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Poenaru, who had studied in [[Paris]] and [[Vienna]] and, later, completed his specialized studies in England, was a [[mathematician]], [[physicist]], [[engineer]], [[inventor]], teacher and organizer of the educational system, as well as a politician, agronomist, and zootechnologist, founder of the [[Philharmonic Society]], the [[Bucharest Botanical Garden|Botanical Gardens]] and the National Museum of Antiquities in [[Bucharest]]. While a student in [[Paris]], Petrache Poenaru invented the world's first [[fountain pen]], an invention for which the [[Government of France|French Government]] issued a patent on 25 May 1827.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fountainpen.it/images/a/ae/Patent-FR-Poenaru.pdf|title=Brevets d'Invention Nr. 3208|date=25 May 1827|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poenari.ro/about-us |title=Povestea Poenari|website=www.poenari.ro|access-date=5 June 2020 }}</ref> == Biography == He was born in 1799 in [[Bălcești|Benești]], [[Vâlcea County]], in the northwestern part of [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]]. His uncle, Iordache Otetelişanu, was one of the promoters of an institutionalized educational system, in a time when a great part of the population was illiterate. Poenaru attended the secondary school Obedeanu in Craiova and worked as a copyist at the office of the bishop of [[Râmnicu Vâlcea]]. Later on, between 1820 and 1821, he taught [[Greek language|Greek]] at the Metropolitan School in Bucharest. In 1821, the Revolution led by [[Tudor Vladimirescu]] began. At that time, Wallachia was under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] domination and was ruled by the [[Phanariots]] (Greeks originating from [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] and very loyal to the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan]]), who burdened the country with numerous taxes and an expensive and corrupt court. Tudor Vladimirescu gathered an army of [[Oltenia]]n soldiers called ''[[Vladimirescu's Pandurs|panduri]]'' and moved towards Bucharest to overthrow them. He was joined by many and, among them, was the young Petrache Poenaru. During his first skirmish, he proved he didn’t have any fighting abilities and his comrades took him in front of the revolution’s leader, for punishment. But Vladimirescu was impressed by the young man’s educated spirit and sharp mind and made him his personal assistant. From this position, he elaborated the army’s manifesto, now considered one of the first Romanian newspapers.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}} Poenaru was lucky enough not to be around Tudor Vladimirescu when the leader was lured in a trap and assassinated, as he was sent in a diplomatic mission to advocate the Romanian cause to the representatives of the great powers, [[Russia]], [[Austria]] or [[England]]. After news of Vladimirescu’s death spread, he took refuge in [[Sibiu]]. When the political situation improved, he was able to earn a scholarship to study in [[Vienna]], in 1822. There, he learnt about measuring tools and micrometers, unknown to the underdeveloped Romanian engineering field and discovered a great appetite for technical sciences, while also fervently studying [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Romance languages|Latin]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[English language|English]]. In a letter sent to his family, he confessed that he thought the sweetest pleasure a man can experience is learning. In 1824, the Wallachian ruler [[Grigore IV Ghica|Grigore Ghica]] granted him another scholarship, which compelled Poenaru to return to the country after the studies ended and share his acquired knowledge as a teacher. == Poenaru's fountain pen == [[File:Stamps of Romania, 2010-78.jpg|thumb|Postage stamp commemorating Poenaru's invention]] In 1826 he went to France and attended the [[École Polytechnique]] in Paris, where he studied [[geodesy]] and [[surveying]]. He was so busy taking notes and copying courses, that he invented a fountain pen that used a swan's quill as an ink reservoir. On 25 May 1827, the Manufacture Department of the French Ministry of the Interior registered Poenaru’s invention with the code number 3208 and the description ''"plume portable sans fin, qui s’alimente elle-meme avec de l’ancre"'' ("never-ending portable pen, which recharges itself with ink"). In 2010 [[Poșta Română]] issued a 5 [[Romanian leu|lei]] stamp depicting Poenaru next to his fountain pen project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/205740-The_Fountain_Pen_by_Petrache_Poenaru-World_Premieres-Romania|title=The Fountain Pen by Petrache Poenaru|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> The [[Petrache Poenaru metro station]] in Bucharest is named in his honor. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Petrache Poenaru - Foto01.jpg|Petrache Poenaru- by [[Constantin Lecca]] File:Constantin Lecca - Portretul Eufrosinei Poenaru.jpg|Eufrosina Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca File:Constantin Lecca - Portretul Caliopei Poenaru.jpg|Caliope Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca File:Constantin Lecca - Petrache Poenaru.jpg|Petrache Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/wipo_magazine/en/pdf/2006/wipo_pub_121_2006_01-02.pdf {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708232906/http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/wipo_magazine/en/pdf/2006/wipo_pub_121_2006_01-02.pdf|date=2013-07-08}} * https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114114742/https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen/|date=2016-11-14}} * http://gopens.com/Pen-Blog/who-invented-the-fountain-pen/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20160923100320/http://nomber.one/10-is/17-who-invented-first-the-pen-petrache-poenaru#sthash.8jMbac93.dpbs * http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/fashion/s/fountain-pen * https://web.archive.org/web/20180525153429/http://www.wonderful-romania.com/index.php/component/k2/item/45-petrache-poenaru-the-romanian-outlaw-who-invented-the-first-modern-fountain-pen * http://www.en.biography.name/inventors/96-romania/146-petrache-poenaru-1799-1875 {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Poenaru, Petrache}} [[Category:Scientists from the Principality of Wallachia]] [[Category:Romanian inventors]] [[Category:Romanian schoolteachers]] [[Category:Romanian scientists]] [[Category:Carol I National College alumni]] [[Category:Titular members of the Romanian Academy]] [[Category:People from Vâlcea County]] [[Category:Hajduks]] [[Category:1799 births]] [[Category:1875 deaths]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Archive_url" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Archive url">Template:Archive url</a> (<a 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