Chronicle">Novgorod chronicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a> chronicles, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rusta">Ibn Rusta</a> chronicles, and brief mentions by <a href="/wiki/Photius" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius">Photius</a>, patriarch of Constantinople, regarding the first Viking attack on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Other chroniclers of Viking history include <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>, who wrote, in the fourth volume of his Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum, "[t]here is much gold here (in <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a>), accumulated by piracy. These pirates, which are called wichingi by their own people, and Ascomanni by our own people, pay tribute to the Danish king." In 991, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a> between Viking raiders and the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Maldon,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldon, Essex">Maldon</a> in Essex was commemorated with a poem of the same name. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-medieval_perceptions">Post-medieval perceptions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikings_fight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vikings_fight.JPG/220px-Vikings_fight.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vikings_fight.JPG/330px-Vikings_fight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vikings_fight.JPG/440px-Vikings_fight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Combat_reenactment" title="Combat reenactment">modern reenactment</a> of a Viking battle</figcaption></figure> Early modern publications, dealing with what is now called Viking culture, appeared in the 16th century, e.g. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (History of the northern people) of <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> (1555), and the first edition of the 13th-century Gesta Danorum (Deeds of the Danes), by <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>, in 1514. The pace of publication increased during the 17th century with Latin translations of the <a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a> (notably Peder Resen's Edda Islandorum of 1665). In Scandinavia, the 17th-century Danish scholars <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bartholin" title="Thomas Bartholin">Thomas Bartholin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ole_Worm" title="Ole Worm">Ole Worm</a> and the Swede <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Rudbeck" title="Olaus Rudbeck">Olaus Rudbeck</a> used runic inscriptions and Icelandic sagas as historical sources. An important early British contributor to the study of the Vikings was <a href="/wiki/George_Hickes_(divine)" title="George Hickes (divine)">George Hickes</a>, who published his Linguarum vett. septentrionalium thesaurus (Dictionary of the Old Northern Languages) in 1703–05. During the 18th century, British interest and enthusiasm for Iceland and early Scandinavian culture grew dramatically, expressed in English translations of Old Norse texts and in original poems that extolled the supposed Viking virtues. The word "viking" was first popularised at the beginning of the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Erik Gustaf Geijer</a> in his poem, The Viking. Geijer's poem did much to propagate the new romanticised ideal of the Viking, which had little basis in historical fact. The renewed interest of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> in the Old North had contemporary political implications. The <a href="/wiki/Geatish_Society" title="Geatish Society">Geatish Society</a>, of which Geijer was a member, popularised this myth to a great extent. Another Swedish author who had great influence on the perception of the Vikings was <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Esaias Tegnér</a>, a member of the Geatish Society, who wrote a modern version of <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0%C3%BEj%C3%B3fs_saga_hins_fr%C5%93kna" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna">Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna</a>, which became widely popular in the Nordic countries, the United Kingdom, and Germany. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Siege_of_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Viking_Siege_of_Paris.jpg/220px-Viking_Siege_of_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Viking_Siege_of_Paris.jpg/330px-Viking_Siege_of_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Viking_Siege_of_Paris.jpg/440px-Viking_Siege_of_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption>Viking long ships <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">besieging Paris</a> in 845, 19th century portrayal</figcaption></figure> Fascination with the Vikings reached a peak during the so-called <a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a> in the late 18th and 19th centuries as a form of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wienberg2015-236">[236]</a> In Britain this was called Septentrionalism, in Germany "<a href="/wiki/Wagnerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagnerian">Wagnerian</a>" pathos, and in the Scandinavian countries <a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a>. Pioneering 19th-century scholarly editions of the Viking Age began to reach a small readership in Britain. Archaeologists began to dig up Britain's Viking past, and linguistic enthusiasts started to identify the Viking-Age origins of rural idioms and proverbs. The new dictionaries of the Old Norse language enabled the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorians</a> to grapple with the primary Icelandic sagas.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-237">[237]</a> Until recently, the history of the Viking Age was largely based on Icelandic sagas, the history of the Danes written by Saxo Grammaticus, the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cogad_G%C3%A1edel_re_Gallaib" title="Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib">Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib</a>. Few scholars still accept these texts as reliable sources, as historians now rely more on archaeology and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>, disciplines that have made valuable contributions toward understanding the period.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_20th-century_politics">In 20th-century politics</h4></div> The romanticised idea of the Vikings constructed in scholarly and popular circles in northwestern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries was a potent one, and the figure of the Viking became a familiar and malleable symbol in different contexts in the politics and political ideologies of 20th-century Europe.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> In Normandy, which had been settled by Vikings, the Viking ship became an uncontroversial regional symbol. In Germany, awareness of Viking history in the 19th century had been stimulated by the border dispute with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein and the use of Scandinavian mythology by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. The idealised view of the Vikings appealed to Germanic supremacists who transformed the figure of the Viking in accordance with the ideology of a Germanic master race.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Building on the linguistic and cultural connections between Norse-speaking Scandinavians and other Germanic groups in the distant past, Scandinavian Vikings were portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as a pure Germanic type. The cultural phenomenon of Viking expansion was re-interpreted for use as propaganda to support the extreme militant nationalism of the Third Reich, and ideologically informed interpretations of Viking paganism and the Scandinavian use of runes were employed in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi mysticism">Nazi mysticism</a>. Other political organisations of the same ilk, such as the former Norwegian fascist party <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a>, similarly appropriated elements of the modern Viking cultural myth in their symbolism and propaganda. <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> and earlier <a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophile</a> historians emphasised a Slavic rooted foundation in contrast to the Normanist theory of the Vikings conquering the Slavs and founding the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> They accused Normanist theory proponents of distorting history by depicting the Slavs as undeveloped primitives. In contrast, Soviet historians stated that the Slavs laid the foundations of their statehood long before the Norman/Viking raids, while the Norman/Viking invasions only served to hinder the historical development of the Slavs. They argued that <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (name)">Rus'</a> composition was Slavic and that <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> and Oleg's success was rooted in their support from within the local Slavic aristocracy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. After the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> acknowledged its Viking history by incorporating a Viking ship into its logo.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_modern_popular_culture">In modern popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Norse mythology in popular culture</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a>. Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikings&action=edit">improve this section</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>. (December 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm/220px--Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="593" data-mwtitle="Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm/Jomvikings_Winkinger_Kampftraining.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Viking reenactment training (Jomsvikings group)</figcaption></figure> Led by the operas of German composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>, Vikings and the Romanticist Viking Revival have inspired many creative works. These have included novels directly based on historical events, such as <a href="/wiki/Frans_Gunnar_Bengtsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Frans Gunnar Bengtsson">Frans Gunnar Bengtsson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Ships" title="The Long Ships">The Long Ships</a> (which was also released as a <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Ships_(1963_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Long Ships (1963 film)">1963 film</a>), and historical fantasies such as the film <a href="/wiki/The_Vikings_(1958_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vikings (1958 film)">The Vikings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eaters_of_the_Dead" title="Eaters of the Dead">Eaters of the Dead</a> (movie version called <a href="/wiki/The_13th_Warrior" title="The 13th Warrior">The 13th Warrior</a>), and the comedy film <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Viking" title="Erik the Viking">Erik the Viking</a>. The vampire <a href="/wiki/Eric_Northman" title="Eric Northman">Eric Northman</a>, in the HBO TV series <a href="/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a>, was a Viking prince before being turned into a vampire. Vikings appear in several books by the <a href="/wiki/Danish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish American">Danish American</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>, while British explorer, historian, and writer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Severin" title="Tim Severin">Tim Severin</a> authored a trilogy of novels in 2005 about a young Viking adventurer Thorgils Leifsson, who travels around the world. In 1962, American comic book writer <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Larry_Lieber" title="Larry Lieber">Larry Lieber</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> <a href="/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Thor (Marvel Comics)">Thor</a>, which they based on the Norse god of the same name. The character is featured in the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios" title="Marvel Studios">Marvel Studios</a> film <a href="/wiki/Thor_(film)" title="Thor (film)">Thor</a> and its sequels. The character also appears in the 2012 film <a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Marvel%27s_Avengers_Assemble_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvel's Avengers Assemble (TV series)">animated series</a>. The appearance of Vikings within popular media and television has seen a resurgence in recent decades, especially with the <a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a>'s series <a href="/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikings (2013 TV series)">Vikings</a> (2013), directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hirst_(writer)" title="Michael Hirst (writer)">Michael Hirst</a>. The show has a loose grounding in historical facts and sources, but bases itself more so on literary sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok">fornaldarsaga Ragnars saga loðbrókar</a>, itself more legend than fact, and Old Norse Eddic and Skaldic poetry.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The events of the show frequently make references to the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a>, an Eddic poem describing the creation of the world, often directly referencing specific lines of the poem in the dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The show portrays some of the social realities of the medieval Scandinavian world, such as slavery<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> and the greater role of women within Viking society.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> The show also addresses the topics of gender equity in Viking society with the inclusion of shield maidens through the character <a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a>, also based on a legendary figure.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Recent archaeological interpretations and osteological analyses of previous excavations of Viking burials have given support to the idea of the Viking woman warrior, namely the excavation and DNA study of the <a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a>, within recent years. However, the conclusions remain contentious. Vikings have served as an inspiration for numerous <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Vikings" title="The Lost Vikings">The Lost Vikings</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Mythology" title="Age of Mythology">Age of Mythology</a> (2002), and <a href="/wiki/For_Honor" title="For Honor">For Honor</a> (2017).<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> All three Vikings from The Lost Vikings series—Erik the Swift, Baleog the Fierce, and Olaf the Stout—appeared as a <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">playable hero</a> in the crossover title <a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Storm" title="Heroes of the Storm">Heroes of the Storm</a> (2015).<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim" title="The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim">The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim</a> (2011) is an <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing</a> video game heavily inspired by Viking culture.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Vikings are the lead focus of the 2020 video game <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Valhalla" title="Assassin's Creed Valhalla">Assassin's Creed Valhalla</a>, which is set in 873 AD, and recounts an alternative history of the Viking invasion of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Modern reconstructions of <a href="/wiki/Viking_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking mythology">Viking mythology</a> have shown a persistent influence in late 20th- and early 21st-century popular culture in some countries, inspiring comics, movies, television series, role-playing games, computer games, and music, including <a href="/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal">Viking metal</a>, a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>. Since the 1960s, there has been rising enthusiasm for <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactment</a>. While the earliest groups had little claim for historical accuracy, the seriousness and accuracy of reenactors has increased. The largest such groups include <a href="/wiki/The_Vikings_(reenactment_group)" title="The Vikings (reenactment group)">The Vikings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regia_Anglorum" title="Regia Anglorum">Regia Anglorum</a>, though many smaller groups exist in Europe, North America, New Zealand, and Australia. Many reenactor groups participate in live-steel combat, and a few have Viking-style ships or boats. The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings" title="Minnesota Vikings">Minnesota Vikings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> are so-named owing to the large Scandinavian population in the US state of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. During the banking boom of the first decade of the twenty-first century, Icelandic financiers came to be styled as <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atr%C3%A1sarv%C3%ADkingar" class="mw-redirect" title="Útrásarvíkingar">útrásarvíkingar</a> (roughly 'raiding Vikings').<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_archaeology">Experimental archaeology</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experimental archaeology</a> of the Viking Age is a flourishing branch and several places have been dedicated to this technique, such as <a href="/wiki/Jorvik_Viking_Centre" title="Jorvik Viking Centre">Jorvik Viking Centre</a> in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Sagnlandet_Lejre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagnlandet Lejre">Sagnlandet Lejre</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribe_Viking_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribe Viking Center (page does not exist)">Ribe Viking Center</a> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe_Vikingecenter" class="extiw" title="da:Ribe Vikingecenter">da</a>] in Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Foteviken_Museum" title="Foteviken Museum">Foteviken Museum</a> in Sweden or <a href="/wiki/Lofotr_Viking_Museum" title="Lofotr Viking Museum">Lofotr Viking Museum</a> in Norway. Viking-age <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">reenactors</a> have undertaken experimental activities such as iron smelting and forging using Norse techniques at <a href="/wiki/Norstead_(Newfoundland)" title="Norstead (Newfoundland)">Norstead</a> in Newfoundland for example.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> On 1 July 2007, the reconstructed Viking ship Skuldelev 2, renamed <a href="/wiki/Havhingsten_fra_Glendalough" title="Havhingsten fra Glendalough">Sea Stallion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> began a journey from Roskilde to Dublin. The remains of that ship and four others were discovered during a 1962 excavation in the Roskilde Fjord. Tree-ring analysis has shown the ship was built of oak in the vicinity of Dublin in about 1042. Seventy multinational crew members sailed the ship back to its home, and Sea Stallion arrived outside Dublin's Custom House on 14 August 2007. The purpose of the voyage was to test and document the seaworthiness, speed, and manoeuvrability of the ship on the rough open sea and in coastal waters with treacherous currents. The crew tested how the long, narrow, flexible hull withstood the tough ocean waves. The expedition also provided valuable new information on Viking longships and society. The ship was built using Viking tools, materials, and much of the same methods as the original ship. Other vessels, often replicas of the <a href="/wiki/Gokstad_ship" title="Gokstad ship">Gokstad ship</a> (full- or half-scale) or <a href="/wiki/Skuldelev_ships" title="Skuldelev ships">Skuldelev</a> have been built and tested as well. The Snorri (a <a href="/wiki/Skuldelev_ships" title="Skuldelev ships">Skuldelev I</a> <a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a>), was sailed from Greenland to Newfoundland in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_misconceptions">Common misconceptions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horned_helmets">Horned helmets</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Festival,_Delamont_County_Park,_June_2012_(17).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Viking_Festival%2C_Delamont_County_Park%2C_June_2012_%2817%29.JPG/220px-Viking_Festival%2C_Delamont_County_Park%2C_June_2012_%2817%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Viking_Festival%2C_Delamont_County_Park%2C_June_2012_%2817%29.JPG/330px-Viking_Festival%2C_Delamont_County_Park%2C_June_2012_%2817%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Viking_Festival%2C_Delamont_County_Park%2C_June_2012_%2817%29.JPG/440px-Viking_Festival%2C_Delamont_County_Park%2C_June_2012_%2817%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Barelegs Viking Festival</figcaption></figure> Apart from two or three representations of (ritual) helmets—with protrusions that may be either stylised ravens, snakes, or horns—no depiction of the helmets of Viking warriors, and no preserved helmet, has horns. The formal, close-quarters style of Viking combat (either in shield walls or aboard "ship islands") would have made horned helmets cumbersome and hazardous to the warrior's own side. Historians therefore believe that Viking warriors did not wear horned helmets; whether such helmets were used in Scandinavian culture for other, ritual purposes, remains unproven. The general misconception that Viking warriors wore horned helmets was partly promulgated by the 19th-century enthusiasts of <a href="/wiki/Geatish_Society" title="Geatish Society">Götiska Förbundet</a>, founded in 1811 in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-259">[259]</a> They promoted the use of Norse mythology as the subject of high art and other ethnological and moral aims. The Vikings were often depicted with winged helmets and in other clothing taken from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>, especially in depictions of Norse gods. This was done to legitimise the Vikings and their mythology by associating it with the Classical world, which had long been idealised in European culture. The latter-day mythos created by <a href="/wiki/National_Romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Romanticism">national romantic ideas</a> blended the Viking Age with aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> some 2,000 years earlier. Horned helmets from the Bronze Age were shown in <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> and appeared in archaeological finds (see <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikso" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikso">Vikso</a> helmets). They were probably used for ceremonial purposes.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Arms_and_Armor_(9302360544).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Viking_Arms_and_Armor_%289302360544%29.jpg/220px-Viking_Arms_and_Armor_%289302360544%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Viking_Arms_and_Armor_%289302360544%29.jpg/330px-Viking_Arms_and_Armor_%289302360544%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Viking_Arms_and_Armor_%289302360544%29.jpg/440px-Viking_Arms_and_Armor_%289302360544%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Modern "Viking" helmets</figcaption></figure> Cartoons like <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4gar_the_Horrible" title="Hägar the Horrible">Hägar the Horrible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicky_the_Viking" title="Vicky the Viking">Vicky the Viking</a>, and sports kits such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings" title="Minnesota Vikings">Minnesota Vikings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Raiders" title="Canberra Raiders">Canberra Raiders</a> have perpetuated the myth of the horned helmet.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Viking helmets were conical, made from hard leather with wood and metallic reinforcements for regular troops. The iron helmet with mask and mail was for the chieftains, based on the previous <a href="/wiki/Vendel" title="Vendel">Vendel</a>-age helmets from central Sweden. The only original Viking helmet discovered is the <a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a>, found in Norway. This helmet is made of iron and has been dated to the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barbarity">Barbarity</h4></div> The image of wild-haired, dirty savages sometimes associated with the Vikings in popular culture is a distorted picture of reality.<a href="#cite_note-Roesdahl,_pp._9–22-9">[9]</a> Viking tendencies were often misreported, and the work of Adam of Bremen, among others, told largely disputable tales of Viking savagery and uncleanliness.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_skulls_as_drinking_vessels">Use of skulls as drinking vessels</h4></div> There is no evidence that Vikings <a href="/wiki/Skull_cup" title="Skull cup">drank out of the skulls</a> of vanquished enemies. This was a misconception based on a passage in the <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poem <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A1kum%C3%A1l" title="Krákumál">Krákumál</a> speaking of heroes drinking from ór bjúgviðum hausa (branches of skulls). This was a reference to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">drinking horns</a>, but was mistranslated in the 17th century<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> as referring to the skulls of the slain.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_legacy">Genetic legacy</h2></div> Margaryan et al. 2020 analysed 442 Viking world individuals from various archaeological sites in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Margaryan2-16">[16]</a> They were found to be closely related to modern Scandinavians. The Y-DNA composition of the individuals in the study was also similar to that of modern Scandinavians. The most common Y-DNA haplogroup was <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253" title="Haplogroup I-M253">I1</a> (95 samples), followed by <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> (84 samples) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a>, especially (but not exclusively) of the Scandinavian R1a-Z284 subclade (61 samples). The study showed what many historians have hypothesised: that it was common for Norseman settlers to marry foreign women. Some individuals from the study, such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>, displayed typical Scandinavian Y-DNA haplogroups but also southern European autosomal ancestry, suggesting that they were the descendants of Viking settler males and local women. The five individual samples from Foggia were likely <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. The same pattern of a combination of Scandinavian Y-DNA and local autosomal ancestry is seen in other samples from the study, for example <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> buried near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">lake Ladoga</a> and Vikings in England, suggesting that Viking men had married into local families in those places too.<a href="#cite_note-Margaryan2-16">[16]</a> The study found evidence of a Swedish influx into Estonia and Finland; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland during the Viking Age. However, the authors commented "Viking Age Danish-like ancestry in the British Isles cannot be distinguished from that of the Angles and Saxons, who migrated in the fifth to sixth centuries AD from Jutland and northern Germany".<a href="#cite_note-Margaryan2-16">[16]</a> Margaryan et al. 2020 examined the skeletal remains of 42 individuals from the <a href="/wiki/Salme_ships" title="Salme ships">Salme ship burials</a> in Estonia. The skeletal remains belonged to warriors killed in battle who were later buried together with numerous valuable weapons and armour. DNA testing and isotope analysis revealed that the men came from central Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Margaryan2-16">[16]</a> Female descent studies show evidence of Norse descent in areas closest to Scandinavia, such as the Shetland and <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Inhabitants of lands farther away show most Norse descent in the male <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y-chromosome</a> lines.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> A specialised genetic and surname study in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> showed marked Norse heritage: up to 50% of males of families that lived there before the years of industrialisation and population expansion.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> High percentages of Norse inheritance—tracked through the R-M420 haplotype—were also found among males in the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Lancashire" title="West Lancashire">West Lancashire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> This was similar to the percentage of Norse inheritance found among males in the Orkney Islands.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Recent research suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> warrior <a href="/wiki/Somerled" title="Somerled">Somerled</a>, who drove the Vikings out of western Scotland and was the progenitor of <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a>, may have been of <a href="/wiki/List_of_haplogroups_of_historical_and_famous_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures">Viking descent</a>, a member of haplogroup R-M420.<a href="#cite_note-scotsman-271">[271]</a> Margaryan et al. 2020 examined an elite warrior burial from <a href="/wiki/Bodzia_Cemetery" title="Bodzia Cemetery">Bodzia</a> (Poland) dated to 1010–1020 AD. The cemetery in Bodzia is exceptional in terms of Scandinavian and Kievian Rus links. The Bodzia man (sample VK157, or burial E864/I) was not a simple warrior from the princely retinue, but he belonged to the princely family himself. His burial is the richest one in the whole cemetery. Moreover, strontium analysis of his teeth enamel shows he was not local.  It is assumed that he came to Poland with the Prince of Kiev, <a href="/wiki/Sviatopolk_I_of_Kiev" title="Sviatopolk I of Kiev">Sviatopolk the Accursed</a>, and met a violent death in combat. This corresponds to the events of 1018 AD when Sviatopolk himself disappeared after having retreated from Kiev to Poland. It cannot be excluded that the Bodzia man was Sviatopolk himself, as the genealogy of the Rurikids at this period is extremely sketchy and the dates of birth of many princes of this dynasty may be quite approximative. The Bodzia man carried haplogroup I1-<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-Z63" title="Haplogroup I-Z63">S2077</a> and had both Scandinavian ancestry and Russian admixture.<a href="#cite_note-Margaryan2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese people">Faroese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotlander">Gotlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutasaga" title="Gutasaga">Gutasaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oeselians" title="Oeselians">Oeselians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Scandinavian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedes (Germanic tribe)">Swedes (Germanic tribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuiniks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushkuiniks">Ushkuiniks</a>, Novgorod's privateers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking raid warfare and tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a> are discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikings&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a>), or an abbreviated title. (October 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Illustration from a Life of <a href="/wiki/Albinus_of_Angers" title="Albinus of Angers">Albinus of Angers</a> produced at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Aubin" title="Abbey of Saint-Aubin">Abbey of Saint-Aubin</a>. Depicted is a Viking attack on <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rande" title="Guérande">Guérande</a>. See Magdalena Carrasco, "Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works", PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/8024792">8024792</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordisk1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-nordisk1_2-0">^</a> The article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html">Tjängvidestenen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html">Archived</a> 27 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a> (1919). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaryan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Margaryan, Ashot (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8">"Population genomics of the Viking world"</a>. Nature. 585 (7825): 390–396. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.585..390M">2020Natur.585..390M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2688-8">10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F83989">10852/83989</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32939067">32939067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221769227">221769227</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326025602/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+the+Viking+world&rft.volume=585&rft.issue=7825&rft.pages=390-396&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F83989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221769227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.585..390M&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2688-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32939067&rft.aulast=Margaryan&rft.aufirst=Ashot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-020-2688-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition_Scholarly-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_Scholarly_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawer1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Mawer" title="Allen Mawer">Mawer, Allen</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe">The Vikings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/095173394X" title="Special:BookSources/095173394X"><bdi>095173394X</bdi></a>. <q>The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=095173394X&rft.aulast=Mawer&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvikings00mawe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolman2003" class="citation book cs1">Holman, Catherine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of the Vikings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810865890" title="Special:BookSources/0810865890"><bdi>0810865890</bdi></a>. <q>Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Vikings&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0810865890&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNL4FAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Simpson, Jacqueline</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ">The Viking World</a>. Batsford. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713407778" title="Special:BookSources/0713407778"><bdi>0713407778</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. <q>Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+World&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0713407778&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbf9oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm">The Isles: A History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198030737" title="Special:BookSources/9780198030737"><bdi>9780198030737</bdi></a>. <q>The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780198030737&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisleshistory00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition_Tertiary-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_Tertiary_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Campbell_(academic)" title="Alistair Campbell (academic)">Campbell, Alistair</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ">"Viking"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 23. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852291736" title="Special:BookSources/0852291736"><bdi>0852291736</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2020. <q>The term "Viking" is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viking&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0852291736&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-VMAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawer1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Mawer" title="Allen Mawer">Mawer, Allen</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ">"The Vikings"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J. B.</a> (ed.). The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 309. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2020. <q>The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vikings&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Mawer&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtMHAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&result=1">"Viking"</a>. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727139" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727139"><bdi>9780191727139</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&result=1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020. <q>Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 ad onwards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viking&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191727139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001%2Facref-9780199534043-e-4515%3Frskey%3DzSEDAr%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowcroftCannon2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowcroft, Robert; <a href="/wiki/John_Cannon_(historian)" title="John Cannon (historian)">Cannon, John</a>, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&result=7">"Viking"</a>. The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191757150" title="Special:BookSources/9780191757150"><bdi>9780191757150</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&result=7">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020. <q>Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viking&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780191757150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199677832.001.0001%2Facref-9780199677832-e-4371%3Frskey%3DzSEDAr%26result%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition_Dictionary-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_Dictionary_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Dictionaries2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ">Concise Oxford English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/OUP_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP Oxford">OUP Oxford</a>. p. 1612. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199601103" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199601103"><bdi>978-0199601103</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019. <q>Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=1612&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199601103&rft.au=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XycAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandom_House_Unabridged_Dictionary2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Unabridged Dictionary</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings">"Vikings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. <q>Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Vikings&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Random+House+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fvikings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCOBUILD_Advanced_English_Dictionary" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Collins_COBUILD_Advanced_Dictionary" title="Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary">COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking">"Viking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins Online Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. <q>The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Viking&rft.au=COBUILD+Advanced+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fviking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins_English_Dictionary" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking">"Viking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins Online Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. <q>Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Viking&rft.au=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fviking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster's_New_World_Dictionary,_4th_Edition2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_Dictionary" title="Webster's New World Dictionary">Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking">"Viking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins Online Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. <q>Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Viking&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Webster%27s+New+World+Dictionary%2C+4th+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fviking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambridge_Advanced_Learner's_Dictionary_&_Thesaurus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking">"Viking"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. <q>Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Viking&rft.au=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary+%26+Thesaurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fviking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Viking-7"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Viking_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people">"Viking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2018. <q>Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Viking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FViking-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Denmark-8"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Denmark_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintonNokkentved" class="citation web cs1">Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era">"Denmark: The Viking Era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018. <q>Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Denmark%3A+The+Viking+Era&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.+A.&rft.au=Nokkentved%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDenmark%2FThe-Viking-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roesdahl,_pp._9–22-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roesdahl,_pp._9–22_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roesdahl,_pp._9–22_9-1">b</a> Roesdahl, pp. 9–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Brink 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lepel.vitebsk-region.gov.by/en/region2/view/archaeologists-find-evidence-of-vikings-presence-in-belarus-5923/">Archaeologists find evidence of Vikings' presence in Belarus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210859/http://lepel.vitebsk-region.gov.by/en/region2/view/archaeologists-find-evidence-of-vikings-presence-in-belarus-5923/">Archived</a> 15 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lepel Regional Executive Committee. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bunews.com.ua/society/item/ancient-ukraine-did-swedish-vikings-really-found-kyiv-rus">Ancient Ukraine: Did Swedish Vikings really found Kyiv Rus?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715213153/http://bunews.com.ua/society/item/ancient-ukraine-did-swedish-vikings-really-found-kyiv-rus">Archived</a> 15 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Business Ukraine. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2018" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Christopher (19 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople">"Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople"</a>. HISTORY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Globetrotting+Vikings%3A+The+Quest+for+Constantinople&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fglobetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1992" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Donald F. (1992). The Vikings in History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08396-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08396-6"><bdi>0-415-08396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+in+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-08396-6&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateyGraham-Campbell1994" class="citation book cs1">Batey, Colleen E.; <a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">Graham-Campbell, James</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate">Cultural Atlas of the Viking World</a>. New York: Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184">184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816030040" title="Special:BookSources/9780816030040"><bdi>9780816030040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Atlas+of+the+Viking+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780816030040&rft.aulast=Batey&rft.aufirst=Colleen+E.&rft.au=Graham-Campbell%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturalatlasofv00bate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margaryan2-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margaryan2_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margaryan2_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margaryan2_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margaryan2_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margaryan2_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margaryan2_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaryanLawsonSikoraRacimo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil; Ingason, Andrés; Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Korneliussen, Thorfinn (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8">"Population genomics of the Viking world"</a>. Nature. 585 (7825): 390–396. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.585..390M">2020Natur.585..390M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2688-8">10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F83989">10852/83989</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32939067">32939067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221769227">221769227</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326025602/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+the+Viking+world&rft.volume=585&rft.issue=7825&rft.pages=390-396&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F83989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221769227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.585..390M&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2688-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32939067&rft.aulast=Margaryan&rft.aufirst=Ashot&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Racimo%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Moltke%2C+Ida&rft.au=Cassidy%2C+Lara+M.&rft.au=J%C3%B8rsboe%2C+Emil&rft.au=Ingason%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Mikkel+W.&rft.au=Korneliussen%2C+Thorfinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-020-2688-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Wawn 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-langer-18"><a href="#cite_ref-langer_18-0">^</a> Johnni Langer, "The origins of the imaginary viking", Viking Heritage Magazine, Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.raa.se/open/runor/inscription?id=36beb34c-2869-4841-96c5-2f6fc43fb184">Entry Sm 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514073241/https://app.raa.se/open/runor/inscription?id=36beb34c-2869-4841-96c5-2f6fc43fb184">Archived</a> 14 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJesch20154–5-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJesch20154–5_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJesch2015">Jesch 2015</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001460-461-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001460-461_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001">Lapidge et al. 2001</a>, p. 460-461. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brink2008-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Brink2008_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrink2008" class="citation book cs1">Brink, Stefan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">"Who Were the Vikings: The Word 'Viking'"</a>. In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31826-1"><bdi>978-1-134-31826-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+Vikings%3A+The+Word+%27Viking%27&rft.btitle=The+Viking+World&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-31826-1&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuN-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyG3HnK0qREC">The Syntax of Old Norse</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Terje_Faarlund" title="Jan Terje Faarlund">Jan Terje Faarlund</a>; p. 25 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203825/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyG3HnK0qREC&dq">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927110-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927110-0">0-19-927110-0</a>; The Principles of English Etymology By <a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Skeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter W. Skeat">Walter W. Skeat</a>, published in 1892, defined Viking: better Wiking, Icel. Viking-r, O. Icel. *Viking-r, a creek-dweller; from Icel. vik, O. Icel. *wik, a creek, bay, with suffix -uig-r, belonging to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesengli02skeagoog">Principles of English Etymology</a> by Walter W. Skeat; Clarendon; p. 479 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eldar_Heide_2008_23–28-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Eldar_Heide_2008_23–28_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldar_Heide2008" class="citation journal cs1">Eldar Heide (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2401159">"Viking, week, and Widsith. A reply to Harald Bjorvand"</a>. Centre of Medieval Studies (University of Bergen). Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi. 123: 23–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814184108/https://www.academia.edu/2401159">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Filologi&rft.atitle=Viking%2C+week%2C+and+Widsith.+A+reply+to+Harald+Bjorvand&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Eldar+Heide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2401159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman2009" class="citation web cs1">Liberman, Anatoly (15 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oup.com/2009/07/vikings/">"What Did The Vikings Do Before They Began to Play Football?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104000/http://blog.oup.com/2009/07/vikings/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Did+The+Vikings+Do+Before+They+Began+to+Play+Football%3F&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fvikings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mees2012-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mees2012_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mees2012_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mees2012_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMees2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mees, Bernard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4425185">"Taking Turns: linguistic economy and the name of the Vikings"</a>. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT). Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi. 127: 5–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130094748/https://www.academia.edu/4425185">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Filologi&rft.atitle=Taking+Turns%3A+linguistic+economy+and+the+name+of+the+Vikings&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=5-12&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mees&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4425185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heide2005-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heide2005_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heide2005_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldar_Heide2005" class="citation journal cs1">Eldar Heide (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233409/http://eldar-heide.net/Publikasjonar%20til%20heimesida/viking%20rowshift.pdf">"Víking – 'rower shifting'? An etymological contribution"</a> (PDF). Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi. 120: 41–54. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eldar-heide.net/Publikasjonar%20til%20heimesida/viking%20rowshift.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Filologi&rft.atitle=V%C3%ADking+%E2%80%93+%27rower+shifting%27%3F+An+etymological+contribution&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=41-54&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Eldar+Heide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feldar-heide.net%2FPublikasjonar%2520til%2520heimesida%2Fviking%2520rowshift.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boutkan-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Boutkan_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutkanSiebinga2000" class="citation book cs1">Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sloerd Michiel (2000). Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary. Brill. pp. 291, 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14531-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14531-1"><bdi>90-04-14531-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Frisian+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.pages=291%2C+454&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-14531-1&rft.aulast=Boutkan&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Siebinga%2C+Sloerd+Michiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Stafford, P. (2009). A companion to the Early Middle Ages. Wiley/Blackwell Publisher, chapter 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hødnebø1987-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Hødnebø1987_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHødnebø1987" class="citation book cs1">Hødnebø, Finn (1987). "Who Were the First Vikings?". In Knirk, James E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nMjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pirates%22">Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress: Larkollen, Norway, 1985</a>. Universitetets oldsaksamling. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-7181-062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-7181-062-7"><bdi>978-82-7181-062-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201014103/https://books.google.com/books?id=_nMjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pirates%22">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+First+Vikings%3F&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Tenth+Viking+Congress%3A+Larkollen%2C+Norway%2C+1985&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Universitetets+oldsaksamling&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-82-7181-062-7&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8dneb%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nMjAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522pirates%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Bjorvand, Harald (2000). Våre arveord: etymologisk ordbok. Oslo: Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning (Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture). p. 1051. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8270993190" title="Special:BookSources/8270993190">8270993190</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Gretsch. The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sauer, Hans (2008). "How Anglo-Saxon Glossators Adapted Latin words and their world". The Journal of Medieval Latin. 18: 437–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.JML.3.26">10.1484/J.JML.3.26</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45020116">45020116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Medieval+Latin&rft.atitle=How+Anglo-Saxon+Glossators+Adapted+Latin+words+and+their+world&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=437-468&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.JML.3.26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45020116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frantzen2012-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Frantzen2012_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzen2012" class="citation book cs1">Frantzen, Allen J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptJPKf32QlMC&pg=PA275">Anglo-Saxon Keywords</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-25560-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-25560-5"><bdi>978-1-118-25560-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Keywords&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-25560-5&rft.aulast=Frantzen&rft.aufirst=Allen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptJPKf32QlMC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards2005-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Richards2005_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2005" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Julian D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVjoJ-uP1XMC&pg=PA119">The Vikings: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157807-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157807-6"><bdi>978-0-19-157807-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216034310/https://books.google.com/books?id=UVjoJ-uP1XMC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157807-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Julian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVjoJ-uP1XMC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Peter Sawyer, The Viking Expansion, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC">The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Issue 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022182316/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 22 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Knut Helle, ed., 2003), p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lund-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Lund_37-0">^</a> Lund, Niels "The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age", in Sawyer, History of the Vikings, pp. 167–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Sweyn.aspx">The Royal Household, "Sweyn"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129012256/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Sweyn.aspx">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The official Website of The British Monarchy, 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawson-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Lawson_39-0">^</a> Lawson, M K (2004). "Cnut: England's Viking King 1016–35". The History Press Ltd, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582059702" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582059702">978-0582059702</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/CanutetheGreat.aspx">The Royal Household, "Canute The Great"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129012257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/CanutetheGreat.aspx">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The official Website of The British Monarchy, 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Badsey_et_al.-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Badsey_et_al._41-0">^</a> Badsey, S. Nicolle, D, Turnbull, S (1999). "The Timechart of Military History". Worth Press Ltd, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903025-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-903025-00-1">1-903025-00-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html">"History of Northumbria: Viking era 866 AD–1066 AD"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730071112/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html">Archived</a> 30 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.englandnortheast.co.uk. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Toyne, Stanley Mease. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvGt8gfBlEIC&dq=Viking+Age+East+Anglia&pg=PA27">The Scandinavians in history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203825/https://books.google.com/books?id=yvGt8gfBlEIC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Viking+Age+East+Anglia&source=bl&ots=chkBibhiGs&sig=NX79_9WHb2BL7ctaNdj1L1D93f8&hl=en&ei=f28eS-aUHovkswPr4v36CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CCkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Viking%20Age%20East%20Anglia&f=false">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pg.27. 1970. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/">The Fate of Greenland's Vikings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111090459/http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/">Archived</a> 11 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Dale Mackenzie Brown, Archaeological Institute of America, 28 February 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangmoen_IA2012" class="citation journal cs1">Langmoen IA (4 April 2012). "The Norse discovery of America". Neurosurgery. 57 (6): 1076–87, discussion 1076–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1227%2F01.neu.0000144825.92264.c4">10.1227/01.neu.0000144825.92264.c4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16331154">16331154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37361794">37361794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=The+Norse+discovery+of+America&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1076-87%2C+discussion+1076-87&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37361794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16331154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1227%2F01.neu.0000144825.92264.c4&rft.au=Langmoen+IA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Valerie (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/05/31/climate-change-froze-the-vikings-out-of-greenland-say-scientists/#.UV_rr1eSnlw">"Climate change froze Vikings out of Greenland"</a>. Discover. Kalmback Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430232629/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/05/31/climate-change-froze-the-vikings-out-of-greenland-say-scientists/#.UV_rr1eSnlw">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Climate+change+froze+Vikings+out+of+Greenland&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.discovermagazine.com%2F80beats%2F2011%2F05%2F31%2Fclimate-change-froze-the-vikings-out-of-greenland-say-scientists%2F%23.UV_rr1eSnlw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512998/Rurik-Dynasty">Rurik Dynasty (medieval Russian rulers)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327070703/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512998/Rurik-Dynasty">Archived</a> 27 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Britannica Online Encyclopedia </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Hall, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Jansson 1980:22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritsak386-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritsak386_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritsak386_50-1">b</a> Pritsak 1981:386 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514031909/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0217_040217_vikings.html">"Vikings' Barbaric Bad Rap Beginning to Fade"</a>. National Geographic. 28 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0217_040217_vikings.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Vikings%27+Barbaric+Bad+Rap+Beginning+to+Fade&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F0217_040217_vikings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Butrimas, Adomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etalpykla.lituanistika.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2003~1593455293623/J.04~2003~1593455293623.pdf">"Dešiniajame Savo Krante Svebų Jūra Skalauja Aisčių Gentis..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806103215/https://etalpykla.lituanistika.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2003~1593455293623/J.04~2003~1593455293623.pdf">Archived</a> 6 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lietuva iki Mindaugo [Lithuania Before Mindaugas] (in Lithuanian). 2003, p. 136. <a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/9986571898" class="extiw" title="lt:Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/9986571898">ISBN 9986571898</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_53-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/viking-woman-warrior-was-actually-poland-180972739/">"Viking Woman Warrior May Have Been Slavic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132710/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/viking-woman-warrior-was-actually-poland-180972739/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+Woman+Warrior+May+Have+Been+Slavic&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fviking-woman-warrior-was-actually-poland-180972739%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Nottingham-55"><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Nottingham_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadziwillowicz2007" class="citation web cs1">Radziwillowicz, Natalia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/documents/innervate/16-17/3.-radziwillowicz-n-q33408-dissertation.pdf">"Considering the connections between Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast in the 10th −11th Centuries"</a> (PDF). Nottingham, England, UK: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122052625/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/documents/innervate/16-17/3.-radziwillowicz-n-q33408-dissertation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Considering+the+connections+between+Scandinavia+and+the+southern+Baltic+coast+in+the+10th+%E2%88%9211th+Centuries&rft.place=Nottingham%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pub=University+of+Nottingham&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Radziwillowicz&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fenglish%2Fdocuments%2Finnervate%2F16-17%2F3.-radziwillowicz-n-q33408-dissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roslund2007-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Roslund2007_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoslund2007" class="citation book cs1">Roslund, Mats (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1POvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469">Guests in the House: Cultural Transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians 900 to 1300 AD</a>. BRILL. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2185-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2185-6"><bdi>978-90-474-2185-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212154738/https://books.google.com/books?id=1POvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guests+in+the+House%3A+Cultural+Transmission+between+Slavs+and+Scandinavians+900+to+1300+AD&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2185-6&rft.aulast=Roslund&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1POvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olaf_Britannica-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Olaf_Britannica_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117140527/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olaf">"Olaf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olaf">the original</a> on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olaf&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOlaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindqvist-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindqvist_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindqvist2006" class="citation book cs1">Lindqvist, Herman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047421856/Bej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml">Historien om alla Sveriges drottningar: från myt och helgon till drottning i tiden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norstedts_f%C3%B6rlag" title="Norstedts förlag">Norstedt</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eesnAQAAMAAJ&q=Edla">24; 35; 536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9113015249" title="Special:BookSources/9113015249"><bdi>9113015249</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602012418/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047421856/Bej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historien+om+alla+Sveriges+drottningar%3A+fr%C3%A5n+myt+och+helgon+till+drottning+i+tiden&rft.pages=24%3B+35%3B+536&rft.pub=Norstedt%3B+University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9113015249&rft.aulast=Lindqvist&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047421856%2FBej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cnut_Britannica-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Cnut_Britannica_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117155542/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Canute-I">"Canute (I) king of England, Denmark, and Norway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Canute-I">the original</a> on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canute+%28I%29+king+of+England%2C+Denmark%2C+and+Norway&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCanute-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Sawyer, History of the Vikings, pp. 110, 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171837/http://rodin.uca.es:8081/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10498/7881/18385953.pdf?sequence=1">"Los vikingos en Al-Andalus (abstract available in English)"</a> (PDF). Jesús Riosalido. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rodin.uca.es:8081/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10498/7881/18385953.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+vikingos+en+Al-Andalus+%28abstract+available+in+English%29&rft.pub=Jes%C3%BAs+Riosalido&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frodin.uca.es%3A8081%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10498%2F7881%2F18385953.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> John Haywood: Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings, Penguin (1996). Detailed maps of Viking settlements in Scotland, Ireland, England, Iceland and Normandy. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, P. H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNOt9BJh080C&q=vikings+ph+sawyer&pg=PR1">Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700–1100</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134947775" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134947775"><bdi>978-1134947775</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031015/https://books.google.com/books?id=wNOt9BJh080C&q=vikings+ph+sawyer&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Vikings%3A+Scandinavia+and+Europe+AD+700%E2%80%931100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1134947775&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNOt9BJh080C%26q%3Dvikings%2Bph%2Bsawyer%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaine2008" class="citation journal cs1">Haine, Thomas (1 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwea.150">"What did the Viking discoverers of America know of the North Atlantic Environment?"</a>. Weather. 63 (3): 60–65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Wthr...63...60H">2008Wthr...63...60H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwea.150">10.1002/wea.150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-8696">1477-8696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather&rft.atitle=What+did+the+Viking+discoverers+of+America+know+of+the+North+Atlantic+Environment%3F&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=60-65&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft.issn=1477-8696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwea.150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Wthr...63...60H&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fwea.150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haywood2006-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haywood2006_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haywood2006_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood2006" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dus9AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Danevirke%22">Dark Age Naval Power: A Reassessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity</a>. Anglo-Saxon Books. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898281-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898281-43-6"><bdi>978-1-898281-43-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212185651/https://books.google.com/books?id=dus9AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Danevirke%22">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Age+Naval+Power%3A+A+Reassessment+of+Frankish+and+Anglo-Saxon+Seafaring+Activity&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Anglo-Saxon+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-898281-43-6&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddus9AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Danevirke%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kold2014-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Kold2014_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKold2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kold, Lotte Flugt (3 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/dannevirke/">"Dannevirke"</a>. danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Aarhus University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061819/http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/dannevirke/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2014. <q>Senest i krigen 1864 (2. Slesvigske Krig) fungerede Dannevirke som forsvarsværk, og fortidsmindet har en nærmest mytisk rolle i Danmarks historie." English: "Dannevirke last functioned as a defensive structure in the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a>; this ancient structure has an almost mythical role in Denmark's history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danmarkshistorien.dk&rft.atitle=Dannevirke&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.aulast=Kold&rft.aufirst=Lotte+Flugt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanmarkshistorien.dk%2Fleksikon-og-kilder%2Fvis%2Fmateriale%2Fdannevirke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNäsman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Näsman, Ulf (1 November 2000). "Raids, Migrations, and Kingdoms". 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Science | AAAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015230053/https://www.science.org/content/article/viking-was-job-description-not-matter-heredity-massive-ancient-dna-study-shows">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%7C+AAAS&rft.atitle=%27Viking%27+was+a+job+description%2C+not+a+matter+of+heredity%2C+massive+ancient+DNA+study+shows&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fviking-was-job-description-not-matter-heredity-massive-ancient-dna-study-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyatt2009-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt2009_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Wyatt2009" class="citation book cs1">David R. Wyatt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWJGynaKSkkC&pg=PA124">Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200</a>. Brill. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17533-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17533-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031011/https://books.google.com/books?id=RWJGynaKSkkC&pg=PA124">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+and+Warriors+in+Medieval+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+800%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17533-4&rft.au=David+R.+Wyatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRWJGynaKSkkC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2016-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi2016_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChoi2016">Choi 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802035726/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/12/151228-vikings-slaves-thralls-norse-scandinavia-archaeology/">"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves"</a>. National Geographic News. 28 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/12/151228-vikings-slaves-thralls-norse-scandinavia-archaeology/">the original</a> on 2 August 2019. 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Antiquity. 82 (317): 680–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00097301">10.1017/S0003598X00097301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59363335">59363335</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213024148/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9AAD157E488AF39555B64D3529944D43/S0003598X00097301a.pdf/what-caused-the-viking-age.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. 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Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EHumB..38..315R">2017EHumB..38..315R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F8759">2164/8759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-5138">1090-5138</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212215203/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513816303075">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023. 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Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EHumB..38..315R">2017EHumB..38..315R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F8759">2164/8759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-5138">1090-5138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Male-biased+operational+sex+ratios+and+the+Viking+phenomenon%3A+an+evolutionary+anthropological+perspective+on+Late+Iron+Age+Scandinavian+raiding&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-24&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F8759&rft.issn=1090-5138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017EHumB..38..315R&rft.aulast=Raffield&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Price%2C+Neil&rft.au=Collard%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves">"Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves"</a>. Science | AAAS. 13 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727122934/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%7C+AAAS&rft.atitle=Vikings+may+have+first+taken+to+seas+to+find+women%2C+slaves&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fvikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DolfiniCrellin2018-79"><a href="#cite_ref-DolfiniCrellin2018_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_DolfiniRachel_J._CrellinChristian_HornMarion_Uckelmann2018" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8e1lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349">Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches</a>. Springer. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78828-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78828-9"><bdi>978-3-319-78828-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031027/https://books.google.com/books?id=8e1lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Warfare+and+Violence%3A+Quantitative+and+Qualitative+Approaches&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78828-9&rft.au=Andrea+Dolfini&rft.au=Rachel+J.+Crellin&rft.au=Christian+Horn&rft.au=Marion+Uckelmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8e1lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simek2004-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simek2004_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simek2004_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek2004" class="citation book cs1">Simek, Rudolf (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55887913">"The Emergence of the Viking Age: Reasons and Triggers"</a>. In Simek, Rudolf; Engel, Ulrike (eds.). Vikings on the Rhine: Recent Research on Early Medieval Relations Between the Rhinelands and Scandinavia | Volume 11 of Studia medievalia Septentrionalia. Vienna: Fassbaender. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-900538-83-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-900538-83-5"><bdi>978-3-900538-83-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55887913">55887913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Viking+Age%3A+Reasons+and+Triggers&rft.btitle=Vikings+on+the+Rhine%3A+Recent+Research+on+Early+Medieval+Relations+Between+the+Rhinelands+and+Scandinavia+%7C+Volume+11+of+Studia+medievalia+Septentrionalia&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Fassbaender&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55887913&rft.isbn=978-3-900538-83-5&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55887913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X-Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th–8th centuries (Fayard, 2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-annals_R.20-82"><a href="#cite_ref-annals_R.20_82-0">^</a> "Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, History of the Vikings, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Dictionnaire d'histoire de France, Perrin, Alain Decaux and André Castelot, 1981, pp. 184–85. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7242-3080-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7242-3080-9">2-7242-3080-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> "the Vikings" R. Boyer history, myths, dictionary, Robert Laffont several 2008, p. 96 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10631-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10631-0">978-2-221-10631-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Dillmann" title="François-Xavier Dillmann">François-Xavier Dillmann</a>, "Viking civilisation and culture. A bibliography of French-language", Caen, Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest, University of Caen, 1975, p. 19, and "Les Vikings: the Scandinavian and European 800–1200", 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe, 1992, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> "History of the Kings of Norway" by Snorri Sturlusson translated by Professor of History François-Xavier Dillmann, Gallimard <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-073211-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-073211-8">2-07-073211-8</a> pp. 15–16, 18, 24, 33–34, 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Viking_expeditions_and_raids-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viking_expeditions_and_raids_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viking_expeditions_and_raids_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/">"Viking expeditions and raids"</a>. National Museum of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318172137/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+expeditions+and+raids&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-viking-age%2Fexpeditions-and-raids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacauley_Richardson" class="citation web cs1">Macauley Richardson, Lloyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216043007/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/72831997.html">"Books: Eurasian Exploration"</a>. Policy Review. Hoover Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/72831997.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Review&rft.atitle=Books%3A+Eurasian+Exploration&rft.aulast=Macauley+Richardson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicyreview%2F72831997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Crone, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWL-_hRsm2IC&q=Islam+trade+Western+Europe+7th+century">Meccan trade and the rise of Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203825/https://books.google.com/books?id=VWL-_hRsm2IC&dq=Islam+trade+Western+Europe+7th+century&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=x3QeS57kBo7ysQPZmvX9CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CDAQ6AEwCg">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. First Georgias Press. 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2005" class="citation book cs1">Richards, J.D. (2005). The Vikings : a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–118-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–118_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–118_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankopan2015">Frankopan 2015</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTignorAdelmanBrownElman" class="citation book cs1">Tignor; Adelman; Brown; Elman; Liu; Pittman; Shaw. Worlds Together Worlds Apart Volume One: Beginnings Through the 15th Century (Fourth ed.). London: Norton. p. 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+Together+Worlds+Apart+Volume+One%3A+Beginnings+Through+the+15th+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=352&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Norton&rft.au=Tignor&rft.au=Adelman&rft.au=Brown&rft.au=Elman&rft.au=Liu&rft.au=Pittman&rft.au=Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="/wiki/T._D._Kendrick" title="T. D. Kendrick">T. D. Kendrick</a>, A History of the Vikings, Courier Dover Publications, 2004, pp. 179ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43396-7">978-0-486-43396-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Roesdahl, pp. 295–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Gareth Williams, "Kingship, Christianity and coinage: monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age", in Silver Economy in the Viking Age, ed. <a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">James Graham-Campbell</a> and Gareth Williams, pp. 177–214; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-222-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-222-0">978-1-59874-222-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Roesdahl, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> The Northern Crusades: Second Edition by Eric Christiansen; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4">0-14-026653-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/written-sources/">"Written sources shed light on Viking travels"</a>. National Museum of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318172414/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/written-sources/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Written+sources+shed+light+on+Viking+travels&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-viking-age%2Fexpeditions-and-raids%2Fwritten-sources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Hall, 2010, pp. 8 passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Roesdahl, pp. 16–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Hall, pp. 8–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Lindqvist, pp. 160–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a> for further explanations on specific words. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Norman_toponymy" title="Norman toponymy">Norman toponymy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Henriksen, Louise Kæmpe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/en/the-sea-stallion-past-and-present/persons-and-themes/archaeology-and-history/nordic-place-names-in-europe/">Nordic place names in Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222032738/http://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/en/the-sea-stallion-past-and-present/persons-and-themes/archaeology-and-history/nordic-place-names-in-europe/">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Viking Ship Museum Roskilde </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/changlang/activities/lang/vikings/vikinglang.html">Viking Words</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203125117/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/changlang/activities/lang/vikings/vikinglang.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The British Library </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nfi.ku.dk/english/">Department of Scandinavian Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208084718/http://nfi.ku.dk/english/">Archived</a> 8 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Copenhagen </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> See information on the "Slavonic and Norse names of the Dnieper rapids" on <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Else Roesdahl (prof. in Arch. & Hist.): The Vikings, Penguin Books (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025282-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025282-7">0-14-025282-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-forskning.no-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forskning.no_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forskning.no_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlstad2002" class="citation web cs1">Olstad, Lisa (16 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829041924/http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2002/desember/1039779970.6">"Ein minnestein for å hedre seg sjølv"</a>. forskning.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2002/desember/1039779970.6">the original</a> on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ein+minnestein+for+%C3%A5+hedre+seg+sj%C3%B8lv&rft.pub=forskning.no&rft.date=2002-12-16&rft.aulast=Olstad&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forskning.no%2Fartikler%2F2002%2Fdesember%2F1039779970.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zilmer38-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Zilmer38_111-0">^</a> Zilmer 2005:38 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://realscandinavia.com/runestones-words-from-the-viking-age/">"Runestones: Words from the Viking Age"</a>. 4 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523111457/http://realscandinavia.com/runestones-words-from-the-viking-age/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runestones%3A+Words+from+the+Viking+Age&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frealscandinavia.com%2Frunestones-words-from-the-viking-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jansson34-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Jansson34_113-0">^</a> Jansson 1980:34. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Thunberg" title="Carl L. Thunberg">Thunberg, Carl L.</a> (2010). Ingvarståget och dess monument. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-2-8">978-91-981859-2-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Thunberg 2010:18–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302453/Jelling-stones">Jelling stones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620063813/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302453/Jelling-stones">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jelling+stones&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F302453%2FJelling-stones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a>, DR 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> baþum (Sm101), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> In the nominative: krikiaR (G216). In the genitive: girkha (U922$), k—ika (U104). In the dative: girkium (U1087†), kirikium (SöFv1954;20, U73, U140), ki(r)k(i)(u)(m) (Ög94$), kirkum (U136), krikium (Sö163, U431), krikum (Ög81A, Ög81B, Sö85, Sö165, Vg178, U201, U518), kri(k)um (U792), krikum (Sm46†, U446†), krkum (U358), kr... (Sö345$A), kRkum (Sö82). In the accusative: kriki (Sö170). Uncertain case krik (U1016$Q). Greece also appears as griklanti (U112B), kriklati (U540), kriklontr (U374$), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Karusm (Vs1), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> iaursaliR (G216), iursala (U605†), iursalir (U136G216, U605, U136), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> lakbarþilanti (SöFv1954;22), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Thunberg" title="Carl L. Thunberg">Thunberg, Carl L.</a> (2011). Särkland och dess källmaterial. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. pp. 23–58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-3-5">978-91-981859-3-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> serklat (G216), se(r)kl... (Sö279), sirklanti (Sö131), sirk:lan:ti (Sö179), sirk*la(t)... (Sö281), srklant- (U785), skalat- (U439), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> eklans (Vs18$), eklans (Sö83†), ekla-s (Vs5), enklans (Sö55), iklans (Sö207), iklanþs (U539C), ailati (Ög104), aklati (Sö166), akla- (U616$), anklanti (U194), eg×loti (U812), eklanti (Sö46, Sm27), eklati (ÖgFv1950;341, Sm5C, Vs9), enklanti (DR6C), haklati (Sm101), iklanti (Vg20), iklati (Sm77), ikla-ti (Gs8), i...-ti (Sm104), ok*lanti (Vg187), oklati (Sö160), onklanti (U241), onklati (U344), -klanti (Sm29$), iklot (N184), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> luntunum (DR337$B), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712133519/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/download/18.41318b8514835190952b54/1411045192660/Nordiskt+runnamnslexikon+2007.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrix2015" class="citation web cs1">Brix, Lise (21 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencenordic.com/language-linguistics-runes/isolated-people-in-sweden-only-stopped-using-runes-100-years-ago/1418110">"Isolated people in Sweden only stopped using runes 100 years ago"</a>. sciencenordic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523111457/https://sciencenordic.com/language-linguistics-runes/isolated-people-in-sweden-only-stopped-using-runes-100-years-ago/1418110">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sciencenordic.com&rft.atitle=Isolated+people+in+Sweden+only+stopped+using+runes+100+years+ago&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.aulast=Brix&rft.aufirst=Lise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencenordic.com%2Flanguage-linguistics-runes%2Fisolated-people-in-sweden-only-stopped-using-runes-100-years-ago%2F1418110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stickel2010-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Stickel2010_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Ekberg, Lena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFYa2ooeVXgC&pg=PA90">"The National Minority Languages in Sweden"</a>. In Gerhard Stickel (ed.). National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631603659" title="Special:BookSources/9783631603659"><bdi>9783631603659</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+National+Minority+Languages+in+Sweden&rft.btitle=National%2C+Regional+and+Minority+Languages+in+Europe%3A+Contributions+to+the+Annual+Conference+2009+of+Efnil+in+Dublin&rft.pages=87-92&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631603659&rft.aulast=Ekberg&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFYa2ooeVXgC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroonen-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2007" class="citation web cs1">Kroonen, Guus (8 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inss.ku.dk/ansatte/?pure=files/35220983/elfdalian.pdf">"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"</a> (PDF). Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics. University of Copenhagen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206012822/http://inss.ku.dk/ansatte/?pure=files/35220983/elfdalian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016. <q>In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Nordic+Studies+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+the+Elfdalian+nasal+vowels+from+the+perspective+of+diachronic+dialectology+and+Germanic+etymology&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finss.ku.dk%2Fansatte%2F%3Fpure%3Dfiles%2F35220983%2Felfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aftonbladet2007-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Aftonbladet2007_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlDahlbergDelsingHalvarsson2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/article11053696.ab">"Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt"</a> [Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825120038/http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/article11053696.ab">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftonbladet&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalskan+%C3%A4r+ett+spr%C3%A5k+%E2%80%93+inte+en+svensk+dialekt&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft.au=Dahlberg%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Delsing%2C+Lars-Olof&rft.au=Halvarsson%2C+Herbert&rft.au=Larsson%2C+G%C3%B6sta&rft.au=Nystr%C3%B6m%2C+Gunnar&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Rut&rft.au=Sapir%2C+Yair&rft.au=Steensland%2C+Lars&rft.au=Williams%2C+Henrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fdebatt%2Farticle11053696.ab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2008/11/alvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter">"Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?"</a> [Elfdalian – its own language or an outstanding dialect?]. Språktidningen (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207110314/http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2008/11/alvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5ktidningen&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalska+%E2%80%93+eget+spr%C3%A5k+eller+v%C3%A4rsting+bland+dialekter%3F&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspraktidningen.se%2Fartiklar%2F2008%2F11%2Falvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZach2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zach, Kristine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://othes.univie.ac.at/26671/1/2013-02-27_0748117.pdf">"Das Älvdalische – Sprache oder Dialekt? (Diplomarbeit)"</a> [Elfdalian – Language or dialect? (Masters thesis)] (PDF) (in German). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217105905/http://othes.univie.ac.at/26671/1/2013-02-27_0748117.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+%C3%84lvdalische+%E2%80%93+Sprache+oder+Dialekt%3F+%28Diplomarbeit%29&rft.pub=University+of+Vienna&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zach&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fothes.univie.ac.at%2F26671%2F1%2F2013-02-27_0748117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasmine-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jasmine_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasmine_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasmine_Idun_Tova_Lyman2007" class="citation cs2">Jasmine Idun Tova Lyman (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vikingar.eu/gravesice.pdf">Viking Age graves in Iceland</a> (PDF), University of Iceland, p. 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227223758/http://www.vikingar.eu/gravesice.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2014, retrieved 23 February 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Age+graves+in+Iceland&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Iceland&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Jasmine+Idun+Tova+Lyman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikingar.eu%2Fgravesice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopaedia (Pamela Crabtree, ed., 2001), "Vikings," p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Roesdahl, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Roesdahl p. 70 (in Women, gender roles and children) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> The Hemlanden cemetery located here is the largest Viking Period cemetery in Scandinavia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_PulsianoKirsten_Wolf1993" class="citation book cs1">Phillip Pulsiano; Kirsten Wolf, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC&q=%22Hemlanden+cemetery%22&pg=PA238">Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia</a> (Illustrated ed.). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 238–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4787-0"><bdi>978-0-8240-4787-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031048/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC&q=%22Hemlanden+cemetery%22&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=238-39&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4787-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-XiZO8V4qUC%26q%3D%2522Hemlanden%2Bcemetery%2522%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByockWalkerErlandsonHolck2005" class="citation journal cs1">Byock, Jesse; Walker, Phillip; Erlandson, Jon; Holck, Per; Zori, David; Gudmundsson, Magnus; Tveskov, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-769-1/dissemination/pdf/vol49/49_195_218.pdf">"A Viking-Age Valley in Iceland: The Mosfell Archaeological Project"</a> (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. XLIX: 195–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F007660905x54080">10.1179/007660905x54080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162307212">162307212</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523111456/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-769-1/dissemination/pdf/vol49/49_195_218.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Viking-Age+Valley+in+Iceland%3A+The+Mosfell+Archaeological+Project&rft.volume=XLIX&rft.pages=195-218&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F007660905x54080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162307212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Byock&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Walker%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Erlandson%2C+Jon&rft.au=Holck%2C+Per&rft.au=Zori%2C+David&rft.au=Gudmundsson%2C+Magnus&rft.au=Tveskov%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-769-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol49%2F49_195_218.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Jon_M._Erlandson#Mosfell_Archaeological_Project" title="Jon M. Erlandson">Jon M. Erlandson</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Þór Magnússon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2052541">Bátkumlið í Vatnsdal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031025/https://timarit.is/page/2052541">Archived</a> 14 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Árbók hins íslenzka fornleifafélags (1966), 1–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> A comprehensive list of registered pagan graves in Iceland, can be found in Eldjárn & Fridriksson (2000): Kuml og haugfé. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Mackenzie_Brown2000" class="citation web cs1">Dale Mackenzie Brown (28 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/">"The Fate of Greenland's Vikings"</a>. Archaeology. the Archaeological Institute of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140120065212/http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+Greenland%27s+Vikings&rft.date=2000-02-28&rft.au=Dale+Mackenzie+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2Fonline%2Ffeatures%2Fgreenland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Longships are sometimes erroneously called drakkar, a corruption of "dragon" in Norse. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Hadingham, Evan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/viking-ships.html">Secrets of Viking Ships</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912023933/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/viking-ships.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (05.09.00) NOVA science media. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Durham, Keith: Viking Longship Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Block, Leo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toharnesswindsho00bloc">To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203825/https://books.google.com/books?id=ezgq0VnV5XQC&hl=en">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Naval Institute Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-209-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-209-9">1-55750-209-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Ian Heath, The Vikings, p. 4, Osprey Publishing, 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2013" class="citation web cs1">Curry, Andrew (10 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/issues/95-1307/features/941-vikings-saaremaa-estonia-salme-vendel-oseberg">"The First Vikings"</a>. Archaeology. the Archaeological Institute of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228192503/http://www.archaeology.org/issues/95-1307/features/941-vikings-saaremaa-estonia-salme-vendel-oseberg">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+First+Vikings&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F95-1307%2Ffeatures%2F941-vikings-saaremaa-estonia-salme-vendel-oseberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry2019" class="citation web cs1">Sherry, Sophie (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/viking-burial-ship-trnd/index.html">"Archaeologists expected a routine dig in Sweden, but they uncovered two rare Viking burial boats"</a>. CNN Travel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709104600/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/viking-burial-ship-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Travel&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+expected+a+routine+dig+in+Sweden%2C+but+they+uncovered+two+rare+Viking+burial+boats&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft.aulast=Sherry&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fviking-burial-ship-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roesdahl_38-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roesdahl_38_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roesdahl_38_150-1">b</a> Roesdahl, pp. 38–48, 61–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves">"Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 15 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190115/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Vikings+may+have+first+taken+to+seas+to+find+women%2C+slaves&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fvikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karras2017-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Karras2017_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarras2017" class="citation book cs1">Karras, Ruth Mazo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdBCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA729">"The Identity of the Slave in Scandinavia"</a>. In Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (eds.). Critical Readings on Global Slavery. BRILL. pp. 729–735. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34661-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34661-1"><bdi>978-90-04-34661-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211001434/https://books.google.com/books?id=wdBCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA729">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Identity+of+the+Slave+in+Scandinavia&rft.btitle=Critical+Readings+on+Global+Slavery&rft.pages=729-735&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34661-1&rft.aulast=Karras&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Mazo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdBCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–121-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–121_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankopan2015117–121_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankopan2015">Frankopan 2015</a>, pp. 117–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter199591-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuter199591_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReuter1995">Reuter 1995</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMari_Kildah2013" class="citation web cs1">Mari Kildah (5 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hf.uio.no/iakh/english/research/news-and-events/news/2013/double-graves-with-headless-slaves.html">"Double graves with headless slaves"</a>. University of Oslo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011090033/http://www.hf.uio.no/iakh/english/research/news-and-events/news/2013/double-graves-with-headless-slaves.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Double+graves+with+headless+slaves&rft.pub=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft.au=Mari+Kildah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hf.uio.no%2Fiakh%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fdouble-graves-with-headless-slaves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnúsdóttir-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magnúsdóttir_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magnúsdóttir_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magnúsdóttir_156-2">c</a> Magnúsdóttir, Auður. "Women and sexual politics", in The Viking World. Routledge, 2008. pp.40–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_Denmark_Museum-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Denmark_Museum_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Denmark_Museum_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Denmark_Museum_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Denmark_Museum_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Denmark_Museum_157-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_Denmark_Museum_157-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/the-people/women/">"Women in the Viking Age"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903201903/https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/the-people/women/">Archived</a> 3 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_158-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_158-4">e</a> Borgström Eva (in Swedish): Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality) Alfabeta/Anamma, Stockholm 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-501-0191-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-501-0191-9">91-501-0191-9</a> (inb.). Libris 8707902. </li> <li id="cite_note-Friðriksdóttir-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friðriksdóttir_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friðriksdóttir_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friðriksdóttir_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friðriksdóttir_159-3">d</a> Friðriksdóttir, Jóhanna. Valkyrie: The Women of the Viking World. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020. pp.98–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Borgström Eva(in Swedish): Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality) Alfabeta/Anamma, Stockholm 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-501-0191-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-501-0191-9">91-501-0191-9</a> (inb.). Libris 8707902. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_161-3">d</a> Ohlander, Ann-Sofie & Strömberg, Ulla-Britt, Tusen svenska kvinnoår: svensk kvinnohistoria från vikingatid till nutid, 3. (A Thousand Swedish Women's Years: Swedish Women's History from the Viking Age until now), [omarb. och utök.] uppl., Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2004-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_162-2">c</a> Ingelman-Sundberg, Catharina, Forntida kvinnor: jägare, vikingahustru, prästinna [Ancient women: hunters, viking wife, priestess], Prisma, Stockholm, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedenstierna-JonsonKjellströmZachrissonKrzewińska2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte; Kjellström, Anna; Zachrisson, Torun; Krzewińska, Maja; Sobrado, Veronica; Price, Neil; Günther, Torsten; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders; Storå, Jan (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5724682">"A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics"</a>. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (4): 853–860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23308">10.1002/ajpa.23308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5724682">5724682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28884802">28884802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=A+female+Viking+warrior+confirmed+by+genomics&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=853-860&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5724682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28884802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23308&rft.aulast=Hedenstierna-Jonson&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Kjellstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anna&rft.au=Zachrisson%2C+Torun&rft.au=Krzewi%C5%84ska%2C+Maja&rft.au=Sobrado%2C+Veronica&rft.au=Price%2C+Neil&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft.au=G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Stor%C3%A5%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5724682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover1993" class="citation journal cs1">Clover, Carol J. 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"Valkyries: Was Gender Equality High in the Scandinavian Periphery since Viking Times? Evidence from Enamel Hypoplasia and Height Ratios". Economics and Human Biology. 34: 181–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ehb.2019.05.007">10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31208936">31208936</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190513459">190513459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+and+Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Valkyries%3A+Was+Gender+Equality+High+in+the+Scandinavian+Periphery+since+Viking+Times%3F+Evidence+from+Enamel+Hypoplasia+and+Height+Ratios&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190513459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31208936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ehb.2019.05.007&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=Joerg&rft.au=Maravall+Buckwalter%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hjardar_appearance-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hjardar_appearance_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hjardar_appearance_167-1">b</a> Hjardar, Kim. Vikings. Rosen Publishing, 2018. pp.37–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherrow-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherrow_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherrow_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherrow_168-2">c</a> Sherrow, Victoria. Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Greenwood Publishing, 2006. p.389 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/the-people/appearance/">"Appearance – What did the Vikings look like?"</a>. National Museum of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502052336/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/the-people/appearance/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appearance+%E2%80%93+What+did+the+Vikings+look+like%3F&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-viking-age%2Fthe-people%2Fappearance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Caroline Ahlström Arcini "Eight Viking Age Burials", The Viking Age: A Time With Many Faces, Oxbow Books (2018), pp. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> C. Paterson, "The combs, ornaments, weights and coins", Cille Pheadair: A Norse Farmstead and Pictish Burial Cairn in South Uist. Mike Parker Pearson, Mark Brennand, Jacqui Mulville and Helen Smith. Oxbow Books (2018), p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-IA-172"><a href="#cite_ref-IA_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbyTomlinsonPressleeHendy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ashby, SP; Tomlinson, L; Presslee, S; Hendy, J; Bliss, A; Minter, F; Brock, D (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue61/11/">"The Portable Antiquities Scheme and the potential of non-metallic finds: A Viking Comb from Shotley, Suffolk"</a>. Internet Archaeology (61). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.61.11">10.11141/ia.61.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Portable+Antiquities+Scheme+and+the+potential+of+non-metallic+finds%3A+A+Viking+Comb+from+Shotley%2C+Suffolk&rft.issue=61&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.61.11&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+L&rft.au=Presslee%2C+S&rft.au=Hendy%2C+J&rft.au=Bliss%2C+A&rft.au=Minter%2C+F&rft.au=Brock%2C+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue61%2F11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Selwyn Kittredge, "Digging up Viking and Medieval Dublin", Archaeology, Vol.27, No. 2 (April 1974), pp. 134–36. Archaeological Institute of America. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Caroline Peterson, "A Tale of two cemeteries: Viking Burials at Cumwhitton and Carlisle, Cumbria", Crossing Boundaries: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Art, Material Culture, Language and Literature of the Early Medieval World. Edited by, Eric Cambridge and Jane Hawkes. Oxbow Books (2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> C. Paterson, "The combs, ornaments, weights and coins", Cille Pheadair: A Norse Farmstead and Pictish Burial Cairn in South Uist. Mike Parker Pearson, Mark Brennand, Jacqui Mulville and Helen Smith. Oxbow Books (2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Ibid, pp. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arcini2018-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Arcini2018_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcini2018" class="citation book cs1">Arcini, Caroline (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uC1lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">The Viking Age: A Time with Many Faces</a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-941-8"><bdi>978-1-78570-941-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211165627/https://books.google.com/books?id=uC1lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Age%3A+A+Time+with+Many+Faces&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78570-941-8&rft.aulast=Arcini&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuC1lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Sk. V. Gudjonsson (1941): Folkekost og sundhedsforhold i gamle dage. Belyst igennem den oldnordiske Litteratur. (Dvs. først og fremmest de islandske sagaer). København. (in Danish) Short description in English: Diet and health in previous times, as revealed in the Old Norse Literature, especially the Icelandic Sagas. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horticulture-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horticulture_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horticulture_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horticulture_179-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPernille_Rohde_Sloth,_Ulla_Lund_Hansen_&_Sabine_Karg2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pernille Rohde Sloth, Ulla Lund Hansen & Sabine Karg (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725012641/http://communicatingculture.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Danish-Journal-of-Archaeology-2013.pdf">"Viking Age garden plants from southern Scandinavia – diversity, taphonomy and cultural aspect"</a> (PDF). Danish Journal of Archaeology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communicatingculture.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Danish-Journal-of-Archaeology-2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Danish+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Viking+Age+garden+plants+from+southern+Scandinavia+%E2%80%93+diversity%2C+taphonomy+and+cultural+aspect&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Pernille+Rohde+Sloth%2C+Ulla+Lund+Hansen+%26+Sabine+Karg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunicatingculture.dk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2FDanish-Journal-of-Archaeology-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> This will cause a <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a> process to occur. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/da/viden/mad/mad-forraad.aspx">"Forråd til vinteren – Salte, syrne, røge og tørre [Supplies for the winter – curing, fermenting, smoking and drying]"</a>. Ribe Vikingecenter (in Danish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907022203/http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/da/viden/mad/mad-forraad.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ribe+Vikingecenter&rft.atitle=Forr%C3%A5d+til+vinteren+%E2%80%93+Salte%2C+syrne%2C+r%C3%B8ge+og+t%C3%B8rre+%5BSupplies+for+the+winter+%E2%80%93+curing%2C+fermenting%2C+smoking+and+drying%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ribevikingecenter.dk%2Fda%2Fviden%2Fmad%2Fmad-forraad.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roesdahl_54-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roesdahl_54_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roesdahl_54_182-1">b</a> Roesdahl, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/food/">"Viking Food"</a>. National Museum of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428235548/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/food">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+Food&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-viking-age%2Ffood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> See the article on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_European_short-tailed_sheep" title="Northern European short-tailed sheep">Northern European short-tailed sheep</a> for specific information. In southern Scandinavia (i.e. Denmark), the <a href="/wiki/Heidschnucke" title="Heidschnucke">heath sheep</a> of Lüneburger Heidschnucke was raised and kept. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/en/learn-more/manor-farm-animals.aspx">"The animals on the farm – Genetic connection"</a>. Ribe Vikingecenter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419203215/http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/en/learn-more/manor-farm-animals.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ribe+Vikingecenter&rft.atitle=The+animals+on+the+farm+%E2%80%93+Genetic+connection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ribevikingecenter.dk%2Fen%2Flearn-more%2Fmanor-farm-animals.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419205110/http://www.gl-estrup.dk/en/home/old-danish-breeds/poultry.aspx">"Poultry"</a>. Danish Agricultural Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gl-estrup.dk/en/home/old-danish-breeds/poultry.aspx">the original</a> on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Danish+Agricultural+Museum&rft.atitle=Poultry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gl-estrup.dk%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fold-danish-breeds%2Fpoultry.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> O'Conner, Terry. 1999? "The Home – Food and Meat." Viking Age York. Jorvik Viking Centre. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Roesdahl pp. 102–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Nedkvitne, Arnved. "Fishing, Whaling and Seal Hunting." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulsiano,_Phillip1993" class="citation book cs1">Pulsiano, Phillip (1993). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Garland+Reference+Library+of+the+Humanities&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Pulsiano%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInge_Bødker_Enghoff2013" class="citation journal cs1">Inge Bødker Enghoff (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421021802/https://books.google.com/books?id=IF7kxs-A92AC&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=bioarchaeological+vikings+fish&source=bl&ots=WADFgx5Hiz&sig=V0wA9vVw-DxQvTTLcB3fY_d7fqo&hl=da&sa=X&ei=YWOoU-q6JujiywPSwYKYBg&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBzgK">"Hunting, fishing and animal husbandry at The Farm Beneath The Sand, Western Greenland"</a>. Man & Society. 28. the Greenland National Museum, Dansk Polar Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8763512602" title="Special:BookSources/978-8763512602"><bdi>978-8763512602</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IF7kxs-A92AC&q=bioarchaeological+vikings+fish&pg=PA99">the original</a> on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Hunting%2C+fishing+and+animal+husbandry+at+The+Farm+Beneath+The+Sand%2C+Western+Greenland&rft.volume=28&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8763512602&rft.au=Inge+B%C3%B8dker+Enghoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIF7kxs-A92AC%26q%3Dbioarchaeological%2Bvikings%2Bfish%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viking_Feast-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viking_Feast_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viking_Feast_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132855/http://ribevikingecenter.dk/en/learn-more/food-solstice-feast.aspx">"A Viking Feast – an abundance of foods"</a>. Ribe Vikingecenter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ribevikingecenter.dk/en/learn-more/food-solstice-feast.aspx">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ribe+Vikingecenter&rft.atitle=A+Viking+Feast+%E2%80%93+an+abundance+of+foods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fribevikingecenter.dk%2Fen%2Flearn-more%2Ffood-solstice-feast.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Roesdahl, pp. 110–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFondénLeporantaSvensson2007" class="citation book cs1">Fondén, R; Leporanta, K; Svensson, U (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&q=Chapter+7.+Nordic%2FScandinavian+Fermented+Milk+Products&pg=PA164">"Chapter 7. Nordic/Scandinavian Fermented Milk Products"</a>. In Tamime, Adnan (ed.). Fermented Milks. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470995501.ch7">10.1002/9780470995501.ch7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0632064588" title="Special:BookSources/978-0632064588"><bdi>978-0632064588</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031019/https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&q=Chapter+7.+Nordic%2FScandinavian+Fermented+Milk+Products&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7.+Nordic%2FScandinavian+Fermented+Milk+Products&rft.btitle=Fermented+Milks&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470995501.ch7&rft.isbn=978-0632064588&rft.aulast=Fond%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Leporanta%2C+K&rft.au=Svensson%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxKAu9IYnK2wC%26q%3DChapter%2B7.%2BNordic%252FScandinavian%2BFermented%2BMilk%2BProducts%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seastallion-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seastallion_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seastallion_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/fileadmin/vikingeskibsmuseet/_frontend_files_/grafik/UndervisningsPDFer/Mad_udskriftsark_2.pdf">"The Seastallion from Glendalough"</a> (PDF) (in Danish). Vikingeskibsmuseet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021190423/http://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/fileadmin/vikingeskibsmuseet/_frontend_files_/grafik/UndervisningsPDFer/Mad_udskriftsark_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seastallion+from+Glendalough&rft.pub=Vikingeskibsmuseet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk%2Ffileadmin%2Fvikingeskibsmuseet%2F_frontend_files_%2Fgrafik%2FUndervisningsPDFer%2FMad_udskriftsark_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_195-1">b</a> Hall, A. R. 1999 "The Home: Food – Fruit, Grain and Vegetable." Viking Age York. The <a href="/wiki/Jorvik_Viking_Centre" title="Jorvik Viking Centre">Jorvik Viking Centre</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/en/learn-more/manor-farm-crops.aspx">"The farm crops"</a>. Ribe Vikingecenter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420030509/http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/en/learn-more/manor-farm-crops.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ribe+Vikingecenter&rft.atitle=The+farm+crops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ribevikingecenter.dk%2Fen%2Flearn-more%2Fmanor-farm-crops.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RibeBread-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RibeBread_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RibeBread_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194517/http://ribevikingecenter.dk/da/viden/mad-korn,-broed.aspx">"From grains to bread – coarse, heavy and filling"</a>. Ribe Vikingecenter (in Danish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ribevikingecenter.dk/da/viden/mad-korn,-broed.aspx">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/media/10424/Flaxreport.pdf">From Flax To Linen – experiments with flax at Ribe Viking Centre</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University of Southern Denmark">University of Southern Denmark</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-992214-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-992214-6-2"><bdi>978-87-992214-6-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090931/http://www.ribevikingecenter.dk/media/10424/Flaxreport.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Flax+To+Linen+%E2%80%93+experiments+with+flax+at+Ribe+Viking+Centre&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+Denmark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-87-992214-6-2&rft.au=Bo+Ejstrud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ribevikingecenter.dk%2Fmedia%2F10424%2FFlaxreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf2004-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_199-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_199-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_199-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_199-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf2004">Wolf 2004</a>, pp. 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-MallonWidlund2002-200"><a href="#cite_ref-MallonWidlund2002_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallonWidlund2002" class="citation book cs1">Mallon, Bill; Widlund, Ture (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUQTAQAAIAAJ&q=%22stone%20throwing%22">The 1912 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary</a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1047-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-1047-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211234642/https://books.google.com/books?id=JUQTAQAAIAAJ&q=%22stone%20throwing%22">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. 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BBC Educational. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780563352594" title="Special:BookSources/9780563352594"><bdi>9780563352594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=BBC+Educational&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780563352594&rft.aulast=Chrisp&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christiansen2008-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Christiansen2008_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansen2008" class="citation book cs1">Christiansen, Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viU8FoYuEUQC&pg=PA79">Norsemen in the Viking Age</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69276-9"><bdi>978-0-470-69276-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211235428/https://books.google.com/books?id=viU8FoYuEUQC&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. 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St. James Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900997-33-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900997-33-4"><bdi>978-0-900997-33-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211234203/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMYiAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Physical%20exercise%22">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. 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National Museum of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502075927/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/the-people/games-and-entertainment/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Games+and+entertainment+in+the+Viking+period&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-viking-age%2Fthe-people%2Fgames-and-entertainment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SportsGames-205"><a href="#cite_ref-SportsGames_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsak_Ladegaard2012" class="citation web cs1">Isak Ladegaard (19 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencenordic.com/how-vikings-killed-time">"How Vikings killed time"</a>. ScienceNordic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220023325/http://sciencenordic.com/how-vikings-killed-time">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceNordic&rft.atitle=How+Vikings+killed+time&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.au=Isak+Ladegaard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencenordic.com%2Fhow-vikings-killed-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidge2005-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Lapidge2005_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge2005" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rEkOX8NmM0C&pg=RA1-PA13">Latin Learning and English Lore: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge</a>. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8919-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8919-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8919-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212071920/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rEkOX8NmM0C&pg=RA1-PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Learning+and+English+Lore%3A+Studies+in+Anglo-Saxon+Literature+for+Michael+Lapidge&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8919-9&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rEkOX8NmM0C%26pg%3DRA1-PA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulte2017-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Schulte2017_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schulte, Michael (11 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268146544.pdf">"Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess"</a> (PDF). Maal og Minne. 109. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212071921/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268146544.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maal+og+Minne&rft.atitle=Board+games+of+the+Vikings+%E2%80%93+From+hnefatafl+to+chess&rft.volume=109&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F268146544.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownham2012" class="citation journal cs1">Downham, Clare (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1499804">"Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview"</a>. History Compass. 10 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00820.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00820.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020223129/https://www.academia.edu/1499804">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Viking+Ethnicities%3A+A+Historiographic+Overview&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00820.x&rft.aulast=Downham&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1499804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/58654-viking-sword-scans-reveal-norse-culture.html">"Scans of Viking Swords Reveal a Slice of Norse Culture"</a>. Live Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414224454/http://www.livescience.com/58654-viking-sword-scans-reveal-norse-culture.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Scans+of+Viking+Swords+Reveal+a+Slice+of+Norse+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F58654-viking-sword-scans-reveal-norse-culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedrigoGrazziWilliamsPanzner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fedrigo, Anna; Grazzi, Francesco; Williams, Alan R.; Panzner, Tobias; Lefmann, Kim; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Jørgensen, Lars; Pentz, Peter; Scherillo, Antonella (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3452314">"Extraction of archaeological information from metallic artefacts—A neutron diffraction study on Viking swords"</a>. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 12: 425–36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JArSR..12..425F">2017JArSR..12..425F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2017.02.014">10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.02.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+archaeological+information+from+metallic+artefacts%E2%80%94A+neutron+diffraction+study+on+Viking+swords&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=425-36&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2017.02.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JArSR..12..425F&rft.aulast=Fedrigo&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Grazzi%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Williams%2C+Alan+R.&rft.au=Panzner%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Lefmann%2C+Kim&rft.au=Lindelof%2C+Poul+Erik&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Lars&rft.au=Pentz%2C+Peter&rft.au=Scherillo%2C+Antonella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3452314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimbly2013-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimbly2013_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShona_Grimbly2013" class="citation book cs1">Shona Grimbly (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZJ4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">Encyclopedia of the Ancient World</a>. Routledge. pp. 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78688-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78688-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78688-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203825/https://books.google.com/books?id=zZJ4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78688-4&rft.au=Shona+Grimbly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZJ4AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenSiegmund2003-212"><a href="#cite_ref-GreenSiegmund2003_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Howard_GreenFrank_Siegmund2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Howard Green; Frank Siegmund (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MThYNoTutLkC&pg=PA306">The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</a>. Boydell Press. pp. 306–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-026-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-026-9"><bdi>978-1-84383-026-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203825/https://books.google.com/books?id=MThYNoTutLkC&pg=PA306">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continental+Saxons+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Tenth+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&rft.pages=306-&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-026-9&rft.au=Dennis+Howard+Green&rft.au=Frank+Siegmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMThYNoTutLkC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillJacobsonNagelStrand2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bill, Jan; Jacobson, David; Nagel, Susanne; Strand, Lisa Mariann (September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416524000369#b0870">"Violence as a lens to Viking societies: A comparison of Norway and Denmark"</a>. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2024.101605">10.1016/j.jaa.2024.101605</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F3148868">11250/3148868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Violence+as+a+lens+to+Viking+societies%3A+A+comparison+of+Norway+and+Denmark&rft.volume=75&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F3148868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2024.101605&rft.aulast=Bill&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+David&rft.au=Nagel%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Strand%2C+Lisa+Mariann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0278416524000369%23b0870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale2021-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2021_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2021_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2021" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Roderick (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufFUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">The Myths and Realities of the Viking Berserkr</a>. Routledge. pp. 72–75, 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-65036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-65036-9"><bdi>978-0-429-65036-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206045500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ufFUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Realities+of+the+Viking+Berserkr&rft.pages=72-75%2C+85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-429-65036-9&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufFUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Robert Wernick. The Vikings. Alexandria VA: <a href="/wiki/Time-Life_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Life Books">Time-Life Books</a>. 1979. p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Karsten Fatur, Sagas of the Solanaceae: Speculative ethnobotanical perspectives on the Norse berserkers, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 244, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112151">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112151</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031020/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874119322640?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> 14 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Howard D. Fabing. "On Going Berserk: A Neurochemical Inquiry." Scientific Monthly. 83 [Nov. 1956] p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolberg2018-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolberg2018_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kolberg, Are Skarstein (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web-p-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=363dc534-a0ed-421f-82a8-2db6dc98b79e%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=130321457&db=a9h">"Did Vikings Really Go Berserk? An Interdisciplinary Critical Analysis of Berserks"</a>. Journal of Military History. 82 (3): 905, 908. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031051/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/?next_url=/ezproxy/r/ezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIucC5lYnNjb2hvc3QuY29tL2Vob3N0L2RldGFpbC9kZXRhaWw.dmlkPTYmc2lkPTM2M2RjNTM0LWEwZWQtNDIxZi04MmE4LTJkYjZkYzk4Yjc5ZSU0MHJlZGlzJmJkYXRhPUpuTnBkR1U5WldodmMzUXRiR2wyWlElM0QlM0Q-#AN=130321457&db=a9h">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Did+Vikings+Really+Go+Berserk%3F+An+Interdisciplinary+Critical+Analysis+of+Berserks.&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=905%2C+908&rft.date=2018-07&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft.aulast=Kolberg&rft.aufirst=Are+Skarstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb-p-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org%2Fehost%2Fdetail%2Fdetail%3Fvid%3D6%26sid%3D363dc534-a0ed-421f-82a8-2db6dc98b79e%2540redis%26bdata%3DJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%253d%253d%23AN%3D130321457%26db%3Da9h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCMoney-219"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCMoney_219-0">^</a> Gareth Williams: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/money_01.shtml">Viking Money</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210111850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/money_01.shtml">Archived</a> 10 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC History </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">Graham-Campbell, James</a>: The Viking World, Frances Lincoln Ltd, London (2013). Maps of trade routes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2011-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2011_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Gareth (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226012532/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/money_01.shtml">"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Viking Money"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/money_01.shtml">the original</a> on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Ancient+History+in+depth%3A+Viking+Money&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fvikings%2Fmoney_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Curry2008" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Curry (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raiders-or-traders-52803648/?all">"Raiders or Traders?"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227062342/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raiders-or-traders-52803648/?all">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014. 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Royal Museums Greenwich </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/food/herbs-spices-and-vegetables/">"Herbs, spices and vegetables in the Viking period"</a>. National Museum of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318163411/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/food/herbs-spices-and-vegetables/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herbs%2C+spices+and+vegetables+in+the+Viking+period&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-viking-age%2Ffood%2Fherbs-spices-and-vegetables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidi_Michelle_Sherman2008" class="citation book cs1">Heidi Michelle Sherman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SrvncTWI5UC&q=bead+AND+glass+AND+viking+AND+Ribe&pg=PA254">Barbarians come to Market: The Emporia of Western Eurasia from 500 BC to AD 1000</a>. pp. 250–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0549718161" title="Special:BookSources/978-0549718161"><bdi>978-0549718161</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+come+to+Market%3A+The+Emporia+of+Western+Eurasia+from+500+BC+to+AD+1000&rft.pages=250-55&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0549718161&rft.au=Heidi+Michelle+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6SrvncTWI5UC%26q%3Dbead%2BAND%2Bglass%2BAND%2Bviking%2BAND%2BRibe%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> HL Renart of Berwick: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dragonslaire.org/articles/Viking_Beads_research.pdf">Glass Beads of the Viking Age</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310201722/http://dragonslaire.org/articles/Viking_Beads_research.pdf">Archived</a> 10 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. An inquiry into the glass beads of the Vikings. Sourced information and pictures. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regia.org/glass.htm">Glass and Amber</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604201036/http://www.regia.org/glass.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Regia Anglorum. Sourced information and pictures. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYngve_Vogt2013" class="citation web cs1">Yngve Vogt (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apollon.uio.no/english/vikings.html">"Norwegian Vikings purchased silk from Persia"</a>. Apollon – research magazine. University of Oslo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527151252/http://www.apollon.uio.no/english/vikings.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollon+%E2%80%93+research+magazine&rft.atitle=Norwegian+Vikings+purchased+silk+from+Persia&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.au=Yngve+Vogt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apollon.uio.no%2Fenglish%2Fvikings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Marianne Vedeler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/silk-for-the-vikings.html">Silk for The Vikings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307004019/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/silk-for-the-vikings.html">Archived</a> 7 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxbow 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Wincott_Heckett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Elizabeth Wincott Heckett (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1426&context=tsaconf">"Irish Viking Age silks and their place in Hiberno-Norse society"</a>. Department of Archaeology, University College Cork, NUI Cork, Ireland. Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228165207/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1426&context=tsaconf">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textile+Society+of+America+Symposium+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Irish+Viking+Age+silks+and+their+place+in+Hiberno-Norse+society&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Elizabeth+Wincott+Heckett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1426%26context%3Dtsaconf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lise-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lise_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lise_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lise_231-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgensenJesch2002" class="citation book cs1">Jørgensen, Lise Bender; Jesch, Judith (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gWYhnTuI2NoC&q=oxen+jutland">"Rural Economy: Ecology, Hunting, Pastoralism, Agricultural and Nutritional Aspects"</a>. The Scandinavians – from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress. pp. 131–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851158679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851158679"><bdi>978-0851158679</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202165827/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWYhnTuI2NoC&q=oxen+jutland">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rural+Economy%3A+Ecology%2C+Hunting%2C+Pastoralism%2C+Agricultural+and+Nutritional+Aspects&rft.btitle=The+Scandinavians+%E2%80%93+from+the+Vendel+Period+to+the+Tenth+Century&rft.pages=131-37&rft.pub=Center+for+Interdisciplinary+Research+on+Social+Stress&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0851158679&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Lise+Bender&rft.au=Jesch%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgWYhnTuI2NoC%26q%3Doxen%2Bjutland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalf1997295–335-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalf1997295–335_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalf1997">Metcalf 1997</a>, pp. 295–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> English Historical Documents, c. 500–1042 by Dorothy Whitelock; p. 776 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Derry (2012). A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Northern Shores by Alan Palmer; p. 21; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6299-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6299-6">0-7195-6299-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wienberg2015-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Wienberg2015_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWienberg2015" class="citation book cs1">Wienberg, Jes (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HxteEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290">"Vikings and the Western Frontier"</a>. In Larsson, Lars; Ekengren, Fredrik; Helgesson, Bertil (eds.). Small Things – Wide Horizons: Studies in honour of Birgitta Hårdh. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-132-4"><bdi>978-1-78491-132-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211175220/https://books.google.com/books?id=HxteEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vikings+and+the+Western+Frontier&rft.btitle=Small+Things+%E2%80%93+Wide+Horizons%3A+Studies+in+honour+of+Birgitta+H%C3%A5rdh&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78491-132-4&rft.aulast=Wienberg&rft.aufirst=Jes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxteEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-237"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_237-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml">The Viking Revival By Professor Andrew Wawn at</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107200719/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyerSawyer1997" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter; Sawyer, Professor of Medieval History Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00sawy">The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198205265" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198205265"><bdi>978-0198205265</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 October 2015 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0198205265&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Professor+of+Medieval+History+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00sawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Hall, pp. 220–21; <a href="/wiki/William_W._Fitzhugh" title="William W. Fitzhugh">Fitzhugh</a> and Ward, pp. 362–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_W._Fitzhugh" title="William W. Fitzhugh">Fitzhugh</a> and Ward, p. 363 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhloblyn" class="citation web cs1">Ohloblyn, Oleksander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNormanisttheory.htm">"Normanist Theory"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221348/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNormanisttheory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Normanist+Theory&rft.aulast=Ohloblyn&rft.aufirst=Oleksander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CN%255CO%255CNormanisttheory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Hall, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Gareth Lloyd Evans, "Michael Hirst's Vikings and Old Norse Poetry", Translating Early Medieval Poetry: Transformation, Reception, Interpretation. Edited by Tom Birkett and Kirsty March-Lyons. Boydell and Brewer (2017), p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Ibid, pp. 201202. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Clare Downham, "The Viking Slave Trade: Entrepreneurs or Heathen Slavers?" History Ireland, Vol. 17, No. 3 (May–June 2009), pp. 15–17. Wordwell Ltd. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Carol Clover, "Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe", Representations, No. 44, pp. 1–28. University of California Press </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Carol Clover, "Maiden Warriors and Other Sons" The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Jan. 1986), pp. 35–49. University of Illinois Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/_5W7yoMyV60">Top 10 Glorious Viking Themed Video Games</a>, 11 August 2017, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5W7yoMyV60">the original</a> on 27 October 2021, retrieved 14 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+10+Glorious+Viking+Themed+Video+Games&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_5W7yoMyV60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.battle.net/heroes/en/heroes/the-lost-vikings/">"The Lost Vikings – Heroes of the Storm"</a>. us.battle.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607163113/http://us.battle.net/heroes/en/heroes/the-lost-vikings/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017. 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Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Boundless+Skyrim+Will+Become+Your+Life&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Schreier&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2011%2F11%2Fskyrim-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destructoid.com/how-historically-accurate-is-skyrim-part-2-284536.phtml">"How historically accurate is Skyrim? Part 2"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 November 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-scotsman-271"><a href="#cite_ref-scotsman_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/DNA-shows-Celtic-hero-Somerleds.2621296.jp">"DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots"</a>. The Scotsman. 26 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103544/http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/DNA-shows-Celtic-hero-Somerleds.2621296.jp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2012" class="citation web cs1">Beard, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407050944/http://www.archeurope.com/index.php?page=the-term-viking">"The Term "Viking""</a>. archeurope.com. Archaeology in Europe. 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Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8186062364" title="Special:BookSources/978-8186062364"><bdi>978-8186062364</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202165825/https://books.google.com/books?id=iwWuY9tAVq8C&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers+concise+dictionary&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8186062364&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiwWuY9tAVq8C%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Charles Q (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html">"The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?"</a>. Live Science (8 November 2016 ed.). Future US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729113022/https://www.livescience.com/56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=The+Real+Reason+for+Viking+Raids%3A+Shortage+of+Eligible+Women%3F&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Amato2010" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raffaele (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101203825/https://books.google.com/books?id=rKj8_W9wL7kC&pg=PA3">The Varangian Guard 988–453</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-179-5"><bdi>978-1-84908-179-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKj8_W9wL7kC&pg=PA3">the original</a> on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varangian+Guard+988%E2%80%93453&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-179-5&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrKj8_W9wL7kC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry2012" class="citation book cs1">Derry, T.K. (2012). A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland. London and Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81663-799-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81663-799-7"><bdi>978-0-81663-799-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scandinavia%3A+Norway%2C+Sweden%2C+Denmark%2C+Finland%2C+Iceland&rft.pub=London+and+Minneapolis%3A+University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-81663-799-7&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEducational_Company_of_Ireland2000" class="citation book cs1">Educational Company of Ireland (10 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzeMyvxbUMUC&pg=PA472">Irish-English/English-Irish Easy Reference Dictionary</a>. Roberts Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6031-6"><bdi>978-1-4616-6031-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202165826/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzeMyvxbUMUC&pg=PA472">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish-English%2FEnglish-Irish+Easy+Reference+Dictionary&rft.pub=Roberts+Rinehart&rft.date=2000-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6031-6&rft.au=Educational+Company+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzeMyvxbUMUC%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzhughWard2000" class="citation book cs1">Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikingsnorthatla00fitz">Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga; (an Exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., April 29, 2000 – September 5, 2000)</a>. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560989707" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560989707"><bdi>978-1560989707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings%3A+The+North+Atlantic+Saga%3B+%28an+Exhibition+at+the+National+Museum+of+Natural+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution%2C+Washington+D.C.%2C+April+29%2C+2000+%E2%80%93+September+5%2C+2000%29&rft.pub=Washington%3A+Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1560989707&rft.aulast=Fitzhugh&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Elisabeth+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvikingsnorthatla00fitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankopan2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Frankopan" title="Peter Frankopan">Frankopan, Peter</a> (2015). The Silk Roads. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3997-3"><bdi>978-1-4088-3997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Roads&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-3997-3&rft.aulast=Frankopan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzen2012" class="citation book cs1">Frantzen, Allen J (2012). Anglo-Saxon Keywords. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-25560-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-25560-5"><bdi>978-1-118-25560-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Keywords&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-25560-5&rft.aulast=Frantzen&rft.aufirst=Allen+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGretsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Gretsch, Mechthild (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gyh6gPccWx4C&q=%22epinal+erfurt+glossary%22+aldhelm&pg=PA278">"Literacy and the uses of the vernacular"</a>. In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. CUP. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521193320" title="Special:BookSources/9780521193320"><bdi>9780521193320</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031020/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gyh6gPccWx4C&q=%22epinal+erfurt+glossary%22+aldhelm&pg=PA278">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literacy+and+the+uses+of+the+vernacular&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Old+English+Literature&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780521193320&rft.aulast=Gretsch&rft.aufirst=Mechthild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyh6gPccWx4C%26q%3D%2522epinal%2Berfurt%2Bglossary%2522%2Baldhelm%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2007" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bK1TngEACAAJ">The World of the Vikings</a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500051443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500051443"><bdi>978-0500051443</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171908/https://books.google.com/books?id=bK1TngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0500051443&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbK1TngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1990" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Av2IngEACAAJ">Viking Age Archaeology in Britain and Ireland</a>. Shire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0747800637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0747800637"><bdi>978-0747800637</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171908/https://books.google.com/books?id=Av2IngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Age+Archaeology+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Shire&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0747800637&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAv2IngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2015" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (2015). The Viking Diaspora. Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-02079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-02079-5"><bdi>978-1-138-02079-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Diaspora&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-02079-5&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2001" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-826-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-826-9"><bdi>0-85115-826-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Men+in+the+Late+Viking+Age%3A+The+Vocabulary+of+Runic+Inscriptions+and+Skaldic+Verse&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85115-826-9&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch1991" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xpNRpI9zFoC">Women in the Viking Age</a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-360-5"><bdi>978-0-85115-360-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-360-5&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xpNRpI9zFoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidgeBlairKeynesScragg2001" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald, eds. (2001). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0"><bdi>0-631-22492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-631-22492-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindqvist2003" class="citation book cs1">Lindqvist, Thomas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC">"Early Political Organisation: (a) An Introductory Survey"</a>. In Helle, Knut (ed.). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521472999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521472999"><bdi>978-0521472999</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171909/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Political+Organisation%3A+%28a%29+An+Introductory+Survey&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Scandinavia%3A+Prehistory+to+1520&rft.pages=160-67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521472999&rft.aulast=Lindqvist&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFBtfXG6fXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf1997" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalf, D.M. (1997). "THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS: Viking-Age Numismatics 3. What Happened to Islamic Dirhams after Their Arrival in the Northern Lands?". The Numismatic Chronicle. 157: 295–335. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42668776">42668776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=THE+PRESIDENT%27S+ADDRESS%3A+Viking-Age+Numismatics+3.+What+Happened+to+Islamic+Dirhams+after+Their+Arrival+in+the+Northern+Lands%3F&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=295-335&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42668776%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnline_Etymology_Dictionary2014" class="citation web cs1">Online Etymology Dictionary (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907073742/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Viking&searchmode=none">"Viking"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=viking&searchmode=none">the original</a> on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dviking%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2020" class="citation book cs1">Price, Neil (2020). The Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-28398-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-28398-1"><bdi>978-0-241-28398-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Children+of+Ash+and+Elm%3A+A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-241-28398-1&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reuter, Timothy, ed. (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36447-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36447-7"><bdi>0-521-36447-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Publisher&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-36447-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoesdahl1998" class="citation book cs1">Roesdahl, Else (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikingsreviseded00else">The Vikings</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140252828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140252828"><bdi>978-0140252828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0140252828&rft.aulast=Roesdahl&rft.aufirst=Else&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvikingsreviseded00else&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hayes Sawyer">Sawyer, Peter Hayes</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBGemwEACAAJ">Age of the Vikings</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312013653" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312013653"><bdi>978-0312013653</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171910/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBGemwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0312013653&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBGemwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1997" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00sawy">The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820526-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820526-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820526-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00sawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Gareth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbiVoK0rg1gC">"Kingship, Christianity and coinage: monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">Graham-Campbell, James</a>; Williams, Gareth (eds.). Silver Economy in the Viking Age. Left Coast Press. pp. 177–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598742220" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598742220"><bdi>978-1598742220</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171910/https://books.google.com/books?id=KbiVoK0rg1gC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kingship%2C+Christianity+and+coinage%3A+monetary+and+political+perspectives+on+silver+economy+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.btitle=Silver+Economy+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.pages=177-214&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1598742220&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbiVoK0rg1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Kirsten (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeofvikin00kirs">Daily Life of the Vikings</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeofvikin00kirs/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32269-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32269-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32269-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+of+the+Vikings&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32269-3&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeofvikin00kirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskeberg1944" class="citation book cs1">Askeberg, Fritz (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FTUAAAAMAAJ">Norden och kontinenten i gammal tid: studier i forngermansk kulturhistoria</a>. Almqvist & Wiksells boktr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FTUAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norden+och+kontinenten+i+gammal+tid%3A+studier+i+forngermansk+kulturhistoria&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksells+boktr.&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Askeberg&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FTUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blanck, Dag. "The Transnational Viking: The Role of the Viking in Sweden, the United States, and Swedish America." Journal of Transnational American Studies 7.1 (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:927503/FULLTEXT01.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205050259/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:927503/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Archived</a> 5 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownham2007" class="citation book cs1">Downham, Clare (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-sWAQAAIAAJ">Viking kings of Britain and Ireland: the dynasty of ́Ívarr to A.D. 1014</a>. Dunedin Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903765890" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903765890"><bdi>978-1903765890</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171918/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-sWAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+kings+of+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+the+dynasty+of+%CC%81%C3%8Dvarr+to+A.D.+1014&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1903765890&rft.aulast=Downham&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-sWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownham2012" class="citation journal cs1">Downham, Clare (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waughfamily.ca/Ancient/Viking_Ethnicities_A_historiographic_overview.pdf">"Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview"</a> (PDF). History Compass. 10 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1478-0542.2011.00820.X">10.1111/J.1478-0542.2011.00820.X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813174516/http://waughfamily.ca/Ancient/Viking_Ethnicities_A_historiographic_overview.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Viking+Ethnicities%3A+A+Historiographic+Overview&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2FJ.1478-0542.2011.00820.X&rft.aulast=Downham&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaughfamily.ca%2FAncient%2FViking_Ethnicities_A_historiographic_overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadley2006" class="citation book cs1">Hadley, Dawn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9waAwoLwZUMC">The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society and Culture</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719059827" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719059827"><bdi>978-0719059827</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171916/https://books.google.com/books?id=9waAwoLwZUMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+in+England%3A+Settlement%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0719059827&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9waAwoLwZUMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeen-Pettersen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Heen-Pettersen, Aina Margrethe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue38/heenpettersen_index.html">"Insular artefacts from Viking-Age burials from mid-Norway. A review of contact between Trøndelag and Britain and Ireland"</a>. Internet Archaeology (38). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.38.2">10.11141/ia.38.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2385823">11250/2385823</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171601/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue38/heenpettersen_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Insular+artefacts+from+Viking-Age+burials+from+mid-Norway.+A+review+of+contact+between+Tr%C3%B8ndelag+and+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.issue=38&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2385823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.38.2&rft.aulast=Heen-Pettersen&rft.aufirst=Aina+Margrethe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue38%2Fheenpettersen_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2005" class="citation book cs1">Heide, Eldar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eldar-heide.net/Publikasjonar%20til%20heimesida/viking%20rowshift.pdf">"Víking – 'rower shifting'? An etymological contribution"</a> (PDF). Arkiv för nordisk filologi. Vol. 120. C.W.K. Gleerup. pp. 41–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233409/http://eldar-heide.net/Publikasjonar%20til%20heimesida/viking%20rowshift.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%C3%ADking+%E2%80%93+%27rower+shifting%27%3F+An+etymological+contribution&rft.btitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+nordisk+filologi&rft.pages=41-54&rft.pub=C.W.K.+Gleerup&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=Eldar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feldar-heide.net%2FPublikasjonar%2520til%2520heimesida%2Fviking%2520rowshift.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2008" class="citation book cs1">Heide, Eldar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bIbAQAAMAAJ">"Viking, week, and Widsith. A reply to Harald Bjorvand"</a> (PDF). Arkiv för nordisk filologi. Vol. 123. C.W.K. Gleerup. pp. 23–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171913/https://books.google.com/books?id=6bIbAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viking%2C+week%2C+and+Widsith.+A+reply+to+Harald+Bjorvand&rft.btitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+nordisk+filologi&rft.pages=23-28&rft.pub=C.W.K.+Gleerup&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=Eldar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bIbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hodges_(archaeologist)" title="Richard Hodges (archaeologist)">Hodges, Richard</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CVnAAAAMAAJ">Goodbye to the Vikings: Re-Reading Early Medieval Archaeology</a>. Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0715634295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0715634295"><bdi>978-0715634295</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171913/https://books.google.com/books?id=4CVnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye+to+the+Vikings%3A+Re-Reading+Early+Medieval+Archaeology&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0715634295&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CVnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelleno2014" class="citation book cs1">Melleno, Daniel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qp148s0">Before They Were Vikings: Scandinavia and the Franks up to the death of Louis the Pious</a>. UC Berkeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170419/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qp148s0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+They+Were+Vikings%3A+Scandinavia+and+the+Franks+up+to+the+death+of+Louis+the+Pious&rft.pub=UC+Berkeley&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Melleno&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F4qp148s0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt4qp148s0/qt4qp148s0.pdf?t=odydk4">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016123054/https://escholarship.org/content/qt4qp148s0/qt4qp148s0.pdf?t=odydk4">Archived</a> 16 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvanberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Svanberg, Fredrik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HxdpAAAAMAAJ">Decolonizing the Viking Age</a>. Almqvist & Wiksell International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9122020066" title="Special:BookSources/978-9122020066"><bdi>978-9122020066</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171914/https://books.google.com/books?id=HxdpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonizing+the+Viking+Age&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksell+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9122020066&rft.aulast=Svanberg&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxdpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWamers1985" class="citation book cs1">Wamers, Egon (1985). Insularer Metallschmuck in wikingerzeitlichen Gräbern Nordeuropas. Untersuchungen zur skandinavischen Westexpansion. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3529011566" title="Special:BookSources/978-3529011566"><bdi>978-3529011566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insularer+Metallschmuck+in+wikingerzeitlichen+Gr%C3%A4bern+Nordeuropas.+Untersuchungen+zur+skandinavischen+Westexpansion&rft.place=Neum%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=Karl+Wachholtz&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3529011566&rft.aulast=Wamers&rft.aufirst=Egon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWamers1998" class="citation book cs1">Wamers, Egon (1998). "Insular Finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the State Formation of Norway". In Clarke, H.B.; Mhaonaigh, M. Ní; Floinn, R. Ó. (eds.). Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 37–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851822355" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851822355"><bdi>978-1851822355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Insular+Finds+in+Viking+Age+Scandinavia+and+the+State+Formation+of+Norway&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+Scandinavia+in+the+Early+Viking+Age&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=37-72&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1851822355&rft.aulast=Wamers&rft.aufirst=Egon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWawn2000" class="citation book cs1">Wawn, M.A. (2000). The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth Century Britain. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859916448" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859916448"><bdi>978-0859916448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+and+the+Victorians%3A+Inventing+the+Old+North+in+Nineteenth+Century+Britain&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0859916448&rft.aulast=Wawn&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVikings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Northmen" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Northmen">Northmen</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings">Vikings</a> – View videos at The History Channel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm">Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/">BBC: History of Vikings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp">Borg Viking museum, Norway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf">Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288">Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London</a> History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images</li> <li>Wawm, Andrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml">The Viking Revival</a> – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/130px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/195px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/260px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Västergötland Runic Inscription 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_N%C3%B6bbel%C3%B6v_Runestone" title="Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone">Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a> and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident">Beluga Nomination incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident">Irene incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">Maersk Alabama hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT Zafirah hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT Orkim Harmony hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV Moscow University hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair">North Star affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident">Quest incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">Amistad Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the Veloz Passagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig Brillante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Runestones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Runestones" title="Template:Runestones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Runestones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Runestones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Runestones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Runestones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western route and unspecified expeditions abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a> (main)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a> (main)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other journeys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rke_Runic_Inscription_29" title="Närke Runic Inscription 29">Nä 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">U 158</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_258" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 258">U 258</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_605" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 605">U 605</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_614" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 614">U 614</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_699" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 699">699</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_925" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 925">U 925</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_948" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 948">U 948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_954" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 954">U 954</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_1028" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 1028">1028</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_1048" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 1048">U 1048</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_16" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 16">Sö 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_47" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 47">Sö 47</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_49" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 49">Sö 49</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Sö 174</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Sö 333</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_360" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 360">Sö 360</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Vg 40</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_81" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 81">Vg 81</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Sm 48</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland_Runic_Inscription_207" title="Gotland Runic Inscription 207">G 207</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_259" title="Danish Runic Inscription 259">DR 259</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">DR 330</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Runic_Inscription_239" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Runic Inscription 239">N 239</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece_Runestones#Ög_81" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece Runestones">Högby Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aars_stone" title="Aars stone">Aars stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking Age women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Odendisa_Runestone" title="Odendisa Runestone">Vs 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_15" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 15">U 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granby_Runestone" title="Granby Runestone">U 337</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4sby_Runestone" title="Näsby Runestone">U 455</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_489" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 489">U 489</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norsta_Runestone" title="Norsta Runestone">U 861</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_runic_inscription_139" title="Södermanland runic inscription 139">Sr 139</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saleby_Runestone" title="Saleby Runestone">Vg 67</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynna_stone" title="Dynna stone">N 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klepp_I_Runestone" title="Klepp I Runestone">N 225</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nder_Vissing_Runestone" title="Sønder Vissing Runestone">DR 55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rims%C3%B8_Runestone" title="Rimsø Runestone">DR 114</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunderup_Runestone" title="Gunderup Runestone">DR 143</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerl%C3%B6g_and_Inga" title="Gerlög and Inga">Gerlög and Inga</a>: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4rentuna_Runestones" title="Färentuna Runestones">Färentuna Runestones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillersj%C3%B6_stone" title="Hillersjö stone">Hillersjö stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snottsta_and_Vreta_stones" title="Snottsta and Vreta stones">Snottsta and Vreta stones</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrid" title="Estrid">Estrid</a>: <a href="/wiki/Broby_bro_Runestones" title="Broby bro Runestones">Broby bro Runestones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hargs_bro_runic_inscriptions" title="Hargs bro runic inscriptions">Hargs bro runic inscriptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Rune_Inscriptions_101,_143_and_147" title="Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147">Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"May <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> hallow": <a href="/wiki/Velanda_Runestone" title="Velanda Runestone">Vg 150</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_runic_inscription_140" title="Södermanland runic inscription 140">Sö 140</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_110" title="Danish Runic Inscription 110">DR 110</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glavendrup_stone" title="Glavendrup stone">DR 209</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_Runestone" title="Sønder Kirkeby Runestone">DR 220</a> <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Thor's hammer</a>: <a href="/wiki/Altuna_Runestone" title="Altuna Runestone">U 1161</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%A4rby_Runestones#Vg_113" title="Bjärby Runestones">Vg 113</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_86" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 86">Sö 86</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenkvista_runestone" title="Stenkvista runestone">Sö 111</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laeborg_Runestone" title="Laeborg Runestone">DR 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Danish Runic Inscription 48">DR 48</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_120" title="Danish Runic Inscription 120">DR 120</a> Cursed stones: <a href="/wiki/Saleby_Runestone" title="Saleby Runestone">Vg 67</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skern_Runestone" title="Skern Runestone">DR 81</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nder_Vinge_runestone_2" title="Sønder Vinge runestone 2">DR 83</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glavendrup_stone" title="Glavendrup stone">DR 209</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryggev%C3%A6lde_Runestone" title="Tryggevælde Runestone">DR 230</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glemminge_stone" title="Glemminge stone">DR 338</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_Runestone" title="Stentoften Runestone">DR 357</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rketorp_Runestone" title="Björketorp Runestone">DR 360</a> Other: <a href="/wiki/Skarp%C3%A5ker_Stone" title="Skarpåker Stone">Sö 154</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Ög 136</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ledberg_stone" title="Ledberg stone">Ög 181</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Öl 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noleby_Runestone" title="Noleby Runestone">Vg 63</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Vg 119</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones#Thorwald's_Cross:_Br_Olsen;185A_(Andreas_(III),_MM_128)" title="Manx runestones">Thorwald's Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestone monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlabanke_Runestones" title="Jarlabanke Runestones">Jarlabanke Runestones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunnestad_Monument" title="Hunnestad Monument">Hunnestad Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelling_stones" title="Jelling stones">Jelling stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_113" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 113">Sö 113</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_runestones" title="List of runestones">List of runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.raa.se/open/runor/search">Runic inscriptions online interactive map</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Runic_transliteration_and_transcription" title="Runic transliteration and transcription">Runic transliteration and transcription</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norse_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_people_footer" title="Template:Norse people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_people_footer" title="Template talk:Norse people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norse_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norse_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse people">Norse people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/150px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/225px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/300px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Expansion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Exploration of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trade_route" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangian Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga Trade Route</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Gods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundr" class="mw-redirect" title="Völundr">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Álfar">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Light elves">Light elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Dark elves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvergr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvergr">Dvergr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel (being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásgarðr">Ásgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0gar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Miðgarðr">Miðgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Helheim">Helheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAspellsheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Múspellsheimr">Múspellsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Niflheimr">Niflheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasill">Yggdrasill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Rituals and worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runemaster" title="Runemaster">Runemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithing_pole" title="Nithing pole">Nithing pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(early_medieval)" title="Emporium (early medieval)">Emporium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Alaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardy-%C5%9Awielubie" title="Bardy-Świelubie">Bardy-Świelubie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dierkow" title="Dierkow">Dierkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Holmgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaup_(emporium)" title="Kaup (emporium)">Kaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaupang" title="Kaupang">Kaupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pingsvik" title="Köpingsvik">Köpingsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je" title="Lindholm Høje">Lindholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Lager_(Menzlin)" title="Altes Lager (Menzlin)">Menzlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralswiek" title="Ralswiek">Ralswiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reric" title="Reric">Reric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truso" title="Truso">Truso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaja_(Finland)" title="Vanaja (Finland)">Vanaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norse history and culture">WikiProject Norse history and culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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[\"CITEREFBarrett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatenMaravall_Buckwalter2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBateyGraham-Campbell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillJacobsonNagelStrand2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBo_Ejstrud2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoutkanSiebinga2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowdenBalaresqueKingHansen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrink2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrix2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrookes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByockWalkerErlandsonHolck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCOBUILD_Advanced_English_Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCambridge_Advanced_Learner\u0026#039;s_Dictionary_\u0026amp;_Thesaurus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrisp1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristiansen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClover1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins_English_Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowcroftCannon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Amato2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlDahlbergDelsingHalvarsson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale_Mackenzie_Brown2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarrell_Markewitz_1998–2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_R._Wyatt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_Howard_GreenFrank_Siegmund2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerry2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownham2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDuczko2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEducational_Company_of_Ireland2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldar_Heide2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldar_Heide2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Wincott_Heckett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedrigoGrazziWilliamsPanzner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzhughWard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFondénLeporantaSvensson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankopan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantzen2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGretsch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaywood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedenstierna-JonsonKjellströmZachrissonKrzewińska2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeen-Pettersen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeide2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeide2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidi_Michelle_Sherman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelgasonHickeyGoodacreBosnes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHødnebø1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInge_Bødker_Enghoff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsak_Ladegaard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasmine_Idun_Tova_Lyman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesch1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuba\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJørgensenJesch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarras1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarras2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKold2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroonen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangmoen_IA2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidge2005\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFPörtner1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadziwillowicz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaffieldPriceCollard2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRandom_House_Unabridged_Dictionary2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuter1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoesdahl1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoslund2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyerSawyer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulte2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShona_Grimbly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimek2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvanberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTignorAdelmanBrownElman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWamers1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWamers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWawn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster\u0026#039;s_New_World_Dictionary,_4th_Edition2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWienberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2007\"] = 1,\n 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[\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Proto\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Runestones\"] = 1,\n [\"Scandinavia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 11,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Viking\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 44,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper 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