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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>serial verb construction</b>, also known as <b>(verb) serialization</b> or <b>verb stacking</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> phenomenon in which two or more <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrases</a> are strung together in a single <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallerman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common feature of many <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian languages">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">New Guinean</a> languages. Serial verb constructions are often described as coding a single event;<sup id="cite_ref-Aikhenvald_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikhenvald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lord_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they can also be used to indicate concurrent or causally-related events. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms "serial verbs", "serialization", etc. are used by different authors to denote somewhat different sets of constructions. There are also differences in how the constructions are analyzed, in terms of both <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>. </p><p>In general, a structure described as a serial verb construction will consist either of two (or possibly more) consecutive verbs or of two or more consecutive <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrases</a> in which each verb may have its own <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> and possibly other modifiers. There will usually be no marking, by means of <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subordinating_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinating conjunction">subordinating conjunctions</a>, that one verb is <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependent</a> on the other, and they will not be linked by <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating conjunction">coordinating conjunctions</a>. Some linguists insist that serial verbs cannot be dependent on each other; however, if a language does not mark dependent verbs with affixation, it can be hard to determine whether any dependency relation exists when verbs appear in sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serial verbs normally denote actions that are closely connected and can be considered to be part of the same event. They may be actions taking place simultaneously, or one may represent the cause, purpose or result of the other. In most cases, the serial verbs in a sequence are understood to share the same <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>. </p><p>Certain expressions resembling serial verb construction are found in English (surviving from <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>), such as <i>let's <b>go eat</b></i> and <i><b>come live</b> with me</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallerman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such constructions, the second verb would normally be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Bare_infinitive" title="Uses of English verb forms">bare infinitive</a> (and can generally be replaced by a "full" infinitive by the insertion of <i>to</i> before it). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_with_consecutive_verbs">Examples with consecutive verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples with consecutive verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next sentence in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> contains 19 consecutive verbs: <sup id="cite_ref-khabaronline_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khabaronline-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>داشتم، می‌رفتم، دیدم، گرفته، نشسته، گفتم، بذار، بپرسم، ببینم، می‌آد، نمی‌آد، دیدم، می‌گه، نمی‌خوام، بیام، می‌خوام، برم، بگیرم، بخوابم! </p><p>which means, <i>I <b>was heading</b> and I <b>saw</b> she/he <b>is sitting</b>, I <b>thought</b> to <b>ask</b> to <b>see</b> whether he would <b>come</b> or wouldn't <b>come</b>, I <b>figure out</b> "I don't <b>want</b> to <b>come</b>, and I <b>want</b> to <b>go</b> <b>get</b> some <b>sleep</b>" he said!</i> </p><p>The following example of serialization comes from the <a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe language</a> from Nigeria:<sup id="cite_ref-Tallerman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Musa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Musa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">came</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">took</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">èbi.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">knife</p></div><p style="display: none;">Musa bé lá èbi.</p><p style="display: none;">Musa came took knife</p><p style="clear: left;">"Musa came to take the knife."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The two verbs <i>bé</i> and <i>lá</i> appear consecutively, with no linking word (like "and") or anything else to indicate that one verb is <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate clause">subordinate</a> to the other. The <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, "Musa", is understood to apply to both verbs. In this example, the second verb also has a <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a>. Note that in the English version given, the second verb is translated by an <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, "to take", which is marked as subordinate to the first verb. </p><p>Depending on the language, the shared subject may be marked on both verbs or only one. In most of the examples, it is marked only once. However, in the following example from the <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baré language">Baré</a>, in the Upper Amazon, the first person singular subject ("I") is marked twice:<sup id="cite_ref-Tallerman_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bae" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nu-takasã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">deceived(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bae" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nu-dúmaka.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sleep(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><p style="display: none;">nu-takasã nu-dúmaka.</p><p style="display: none;">deceived(1SG) sleep(1SG)</p><p style="clear: left;">"I pretended (that) I was asleep."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>A similar construction is also found in most varieties of <a href="/wiki/Dialectal_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectal Arabic">dialectal Arabic</a>. The following example is from <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ṣurt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">became(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jarrib</p><p style="margin: 0px;">try(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aḥki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inglīzi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">English</p></div><p style="display: none;">ṣurt jarrib aḥki inglīzi</p><p style="display: none;">became(1SG) try(1SG) speak(1SG) English</p><p style="clear: left;">"I started trying to speak English."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>As a rule, serial verbs cannot be marked independently for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">categories</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>. Either all of the verbs are marked for the same features, or a sole marker is shared by all of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallerman_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">फ़ोन उठा-कर कहा</span></span> <i><span title="Devanagari-script transliteration"><span>fon uṭhā-kar kahā</span></span></i> (literally, phone pick-up say (PAST)), "picked up the phone and said", only the second verb is marked as past tense, but both are understood to refer to the past. In the following example, from the West African <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, both verbs appear in their <a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">perfective</a> form: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ee" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kofí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kofi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ee" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">trɔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">turn(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ee" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dzo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leave(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ee" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kpoo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">quietly</p></div><p style="display: none;">Kofí trɔ dzo kpoo</p><p style="display: none;">Kofi turn(PFV) leave(PFV) quietly</p><p style="clear: left;">"Kofi turned and left quietly."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a>, two verbs may come together with the first verb in the continuative form (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">連用形</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ren'yōkei</i></span>), as in <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">oshitōru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">押し通る</span></span>)</span> ("push through"), in which <i>oshi</i> is the continuative form of <i>osu</i> ("push"), and <i>tōru</i> ("get through") is a finite form whose <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</a> are understood to apply to <i>oshi</i>. Similarly, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tobikomu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">飛び込む</span></span>)</span> ("jump in") in which <i>tobi</i> is from <i>tobu</i> ("jump"), and <i>komu</i> means "go in"; <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">dekiagaru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">出来上がる</span></span>)</span> ("be completed"), where <i>deki</i> is from <i>dekiru</i> ("be able to be done") and <i>agaru</i> means "rise, be offered". No <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">arguments</a> can come between the two verbs in this construction (in contrast to those described in the following section). </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">negation</a>, only one negator can be applied to the whole serial construction, as in the following Baré example:<sup id="cite_ref-Tallerman_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bae" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hena</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bae" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nihiwawaka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bae" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nu-tšereka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bae" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nu-yaka-u</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mother(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bae" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">abi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><p style="display: none;">hena nihiwawaka nu-tšereka nu-yaka-u abi</p><p style="display: none;">NEG go(1SG) speak(1SG) mother(1SG) with</p><p style="clear: left;">"I am not going to talk with my mother."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Chinese</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> languages, when a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> is followed by an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a>, the object of the combined verb may be understood as the object of the first verb and the subject of the second: <span lang="zh">老虎咬死了張</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lǎohǔ yǎosǐ le Zhāng</span></i>; 'tiger bite-die PERF Zhang' "the tiger bit Zhang to death", where <i>Zhang</i> is understood as the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> of <i>yǎo</i> ("bite") but as the subject of <i>sǐ</i> ("die"). In the equivalent construction in Hindi, the one who dies would be the tiger, not Zhang. (See <a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Chinese grammar</a> for more.) </p><p>In the following example from <a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a>, a language spoken in southwestern China, up to ten verbs co-occur in a sentence coding a single event without any linking words, coordinating conjunctions or any other markings:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɦe<sup>2</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sə:ŋ<sup>3</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">want</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lət<sup>8</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">walk</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa:i<sup>1</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dzau<sup>4</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">van<sup>6</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">return</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma<sup>1</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɕa<sup>5</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">try</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vɛ<sup>4</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kau<sup>5</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">look</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fin<sup>1</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">accomplish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kam<sup>5</sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle: question" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PCL:Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ɦe2 sə:ŋ3 lət8 pa:i1 dzau4 van6 ma1 ɕa5 vɛ4 kau5 fin1 kam5</p><p style="display: none;">1SG want walk go take return come try do look accomplish <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle: question" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PCL:Q</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">"Could I walk there to bring (it) back and try (it)?"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_with_intervening_elements_between_verbs">Examples with intervening elements between verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples with intervening elements between verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some languages that have verb serialization, the verbs must appear consecutively with nothing intervening. In other languages, however, it is possible for arguments, normally the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> of one of the verbs, to come in between the serialized verbs. The resulting construction is a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrases</a> rather than of plain verbs. The following example is from the Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Tallerman_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yo" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yo" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">took</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yo" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ìwé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="yo" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">came</p></div><p style="display: none;">ó mú ìwé wá</p><p style="display: none;">he took book came</p><p style="clear: left;">"He brought the book."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The object of the first verb intervenes between the verbs, resulting in two consecutive verb phrases, the first meaning "took the book", the second "came". As before, the subject ("he" in this case) is understood to apply to both verbs. The combined action of taking the book and coming can be translated as "bringing" the book. </p><p>A serial verb construction may be used to introduce an <a href="/wiki/Actant" title="Actant">actant</a> ("money" in the following example, from <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> of West Africa)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Aémmaá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Amma</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sikaá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">money</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ak" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kofä</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kofi</p></div><p style="display: none;">Aémmaá de sikaá maá Kofä</p><p style="display: none;">Amma take money give Kofi</p><p style="clear: left;">"Amma gives Kofi money."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> also, strings of verb phrases can be created, often denoting events that are related causally or in time. Such strings may be translated into English by using "and", "while", "(in order) to" or other connectives, but some may have a more compact translation, as in the following example (from <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mononoke_Hime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononoke Hime">Mononoke Hime</a></i>) in which the actions of "following" and "coming" are simultaneous<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">足跡</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ashi-ato</p><p style="margin: 0px;">footprint</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">を</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">たどって</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tadotte</p><p style="margin: 0px;">following</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">来た</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kita</p><p style="margin: 0px;">came</p></div><p style="display: none;">足跡をたどって来た</p><p style="display: none;">ashi-ato o tadotte kita</p><p style="display: none;">footprint OBJ following came</p><p style="clear: left;">"I followed him here."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contrast_with_compound_verbs">Contrast with compound verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contrast with compound verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinction is sometimes made between serial verbs and <a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">compound verbs</a> (also known as <i>complex predicates</i>). In a compound verb, the first element (verb or noun) generally carries most of the <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> load, while the second element, often called a <i><a href="/wiki/Vector_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector verb">vector verb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">light verb</a>) or <i>explicator verb</i>, provides fine distinctions (such as speaker attitude or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">grammatical aspect</a>) and carries the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> (markers of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement (grammar)">agreement</a>). The first element may be a verb in conjunctive <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> form, as in <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindi</a>, in the second example below, लिया (<i>liyā</i>) (from the verb लेना <i>lenā</i> "to take") is a vector verb that indicates a completed action which is done for one's own benefit, and खा (<i>khā</i>) "eat" is the main or primary verb. In the third example below, डाला (<i>ḍālā</i>) (from the verb डालना <i>ḍālnā</i> "to put" or "to insert") is the vector verb, which indicates recklessness, gruesomeness, or an unwanted action. Both खा लिया (<i>khā liyā</i>) and खा डाला (<i>khā ḍālā</i>) alternate with the corresponding perfective form of the main verb (in this case, खाया <i>khāyā</i> "ate") under partly specifiable semantic and pragmatic conditions. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">उसने</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he/she.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">आम</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ām</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mango.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">खाया</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khāyā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">उसने आम खाया</p><p style="display: none;">usne ām khāyā</p><p style="display: none;">he/she.ERG mango.NOM.M eat.PFV.M</p><p style="clear: left;">"he/she ate the <i>mango</i>"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">उसने</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he/she.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">आम</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ām</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mango.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">खा</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-finite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">लिया</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">liyā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">उसने आम खा लिया</p><p style="display: none;">usne ām khā liyā</p><p style="display: none;">he/she.ERG mango.NOM.M eat.NF take.PFV.M</p><p style="clear: left;">"he/she finished eating the mango"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">उसने</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he/she.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">आम</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ām</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mango.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">को</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">खा</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-finite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">डाला</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ḍālā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">put.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">उसने आम को खा डाला</p><p style="display: none;">usne ām ko khā ḍālā</p><p style="display: none;">he/she.ERG mango.OBL.M ACC eat.NF put.PFV.M</p><p style="clear: left;">"he/she devoured the mango"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Negating the compound verbs in the <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</a> usually suppresses the vector verb in favor of their non-compound counterparts. This following sentence makes use of the vector verb लेना (<i>lenā</i>) "to take", which is dropped in the negative: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">*उसने</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*usne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he/she.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">आम</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ām</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mango.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">नहीं</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nahī̃</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">खा</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-finite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">लिया</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">liyā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">*उसने आम नहीं खा लिया</p><p style="display: none;">*usne ām nahī̃ khā liyā</p><p style="display: none;">he/she.ERG mango.NOM.M NEG.IND eat.NF take.PFV.M</p><p style="clear: left;">intendedː "he/she did not eat the mango"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">उसने</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he/she.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">आम</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ām</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mango.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">नहीं</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nahī̃</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">खाया</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khāyā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">उसने आम नहीं खाया</p><p style="display: none;">usne ām nahī̃ khāyā</p><p style="display: none;">he/she.ERG mango.NOM.M NEG.IND eat.PFV.M</p><p style="clear: left;">"he/she did not eat the <i>mango</i>"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, compound verbs in the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> retain the vector verbs when negated. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">उसने</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he/she.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">आम</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ām</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mango.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">खा</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-finite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">ना</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nā</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">लिया</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">liyā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">हो</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">उसने आम खा ना लिया हो</p><p style="display: none;">usne ām khā nā liyā ho</p><p style="display: none;">he/she.ERG mango.NOM.M eat.NF NEG.SUBJ take.PFV be.3S.SUBJ.PRS</p><p style="clear: left;">"(I hope that) he/she hasn't eaten the mango"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">उसने</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he/she.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">आम</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ām</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mango.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">खा</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-finite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">ना</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nā</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">डाला</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ḍālā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">put.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hi" style="margin: 0px;">हो</p><p lang="hi-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">उसने आम खा ना डाला हो</p><p style="display: none;">usne ām khā nā ḍālā ho</p><p style="display: none;">he/she.ERG mango.NOM.M eat.NF NEG.SUBJ put.PFV be.3S.SUBJ.PRS</p><p style="clear: left;">"(I hope that) he/she hasn't devoured the mango"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tallerman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tallerman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tallerman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tallerman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tallerman_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tallerman_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tallerman_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tallerman_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTallerman2019" class="citation book cs1">Tallerman, Maggie (2019-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QmPBDwAAQBAJ&q=Serial+verb+bare"><i>Understanding Syntax</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-51674-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-51674-0"><bdi>978-0-429-51674-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Syntax&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft.isbn=978-0-429-51674-0&rft.aulast=Tallerman&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmPBDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerial%2Bverb%2Bbare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+verb+construction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aikhenvald-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aikhenvald_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald, A. and Dixon, R.M.W. (2005). <i>Serial Verb Constructions: A cross-linguistic typology</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lord-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lord_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord, C. (1991). <i>Historical Change in Serial Verb Constructions</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebba1987" class="citation book cs1">Sebba, Mark (1987). <i>The Syntax of Serial Verbs: An Investigation Into Serialisation in Sranan and Other Languages</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/902725222X" title="Special:BookSources/902725222X"><bdi>902725222X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syntax+of+Serial+Verbs%3A+An+Investigation+Into+Serialisation+in+Sranan+and+Other+Languages&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=902725222X&rft.aulast=Sebba&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+verb+construction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khabaronline-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khabaronline_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1280476/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DB%B1%DB%B9-%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87">"عجایب زبان فارسی/ به‌کارگیری ۱۹ فعل در یک جمله!"</a>. <i>khabaronline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=khabaronline&rft.atitle=%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8+%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%2F+%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C+%DB%B1%DB%B9+%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%DB%8C%DA%A9+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khabaronline.ir%2Fnews%2F1280476%2F%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B9-%25D9%2581%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9-%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+verb+construction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lu, Tian Qiao (2008). <i>A Grammar of Maonan</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-971-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-971-7">978-1-59942-971-7</a>. p246.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and R.M.W. Dixon. 2006. <i>Serial Verb Constructions: a cross-linguistic typology.</i> (Explorations in Linguistic Typology, 2.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Crowley, Terry. 2002. <i>Serial Verbs in Oceanic: A Descriptive Typology.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath</a>, Martin. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/225842">The serial verb construction: Comparative concept and cross-linguistic generalizations</a>. <i>Language and Linguistics</i> 17(3). 291–319. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002215626895">http://doi.org/10.1177/2397002215626895</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akan.org/akan_cd/ALIAKAN/course/U8-Grammar-p10.html">Akan.org Teleteaching course, serial verbs subsection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/serial-verb-construction">SIL LinguaLink on Serial Verbs</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsLatarche2023" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Jeremy; Latarche, Jay (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grambank.clld.org/parameters/GB118#top">"Are there serial verb constructions?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+there+serial+verb+constructions%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Latarche%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrambank.clld.org%2Fparameters%2FGB118%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerial+verb+construction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&oldid=1253885797">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&oldid=1253885797</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syntactic_entities" title="Category:Syntactic entities">Syntactic entities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Verb_types" title="Category:Verb types">Verb types</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_construction_types" title="Category:Grammatical construction types">Grammatical construction types</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ambiguous_glossing_abbreviations" title="Category:Articles with ambiguous glossing abbreviations">Articles with ambiguous glossing abbreviations</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 October 2024, at 11:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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