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<span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragmatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragmatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pragmatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pragmatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naming system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ewe language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Эвебзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Эвебзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_(taal)" title="Ewe (taal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ewe (taal)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ईवे भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईवे भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="لغة الإيوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الإيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ew%C3%A9" title="Idioma ewé – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma ewé" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اوه‌ دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوه‌ دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইউই ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউই ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eweeg" title="Eweeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eweeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe" title="Ewe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ewe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve%C5%A1tina" title="Eveština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eveština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_(Sprache)" title="Ewe (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ewe (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_keel" title="Eve keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eve keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ew%C3%A9" title="Idioma ewé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ewé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evea_lingvo" title="Evea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eweera" title="Eweera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eweera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%8Begbe" title="Eʋegbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Eʋegbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زبان اوه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_bhasa" title="Ewe bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ewe bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89w%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Éwé (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éwé (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ewe" title="Lingua ewe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua ewe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="에웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एबी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89w%C3%A9_jezik" title="Éwé jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Éwé jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ewe" title="Bahasa Ewe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ewe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anl%C3%B3" title="Anló – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Anló" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ewe" title="Lingua ewe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ewe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%CA%8Ana_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ევე (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევე (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyewe" title="Icyewe – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyewe" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiewe" title="Kiewe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiewe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Эве (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эве (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evu_valoda" title="Evu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Evu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_kalba" title="Eve kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eve kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eue" title="Eue – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eue" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Еве (јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еве (јазик)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_eve" title="Fiteny eve – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny eve" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%89_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87)" title="لغه الايوى (لغه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه الايوى (لغه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87" title="اوه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ewe" title="Bahasa Ewe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ewe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_(taal)" title="Ewe (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ewe (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एबी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E8%AA%9E" title="エウェ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エウェ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82)" title="Эве (мотт) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эве (мотт)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe" title="Ewe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ewe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Eve (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eve (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe" title="Ewe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ewe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe" title="Ewe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ewe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਵੇ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਵੇ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اېوي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېوي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Ewe" title="Lenga Ewe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Ewe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ewe" title="Język ewe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język ewe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_jeje" title="Língua jeje – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua jeje" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ewe" title="Limba ewe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba ewe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_simi" title="Ewe simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ewe simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Эве (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эве (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱮᱣᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱣᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_leid" title="Ewe leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ewe leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe%C5%A1tina" title="Eweština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eweština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_kieli" title="Ewen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ewen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe" title="Ewe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ewe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Ewe" title="Wikang Ewe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Ewe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="எவு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Эве теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эве теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewece" title="Ewece – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ewece" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Еве (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еве (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_ewe" title="Łéngua ewe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua ewe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ewe" title="Tiếng Ewe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ewe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="埃维语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃维语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Efe" title="Èdè Efe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Efe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%87" title="埃維文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃維文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language of Ghana, Togo, and Benin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Ewe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><i>Eʋegbe</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Southern Ghana east of the <a href="/wiki/Volta_River" title="Volta River">Volta River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3.9 million <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> in Ghana (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.0 million (2013–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic-Congo">Atlantic-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Niger_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Niger languages">Volta-Niger</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ewe</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (Ewe alphabet)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ewe_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewe Braille">Ewe Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ee">ee</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=134">ewe</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ewe" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ewe">ewe</a></code> – Ewe<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wci" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wci">wci</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Waci_language" title="Waci language">Waci</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kef" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kef">kef</a></code> – Kpesi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ewee1241">ewee1241</a></code>  Ewe<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kpes1238">kpes1238</a></code>  Kpessi<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/waci1239">waci1239</a></code>  Waci Gbe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5078">Kpessi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gbe_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gbe_languages.png/320px-Gbe_languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gbe_languages.png/480px-Gbe_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Gbe_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="340" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Gbe languages. Ewe is in yellow.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Eʋe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Eʋeawó</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Eʋegbě</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Eʋenyígbá</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ewe</b> (<i>Eʋe</i> or <i>Eʋegbe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ee-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɛβɛɡ͡bɛ]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-basiccourse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basiccourse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a language spoken by approximately 5 million people in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ewe is part of a group of related languages commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe languages</a>. The other major Gbe language is <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a>, which is mainly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>. Like many African languages, Ewe is <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> as well as a possible member of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo family</a>. </p><p>The German Africanist <a href="/wiki/Diedrich_Hermann_Westermann" title="Diedrich Hermann Westermann">Diedrich Hermann Westermann</a> published many dictionaries and grammars of Ewe and several other Gbe languages. Other linguists who have worked on Ewe and closely related languages include <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ansre" title="Gilbert Ansre">Gilbert Ansre</a> (tone, syntax), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Stahlke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Stahlke (page does not exist)">Herbert Stahlke</a> (morphology, tone), <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clements" title="Nick Clements">Nick Clements</a> (tone, syntax), <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Pazzi" title="Roberto Pazzi">Roberto Pazzi</a> (anthropology, lexicography), <a href="/wiki/Felix_Ameka" title="Felix Ameka">Felix K. Ameka</a> (semantics, cognitive linguistics), <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stewart_Duthie" title="Alan Stewart Duthie">Alan Stewart Duthie</a> (semantics, phonetics), <a href="/wiki/Hounkpati_B_Christophe_Capo" title="Hounkpati B Christophe Capo">Hounkpati B. Capo</a> (phonology, phonetics), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Aboh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enoch Aboh (page does not exist)">Enoch Aboh</a> (syntax), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Collins_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Collins (linguist) (page does not exist)">Chris Collins</a> (syntax). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the commonly named Ewe ('Vhe') dialects are <i>Aŋlɔ, Tɔŋu (Tɔŋgu), <a href="/wiki/Avenor_Ewe" title="Avenor Ewe">Avenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agave_people" title="Agave people">Agave people</a>, Evedome, Awlan, Gbín, Pekí, Kpándo, Vhlin, Hó, Avɛ́no, Vo, Kpelen, Vɛ́, Danyi, Agu, Fodome, Wancé, Wací, Adángbe</i> (Capo). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> 16 considers <a href="/wiki/Waci" class="mw-redirect" title="Waci">Waci</a> and Kpesi (Kpessi) to be distinct enough to be considered separate languages. They form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> with Ewe and <a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a> (Mina), which share a mutual intelligibility level of 85%;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ewe varieties Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi, and Vhlin might be considered a third cluster of Western Gbe dialects between Ewe and Gen, but Kpesi is as close or closer to the Waci and Vo dialects, which remain in Ewe in that scenario. Waci intervenes geographically between Ewe proper and Gen; Kpesi forms a Gbe island in the <a href="/wiki/Kabye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabye language">Kabye</a> area. </p><p>Ewe is itself a dialect cluster of the Gbe languages, which include Gen, Aja, and Xwla and are spoken from the southern part of Ghana to Togo, Benin and Western Nigeria. All Gbe languages share at least some intelligibility with one another. Some coastal and southern dialects of Ewe include Aŋlɔ, Tongu (Tɔŋu), Avenor, Dzodze, and Watsyi. Some inland dialects indigenously characterized as Ewedomegbe include: Ho, Kpedze, Hohoe, Peki, <a href="/wiki/Kpando" title="Kpando">Kpando</a>, Aveme, Liati, Fódome, <a href="/wiki/North_Dayi" title="North Dayi">Danyi</a>, and Kpele. Though there are many classifications, distinct variations exist between towns that are just miles away from one another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_in_Ewe_(language).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.png/220px-Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.png/330px-Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.png/440px-Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Grace_in_Ewe_(language).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.ogg/Grace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGrace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGrace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.ogg&lang=ee&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ee" label="eʋegbe ‪(ee)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGrace_in_Ewe_%28language%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span> Grace in Ewe <a href="/wiki/File:Grace_(1%2B2)_in_Ewe_(language)_translated.pdf" title="File:Grace (1+2) in Ewe (language) translated.pdf">(translation)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio<br />dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Post-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar consonant">(Post-)<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar consonant">Labial-<br />velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">n</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">l</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">l̃</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">ɾ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">ɾ̃</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>H</i> is a voiced fricative, which has also been described as <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span>, or glottal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is typically alveolar as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̺]</span>, but can also be dental as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̪]</span>. </p><p>The nasal consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ]</span> are not distinctive since they appear before only nasal vowels; therefore, Ewe is sometimes said to have no nasal consonants. However, it is more economical to argue that nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ/</span> are the underlying form and so are denasalized before oral vowels. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> occurs before unrounded (non-back) vowels and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> before rounded (back) vowels. </p><p>Palatalization of alveolar consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z/</span> before a high-front vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> occur in the Southern dialect, and are heard as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ewe is one of the few languages known to contrast <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span>. The <i>f</i> and <i>v</i> are stronger than in most languages, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">f͈</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">v͈</a>]</span>, with the upper lip noticeably raised, and thus more distinctive from the rather weak <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> may occur in consonant clusters. It becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ̃]</span>) after coronals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə̃</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">õ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ̃</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̃</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tilde (˜) marks nasal vowels, though the Peki dialect lacks <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/õ/</span>. Many varieties of Ewe lack one or another of the front mid vowels, and some varieties in Ghana have the additional vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə̃/</span>. </p><p>Ewe does not have a nasal–oral contrast in consonants. It does, however, have a syllabic nasal, which varies as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ]</span>, depending on the following consonant, and carries tone. Some authors treat it as a vowel, with the odd result that Ewe would have more nasal than oral vowels, and one of these vowels has no set place of articulation. If it is taken to be a consonant, there is the odd result of a single nasal consonant that cannot appear before vowels. If nasal consonants are taken to underlie <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span>, however, there is no such odd restriction, and the only difference from other consonants is that only nasal stops may be syllabic, a common pattern cross-linguistically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ewe is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>. In a tonal language, pitch differences are used to distinguish one word from another. For example, in Ewe the following three words differ only by tone: </p> <ul><li>to ‘ear’ (High tone)</li> <li>to ‘report/gossip’(High tone)</li> <li>to. ‘pound’ ( High tone)</li> <li>tó 'mountain' (High tone)</li> <li>tǒ 'mortar' (Rising tone)</li> <li>tò 'buffalo' (Low tone)</li></ul> <p>Phonetically, there are three tone registers, High, Mid, and Low, and three rising and falling contour tones. However, most Ewe dialects have only two distinctive registers, High and Mid. These are <a href="/wiki/Depressor_consonant" title="Depressor consonant">depressed</a> in nouns after voiced obstruents: High becomes Mid (or Rising), and Mid becomes Low. Mid is also realized as Low at the end of a phrase or utterance, as in the example 'buffalo' above. </p><p>In writing, tones are marked by acute accent, grave accent, caron, and circumflex. They may be used along with the tilde that marks nasal vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pragmatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ewe has phrases of overt politeness, such as <i>meɖekuku</i> (meaning "please") and <i>akpe</i> (meaning "thank you").<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/African_reference_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="African reference alphabet">African Reference Alphabet</a> is used when Ewe is represented orthographically, so the written version is somewhat like a combination of the Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>A a</th> <th>B b</th> <th>D d</th> <th>Ɖ ɖ</th> <th>Dz dz</th> <th>E e</th> <th>Ɛ ɛ</th> <th>F f</th> <th>Ƒ ƒ</th> <th>G g</th> <th>Gb gb</th> <th>Ɣ ɣ </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ͡b/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>H h</th> <th>I i</th> <th>K k</th> <th>Kp kp</th> <th>L l</th> <th>M m</th> <th>N n</th> <th>Ny ny</th> <th>Ŋ ŋ</th> <th>O o</th> <th>Ɔ ɔ</th> <th>P p </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡p/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>R r</th> <th>S s</th> <th>T t</th> <th>Ts ts</th> <th>U u</th> <th>V v</th> <th>Ʋ ʋ</th> <th>W w</th> <th>X x</th> <th>Y y</th> <th colspan="2">Z z </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An "n" is placed after vowels to mark <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a> is generally unmarked, except in some common cases, which require disambiguation: the first person plural pronoun <i>mí</i> 'we' is marked high to distinguish it from the second person plural <i>mi</i> 'you', and the second person singular pronoun <i>wò</i> 'you' is marked low to distinguish it from the third person plural pronoun <i>wó</i> 'they/them' </p> <ul><li>ekpɔ wò <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ́k͡pɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>wò]</span> — 'he saw you'</li> <li>ekpɔ wo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ́k͡pɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>wó]</span> — 'he saw them'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_system">Naming system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Naming system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ewe use a system of giving the first name to a child, based on the day of the week that the child was born. That arises from a belief that the real name of a child can be determined only after the child has shown its character. However, as a child is a person, not an object, the child must be referred to by some name in the interim and so a name is provided based on the day of birth. A final name is given at a naming ceremony, seven days after the date of birth. </p><p>As a matter of pride in their heritage, especially since the 1970s, many educated Ewe, who were given Western names, have dropped those names formally/legally or informally and use their birthday name as their official name. </p><p>The Ewe birthday-naming system is as follows: </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Day </th> <th>Male Name </th> <th>Female Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dzoɖagbe (Monday)</td> <td>Kɔdzo, Kwadzo (Kojo)</td> <td>Adzo, Adzowɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Braɖagbe, Blaɖagbe (Tuesday)</td> <td>Kɔmla, Kɔbla, Kwabla</td> <td>Abra, Abla, Brã </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuɖagbe (Wednesday)</td> <td>Kɔku, Kwaku, Awuku</td> <td>Aku, Akuwɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yawoɖagbe (Thursday)</td> <td>Yao, Yaw, Ayao, Kwawu</td> <td>Yawa, Awo, Yaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fiɖagbe (Friday)</td> <td>Kofi</td> <td>Afua, Afi, Afiwa, Afiwɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Memliɖagbe (Saturday)</td> <td>Kɔmi, Kwami</td> <td>Ama, Ami </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kɔsiɖagbe (Sunday)</td> <td>Kɔsi, Kwasi</td> <td>Akɔsia, Akɔsua, Esi, Awusi </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Often, people are called by their birthday name most of the time; the given name being used only on formal documents. In such cases, children with the same birth name are delineated by suffixes: -gã meaning big, -vi meaning little. So for example, after the birth of another Kofi, the first child called Kofi becomes Kofigã, and the new child Kofi. A subsequent Kofi, would be Kofivi, or Kofitse, mostly among Wedome and Tɔngu Ewes. Sometimes, the renaming happens twice, as the second Kofi might have originally been called Kofivi, while the eldest retained Kofi, thereby necessitating that they both be renamed on the birth of a third Kofi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ewe is a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possessive precedes the head noun.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a>, numerals, demonstratives and <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a> follow the head noun. Ewe also has <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> rather than prepositions.<sup id="cite_ref-basiccourse_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basiccourse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ewe is well known as a language having <a href="/wiki/Logophoric_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Logophoric pronoun">logophoric pronouns</a>. Such pronouns are used to refer to the source of a reported statement or thought in <a href="/wiki/Reported_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Reported speech">indirect discourse</a>, and can disambiguate sentences that are ambiguous in most other languages. The following examples illustrate: </p> <ul><li>Kofi be e-dzo 'Kofi said he left' (he ≠ Kofi)</li> <li>Kofi be yè-dzo 'Kofi said he left' (he = Kofi)</li></ul> <p>In the second sentence, yè is the logophoric pronoun. </p><p>Ewe also has a rich system of <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb constructions</a>. </p><p>There are also said to be tenses by Warburton (et al. 1968),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though most linguists stated that Ewe is an "aspect-prominent language".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ewe is a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Ghana</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scholars have identified <i><a href="/wiki/Amegbetoa_alo_Agbezuge_fe_nutinya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amegbetoa alo Agbezuge fe nutinya">Amegbetoa alo Agbezuge fe nutinya</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_J._Obianim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam J. Obianim (page does not exist)">Sam J. Obianim</a> as the first novel written in Ewe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ewe">Ewe</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wci">Waci</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kef">Kpesi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-basiccourse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-basiccourse_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-basiccourse_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarburtonKpotufeGloverSchneeberg1968" class="citation book cs1">Warburton, Irene; Kpotufe, Prosper; Glover, Roland Kori; Schneeberg, Nan (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED028444"><i>Ewe Baisc Course</i></a> (Revised ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: African Studies Program, Indiana University. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ewe+Baisc+Course&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=243&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=African+Studies+Program%2C+Indiana+University&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Kpotufe%2C+Prosper&rft.au=Glover%2C+Roland+Kori&rft.au=Schneeberg%2C+Nan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED028444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N'buéké Adovi Goeh-Akué, 2009. <i>Les états-nations face à l'intégration régionale en Afrique de l'ouest</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ameka, Felix K. (1991). <i>Ewe: Its Grammatical Constructions and Illocutionary Devices</i>. Australian National University: Sydney.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a> also has the distinction, but in that case, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span> are slightly <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounded</a>, rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> being raised. (Hardcastle & Laver, <i>The handbook of phonetic sciences</i>, 1999:595)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim-FugarJim-Fugar2017" class="citation book cs1">Jim-Fugar, Kodzo Nusetor; Jim-Fugar, Nicholine (2017). <i>Nuseline's Ewe-English Dictionary</i>. Independently published. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1521040188" title="Special:BookSources/978-1521040188"><bdi>978-1521040188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuseline%27s+Ewe-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Independently+published&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1521040188&rft.aulast=Jim-Fugar&rft.aufirst=Kodzo+Nusetor&rft.au=Jim-Fugar%2C+Nicholine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omniglot-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-omniglot_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translations of "please" and "thank you" from <i>Omniglot.com</i><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Ager2015" class="citation web cs1">Simon Ager (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/ewe.php">"Useful Ewe phrases"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Useful+Ewe+phrases&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Simon+Ager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Flanguage%2Fphrases%2Fewe.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann, Diedrich. (1930). <i>A study of the Ewe language</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarburtonKpotufeGloverSchneeberg1968" class="citation book cs1">Warburton, Irene; Kpotufe, Prosper; Glover, Roland Kori; Schneeberg, Nan (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED028444"><i>Ewe Baisc Course</i></a> (Revised ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: African Studies Program, Indiana University. pp. 56–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ewe+Baisc+Course&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=56-86&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=African+Studies+Program%2C+Indiana+University&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Kpotufe%2C+Prosper&rft.au=Glover%2C+Roland+Kori&rft.au=Schneeberg%2C+Nan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED028444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGbegbleNuyts2012" class="citation book cs1">Gbegble, Nada; Nuyts, Jan (2012). <i>The expression of epistemic modality in Ewe</i>. Africana Linguistica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+expression+of+epistemic+modality+in+Ewe&rft.pub=Africana+Linguistica&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gbegble&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft.au=Nuyts%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse" class="citation book cs1">Nurse, Derek. <i>Ewe</i>. pp. 3–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ewe&rft.pages=3-5&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeka2008" class="citation book cs1">Ameka, Felix K. (2008). <i>Aspect and modality in Ewe: a survey</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspect+and+modality+in+Ewe%3A+a+survey&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ameka&rft.aufirst=Felix+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmegbleame2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amegbleame, Simon Agbeko (2007). "<i>Amegbetoa alo Agbezuge le nutinya</i> de sam obianim (éwé, 1949) : une quête exaltée de l'humain". <i>L'effet roman: Arrivée du roman dans les langues d'Afrique</i> (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. pp. 167–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782296165021" title="Special:BookSources/9782296165021"><bdi>9782296165021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amegbetoa+alo+Agbezuge+le+nutinya+de+sam+obianim+%28%C3%A9w%C3%A9%2C+1949%29+%3A+une+qu%C3%AAte+exalt%C3%A9e+de+l%27humain&rft.btitle=L%27effet+roman%3A+Arriv%C3%A9e+du+roman+dans+les+langues+d%27Afrique&rft.pages=167-179&rft.pub=Editions+L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9782296165021&rft.aulast=Amegbleame&rft.aufirst=Simon+Agbeko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwe+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ansre, Gilbert (1961) <i>The Tonal Structure of Ewe</i>. MA thesis, Kennedy School of Missions of Hartford Seminary Foundation.</li> <li>Ameka, Felix Kofi (2001). "Ewe". In Garry and Rubino (eds.), <i>Fact About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present</i>. New York/Dublin: The H. W. Wilson Company. pp. 207–213.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clements" title="Nick Clements">Clements, George N</a>. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115224245/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Volume10.aspx">"The logophoric pronoun in Ewe: Its role in discourse"</a>. <i>Journal of West African Languages</i>. 10(2): 141–177.</li> <li>Collins, Chris. (1993) <i>Topics in Ewe Syntax</i>. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.</li> <li>Capo, Hounkpati B. C. (1991). <i>A Comparative Phonology of Gbe</i>, Publications in African Languages and Linguistics, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Bénin: Labo Gbe (Int).</li> <li>Pasch, Helma (1995). <i>Kurzgrammatik des Ewe</i>. Köln: Köppe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diedrich_Hermann_Westermann" title="Diedrich Hermann Westermann">Westermann, Diedrich</a> Hermann (1930). <i>A Study of the Ewe Language</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ee:"> Ewe edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ewe_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ewe language">Ewe language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ewe_phrasebook#Q30005" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ewe phrasebook">Ewe</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917000001/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/down/publikationen/basic_ewe.pdf">[1]</a> Institut für Afrikanistik der Universität zu Köln</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118234109/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/sprachen/ewe/">https://web.archive.org/web/20111118234109/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/sprachen/ewe/</a> Ewe being taught at University of Cologne (Institute for African Studies Cologne)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iu.edu/~celtie/ewe_archive.html#basic=Ewe">Ewe Basic Course</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011142720/http://www.iu.edu/~celtie/ewe_archive.html#basic=Ewe">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Irene Warburton, Prosper Kpotufe, Roland Glover, and Catherine Felten (textbook in Portable Digital Format and audio files in MP3 format) at Indiana University Bloomington's Center for Language Technology and Instructional Enrichment (CELTIE).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114202237/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Ewe.aspx">Articles on Ewe</a> (Journal of West African Languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011142026/http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/verba-africana/ewe/c-ewe-language.htm">The Ewe language</a> at Verba Africana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewe.htm">Ewe alphabet and pronunciation</a> page at Omniglot</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812052246/http://www.ghanakeyboards.com/">Free virtual keyboard for Ewe language</a> at GhanaKeyboards.Com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318005230/http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/EWE/EWE.html">[2]</a> Recordings of Ewe being spoken.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ee.kasahorow.org/app/d">My First Gbe Dictionary</a> Online Gbe(Ewe)-English Glossary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Gbe">PanAfriL10n page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223022701/http://classweb.gmu.edu/accent/nl-ipa/eweipa.html">Ewe IPA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308223613/http://ewegbe.net/content/section/1/6/">Ewe online grammar</a>; in French. Apparently the text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2613757M/Grammaire_ev%CC%B3e"><i>Grammaire ev̳e: aide-mémoire des règles d'orthographe de l'ev̳e</i></a> by Kofi J. Adzomada, 1980.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/ee/agbal%E1%BA%BDwo-kple-nu-bubuwo/biblia/">Biblia Le Internet Dzi</a>; online <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">bible</a> in Ewe language by Jehovah's Witnesses</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.leafecodes.ewebible">Ewe Bible (Èʋegbe Biblia) Nublabla Xoxo and Yeye </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-sponsored</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Ghana)" title="Buli language (Ghana)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_language" title="Deg language">Deg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Yobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jwira-Pepesa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jwira-Pepesa language">Jwira-Pepesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Kebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_language" title="Logba language">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sehwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwu_language" title="Siwu language">Siwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonjon_language" title="Tonjon language">Tonjon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language_(Ghana)" title="Mpur language (Ghana)">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafaanra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaanra">Nafaanra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Togo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Togo" title="Template:Languages of Togo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Togo" title="Template talk:Languages of Togo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Togo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Togo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Togo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Languages of Togo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiyé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togo English (page does not exist)">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguna_language" title="Aguna language">Aguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phla_language" title="Phla language">Phla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waci_language" title="Waci language">Waci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu_language" title="Wudu language">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bago-Kusuntu_language" title="Bago-Kusuntu language">Bago-Kusuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_language" title="Lama language">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losso_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Losso language">Losso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukpa_language" title="Lukpa language">Lukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agotime_language" title="Agotime language">Agotime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlon_language" title="Ahlon language">Ahlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Kebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volta–Niger_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Template:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Template talk:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volta–Niger_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere-Ahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayere_language" title="Ayere language">Ayere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahan_language" title="Ahan language">Ahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alada_language" title="Alada language">Alada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayizo_language" title="Ayizo language">Ayizo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbesi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbesi language">Gbesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C9%94li_language" title="Tɔli language">Tɔli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofin_language" title="Tofin language">Tofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pher%C3%A1_language" title="Pherá language">Pherá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phla_language" title="Phla language">Phla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxwe_language" title="Saxwe language">Saxwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezaa_language" title="Ezaa language">Ezaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwo_language" title="Ikwo language">Ikwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izi_language" title="Izi language">Izii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mgbo_language" title="Mgbo language">Mgbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Delta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enwan_language" title="Enwan language">Enwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_language" title="Esan language">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghotuo_language" title="Ghotuo language">Ghotuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igwe_language" title="Igwe language">Igwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhin_language" title="Ikhin language">Ikhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeshi_language" title="Ikpeshi language">Ikpeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivbiosakon_language" title="Ivbiosakon language">Ivbiosakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpela_language" title="Okpela language">Okpela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ososo_language" title="Ososo language">Ososo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaru_language" title="Sasaru language">Sasaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneme_language" title="Uneme language">Uneme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuku_language" title="Akuku language">Akuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehueun_language" title="Ehueun language">Ehueun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyayu_language" title="Iyayu language">Iyayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpamheri_language" title="Okpamheri language">Okpamheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oloma_language" title="Oloma language">Oloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe_language_(Northwestern_Edo)" title="Okpe language (Northwestern Edo)">NW Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhami_language" title="Uhami language">Uhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukue_language" title="Ukue language">Ukue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eruwa_language" title="Eruwa language">Eruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe_language_(Southwestern_Edo)" title="Okpe language (Southwestern Edo)">SW Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvbie_language" title="Uvbie language">Uvbie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibo_language" title="Dibo language">Dibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gade_language" title="Gade language">Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupa-Abawa_language" title="Gupa-Abawa language">Gupa-Abawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_language" title="Kami language">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Zuba_language" title="Koro Zuba language">Koro Zuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatu_language" title="Agatu language">Agatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alago_language" title="Alago language">Alago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etulo_language" title="Etulo language">Etulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yace_language" title="Yace language">Yace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akpa_language" title="Akpa language">Akpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yala_language" title="Yala language">Yala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30005#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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